I S C BN

(N THI THC S TON HC)

Bi 17. Gii bi tp v nh x tuyn tnh
PGS TS M Vinh Quang
Ngy 10 thng 3 nm 2006
1. a. Cho nh x f : Rn R, chng minh rng f l nh x tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn ti
cc s a1 , a2 , . . . , an R f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn
b. Cho nh x f : Rn Rm . Chng minh rng f l nh x tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn
ti cc s aij R
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn , . . . , am1 x1 + am2 x2 + . . . + amn xn ) ()
Gii. Ta ch gii cu b., cu a. l trng hp c bit ca cu b. khi m = 1.
Kim tra trc tip, ta thy ngay rng nu f c dng nh () th f l nh x tuyn tnh.
Ngc li, nu f l nh x tuyn tnh, ta t:
f (ei ) = (a1i , a2i , . . . , ami )
vi i = 1, 2, . . . , n, trong ei = (0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0). Khi ta c
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 e1 + x2 e2 + . . . + xn en )
= x1 f (e1 ) + x2 f (e2 ) + . . . + xn f (en )
= f (a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn , . . . , am1 x1 + am2 x2 + . . . + amn xn )
2. Tm cng thc ca nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 bit
a. f (1, 1, 2) = (1, 0, 0), f (2, 1, 1) = (0, 1, 1), f (2, 2, 3) = (0, 1, 0).
b. f (1, 2, 3) = (1, 0, 1), f (1, 1, 1) = (0, 1, 0), f (1, 3, 4) = (1, 0, 2).
Gii. a. Gi s
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = a1 (1, 1, 2) + a2 (2, 1, 1) + a3 (2, 2, 3)

(1)

Khi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = a1 (1, 0, 0) + a2 (0, 1, 1) + a3 (0, 1, 0) = (a1 , a2 a3 , a2 )

(2)

Do , tnh f (x1 , x2 , x3 ), ta cn tnh a1 , a2 , a3 qua x1 , x2 , x3 . Do cng thc (1),

a1 , a2 , a3 l nghim ca h:

1 2 2 x1
1
2
2 x1
1 1 2 x2 0 1
0 x1 + x2
2 1 3 x3
0 3 1 2x1 + x3

1
2
2 x1

0 x1 + x2
0 1
0
0 1 x1 3x2 + x3
1

Vy:
a3 = x1 + 3x2 x3
a2 = x 1 x 2
a1 = x1 2a2 2a3 = x1 2(x1 x2 ) 2(x1 + 3x2 x3 ) = x1 4x2 + 2x3
Thay vo (2), cng thc ca nh x f l:
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 4x2 + 2x3 , 2x1 4x2 + x3 , x1 x2 )
b. Gii tng t cu a., chi tit xin dnh cho bn c.
3. Trong R3 cho 2 c s:
u1 = (1, 0, 0), u2 = (0, 1, 1), u3 = (1, 0, 1)
v1 = (1, 1, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 1), v3 = (1, 0, 1)

(u)
(v)

v cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 , f (ui ) = vi .

a. Tm cng thc ca f .
b. Tm cc ma trn
Af /(u) ,

Af /(u),(v) ,

Af /(v) ,

Af /(v),(u) ,

Af /(3 )

Gii. a. Gi s
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3

(1)

Khi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
=
=
=

f (a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3 )
a1 f (u1 ) + a2 f (u2 ) + a3 f (u3 )
a1 (1, 1, 0) + a2 (0, 1, 1) + a3 (1, 0, 1)
(a1 + a3 , a1 + a2 , a2 + a3 )

Vy f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (a1 + a3 , a1 + a2 , a2 + a3 ) (2)

Ta cn tnh a1 , a2 , a3 theo x1 , x2 , x3 , do (1), a1 , a2 , a3 l nghim ca h

1 0 1 x1
1 0 1 x1
0 1 0 x2 0 1 0 x2

0 1 1 x3
0 0 1 x2 + x3
do : a3 = x2 + x3 , a2 = x2 , a1 = x1 a3 = x1 + x2 x3 . Thay vo (2) cng thc
ca f l:
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x1 + x3 , 2x2 + x3 )
b.

