Vn hunh cc cng trnh x l

nqc thi
1.Cc tiu chun x nc thi
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TT Thng s Dn v
Gi tr gii hn
A B C
1 Nhit
0
C 40 40 45
2 pH 6 - 9 5,5 - 9 5 - 9
3 BOD
5
(20
0
C) mg/l 20 50 100
4 COD mg/l 50 100 400
5 Cht rn l lng mg/l 50 100 200
6 Asen mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5
7 Cadimi mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,5
8 Ch mg/l 0,1 0,5 1
9 Clo d mg/l 1 2 2
10 Crom (VI) mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5
11 Crom (III) mg/l 0,2 1 2
12 Du m khong mg/l KPHD 1 5
13 Du m ng vt mg/l 5 10 30
14 Dng mg/l 0,2 1 5
Nc thi cng nghip
Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng
cc cht nhim TCVN 5945-1995
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Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng
cc cht nhim TCVN 5945-1995
TT Thng s Dn v
Gi tr gii hn
A B C
15 Km mg/l 1 2 5
16 Mangan mg/l 0,2 1 5
17 Niken mg/l 0,2 1 2
18 Photpho hu c mg/l 0,2 0,5 1
19 Photpho tng s mg/l 4 6 8
20 St mg/l 1 5 10
21 Tetracloetylen mg/l 0,02 0,1 0,1
22 Thic mg/l 0,2 1 5
23 Thy ngn mg/l 0,005 0,005 0,01
24 Tng Nit mg/l 30 60 60
25 Tricloetylen mg/l 0,05 0,3 0,3
26 Amoniac (tnh theo N) mg/l 0,1 1 10
27 Florua mg/l 1 2 5
28 Phenola mg/l 0,001 0,05 1
29 Sulfua mg/l 0,2 0,5 1
30 Xianua mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,2
31 Coliform MPN/100ml 5000 10000 -
32 Tng hot phng x D Bq/l 0,1 0,1 -
33 Tng hot phng x E Bq/l 1,0 1,0 -
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Nc thai cng nghip
Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng cc cht
nhim trong nc thai cng nghip thai vo vc nc sng dng
cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot TCVN 6980-2001
TT Thng s
Q > 200 m3/s Q = 50-200 m3/s Q < 50m3/s
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
1 Do mau, Co-Pt pH=7 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
2 Mi, cam quan
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
Khng
mi
3 BOD
5
(20
0
C) 40 35 35 30 25 25 20 20 20
4 COD, mg/l 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40
5 Tng cht rn l lng,
mg/l
50 45 45 45 40 40 40 30 30
6 Asen, mg/l 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,1 0,05 0,05
7 Chi, mg/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,06
8 Du m khong, mg/l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 Du m ng vt, mg/l 20 20 20 10 10 10 5 5 5
10 Cu, mg/l 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2
11 Zn, mg/l 1 1 1 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,5 0,5 0,5
12 Pht pho tng s, mg/l 10 10 10 6 6 6 4 4 4
13 Clorua, Cl
-
, mg/l 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600
14 Coliform, MPN/100 ml 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
Khng
mi
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2. Phn loi cc cht nhim
bn trong nc thi
2.1 Cc dc tnh vt l
2.2 Cc dc tnh ho hc
2.3 Cc dc tnh sinh hc
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Phn tch cc thng s nhim
Da trn cc php phn tch, cc cht nhim khc nhau c quy v cc thng s nhim, t
c th tp trung vo mt s cng ngh trng tm.
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Phn loi cc cht nhim bn trong nc thi
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2. 1 Cc dc tnh vt l ca nc thi
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CC THNH PHN RN
- Cht ni: du, m
- Cht lng dc: lng t nhin trong vng 60
pht
- dng keo t: < 1m; cn tc nhn h tr d
c th lng
- Cht ho tan: cc phn t hu c v v c
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2. 1 Cc dc tnh vt l ca
nc thi
- NHIT
- MI
- MU
- C
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2. 2 Cc dc tnh ho hc ca
nc thi
- 2.2.1 Cht hu c
- 2.2.2 Cht v c
- 2.2.3 Cc kh
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2.2.1 Cht hu c
- protein
(cht thi dng v thc vt)
- cacbonhydrat (si, giy, dng)
- Cht bo, du, m
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2.2.2 Cht v c
- pH
- Clorua
- Kim
- Nit, Phtpho
- Kim loi nng
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2.2.3 Cc kh
- xy ho tan
- H
2
S & NH
3
(cc diu kin t hoi,
mi)
- Mtan (khng mu, khng mi,
nguy him)
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2.3 Cc dc tnh sinh hc
2.3.1 Dng khng t bo:
- Vi rt (vd: Hepathitis-vi rt vim gan, mm
bnh)
2.3.2 n bo:
- Vi khun (vd: E. Coli trong phn ngi)
- To lc lam hoc vi khun xanh
(cyanobacteria)
2.3.3 a bo:
- Nm
- To Algae
- ng vt nguyn sinh (vd: Giardia)
- ng v thc vt
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Nc thi
B lng s cp B aeroten B lng th cp
Tm lng bn bng nha
Cng ngh x
l tin tin
Tm aeroten
Nn trng lc
Nn c hc
- Kh N, P
- Lc ct
My nn ly tm
Tiu hu bn
Tch nc
- Thu kh gas
- Khuy c hc
Nn bng trc ly tm
Nn trc vt
3. X l nc thi
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L lng
L L l l ng ng
Hu c
H H u u c c V c
V V c c
Ho tan
Ho Ho tan tan
SS t cc c th sng
(Bn hot tnh, bn phn
hu, cc vi sinh vt khc nhau)
Cc thnh phn SS v c
(Cc hydroxides nh cc kim loi nng,
t st v cc trm tch)
Cc cht huu c ho tan
(a xt hu c, amino a xit, cc thnh
phn BOD ho tan khc)
Cc cht v c ho tan
(Ion v c, v.v,...)
C

k
h
a
p
h

n
h
u

s
i
n
h
h

c
P
h

n
h
u

s
i
n
h
h

c
Kh Kh
D D
D D
Kh Kh
Ion Ion
giai giai phng phng
X l nc thai X
X

l
l
n
n

c
c
thai
thai
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Mng vi lc (MF)
Mng vi lc (MF)
Lng
Lng
Ln men
m tan
Ln men
m tan
Carbon hot tnh
Carbon hot tnh Ca
Bn hot tnh
Bn hot tnh B
Mng thm
thu (RO)
Mng thm
thu (RO)
xy ho
xy ho
Mng UF
(Ultra-
Filtration)
Mng UF
(Ultra-
Filtration)
M
Trao i ion
Trao i ion T
L lng
L L l l ng ng
P
h

