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(1)
Khi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = a1 (1, 0, 0) + a2 (0, 1, 1) + a3 (0, 1, 0) = (a1 , a2 a3 , a2 )
(2)
1 2 2 x1
1
2
2 x1
1 1 2 x2 0 1
0 x1 + x2
2 1 3 x3
0 3 1 2x1 + x3
1
2
2 x1
0 x1 + x2
0 1
0
0 1 x1 3x2 + x3
1
Vy:
a3 = x1 + 3x2 x3
a2 = x 1 x 2
a1 = x1 2a2 2a3 = x1 2(x1 x2 ) 2(x1 + 3x2 x3 ) = x1 4x2 + 2x3
Thay vo (2), cng thc ca nh x f l:
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 4x2 + 2x3 , 2x1 4x2 + x3 , x1 x2 )
b. Gii tng t cu a., chi tit xin dnh cho bn c.
3. Trong R3 cho 2 c s:
u1 = (1, 0, 0), u2 = (0, 1, 1), u3 = (1, 0, 1)
v1 = (1, 1, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 1), v3 = (1, 0, 1)
(u)
(v)
Af /(u),(v) ,
Af /(v) ,
Af /(v),(u) ,
Af /(3 )
Gii. a. Gi s
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3
(1)
Khi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
=
=
=
f (a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3 )
a1 f (u1 ) + a2 f (u2 ) + a3 f (u3 )
a1 (1, 1, 0) + a2 (0, 1, 1) + a3 (1, 0, 1)
(a1 + a3 , a1 + a2 , a2 + a3 )
1 0 1 x1
1 0 1 x1
0 1 0 x2 0 1 0 x2
0 1 1 x3
0 0 1 x2 + x3
do : a3 = x2 + x3 , a2 = x2 , a1 = x1 a3 = x1 + x2 x3 . Thay vo (2) cng thc
ca f l:
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x1 + x3 , 2x2 + x3 )
b.
Ma trn Af /(u)
Ta c:
f (u1 ) = v1 = a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3
f (u2 ) = v2 = b1 u1 + b2 u2 + b3 u3
f (u3 ) = v3 = c1 u1 + c2 u2 + c3 u3
Khi
Af /(u)
2
a1 b 1 c 1
= a2 b 2 c 2
a3 b 3 c 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
0 1
1 0 1
1
0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
1 2 1
H 1: a3 = 1, a2 = 1, a1 = 1 a3 = 0
H 2: b3 = 2, b2 = 1, b1 = b3 = 2
H 3: c3 = 1, c2 = 0, c1 = 1 c3 = 0
Vy ma trn
0
2 0
1 0
Af /(u) = 1
1 2 1
Ma trn Af /(u),(v)
Ta c
f (u1 ) = v1 = 1v1 + 0v2 + 0v3
f (u2 ) = v2 = 0v1 + 1v2 + 0v3
f (u3 ) = v3 = 0v1 + 0v2 + 1v3
Vy ma trn
Af /(u),(v)
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
Ma trn Af /(v)
p dng cu a., ta s tnh c f (v1 ), f (v2 ), f (v3 ), sau lm nh cc phn
trc. C th:
f (v1 ) = (1, 1, 2) = a1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3
f (v2 ) = (0, 1, 3) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + b3 v3
f (v3 ) = (1, 0, 1) = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
ai , bi , ci l nghim ca 3 h sau:
1
0 1
1
0 1 1
0 1
1
0 1
1
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1
2 3 1
0 1 1 2 3 1
1 0 1 1
0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 2 2 4 2
H 1: a3 = 1, a2 = a3 = 1, a1 = 1 a3 = 0
H 2: b3 = 2, b2 = 1 b3 = 1, b1 = b3 = 2
H 3: c3 = 1, c2 = 1 c3 = 0, c1 = 1 c3 = 0
Vy
0
2 0
1 0
Af /(v) = 1
1 2 1
3
1
0 0
0 1
= 1
0 2 1
Af /(3 )
(xa)2
,...,
2!
vn =
(xa)n
n!
Gii. a. Ta c
(uo ) = 0 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
(u1 ) = 1 = 1uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
(u2 ) = 2x = 0uo + 2u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
................................................
(uk ) = kxk1 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . + kuk1 + . . . + 0un
................................................
(un ) = nxn1 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . + nun1 + 0un
Vy
Af /(u)
0
0
0
..
.
..
.
..
.
1
0
0
..
.
..
.
..
.
0 ... 0
2 ... 0
0 ... 0
..
..
.
.
..
.
k
..
..
.
.
0 0 0 ... 0
0 0 0 ... 0
... 0
... 0
... 0
..
.
..
.
..
.
... n
... 0
Gii.
