Chng Chng 4: 4: o o tn tn s s, , khong khong thi thi gian gian v v o o di di pha pha

Ni dung chnh:
Khi nim chung
o tn s bng cc phn t c tham s ph thuc vo tn s
o tn s bng cc thit b so snh
o tn s bng phng php m xung
o chu k
T hp tn s
o di pha
09/10/2008
Slice 1 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.1. 4.1. Khi Khi nim nim chung chung
Tn s l mt trong nhng tham s rt quan trng ca
ngun tn hiu bt k. Nhng cc tn hiu trong lnh vc
in t vin thng c di tn bin thin t nHz n10
15
Hz
o tn th c th dng cc tham s:
Tn s:
Tn s gc :
(Hz) f
(rad)
Tn s gc :
Chu k:
Pha:
Bc sng
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Slice 2 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
(rad)
(s) T
(s)
(m)
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
Phng php o: So snh tn s cn o vi tn s chun
bit t xc nh tn s cn o. V cu to c th
dng:
Dng cc phn t mch c tham s ph thuc vo tn s
Dng cc thit b so snh
Dng phng php m Dng phng php m
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Slice 3 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
Nguyn tc chung: Dng cc mch cng hng cng
hng gia tn s cn o vi tn s ca mch.
A. Cng hng cu:
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Slice 4 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4 2 3 1
R R Z R =

iu kin cu cn bng l:
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
Bin i phng trnh ta c:
Phn thc:
Phn o:
1 3 2 4
R R R R =
1
2
x
x
f
L C
= =
1
2
2
x
x
f
L C

Vi v gi tr c quy
i sn v khc trn thang o tng ng vi C.
ng dng o tn:
u v nhc im:
Khc phc:
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Slice 5 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
max min max min x
C C C f f f = =
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
cu cn bng
1 3
2 4
3 3 4
3 4 3 4
1
1
1
2
x x
x x
R R
R R
j C R j C
f
R R C C