n
h
u

s
i
n
h
h

c
Kh Kh
D D
D D
Kh Kh
ph ph n n l l p p (Isolate) (Isolate)
Ion Ion
Hu c
H H u u c c V c
V V c c
Ho tan
Ho Ho tan tan
P
h

n
h
u

s
i
n
h
h

c
X l nc thai X
X

l
l
n
n

c
c
thai
thai
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X l nc thi
Dryer,
Incineration
Aeration
tank
Dewatering machine
Digestion tank
Influent
Effluent
Mechanical
thickening
Gravity
thickening
Effective utilization
Digestion gas
Low-pressure
gas holder
(Hollow fiber contained
liquid membrane) Adsorbent gas holder
Ultrasonic
disintegration
system
Supply as fuel Supply as fuel
Power generation
(Micro gas turbine)
Intermediate
pressure
storage
sedimentation
tank
Primary
sedimentation
tank
Methane
concentration
De-H2S
tower
Sy kh, t
B aeroten
Thit b tch nc
B tiu hu bn
Dng vo
Nn c hc
Nn trng
lc
Kh nhin liu
Kh thi
-
Thp cha
kh p sut thp
(Dng si rng c mng nc)
Thp hp th kh
H thng phn
hu siu m
Sn xut nng lng
(tunbin kh siu nh)
Cha kh p
sut trung gian
B lng s
cp
Lm giu metan
-
Thp kh
H
2
S
B lng
th cp
Dng ra
Dryer,
Incineration
Aeration
tank
Dewatering machine
Digestion tank
Influent
Effluent
Mechanical
thickening
Gravity
thickening
Effective utilization
Digestion gas
Low-pressure
gas holder
(Hollow fiber contained
liquid membrane) Adsorbent gas holder
Ultrasonic
disintegration
system
Supply as fuel Supply as fuel
Power generation
(Micro gas turbine)
Intermediate
pressure
storage
sedimentation
tank
Primary
sedimentation
tank
Methane
concentration
De-H2S
tower
Sy kh, t
B aeroten
Thit b tch nc
B tiu hu bn
Dng vo
Nn c hc
Nn trng
lc
Kh nhin liu
Kh thi
-
Thp cha
kh p sut thp
(Dng si rng c mng nc)
Thp hp th kh
H thng phn
hu siu m
Sn xut nng lng
(tunbin kh siu nh)
Cha kh p
sut trung gian
B lng s
cp
Lm giu metan
-
Thp kh
H
2
S
B lng
th cp
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5. Cc phng php x l nc thi
Mt s cng ngh tng ng nhau c th c la chn s b ti bc ny
Cc cng ngh c la chn s b trn c s cn nhc nhng cht nhim chnh
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Cht hu c phn hu sinh hc (BOD) X l sinh hc hiu kh:
-Bn hot tnh, mng oxy ho
-H hiu kh
-Lc nh git
-a sinh hc quay (RBC)
-H n dnh
-Thit b phn ng kiu dm
X l sinh hc ym kh
-H ym kh
-Lc ym kh
-Tip xc ym kh
-Thit b phn ng tng si
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1. La chn cng ngh XLNT
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Cc cht hu c bn (COD-BOD) -Oxy ho ho hc
-Hp ph bng cacbon
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc
-Hp ph, x l sinh hc
Tng cht rn l lng C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:
-Lng
-Tuyn ni
-Lc
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Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Nit -Tch amonia
-Nitrat ho v kh nitrat
-Kh bng clo
Pht pho -Kt ta
-Hp th sinh hc
-Trao di ion
Kim loi nng -Kt ta ho hc
-Trao di ion
-Lc mng
Cht rn v c ho tan -Trao di ion
-Thm thu ngc
-Thm tch bng din
Du m -Keo t / dng t / tuyn ni
-Siu lc
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C th tm hiu hiu sut thng thng ca cc cng ngh x l cng loi thng
qua rt nhiu d liu t cc nh my trn th gii. C th la chn s b cc cng
ngh c hiu sut x l nm trong phm vi hiu sut x l thng thng ca cc
nh my trn th gii.
Hiu sut x l ca cc qu trnh chnh
Kh nng x l ca mt s bc trong x l s cp v th cp
Hiu sut loi b cc thng s nhim, tnh theo phn trm
BC X L BOD COD SS Tng P Hu c-N NH
3
-N
Tin x l
Sng 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lng ct 0-5 0-5 0-10 0 0 0
X l s cp (lng)
Khng b sung ho cht 30-40 30-40 50-65 10-20 10-20 0
C ho cht
X l th cp
Bn hot tnh (thng thng) 80-95 80-85 80-90 10-25 15-50 8-15
Lc nh git (tc d cao&qua mi trng
d)
65-80 60-80 60-85 8-12 15-50 8-15
Lc nh git (tc d rt cao&mi trng
plastic)
65-85 65-85 65-85 8-12 15-50 8-15
a sinh hc 80-85 80-85 80-85 10-25 15-50 8-15
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5.1. Tin x l
a.Lc li
Li/ song th (> 2mm)
- Sn sau khi lc c th dc thi nh cht thi
rn bnh thng
Li/ song tinh (< 2mm)
- Thng di hi da dim x thi dc bit
Cc kiu: - Bc thang, xch, xoay, mng, trng, da &
nghin;
- Vn hnh th cng v/hoc t dng
Cc tiu ch thit k: - Phi kim sot tc d nc qua li
lc (mng Pashall)
- Kh nng dung np ca qui trnh x l
- Cng sut vn chuyn v lu gi ca h thng
x l nc thi
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Li chn
Tiu ch thit k-Thu lc
Vn tc qua mng (m/s) 0.3-0.6 0.6-1.0
Kch c thanh Chiu rng (mm) 4-8 8-10
Chiu su (mm) 25-50 50-75
Khong cch trng gia cc thanh (mm) 25-75 10-50
nghing so vi phng ngang ()
45-60 75-85
Tn tht p sut cho php, do li lc b tc
(mm)
150 150
H s thit k Lm sch th cng Lm sch
bng my
Tn tht p sut ti a, li lc tc (mm) 800 800
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Li chn nghing
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Song li chn cc kiu khc nhau
Li bc thang Trng hoc a quay Li nghin Song li chn bng
cn quay
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Thng tin thit k in hnh
Cc thng s Khong in hnh
Thi gian lu, giy 45-90 60
Vn tc phng ngang, m/s 0.25-4 .3
Vn tc lc i vi:
Sng 65-l, m/min 1.0-1.3 1.15
Sng 100-l, m/min 0.6-0.9 0.75
C cu khng ch vn tc p trn Sutro, mng Parshall
p trn dng parabol&ngang
Tn hao p sut 30 to 40%
b. B lng ct
Hnh ch nht: khng ch vn tc, khng sc kh
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a. Keo t
b. ng t
c. Lng s cp
5.2.X l s cp
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Ni chung, x l s cp bng phng php ho hc c p
dng khi nc thi cng nghip c hm lng cc cht rn cao
dng keo (kh lng).
Mc ch ca x l s cp l gim lng cht rn qu
trnh x l th cp t hiu qu (x l cc cht nhim cn li
trong nc thi, v d nh cht hu c ho tan).
Qu trnh x l s cp ch yu gm :
lng trng lc, v
tuyn ni bng khng kh ho tan (DAF)
Ho cht c s dng nh cht ng t v to bng vi
mc ch ch yu l chuyn cc ht keo l lng thnh cht rn
dng :
c th lng nh trng lc trong b lng, hoc
c tch bng tuyn ni
Trong mt s
trng hp c th,
x l s cp c th
t mc tiu x l
(hiu sut tch cc
cht rn 90 95%).
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2 X l s cp
2.A. ng t v keo t
Ni chung, x l s cp bng phng php ho hc c p
dng khi nc thi cng nghip c hm lng cc cht rn cao
dng keo (kh lng).
Mc ch ca x l s cp l gim lng cht rn qu
trnh x l th cp t hiu qu (x l cc cht nhim cn li
trong nc thi, v d nh cht hu c ho tan).
Qu trnh x l s cp ch yu gm :
lng trng lc, v
tuyn ni bng khng kh ho tan (DAF)
Ho cht c s dng nh cht ng t v to bng vi
mc ch ch yu l chuyn cc ht keo l lng thnh cht rn
dng :
c th lng nh trng lc trong b lng, hoc
c tch bng tuyn ni
Trong mt s
trng hp c th,
x l s cp c th
t mc tiu x l
(hiu sut tch cc
cht rn 90 95%).
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a. Qu trnh keo t
Keo t l mt hin tng lm mt s n
nh ca cc huyn ph dng keo cui
cng to ra cc cm ht khi c s tip xc
gia cc ht.
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Tnh cht ca ht keo
1. Cu to ca ht keo
Mt trt
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Lp ion tri du bn ngoi