Ma trn Af /(u)
Ta c:
f (u1 ) = v1 = a1 u1 + a2 u2 + a3 u3
f (u2 ) = v2 = b1 u1 + b2 u2 + b3 u3
f (u3 ) = v3 = c1 u1 + c2 u2 + c3 u3
Khi

Af /(u)
2

a1 b 1 c 1
= a2 b 2 c 2
a3 b 3 c 3

(1)
(2)
(3)

cc ai , bi , ci ln lt l nghim ca cc phng trnh vct (1), (2), (3). Mi

phng trnh (1), (2), (3) tng ng vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c
cng ma trn cc h s (ch khc nhau ct t do), do , ta c th gii cng lc
3 h nh sau:

1
0 1
1 0 1
1
0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
1 2 1
H 1: a3 = 1, a2 = 1, a1 = 1 a3 = 0
H 2: b3 = 2, b2 = 1, b1 = b3 = 2
H 3: c3 = 1, c2 = 0, c1 = 1 c3 = 0
Vy ma trn

0
2 0
1 0
Af /(u) = 1
1 2 1
Ma trn Af /(u),(v)
Ta c
f (u1 ) = v1 = 1v1 + 0v2 + 0v3
f (u2 ) = v2 = 0v1 + 1v2 + 0v3
f (u3 ) = v3 = 0v1 + 0v2 + 1v3
Vy ma trn

Af /(u),(v)

1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1

Ma trn Af /(v)
p dng cu a., ta s tnh c f (v1 ), f (v2 ), f (v3 ), sau lm nh cc phn
trc. C th:
f (v1 ) = (1, 1, 2) = a1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3
f (v2 ) = (0, 1, 3) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + b3 v3
f (v3 ) = (1, 0, 1) = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
ai , bi , ci l nghim ca 3 h sau:

1
0 1
1
0 1 1
0 1
1
0 1
1
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1
2 3 1
0 1 1 2 3 1
1 0 1 1
0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 2 2 4 2
H 1: a3 = 1, a2 = a3 = 1, a1 = 1 a3 = 0
H 2: b3 = 2, b2 = 1 b3 = 1, b1 = b3 = 2
H 3: c3 = 1, c2 = 1 c3 = 0, c1 = 1 c3 = 0
Vy

0
2 0
1 0
Af /(v) = 1
1 2 1
3

 Ma trn Af /(v),(u) lm tng t.

Ma trn Af /(3 )
theo cu a., cng thc ca f l
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x1 + x3 , 2x2 + x3 )
do ta c ngay:

1
0 0
0 1
= 1
0 2 1

Af /(3 )

4. Cho nh x tuyn tnh

: Rn [x] Rn [x]
p(x) 7 p0 (x)
Tm ma trn ca trong c s:
a. uo = 1, u1 = x, u2 = x2 , . . . , un = xn
b. vo = 1, v1 = x a, v2 =

(xa)2
,...,
2!

vn =

(xa)n
n!

Gii. a. Ta c
(uo ) = 0 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
(u1 ) = 1 = 1uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
(u2 ) = 2x = 0uo + 2u1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0un
................................................
(uk ) = kxk1 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . + kuk1 + . . . + 0un
................................................
(un ) = nxn1 = 0uo + 0u1 + . . . . . . . . . + nun1 + 0un
Vy

Af /(u)

0
0
0
..
.
..
.
..
.

1
0
0
..
.
..
.
..
.

0 ... 0
2 ... 0
0 ... 0
..
..
.
.
..
.
k
..
..
.
.
0 0 0 ... 0
0 0 0 ... 0

... 0
... 0

... 0

..
.
..
.

..
.

... n
... 0

b. Li gii tng t cu a., chi tit xin dnh cho bn c.

5. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R4 R3
f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (x1 x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x4 , 2x2 x3 + x4 )
Tm c s, s chiu ca Ker f, Im f

Gii.
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) Ker f f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = 0, (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) l nghim ca
h

x1 x2 + x3 = 0
2x1 + x4 = 0
(1)

2x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
Do , Ker f chnh l khng gian con cc nghim ca h (1) v h nghim c bn ca
h (1) chnh l mt c s ca Ker f . gii h (1), ta bin i ma trn h s m rng:

1 1 1 0 0
1 1
1 0 0
2
0 0 1 0 0
2 2 1 0
0
2 1 1 0
2
1 1 0
0
1 1
1 0 0

0
2 2 1 0

0
0
3 0 0
H c v s nghim ph thuc 1 tham s l x4 . Ta c
x3 = 0
x2 = 12 (2x3 x4 ) = 12 x4
x1 = x2 x3 = x2 = 12 x4
Vy nghim tng qut ca h l:

x1

x2
x3

x4

= a
= a
=0
= 2a

h nghim c bn 1 = (1, 1, 0, 2), do , dim Ker f = 1, c s ca Ker f l

1 = (1, 1, 0, 2).
tm c s ca Im f , ta tm nh ca c s chnh tc ca R4 . Ta c:
f (e1 ) = (1, 2, 0), f (e2 ) = (1, 0, 2),
f (e3 ) = (1, 0, 1), f (e4 ) = (0, 1, 1)
Im f = hf (e1 ), f (e2 ), f (e3 ), f (e4 )i
H con LTT ti i ca

1
1

1
0

f (e1 ), f (e2 ), f (e3 ), f (e4 ) l mt c s

2
0
1
1
2
0

0
2
2
2
2 0

0 2 1
0 1 3
1
1
4
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
1

0 2 1
2 2
0
1
1 2 0
0 1 1 2

0 0 1 3
0 0 0
4

Vy c s ca Im f l f (e1 ), f (e4 ), f (e3 ) v dim f = 3.

ca Im f . Ta c
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

6. Tm vect ring, gi tr ring, cho ha cc ma trn sau:

1 0 1
(a) 0 0 0
1 0 1

5 1
1
2 2
(b) 1
1 2
2

1 2 1

2 4 2
(c)
1 2 1

1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

(d)
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1

1
3 1
2
0 1 1
3

(e)
0
0 2
5
0
0 0 2
Gii. b) Tm a thc c trng:

 5 1
1

PA () =  1 2 2
 1
2 2

= (5 )(2 )2 + 2 + 2 (2 ) 4(5 ) (2 )
= 3 + 92 18
PA () = 0 = 0, = 3, = 6.
Vy A c 3 gi tr ring l = 0, = 3, = 6.

Vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 0 l

1
2 2 
5 1
1  0
1
2 2  0 5 1
1 
1 2
2 
1 2
2  0

cc vect nghim khc khng


ca h:
0
1
2 2  0
0 0 11 11  0
0
0
0
0  0

H c v s nghim ph thuc mt tham s l x3 . Ta c: x3 = a, x2 = a, x1 = 0.

Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (0, a, a), a R. Do , vect ring ng vi gi
tr ring = 0 l cc vect c dng (0, a, a), a 6= 0, dim V0 = 1.
C s ca V0 l 1 = (0, 1, 1).

Vect
2
1
1

ring ng vi gi tr ring
1
1  0
1


1 2  0 1
2 1  0
2



1 2 1  0

0 3 3  0
0
0
0  0

= 3 l

2 1 
1 2 
1
1 

cc vect nghim khc khng

ca h:
0
1 2 1  0
0 0 3 3  0
0
0
3
3  0

H c v s nghim ph thuc mt tham s l x3 .

6

Ta c: x3 = b, x2 = b, x1 = 2x2 + x3 = b.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (b, b, b), b R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 3 l cc vect c dng (b, b, b), b 6= 0, dim V3 = 1.
C s ca V3 l 2 = (1, 1, 1).