| |
= +
|
+
\
= =
Nu chn cc in tr v t in
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Slice 6 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
3 4
3 4
R R R
C C C
= =
= =
1
2
x
f
RC
=
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
B. Mch cng hng LC
Tu theo di tn s m mch cng hng c cc cu to khc nhau.
Hnh 4-4. S khi ghp ni mch cng hng
Trong cc thit b o tn s bng phng php cng hng, th thc
t dng c trong cc tn on khc nhau, mch cng hng c
ba loi:
1. Mch cng hng c in dung v in cm u l cc linh kin c thng
s tp trung.
2. Mch cng hng c pha trn gia linh kin c thng s tp trung l in
dung, v linh kin c thng s phn b l in cm.
3. Mch cng hng c in dung v in cm u l cc linh kin c thng
s phn b.
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Slice 7 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
Hnh 4-5 l s ca loi mch th nht. Trong , in dung v in
Hnh 4-5 Hnh 4-6
cm l cc linh kin c thng s tp trung L v C.
Tn s mt loi ny c lng trnh t 10kHz n 500MHz. Sai s t
trong khong 0,25%3%.
Hnh 4-6 l mch in ca tn s-mt m mch cng hng l c pha
trn cc linh kin c thng s tp trung v linh kin c thng s phn
b. Mch cng hng y gm c t xoay kiu hnh bm. B phn
tnh in ca t c ni vi nhau bng vng kim loi V, vng ny
ng vai tr in cm phn b ca mch.
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Slice 8 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.2.o 4.2.o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc phn phn t t c c tham tham s s ph ph thuc thuc vo vo tn tn s s
Hnh 4-7
Hnh 4-7 l s cu to mt loi tn s-mt dng siu cao tn.
09/10/2008
Slice 9 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.3. 4.3. o o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc thit thit b b so so snh snh
A. S dng Oscillo - Phng php s dng dao ng ca oscillo (Litxagiu)
S dng hnh litxagiu to ra trn mn hnh Oscillo xc nh tn s theo tn hiu c
tn s chun.
a tn hiu cn o tn s f
x
vo cp phin lm lch X.
a tn hiu c tn s chun f
ch
vo cp phin lm lch Y.
xc nh tn s cn o ta dng 2 ct tuyn ct dao ng Litxagiu theo 2 phng
ng v ngang, tho mn s im ct hnh Litxagiu l ti a.
S giao im theo phng X v Y ln lt l n v m. S giao im theo phng X v Y ln lt l n v m.
Lin h gia tn s f
x
v f
ch
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Slice 10 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
x ch
nf mf =
x ch
m
f f
n
=
n
m
4.3. 4.3. o o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc thit thit b b so so snh snh
V d minh ho
1
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Slice 11 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
x ch
f f = 2
x ch
f f =
1
2
x ch
f f =
3
x ch
f f =
Hnh 4-13. Phng php
qut trn
4.3. 4.3. o o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc thit thit b b so so snh snh
A. S dng Oscillo Phng php qut trn
Tn hiu c tn s chun f
ch
c a vo 2 cp phin lm
lch X, Y (Hnh 4-13). u vo X v Y lch pha 90
o
.
Trn mn hnh s xut hin dao ng dng trn
hoc ellipse.
Tn hiu c tn s f
x
cn o c a vo li G (hoc
in cc tng tc A
2
)
Chm tia in t c ng/m to nn ng t nt
trn Oscillo
qut trn
S lng on ti (hoc s lng on sng) Hnh
4-14 (a) (b) do tn hiu a vo li G
S lng cc mi li/lm Hnh 4-14 (c) do tn hiu
a vo in cc tng tc A
2
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Slice 12 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
x
ch
f
n
f
=
4.3. 4.3. o o tn tn s s bng bng cc cc thit thit b b so so snh snh
B. o tn s bng phng php ngoi sai
S dng phng php trn tn v b lc thng thp to ra tn s
phch
B ch th l tai nghe, n ch th hoc b chnh lu bng cht rn.
iu chnh b to sng ngoi sai tho mn
x ns
F f f =
0
x ns
F f f = =
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Slice 13 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Mch
vo
Trn
Tn
Lc
thng thp
(LPF)
Ch th
To sng
Ngoi sai
x
f
ns
f
x ns
f f
x ns
f f
0
x ns
f f =
4.4. 4.4. o o tn tn s s bng bng phng phng php php m m xung xung
S khi ca vic o tn s bng phng php m xung
B to dng xung: bin i tn hiu iu ho tn s f
x
thnh cc tn
hiu dng xung c cng chu k vi tn hiu.
B to xung chun: to xung c n nh cao, thng l dao ng
thch anh. Ngoi ra cn c cc b nhn chia tn to ra nhiu tn
s khc nhau.
B chn xung v b m: thc hin vic m xung trong 1 chu k ca
09/10/2008
Slice 14 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Hnh 4-22
B chn xung v b m: thc hin vic m xung trong 1 chu k ca
xung chun.
ch x
x ch
T nT
f nf
=
=
4.4. 4.4. o o tn tn s s bng bng phng phng php php m m xung xung
th thi gian:
u(t)
t
U
vp
(t)
.
t
ch x
x ch
T nT
f nf
=
=
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Slice 15 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
U
ch
(t)
U
o
(t)
t
o
=T
ch
U
m
(t)
.
n xung
t
t
t
t
4.4. 4.4. o o tn tn s s bng bng phng phng php php m m xung xung
Sai s ca phng php o theo hnh 4-22 ph thuc:
chnh xc ca xung chun T
ch
Vn ng b gia xung m v xung m.
Do sai s ca phng php ny l sai s 1
tng chnh xc ca phng php ny (hnh 4-22), cn tng
rng xung chun T
ch
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Slice 16 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
x ch
ch
n
f nf
T
= =
4.4. 4.4. o o tn tn s s bng bng phng phng php php m m xung xung
Ngoi ra, mt phng php o tn s bng phng php m xung
khc c minh ho trong hnh 4-26
Tn s o c
ch
x
f
f
n
=
B to
xung
chun
B to
dng
xung
B chn
xung
B m
I
II
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Slice 17 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Mch
vo
x
f
B iu
khin
B to
dng
xung
Hnh 4-26
x
T
ch
T
4.5. 4.5. o o chu chu k k ( (o o khong khong thi thi gian gian) )
Do quan h gia chu k v tn s l:
cho nn mi php o chu k u c th thc hin tng t nh o tn s.
V d 1: o chu k bng cu cng hng:
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng vn khng thay i nhng kt qu:
- Phn thc:
1
T
f
=
1 3 2 4
R R R R =
1 2
- Phn thc:
- Phn o:
Vi v gi tr c quy i
sn v khc trn thang o tng ng vi C.
09/10/2008
Slice 18 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
1 3 2 4
R R R R =
1 2
2
x x
x
x
T L C
T
L C