Lp ion tri du bn
trong

Ht mang in tch m
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C ch ca qu trinh keo t
1. Nn p lp in tch kp
2. Hp ph, trung ha in tch
3. Dnh bm v kt ta
4. Hp ph v to cu ni giua cc ht
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Keo t
KHUY TRN NHANH
Cc tiu ch thit k
Khuy trn ngay sau khi a ho cht keo t vo
Thi gian lu : 30 s
H s trn G: 700 n 1000 1/sec
G= (P/*V^)
1/2
Cc cht keo t
Nhm (Nhm sunphat)
Fe(Cl)
3
, Polyaluminumchloride (PAC)
Mui SO
4
2-
ca Fe(2) v Fe(3)
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Cc cht keo t
Me
3+
+ HOH ' Me(OH)
2+
+ H
+
Me(OH)
2+
+ HOH ' Me(OH)
+
+ H
+
Me(OH)
+
+ HOH ' Me(OH)
3
+ H
+
Me
3+
+ HOH ' Me(OH)
3
p + 3H
+
Qu trnh thu phn cc cht keo t v to thnh cc
bng keo xy ra theo cc giai on sau:
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Cc cht keo t
Cc phn ng xy ra khi a cc cht keo t
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
vo trong nc
Al
3+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
2+
+ H
+
Al(OH)
2+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
2
+
+ H
+
Al(OH)
2
+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ H
+
Al
3+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ H
+
Al
3+
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ H
+
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Cc cht keo t
Cc phn ng xy ra khi a cc cht keo t
FeCl
3
vo trong nc
FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = Fe(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
+3Cl
-
FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = Fe(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
+3Cl
-
FeCl
3
+ H
2
O = FeCl
2
(OH) + H
+
+ Cl
-
FeCl
2
(OH) + H
2
O = FeCl(OH)
2
+ H
+
+ Cl
-
FeCl(OH)
2
+ H
2
O = Fe(OH)
3
+ H
+
+ Cl
-
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Cc bc ca qu trnh keo t
1. nh lng ho cht keo t/tr keo v ho trn
2. Ph v trng thi n nh ca h keo
3. To ra bng keo t kch thc nh nh gradien vn tc
ln cho cc cht keo bng t to thnh.
4. To ra bng keo t ln nh gradient vn tc nh tch
cc ht cn ra khi nc
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b. ng t
nh ngha
Tp hp ca cc ht keo t
to thnh cc khi bng lng c
Quy trnh
KHUY TRN CHM hay LC
Cc cht ng t
Cc polyme (Tng hp) : Cation, Anion & Trung tnh
Cc tiu ch thit k
Thc hin ngay sau khi Khuy trn Nhanh
Thi gian lu: 5 10 pht
H s trn G: 50 chm dn xung 20 1/sec
G= (P/*V^)
1/2
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2 X l s cp
2.A. ng t v keo t
Tm tt cc phn ng ca
qu trnh ng t v to
bng:
1. Khuy trn nhanh: Cht
keo t mang in tch
dng n gn ht keo
mang in tch m
2. Qu trnh ng t lm cho
ht keo c trung ho
in tch
3. Cc ht keo c trung
ho in tch to thnh
bng xp
4. Khuy chm: Cht to
bng (polyme) lm cho
khi bng kt li v c th
lng
CHT NG T thng s dng: Nhm sunfat Al
2
SO
4
.18H
2
O - Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC),
Al
2
(OH)
5
Cl or Aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH), Al
2
(OH)
4
Cl
2
CHT TO BNG Polyme tng hp, v d nh polyacrylamin [CH
2
-CH(CONH
2
)-]
X
CHT RN KT BNG (C TH LNG)
HT KEO TO BNG XP
KHUY NHANH
CHT NG T
POLYME (KHNG MANG IN TCH)
NG T
HT KEO MANG
IN TCH M
HT KEO C TRUNG HO
TO BNG
KHUY CHM
CHM
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Thit k b khuy trn:
QU TRNH NG T:
Khuy nhanh: G
Gradien vn tc = (P/V.
)
1/2 |
500s
-1
Thi gian lu = 1 pht
QU TRNH TO BNG:
Khuy nhanh:
G | 50 s
-1
Thi gian lu: t nht l
10 pht
Ch thch :
P = nng lng khuy
trn
V = th tch b khuy
trn
= nht ng lc
ca nc
2 X l s cp
2.A. ng t v keo t
B lng s cp, Nh my nhum
Vnh Pht t, Bnh Dng
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Keo t & ng t
Th nghim vi cc bnh (JAR TEST)
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b. Lng trng lc
THIT K k thut i vi b lng theo phng bn knh (ng knh &
su):
Vn tc ca dng chy trn c s thit k: Lu lng dng vo c th
x l, Q (m
3
/gi) c xc nh bi phng trnh sau:
Q / A = vn tc dng trn c xc nh bng dng c o, m/gi
y: A (m
2
) = din tch b mt b lng
ng knh thit b lng c tnh bng biu thc: D = (4 . A / 3,1416)
1/2
Q / A thng l 1 m/gi nhng c th ln ti 5 m/gi (i vi lamel).
Thi gian lu thu lc (HDT): c xc nh t phng trnh sau:
HDT (gi) = V / Q = (A . H) / Q, trong H l su ca b lng (m)
HDT c c nh gi tr trung bnh 2,5 gi. Thi gian lu ngn hn