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) Ker f f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = 0, (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) l nghim ca
h
x1 x2 + x3 = 0
2x1 + x4 = 0
(1)
2x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
Do , Ker f chnh l khng gian con cc nghim ca h (1) v h nghim c bn ca
h (1) chnh l mt c s ca Ker f . gii h (1), ta bin i ma trn h s m rng:
1 1 1 0 0
1 1
1 0 0
2
0 0 1 0 0
2 2 1 0
0
2 1 1 0
2
1 1 0
0
1 1
1 0 0
0
2 2 1 0
0
0
3 0 0
H c v s nghim ph thuc 1 tham s l x4 . Ta c
x3 = 0
x2 = 12 (2x3 x4 ) = 12 x4
x1 = x2 x3 = x2 = 12 x4
Vy nghim tng qut ca h l:
x1
x2
x3
x4
= a
= a
=0
= 2a
1
1
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
2
2
2 0
0 2 1
0 1 3
1
1
4
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
0 2 1
2 2
0
1
1 2 0
0 1 1 2
0 0 1 3
0 0 0
4
ca Im f . Ta c
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 0 1
(a) 0 0 0
1 0 1
5 1
1
2 2
(b) 1
1 2
2
1 2 1
2 4 2
(c)
1 2 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
(d)
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1
3 1
2
0 1 1
3
(e)
0
0 2
5
0
0 0 2
Gii. b) Tm a thc c trng:
5 1
1
PA () = 1 2 2
1
2 2
= (5 )(2 )2 + 2 + 2 (2 ) 4(5 ) (2 )
= 3 + 92 18
PA () = 0 = 0, = 3, = 6.
Vy A c 3 gi tr ring l = 0, = 3, = 6.
Vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 0 l
1
2 2
5 1
1 0
1
2 2 0 5 1
1
1 2
2
1 2
2 0
ring ng vi gi tr ring
1
1 0
1
1 2 0 1
2 1 0
2
1 2 1 0
0 3 3 0
0
0
0 0
= 3 l
2 1
1 2
1
1
Ta c: x3 = b, x2 = b, x1 = 2x2 + x3 = b.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (b, b, b), b R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 3 l cc vect c dng (b, b, b), b 6= 0, dim V3 = 1.
C s ca V3 l 2 = (1, 1, 1).
Vect
1
1
1
ring ng vi gi tr ring
1
1 0
1
4 2 0 0
2 4 0
0
= 6 l
1
1
3 3
3 3
0 1
2
T = 1 1 1
1
1
1
v
0 0 0
T 1 AT = 0 3 0
0 0 6
l ma trn cho.
d) Tm a thc c trng
1 0
0
0
0
0
0
PA () =
0
0
0
1
0
0 1
= 2 (1 )2
PA () = 0 = 0, = 1.
Vy ma trn A c 2 gi tr ring l = 0, = 1.
Vect ring ng
vi
gi tr ring
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0
=
0
1
0
0
0
0
Vect ring ng vi gi
nghim khc khng ca h:
vect
tr ring = 1 l cc
0
0
0 0 0
1
0
0 0 0
0 1
0
0 1
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
0
0 0 0
0
0
0 0 0
H c v s nghim ph thuc tham s l x4 .
Ta c: x4 = c, x3 = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = 0.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (0, 0, 0, c), c R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect c dng (0, 0, 0, c), c 6= 0, dim V1 = 1.
C s ca V1 l 3 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
Cho ha. Tng hp 3 trng hp trn ta thy ma trn A ch c 3 vect ring c lp tuyn
tnh trong khi A l ma trn cp 4 nn A khng cho ha c.
7. Trong R3 cho c s:
u1 = (1, 1, 1),
u2 = (1, 2, 1),
u3 = (1, 3, 2)
0 1 1
Af /(u) = 1 0 1
1 1 0
Bc tip theo, ta tm gi tr ring v vect ring
c gi tr ring v vect ring ca f .
ca ma trn A = Af /(u) . T s tm
1 1
0 1 , ta tm trong phn l thuyt.
1 0
A c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 2.
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect (a b, a, b), a2 + b2 6= 0.
Trng hp ny A c hai vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l 1 = (1, 1, 0), 2 =
(1, 0, 1).
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 2 l cc vect (c, c, 0), c 6= 0. Trng hp ny
A c mt vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l 3 = (1, 1, 1).
T suy ra:
f c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 2.
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect dng (a b)u1 + au2 + bu3 =
(2a, a + 2b, b), a2 + b2 6= 0.
Trng hp ny f c hai vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l:
1 = 1.u1 + 1.u2 + 0.u3 = (2, 1, 0)
2 = 1.u1 + 0.u2 + 1.u3 = (0, 2, 1)
8
1
0 0
Af /() = 0 1 0
0
0 2
Do :
dim L dim f 1 (L) dim L + dim Ker f
b) Xt nh x : Im U , = |Im , tc l ()
= () vi mi Im .
10