Vect
1
1
1

ring ng vi gi tr ring
1
1  0
1
4 2  0 0
2 4  0
0

= 6 l

1
1 
3 3 
3 3 

cc vect nghim khc khng


ca h:

0
1 1
1  0
0 0 3 3  0
0
0
0
0  0

H c v s nghim ph thuc mt tham s l x3 .

Ta c: x3 = c, x2 = c, x1 = x2 + x3 = 2c.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (2c, c, c), c R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 6 l cc vect c dng (2c, c, c), c 6= 0, dim V6 = 1.
C s ca V0 l 3 = (2, 1, 1).
Cho ha. Tng hp 3 trng hp trn ta thy ma trn A c 3 vect ring c lp tuyn
tnh. Do A cho ha c. Ma trn T cn tm l:

0 1
2
T = 1 1 1
1
1
1
v

0 0 0
T 1 AT = 0 3 0
0 0 6

l ma trn cho.
d) Tm a thc c trng

 1 0
0
0

 0

0
0
PA () = 
0
0
 0
 1
0
0 1





 = 2 (1 )2




PA () = 0 = 0, = 1.
Vy ma trn A c 2 gi tr ring l = 0, = 1.

Vect ring ng
 vi
gi tr ring
1 0 0 0  0
1 0 0
0 0 0 0  0
0 0 0

0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1  0
0 0 0

=
0
1
0
0

l cc vect nghim khc khng ca h:

0
0

0
0

H c v s nghim ph thuc hai tham s l x2 , x3 .

Ta c: x2 = a, x3 = b, x4 = 0, x1 = 0.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (0, a, b, 0), a, b R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 0 l cc vect c dng (0, a, b, 0), a2 + b2 6= 0, dim V0 = 2.
C s ca V0 l 1 = (0, 1, 0, 0), 2 = (0, 0, 1, 0).


Vect ring ng vi gi
nghim khc khng ca h:
 vect
tr ring = 1 l cc



0
0
0 0  0
1
0
0 0  0
0 1
 0
0 1
0
0
0 0  0

0
0
0 1 0  0
0 1 0  0
1
0
0 0  0
0
0
0 0  0
H c v s nghim ph thuc tham s l x4 .
Ta c: x4 = c, x3 = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = 0.
Nghim ca h l tt c cc vect dng (0, 0, 0, c), c R. Do , vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect c dng (0, 0, 0, c), c 6= 0, dim V1 = 1.
C s ca V1 l 3 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
Cho ha. Tng hp 3 trng hp trn ta thy ma trn A ch c 3 vect ring c lp tuyn
tnh trong khi A l ma trn cp 4 nn A khng cho ha c.
7. Trong R3 cho c s:
u1 = (1, 1, 1),

u2 = (1, 2, 1),

u3 = (1, 3, 2)

v cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 xc nh bi:

f (u1 ) = (0, 5, 3)
f (u2 ) = (2, 4, 3)
f (u3 ) = (0, 3, 2)
Tm mt c s ma trn ca f trong c s l ma trn cho.
Gii. u tin ta tm ma trn ca f trong c s no ca R3 . V cho f (u1 ), f (u2 ),
f (u3 ) nn d nht l tm ma trn ca f trong c s (u). Bn c c th d dng tm c:

0 1 1
Af /(u) = 1 0 1
1 1 0
Bc tip theo, ta tm gi tr ring v vect ring
c gi tr ring v vect ring ca f .

Cc gi tr ring, vect ring ca ma trn A = 1

1
Kt qu tm tt nh sau:

ca ma trn A = Af /(u) . T s tm

1 1
0 1 , ta tm trong phn l thuyt.
1 0

A c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 2.
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect (a b, a, b), a2 + b2 6= 0.
Trng hp ny A c hai vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l 1 = (1, 1, 0), 2 =
(1, 0, 1).
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 2 l cc vect (c, c, 0), c 6= 0. Trng hp ny
A c mt vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l 3 = (1, 1, 1).
T suy ra:
f c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 2.
Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect dng (a b)u1 + au2 + bu3 =
(2a, a + 2b, b), a2 + b2 6= 0.
Trng hp ny f c hai vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l:
1 = 1.u1 + 1.u2 + 0.u3 = (2, 1, 0)
2 = 1.u1 + 0.u2 + 1.u3 = (0, 2, 1)
8

 Cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 2 l cc vect dng c.u1 + c.u2 + c.u3 =

(c, 6c, 4c), c 6= 0.
Trng hp ny f c mt vect ring c lp tuyn tnh l:
3 = 1.u1 + 1.1.u2 + 1.u3 = (1, 6, 4)
Kt lun. V f l php bin i tuyn tnh ca R3 (dim R3 = 3) v f c 3 vect ring c
lp tuyn tnh l 1 , 2 , 3 nn 1 , 2 , 3 () chnh l c s ca R3 cn tm v ta c:

1
0 0
Af /() = 0 1 0
0
0 2

8. Cho php bin i tuyn tnh : V V tha mn 2 = . Chng minh:

(a) Im + Ker = V
(b) Im Ker = {0}
Gii. a) Tt nhin Im + Ker V , ta cn chng minh: V Im + Ker .
Vi mi V , ta c: = () + ( ())
Tt nhin () Im , v ( ()) = () 2 () = () () = 0. Do ,
() Ker Im + Ker , v Im + Ker = V .
b) Gi s Im Ker . Khi tn ti V () = . Theo gi thit 2 = nn
ta c: = () = 2 () = (()) = () = 0 (v Ker ).
Vy Im Ker th = 0. Do , Im Ker = {0}.
9. Cho f : V V l nh x tuyn tnh, L l khng gian vect con ca V . Chng minh:
(a) dim L dim Ker f dim f (L) dim L.
(b) dim L dim f 1 (L) dim L + dim Ker f .
Gii. gii bi tp 9 v bi tp 10, ta cn nh kt qu sau ( chng minh trong phn
l thuyt):
Nu : V U l nh x tuyn tnh th ta c:
dim Im + dim Ker = dim V
a) Xt nh x f : L V , f = f |L , tc l f() = f () vi mi L.
Ta c Im f = f(L) = f (L), Ker f = L Ker f .
p dng kt qu trn vi = f, ta c:
dim Im f + dim Ker f = dim L
Do , dim f (L) = dim Im f dim L
v dim f (L) = dim L dim Ker f dim L dim Ker f
b) t L0 = f 1 (L). Khi f (L0 ) = L.
p dng a) vi khng gian vect con L0 , ta c:
dim L0 dim Ker f dim f (L0 ) dim L0
tc l
dim f 1 (L) dim Ker f dim L dim f 1 (L)
9

Do :
dim L dim f 1 (L) dim L + dim Ker f

10. Cho : V W , : W U l nh x tuyn tnh. Chng minh:

(a) rank() min{rank , rank }
(b) rank() = rank dim(Ker Im )
(c) rank() rank k + rank dim W
Gii. a) p dng cu a) bi 9 cho nh x tuyn tnh : W U vi L = Im = (V ) W ,
ta c:
dim (V ) dim ((V )) = dim()(V ) = dim Im()
Vy ta c: rank() rank (1)
Mt khc, ta c: (V ) W nn ((V )) (W ), do dim (V ) dim (W ), tc l:
rank rank
(2).
T (1) v (2) ta c iu cn chng minh.

b) Xt nh x : Im U , = |Im , tc l ()
= () vi mi Im .

Khi , Ker = Ker Im v Im = (Im ) = (Im ) = ()(V ) = Im , tc l:

dim Im() + dim(Ker Im ) = dim Im .
Do vy, rank() = rank dim(Ker Im ).
c) Ta c: dim Ker + dim Im = dim W nn dim Ker = dim W rank .
Bi vy, theo cu b)
rank() = rank dim(Ker Im )
rank dim Ker = rank (dim W rank ) = rank + rank dim W.

nh my: LM HU PHC, TRN C THUN Ngy: 09/03/2006

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