c th khin cho chiu chuyn ng ca dng nc thay i. Nu thi
gian lu ln hn, mi v kh hnh thnh do qu trnh ym kh trong lp
bn lng s xy ra .
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Vn :
Hiu qu tch TSS km,
hm lng cht rn l lng
trong dng ra cn cao.
Mi thi
Bn tho ra c th tch ln
v hm lng cht rn
trong bn thp (<1%, tnh
theo cht kh)
Gii php :
Lu lng cao hn so vi thit k (c tnh
bng vn tc dng trn, Q/A) cn c gim
tng vn tc lng.
Bn lng y cn c tho ra theo chu k
tng ng (< 4 gi) ph hp vi lu lng. Hm
lng cht rn trong bn cn duy tr nng 1
2% (tnh theo cht kh). Hm lng cht rn v lp
bn c th c kim tra hng ngy.
V d v tnh ton bn thi (i vi h thng hot ng) :
Mt b lng trn in hnh c thit k x l nc thi c lu lng 2 400 m
3
/ngy
vi hm lng TSS = 150mg/l. Nc thi dng ra c hm lng TSS l 25 mg/l.
Bn lng c hm lng cht rn l 1,5 % (tnh theo cht kh) vi khi lng ring khong
1 000 kg/m
3
.
Tnh :
(a) Tng lng cht rn hng ngy (kg/ngy), tnh theo cht kh.
(b) Th tch bn lng hng ngy (m
3
/ngy).
(c) Xc nh ch bm bn thi (tn sut v chu k) nu bm bn c cng sut 50
lt/pht.
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(a) Tng lng cht rn hng ngy (kg/ngy, tnh theo cht kh) :
= 2 400 m
3
/ngy x (150 25) g/m
3
x 0,001 kg/g = 300 kg/ngy (tnh theo cht kh)
(b) Th tch bn hng ngy (m
3
/ngy) :
Tng lng bn lng (kg/ngy, tnh theo bn t) :
= (300 x 100)/1,5 = 20 000 kg/ngy (tnh theo bn t)
Th tch bn (m
3
/ngy) :
= 20 000 kg/ngy / 1 000 kg/m
3
= 20 m
3
/ngy hoc 20 000 lt/ngy
(c) Ch bm :
Tng thi gian bm (pht/ngy) :
20 000 lt/ngy / 50 lt/pht = 400 pht/ngy
Tn s bm: 4 ln bm trong 24 gi, thi gian mi ln bm c tnh nh sau:
400 pht/ngy / 4 ln mi ngy = 100 pht mi ln
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B lng ng
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B lng ngang
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B lng li tm
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5.2. X l bc hai: X l sinh hc
b. Cc quy trnh H thng Tng Bn cn:
Nc thi chy qua mt khi vi khun kt ta hoc c c
Vd : -UASB
A. Cc quy trnh sinh trng l lng:
Vi khun l lng trong nc thi trong qu trnh x l
Vd : - Cc qu trnh lin tctruyn thng
- Quy trnh sc kh m rng
- B phn ng ln lt theo m (SBR)
C. Cc quy trnh sinh trng bm dnh:
Vi khun to thnh mng trn mt vt th c nh
Vd : -Lc nh git
-Cc thit b tip xc sinh hc quay (RBCs)
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Cc tiu chun la chn gia mng vi khun c nh v sinh trng l lng
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 210, bng 9.7
THNG S MNG C NH SINH TRNG L LNG
u dim Din tch nh hn, gim lng bn sinh ra trong
h thng hiu kh, th tch kh sinh ra nh hn,
tng kh nng tch nc ca bn, lm cho h
thng hiu kh d vn hnh hn, tit kim nng
lng
Kh nng chu dao dng dng vo
ln hn, chu dc TSS du vo
ln, thi gian hi phc ngn hn, h
ym kh d vn hnh hn, tnh linh
hot ca h thng cao hn.
Nhc dim Thng di hi phi bm dng vo, nng d du
m cao (>50mg/L) c th nh hng xu dn mi
trng vi khun, nng d TSS cao (>200 mg/L)
c th nh hng xu dn c ch phn b vi
khun v mi trng lc, h hiu kh s c nhiu
rui nhng, d b nhit d tc dng
Tn din tch hn, to kh kh thu
hi, lm tng lng bn trong h
hiu kh, bn kh tch nc, tn
nng lng hn
H thng
hiu kh
Lc nh git, da sinh hc quay (RBC), ct dm
ngu nhin dng ngc, h thng tng l lng
dng ngc
H oxy, h sc kh, v bn hot tnh
(dng dy hoc do trn hon ton)
H thng
ym kh
Ct dm ngu nhin dng ngc H ym kh, h thng tc d chm,
tng bn dng ngc tc d cao,
tng si
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CC QUY TRNH SINH HC KT HP
C HC
H THNG SC KH
M RNG
( RNH XY HO)
B PHN NG
SINH HC THEO M
( S.B.R)
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Cc qu trnh sinh trng l lng
Primary
Sedimentation
Tank
B tr n
B lng th cp
Primary Sludge
Bn th cp
Bn tun hon khp kn
Affluent
Dng r a
Primary
Sedimentation
Tank
Primary Sludge
Affluen uent uent
X l s cp
Qu tr nh tr uyn
thng
x l sinh hc lin
tc
Dng
hn
hp
Bn s cp
B lng s cp
Dng
vo
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BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Cc cht hu c
nhim c th
phn hu sinh
hc
Bn
c th
lng
Vi khun c
sn trong
nc thi
KH LNG
Nc trong pha trn
CU HI: S dng vi khun x l nc thi c th gy mt s ri ro i vi sc kho
con ngi? Vi sinh vt no l loi gy bnh?
Khng kh
Nhiu bn
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng l lng
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Mt h thng x l s