= = =
min max min max x x x
C C C T T T = =
4.5. 4.5. o o chu chu k k ( (o o khong khong thi thi gian gian) )
V d 2: o chu k bng phng php m xung
S dng phng php 2 (hnh 4-26) thc hin m xung.
B to
xung
chun
B to
dng
xung
B chn
xung
B m
I
II
ch
x x ch
f
f T nT
n
= =
09/10/2008
Slice 19 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Mch
vo
x
f
B iu
khin
B to
dng
xung
II
Hnh 4-26
x
T
ch
T
4.6. 4.6. T T hp hp tn tn s s
T hp tn s l qu trnh to ra dy cc tn s ri rc t mt ngun
pht tn s chun c n nh cao.
Ngun pht tn s chun (dao ng chun) thng l cc b to dao
ng thch anh.
Nguyn l thc hin t hp tn s:
T hp tn s th ng: ch dng phng php lc to ra cc
thnh phn tn s ri rc. thnh phn tn s ri rc.
T hp tn s tch cc: s dng cc b lc tch cc lc cc
thnh phn tn s. Mch lc tch cc bao gm cc vng kha pha
(PLL) kt hp vi cc b chia tn s.
T hp tn s c s dng b vi x l.
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Slice 20 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.6. 4.6. T T hp hp tn tn s s
S nguyn l t hp tn s tch cc.
Dao ng to ra vi tn s:
B chia tn s c thc hin bng phng php m xung (xung m t dao ng
chun ).
Mch hot ng theo nguyn l vng kha pha n nh tn s v pha ca dao ng ra.
Di tn s u ra
Nhc im: bc tn ca di tn u ra ln.
0
.
ra
f f =
0
f
1 0 2 0
. .
ra
f f f =
Hnh 4-69
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Slice 21 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
4.6. 4.6. T T hp hp tn tn s s
S nguyn l t hp tn s dng b VXL
Dao ng to ra vi tn s:
H s chia tn Y ca dao ng chun v h s chia X ca b dao ng bin i c la
chn bng b VXL
0 ra
X
f f
Y
=
09/10/2008
Slice 22 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Hnh 4-70
4.6. 4.6. T T hp hp tn tn s s - - VD VD b b trn trn tn tn s s dng dng VXL VXL
V d: T dao ng chun to ra t hp tn s
vi bc tn l v chnh xc
to ra tn s
H s X, Y qu ln.
Mch so pha lm vic tn s l qu thp m bo s
n nh.
0
5 f MHz =
10 15 f MHz MHz =
10
b
f Hz =
8
3.10
f
f

12, 631770 1263177 500000 f MHz X Y = => = =
0
/ 10 f Y Hz =
n nh.
S dng VXL la chn t hp (X, Y) c gi tr nh tha mn iu kin v
chnh xc.
Vi t hp tn s ra
Bc tn
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Slice 23 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
6950 2751 X Y = =
12, 6317702653
ra
f MHz =
8
0, 2653 2,1 10
b
b ra
f
f f f Hz
f

= = =
4.7. 4.7. o o di di pha pha
di pha ca 2 tn hiu iu ha c cng tn s l hng s:
di pha ca 2 tn hiu iu ha c tn s khc nhau l i lng
bin thin theo thi gian
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
sin
sin
m
m
u U t
u U t


= +

= +

1 2
=
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
sin
sin
u U t
u U t


= +

= +

( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
t = +
di pha ca 2 tn hiu tun hon c cng tn s l di pha ca hi
bc 1. Ngoi ra, cn c th biu din thng qua dch thi gian
09/10/2008
Slice 24 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
( )
2 2 2 2
sin u U t = +

T
T
4.7. 4.7. o o di di pha pha
o di pha bng phng php o in p
Phng php o in p c p dng vi cc tn hiu tn s thp.
in p tng ca 2 tn hiu iu ha ph thuc vo di pha
Trng hp
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2 cos
arccos
2
u u u u u
u u u
u u

= + +

=
1 2
u u u = =
Trng hp
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Slice 25 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
Hnh 4-74 Hnh 4-75
1 2
u u u = =
2arccos
u
u

=
4.7. 4.7. o o di di pha pha
o di pha bng phng php dng mch tch sng
Hai u vo (3-4) v (5-6) c a vo l hai in p cn o di pha.
Trn n hai cc
1
c in p tng:
Trn n hai cc 2 c in p hiu:
Nu hai n
1
v
2
ng nht v l loi c c tuyn tch sng ng
thng, th thnh phn in p mt chiu c chnh lu ra trn ti gia hai
im (1-0) l t l vi tr s in p tng:
Hnh 4-76
Thnh phn in p mt chiu c
chnh lu gia 2 im (0-2) t l
vi tr s in p hiu
09/10/2008
Slice 26 Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
cos
2 2
U
U

=
sin
2 2
U
U