dng bn hot tnh
bao gm:
- Sc kh sinh hc
trong b Aeroten,
- B lng (s cp),
- Tun hon bn sinh
hc quay li b
Aeroten,
- Thi bn d
Mc ch ca cng on sc kh (2 15 gi)
- TIP XC SINH HC: Bng sinh hc hnh thnh
tip xc + hp th cht nhim mi
- PHN HU SINH HC HIU KH: Bng sinh hc
c sc kh
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Tun hon khp kn
Vi phun bong
bng nh
Montreal, Canada
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Bn hot tnh l qu trnh x l sinh hc c hiu qu loi b cht nhim hu c cao nht: 85
95%.
Tuy nhin, vn hnh qu trnh x l ny tng i kh, i hi phi c b quyt k thut v
ngun nhn lc kh nng.
Cc yu t tc ng ti hiu qu ca qu trnh x l th cp in hnh:
QU TRNH
Cc yu t t c ng n hi u qu ca qu t r nh
Loi t hi t b
Thi gi an l u t hu l c
Ti t rng t hu l c
Ti t rng cht hu c
Nng sut cp kh
Thi gi an l u t bo t r ung bnh -
T l cht di nh dng vi si nh vt F/ M -
T l bn t un hon
Cc cht di nh dng
Bn hot tnh
Cc yu t mi t r ng ( pH, nhi t ...)
Hiu qu x l b nh hng khi qu trnh phn hu sinh hc trong b Aeroten khng tt hoc khi
qu trnh vn hnh lng th cp khng ng. Nguyn nhn ca hiu qu x l thp c th do c
thit k ban u ln vn hnh hng ngy.
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t
Loi thit b
Thi gian lu
thu lc HDT
(gi)
Vn c th xy
ra
Qu trnh sc kh
v lng xy ra trong
thit b c thit
k km
Khng thi
gian lu thu lc
(HDT) i vi c
qu trnh sc kh v
lng
Hm lng TSS
cao trong dng thi
b lng th cp
Gii php
Tch dng vo qu ti n b cha (nu c)
v c gng n nh tc dng chy bng
cch s dng thi gian ban m.
Xem xt li cc gii hn v c cc mc tiu
x l mi.
Xc nh ngun thm qua hoc dng chy
trong cc ma ma v quyt nh phn dng
trong khi c ma.
CH V MT K THUT:
i vi b Aeroten:
HDT (gi) = V / (Q + R)
i vi b lng:
HDT (gi) = 2 3 gi, v OFR = 1 1,5
m/gi
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t Vn c th
xy ra
Gii php c hiu qu
Ti trng thu
lc
Ti trng cht
hu c
T l cht dinh
dng vi sinh
vt F/M
Hm lng BOD
ho tan trong
dng thi b
lng b cao
Hiu sut
chuyn ho cht
nhim hu c
thp
Biofloc = pin
floc
Kim tra c s ca qu trnh bn hot ho:
F / M = ( Q . BOD
5
) / (VSSML . V) ngy
-1
F / M = cc gi tr thc nghim xc
nh i vi mi ngnh cng nghip
F / M = 0,2 n 0,7 ngy
-1
i vi nc
thi sinh hot
F / M = 0,1 ngy
-1
i vi qu trnh sn
xut giy v bt giy
F / M = 0,8 n 1,0 ngy
-1
i vi cc c
s sn xut b sa
F / M = 0,01 ngy
-1
i vi nc rc
Kim tra hm lng cc cht hu c ca
hn hp lng - rn:
VSSML: phi cao hn 2 000 mg/l
S c mt ca sinh khi (vi khun &
ng vt nguyn sinh (protozoa))
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t
Cng sut
cp kh
Vn c th xy
ra
Sc kh khng
Sc kh qu nhiu,
tn km
Gii php c hiu qu
Theo kinh nghim: Yu cu Oxy c thit k
trong khong 1 n 1,4 kg O
2
cho kg BOD
Tuy nhin, s rt hu ch khi tin hnh kim
tra hng ngy hm lng oxy ho tan (DO)
mt s v tr ca b Aeroten. Gi tr trung bnh
cn bng khong 2 mg/l (gia 1 v 2).
Trn 2 mg/l = lng ph nng lng
Di 2 mg/l = c nguy c xy ra qu trnh
ym kh v xut hin bng sinh hc dng si
(c c tnh lng km)
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t Vn c th xy
ra
Gii php
pH S phn r sinh khi
(bn hot tnh)
Kim tra hng ngy pH ca dng vo i
ph ngay vi vic tng hoc gim pH, c th l
do dng chy vo h thng khng hp php
pH axit (nh hn 6) c th iu chnh bng
vi hoc soda khan
pH kim (ln hn 8,5) c th iu chnh bng
H
3
PO
4
hoc H
2
SO
4
. S dng axit photphoric
th tt hn nhng phn ng chm hn.
Cc cht
dinh dng
S tng nhanh bng
sinh hc dng si
c tnh lng ng
km ca bn
Thm cht dinh dng vo dung dch hn
hp bng cch nh lng trong dng vo:
Ure (NH
2
)
2
CO hoc amonic v P
2
O
5
hoc H
3
PO
4
Duy tr cn bng BOD
5
/ N
tng
/ P
tng
bng 100 / 5 / 1 trong dng chy vo
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t
T l tun hon
bn (Bn hot
tnh tun hon,
RAS)
Vn c th
xy ra
T l tun hon
khng hoc
ri rc lm gim
hiu sut x l
Gii php
Thc hin qu trnh kim tra t l tun
hon bn, nh mt trong cc iu sau:
mt t l khng i, ngha l R (m
3
/ngy)
= khng i
t l khng i R / Q
mt cch tip cn lp bn th cp
im gc, duy tr n nh hm lng
VSSML (lng sinh khi khng i) v ti
u ho vic thi bn th cp (bn d)
Hai gii php u ch thch hp khi c cc
iu kin n nh: tc dng chy khng i
hoc ti trng hu c ca dng vo khng i.
Nhng iu kin ny rt t gp i vi cc
dng thi cng nghip.
Qu trnh th ba i hi phi c cc phn
tch trong phng th nghim hng ngy v cc
tnh ton ti thiu (xem cc gii thch sau).
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t Vn Gii php
Thi gian lu t
bo trung bnh
Bn hot tnh
thi (WAS)
Sinh khi hot
tnh qu t trong
hn hp lng -
rn (VSSML thp)
Bn hoc bng
sinh hc b
khong ho nhiu
(bn en)
Cn tnh ton lng bn hot tnh thi (WAS)
da vo phng php tnh ton c
chng minh ng (xem cc gii thch sau)
Thi gian lu t bo trung bnh cn c
iu chnh theo cc kt qu kim tra sinh khi
trn knh hin vi (c bit l cc ng vt
nguyn sinh, xem cc hnh sau). Thi gian lu
t bo trung bnh thng l 5 10 ngy, i
khi 15 ngy
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BN HOT TNH
Vn hnh v cc vn
Yu t
S c mt ca cc
vi khun dng si
Vn c th xy
ra
Lng th cp: Bn
trng n do tng
trng vi khun
dng si qu mc
v xy ra vn
trong b lng; bn
dng ln hoc kt
thnh khi, nc
thi sau x l b vn
c, kt bng im
nh v kt bng tn
mn
B Aeroten: s
tng trng qu
mc vi khun dng
si lm ni bt (mi,
c th nh hng
n sc kho con
ngi)
Gii php
Khi bt u nhn thy c s tng trng ca cc vi
khun dng si, c th l khng qu mun sa
cha tnh trng ny bng cch:
(a) tng sc kh nu sc kh khng d,
(b) nh lng cc cht dinh dng N v P
nu t l BOD
5
/N
tng
/P
tng
khng t mc 100/5/1
(c) phn tch dng vo pht hin cc cht
gy nhim c ch nh kim loi nng hoc cc
cht khc v kim tra ngun chy trn ca
nhng cht gy nhim ny. Hnh ng ngay
ngn chn nhng cht c ch ny
Khi khng th ngn chn s tng trng ca cc vi
khun dng si th phi ng h thng bn hot bnh
bng clo ho (oxy ho) sinh khi hin c. Khi ng
li h thng ny bng sinh khi mi (v d sinh khi
ly t h thng x l khc).
Ngn nga s c: quan st bng sinh hc (bn) trn
kinh hin vi thng thng pht hin s bt u
tng trng qu mc (xem cc trang sau)
Ngn chn cc iu kin kch thch si bt si: (a)
c du, cht bi trn v cht bo trong dng vo, (b)
tun hon vng bn trong h thng thay cho vic loi
b n ra khi h thng
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Tm tt cc thng s kim sot hiu sut x l cht gy nhim
CH THCH:
Cc phn tch
phng th nghim
iu chnh bm
TUN HON bn hot tnh : R (m
3
/ngy),
c kim sot bng cch:
Kim tra trc tip lp bn
Kim tra kh nng lng ca bn
Cn bng khi lng b lng th cp
Cn bng khi lng b Aeroten
THI bn hot tnh: W (m
3
/ngy),
c kim sot bng cch:
SRT (d)
t s F/M khng i
MLSS (mg/l) khng i
BN lng:
dy ca lp
bn lng
Hm lng cht
rn: SSS (mg/l)
HN HP LNG - RN:
. MLSS & VSSML
. DO & OUR
. Knh hin vi: quan st vi
khun dng si v ng vt
nguyn sinh
. Kim tra kh nng lng
DNG RA:
. Hiu sut x l
i vi cc thng
s c qui nh
php l
DNG VO:
. Lu lng hng
ngy
. BOD
5
, COD
. TSS
. Cc cht dinh
dng N & P
. pH
. C cc kim loi
nng gy c ch, v
. Cung cp vi khun
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
NGUYN L C BN:
Cn xem b lng th cp nh l mt b chuyn dch, bng sinh hc hoc bn sinh hc (hoc
hn hp lng - rn) c thi gian lng ng v c li. Sau , khng c chm tr nhiu,
bn ny phi c:
tun hon li b Aeroten (RAS) duy tr hm lng sinh khi n nh, hoc
ht ra nh bn thi (WAS) i vi cc bc x l cui cng.
Ni cch khc, s vn hnh ch o l lun lun duy tr cng nhiu bn sinh hc hot ng c hiu
qu trong b Aeroten cng tt.
C th s dng mt s k thut xc nh lu lng mong mun
ca bn hot ho tun hon RAS. V c bn, t l tun hon chnh
xc s dn n kt qu l:
bn hot tnh ti u (thnh phn chnh hot ho),
v cht lng dng thi cui cng (kt qu).
Nhng k thut thng dng nht bao gm:
(i) kim sot trc tip dy lp bn
(ii) kim tra kh nng lng
(iii) cn bng khi lng trong b lng th cp
(iv) cn bng khi lng trong b Aeroten
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh tun hon (RAS): Kim sot trc tip dy lp bn
CH : Xc nh theo kinh nghim: lp bn phi thp cho php qu trnh lng
c hiu qu, phi cao tch tr lng bn hoc t l bn tun hon v nng
m c thch ng (1 2% hm lng cht rn hoc 10 20 000 mg/l)
Duy tr dy l
bn t 0,3 0,9 m
c th s dng m
nh gi bn
kim sot dy
bn hng ngy
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn tun hon (RAS): Kh nng lng
Th tch hn
hp lng - rn
ban u,
1 000 ml
thi gian
lng: 30 ph
SSV (ml/l)
Th tch bn lng sau
30 pht
1 000 SSV
Th tch nc trong
T s dng bn tun hon R v lu
lng dng vo Q:
R / Q = SSV / (1 000 SSV)
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi (WAS)
Kt hp vi kim sot bn hot tnh tun hon (RAS), kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra
(WAS) cng l mt cng c cn c s dng ti u ho qu trnh x l. N kim sot
khi lng cc vi sinh vt hot ng c trong bn sinh hc v gin tip kim sot tc
tng trng ca chng.
C 3 phng php thng dng nht kim sot s lng bn lng c thi:
Tui bn SRT (ngy) hoc thi gian lu t bo trung bnh khng i
T l thc n/vi sinh vt F/M (ngy
-1
) khng i
Hm lng cht rn trong hn hp lng - rn c xc nh qua MLSS (mg/l) hoc
VSSML (mg/l) khng i
Nhng phng php ny tng i d hiu, cn c h tr bi cc phn tch hm
lng MLSS, VSSML v SSS hng ngy trong phng th nghim.
CH ( nh) :
MLSS (mg/l): Hn hp lng - rn (tng cc ht l lng SS c trong cht lng hn hp)
VSSML (mg/l): Cht rn l lng bay hi trong hn hp lng - rn (phn on cc ht hu c
l lng)
SSS (mg/): Cc ht l lng trong bn (bn lng trong b lng)
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra (WAS): Tui bn SRT khng i
SRT l s ngy trung bnh m cc vi sinh vt
(bng sinh hc) c gi li hoc tun hon
trong qu trnh bn hot tnh trc khi chng
c thi.
Lu : Mc d cn phi tnh ton SRT vi cc
ht l lng bay hi (VSS) nhng n c th
c xc nh d dng hn vi tng cc cht
rn l lng (TSS).
Biu thc tnh SRT:
SRT = Tng khi lng cc cht rn trong qu trnh
bn hot tnh / Tng khi lng cc cht rn thi ra
(bn d) hng ngy
SRT = (Khi lng cc cht rn trong b Aeroten +
khi lng cc cht rn trong b lng th cp) / Khi
lng cc cht rn trong bn thi ra t b lng th
cp
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra (WAS): Tui bn SRT khng i
ESS . Q
ISS . Q
WAS . W
MLSS . V
MLSS . V
C
hi vn hnh cc iu kin n nh,
ng cc cht rn dng vo (kg/ngy)
hi bng tng ca WAS cng vi hao
t ca cc cht rn dng ra:
ISS . Q = (WAS . W) + (ESS . Q)
ISS, WAS & ESS : mg/l
Q & W : m
3
/ngy
Hy gi nh rng cc cht rn mi to
hnh trong b Aeroten l khng ng k
Nh nh ngha: SRT = MLSS ( V + V
C
)/(( WAS . W ) + (ESS . Q ))
Vy th: (WAS . W) = MLSS ( V + V
C
) / SRT - (ESS . Q )
SRT do ngi vn hnh n nh v sau tnh ton hng ngy W
(m
3
/d) theo cc kt qu phn tch hm lng cc cht rn hng
ngy trong phng th nghim.
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra (WAS): Tui bn SRT khng i
Trong thc t, i vi nc thi cng
nghip, SRT ti u thng l 5 10 ngy.
V d, vi nc thi cng nghip t
cng ngh ch bin thc phm (sa,
rau,...), cc phn ng ca h thng bn
hot tnh xy ra nhanh hn v cn mt
SRT thp hn, ngha l 3 5 ngy.
i vi mt s ngnh, nc thi cng
nghip cha cc cht nhim kh x l,
cc vi khun cn c thi gian thch nghi
vi mi trng di hn v cn c SRT
di hn, ngha l 10 15 ngy.
Trong trng hp ngun cung cp vi
khun b gin on th cng cn c SRT
di xy dng lng sinh khi thch
nghi vi mi trng.
Ti trng Tui bn
(ngy)
F / M
(ngy
-1
)
Cao 3 - 5 0,4 1,5
Trung bnh 5 - 15 0,5 0,4
Thp 15 - 30 0,05 0,2
Cc v d v SRT v F/M i vi cc khong
ti trng hu c khc nhau
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra (WAS): T s thc n/vi sinh vt (F/M) khng i
Mt phng php kim sot khc l thi cc cht rn (bn lng) duy tr t s
F/M khng i.
S dng phng php ny m bo qu trnh bn hot tnh thc hin tc
cho php cc vi sinh vt c s dng ti a thc n cung cp (BOD) trong
dng vo.
Tnh ton theo biu thc :
F / M = khi lng BOD
5
(kg/ngy) ca dng vo, tnh theo cc cht
rn bay hi trong h thng Aeroten (kg).
F / M = ( BOD
5
. Q ) / ( VSSML . V )
S xc nh WAS m bo hm lng cc cht rn bay hi ph hp
khi c nhng dao ng ca dng vo.
VSSML cung cp s lng gn ng cc vi sinh vt sng hoc hot ng. Tht n gin
nhng i hi phi phn tch cc cht rn bay hi trong l nung (550
o
C). Cn tin hnh
mt vi nghin cu tng quan xc lp t s VSSML/MLSS thc t v hu ch i vi
hn hp lng - rn c trng.
T s BOD
5
/ COD cng cn xc nh da trn c trng dng vo ca mi ngnh cng
nghip. Phn tch COD ( 2 gi) cho kt qu nhanh l rt hu ch nh gi s thay i v
c tnh ca nc thi dng vo.
http://nuoc.com.vn
BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Kim sot bn hot tnh thi ra (WAS): MLSS khng i
C th d dng xc nh MLSS bng t sy (105
o
C) v cng d dng hn khi
s dng k thut vi sng sy kh, do c nhiu ngi vn hnh s dng
k thut ny kim sot qu trnh.
Nhng nghin cu chuyn su khc n nh hm lng MLSS v duy tr
nng MLSS khng i hng ngy trong b sc kh x l ti trng cc
cht hu c trong dng vo bng cch ngng hoc gim WAS thch hp.
Trng hp ti trng (BOD
5
hoc lu lng) thay i nhiu:
Vi iu kin c tnh dng vo kh n nh th k thut kim sot qu
trnh ny to dng ra c cht lng cao. Tuy nhin, phi s dng thn
trng k thut kim sot khi thy nng BOD
5
thay i nhiu.
Cc bin thin tht thng v t s F / M chc chn s lm gim cht
lng dng ra.
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BN HOT TNH
Cc gii php ngn nga
Hot ng sinh hc: cc cng c kim sot v vn hnh
c tnh ca cc vi sinh vt c mt trong qu trnh v hot ng ca chng
tc ng rt nhiu n hiu qu ca qu trnh sinh hc. Tuy nhin, hn hp
lng - rn cha rt nhiu sinh vt, do vic nhn dng v nh gi cc vi
khun c trng c kh nng lm gim BOD l iu khng thit thc.
Do , cn quan st cc du hiu r rng hn nh gi hot tnh sinh
hc. Hai cng c thng c s dng nh gi cc kha cnh sinh hc
ca bn hot tnh l:
nh gi SRT hiu qu vi vic kho st ng vt nguyn sinh trn knh
hin vi (cc loi vi sinh vt c trong mu bn hot tnh, tnh tri ca mi
loi trong cc loi khc nhau, linh ng ca cc vi sinh vt )
nh gi s phng ln ca bn vi s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt dng
si c trong bng sinh hc
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Trng t
bi t do
Trng t
Trng t
c cung
Trng t
c tim mao
Trng roi thc
vt
Gi tc trng
Vi khun
BN HOT TNH
Hot tnh sinh hc: nh gi SRT bng knh hin vi
Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, tnh tri ca mt vi ng vt nguyn sinh no
c th lin quan n tui bn trong thit b nh m t trong hnh di y:
SRT
Tnh tri
Amip
Trng roi
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Trng t
bi t do
trng t
Trng t
c cung
Trng t
c tim mao
Trng roi thc
vt
Gi tc trng
Vi khun
BN HOT TNH
Hot tnh sinh hc: nh gi SRT bng knh hin vi
Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, tnh tri ca mt vi ng vt nguyn sinh no
c th lin quan n tui bn trong thit b nh m t trong hnh di y:
SRT
Tnh tri
Trng roi
Trng roi
http://nuoc.com.vn
Trng t
bi t do
Trng t
Trng t
c cung
Trng t
c tim mao
Trng roi thc
vt
Gi tc trng
Vi khun
3 BN HOT TNH
3.C. Cc gii php ngn nga
Hot tnh sinh hc: nh gi SRT bng knh hin vi
Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, tnh tri ca mt vi ng vt nguyn sinh no
c th lin quan n tui bn trong thit b nh m t trong hnh di y:
SRT
Tnh tri
Tui bn (SRT)
thch hp nht: vi
khun v trng t
t tng trng ti
u
SRT ti
u
Trng roi
http://nuoc.com.vn
Trng t bi
t do
Trng t
Trng t
c cung
Trng t
c tim mao
Trng roi thc vt
Gi tc trng
Vi khun
BN HOT TNH
Hot tnh sinh hc: nh gi SRT bng knh hin vi
Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, tnh tri ca mt vi ng vt nguyn sinh no
c th lin quan n tui bn trong thit b nh m t trong hnh di y:
SRT
Tnh tri
(chim u th)
Trng roi
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BN HOT TNH
Hot tnh sinh hc: nh gi vn trng phng bng quan st qua knh hin vi
Bng sinh hc trong hn hp lng - rn phi cha c cc loi vi khun to bng v cc vi
khun dng si theo t l cn i. Hnh sau y tm tt vn ny khi t l khng t cn bng.
Cc si do vi
khun dng si
to ra
S cn bng gia
vi khun v cc vi
khun dng si
S tng trng
khng ca cc
vi khun dng si
hoc phn r
Tng trng qu
mc cc vi khun
dng si v tnh
tri
Bng sinh hc c kt cu tt
SVI = 100 ml/g
Lp nc pha trn b lng th cp trong
Kh nng lng v gn kt tt
Bng sinh hc c kt cu tt nhng
trng phng (kho nhng th tch ln)
SVI > 100 ml/g
Lp nc pha trn b lng th cp trong
Kh nng lng km (gn kt km)
Bng nh (nh v phn tn)
SVI < 100 ml/g
Lp nc pha trn b lng th cp c
Kh nng lng kh
Bng sinh hc b phng
Bng sinh hc
lng dc
Bng sinh hc
phn tn
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Cc qu trnh sinh trng l lng
Cp kh sinh hc m r ng
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng l lng - SBR
B x l theo m in hnh
Dng ra
Tho bn
Tho bn tha dng ra
Pha lng trong
Pha tip xc-sc kh
Kh
Pha cp dng vo
Dng vo
X L TH CP SINH HC TNG M
BNG BN HOT TNH (S.B.R)
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng l lng
B x l theo m
Dng hn hp
Dng ra
Bn
Ch khuy trn
(0 - 275 pht)
Khuy trn &
Kh
(30 60 min)
Bc 1
Bc 2
Bc 3
Bc 4
Bc 5
Bc 6
Lng
(90 120 pht)
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng bm dnh
Mi tr ng c nh
(gi)
Lp/mng
vi khun
Cht nn
hay dinh
dng
Tch r a v lng xung
Vi khun to thnh mng tr n vt th c nh (gi)
Mng vi khun n cc cht dinh dng tr ong cht
nn
Mng dy ln cho n lc tch r a
Mng vi khun tch r a khi t n dy ti hn
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng bm dnh
Lc nh git
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng bm dnh
a tip xc sinh hc quay (RBC)
Pha sc kh
Pha tip xc
Cc tiu ch thit k a
ng knh : 2 n 4 m
Tc quay theo pht : 1 n 3 vng/pht
Kh nng x l: 5 n 7 g BOD5 / m2 din tch b mt a
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Cc quy trnh sinh trng bm dnh
a tip xc sinh hc quay (RBC)
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5.4. n dnh bn
Cc tiu ch thit k thit b tng dy bn
Ti lng cht rn: 25 KgTSS
/ m2.ngy
Nng cht rn u vo: 10 000
n 12 000 mg/L
Tc chy trn: khong
0.6 m/gi
su: 4 n 6 m
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n dnh bn v tch nc bn
Tch nc: phi kh
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