Tran Thanh Minh Phan Lu Bien - Tran Quang Ngha

H NH H OC 11 Ch ng 2.

QUAN HE SONG SONG

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

MUC LUC 1. AI CNG VE NG THANG VA MAT PHANG

A.Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan Dang 1 : Xac nh mat phang :dung 3 ieu kien xac nh mat phang Dang 2 : Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Dang 3 : Xac nh giao iem cua ng thang vi mat phang Dang 4 : Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang Dang 5 : Chng minh ba ng thang ong qui Dang 6 : Tap hp cac giao iem M cua 2 ng thang a va b di ong. Dang 7: Thiet dien ( mat cat) cua hnh (H) khi cat bi mp(P). C.Bai tap ren luyen D.Hng dan giai

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4 5 5 5 7 8 8 9 10 10 11

2. HAI NG THANG SONG SONG

A. Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan C.Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai

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14 14 15 15

3. NG THANG SONG SONG VI MAT PHANG

A.Tom tat giao khoa B. Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai

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16 17 18 19

4 . HAI MAT PHANG SONG SONG

A .Tom tat giao khoa B.Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D. Hng dan giai

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19 22 24 25

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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26 27 28 28

5. PHEP CHIEU SONG SONG

A. Tom tat giao khoa B. Giai toan C. Bai tap ren luyen D.Hng dan giai

CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM CUOI CHNG 2

Bang tra li Hng dan giai

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31 31

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

CHNG II. NG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN QUAN HE SONG SONG 1. ai cng ve ng thang va mat phang
A.Tom tat giao khoa 2. M au ve hnh hoc khong gian Hnh hoc khong gian la mon hoc nghien cu cac tnh chat cua nhng hnh co the khong cung nam trong mot mat phang . oi tng c ban cua hnh hoc khong gian la :iem ,ng thang ,mat phang
a A P

iem A thuoc mp(P) : A mp(P) iem A khong thuoc mp(P) : A mp(P) 2. Cac tnh chat tha nhan cua hnh hoc khong gian Tnh chat tha nhan 1 : Co mot va ch mot ng thang i qua hai iem phan biet cho trc Tnh chat tha nhan 2 : Co mot va ch mot mat phang i qua ba iem khong thang hang cho trc Tnh chat tha nhan 3 : Ton tai bon iem khong cung nam tren mot mat phang Tnh chat tha nhan 4 : Neu hai mat phang phan biet co mot iem chung th chung co mot ng thang chung duy nhat cha tat ca cac iem chung cua hai mat phang o,ng thang nay goi la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Tnh chat tha nhan 5 : Tren moi mat phang ,cac ket qua a biet trong hnh hoc phang eu ung nh l : Neu mot ng thang i qua hai iem phan biet cua mot mat phang th moi iem cua ng thang eu nam tren mat phang o 3. ieu kien xac nh mat phang a) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua ba iem khong thang hang b) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua mot ng thang va mot iem khong thuoc ng thang o c) Mot mat phang c xac nh neu biet no i qua hai ng thang cat nhau
b A C P B P a P A O a

4. Hnh chop va hnh t dien Hnh chop : Cho a giac phang A1A2 . . .An va mot iem S khong thuoc mat phang a giac. Hnh gom n tam giac SA1A2 , . . . , SAnA1 va a giac phang A1A2 . . An goi la hnh chop va c k hieu S.A1A2. . .An S la nh . a giac A1A2 . . An la mat ay. Cac canh cua mat ay la canh ay

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Cac oan thang SA1, SA2 , . . ,SAn la canh ben Cac tam giac SA1A2 , . . . , SAnA1 la mat ben
S S S

A5 A B C B A D A1 A4 A2 A3

Hnh chop tam giac

Hnh chop t giac

Hnh chop ngu giac

Hnh t dien : Cho bon iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang.Hnh gom bon tam giac ABC,ACD,ABD va BCD goi la hnh t dien hay t dien k hieu ABCD. T dien co the coi la hnh chop tam giac bang bon cach,mat nao cung co the la mat ay T dien co bon mat la nhng tam giac eu goi la t dien eu B.Giai toan Dang 1 : Xac nh mat phang :dung 3 ieu kien xac nh mat phang V du 1: Cho 4 iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang. Chng minh 3 trong 4 iem nay khong thang hang Giai Neu 3 trong 4 iem chang han A,B,C thang hang th iem D va ng thangABC xac nh mot mat phang ,ieu nay trai vi gia thiet 4 iem A,B,C va D khong ong phang V du 2 : Cho ba ung thang a,b,c khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot .Chng minh chung ong qui. Giai Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng thang a va b .ng thang c phai qua O v neu c khong qua O th c cat a tai A khac O va cat b tai B khac O do o c nam trong mp(a,b)v c co hai iem A va B thuoc mp(a,b).ieu nay trai vi gia thiet a,b,c khong ong phang. Dang 2 : Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang Ta tm hai iem chung A, B. Giao tuyen la ng thang AB. e tm iem chung cua A cua va , ta chon mot ng thang a cua

b a

va mot ng thang b cua sao cho a va b cat nhau tai A. (ieu kien can la a va b cung nam trong mot mat phang th ba)

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

V du 3 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD trong o ay ABCD la t giac co cac cap canh oi khong song song Tm giao tuyen cua : a) Hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) b) Hai mat phang (SAB) va (SCD) c) Hai mat phang (MBC ) va (SAN) vi M la trung iem cua SA va N la trung iem cua BC. Giai a) Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD cua mat ay ABCD th : O thuoc AC nen O thuoc mp(SAC) O thuoc BD nen O thuoc mp(SAD) Do o hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) co hai iem chung S va O Vay SO = (SAC) (SBD) b) Theo gia thiet hai canh oi AB va CD cat nhau tai E .Do o hai mat phang (SAB) va (SCD) co hai iem chung S va E Vay SE = (SAB) (SCD) c) M la trung iem cua SA nen M mp(SAN) va M mp(MBC) N la trung iem cua BC nen N mp(MBC) va N mp(SAN) Vay MN = (MBC) (SAN)
S A M

M B A O D C E N B

N O C E

V du 4 : Cho th dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh AB va iem N tren canh canh AC sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai E.Goi O la iem trong tam giac BCD. a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(OMN) va mp(BCD) b) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(OMN) va mp(ACD) Giai a) E BC nen E mp(BCD) E MN nen E mp(OMN) O la iem chung th hai cua hai mat phang nay Vay OE = mp(OMN) mp(BCD) b) Hai mat phang (OMN) va mp(ACD) co N chung v N AC ng thang OE cat BD tai F . ng thang MF cat AD tai I v nam trong mp(ABD) va gia s khong song song. I MF nen I mp(OMN) va I AD nen I mp(ACD) Vay NI = mp(OMN) mp(ACD)

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Hoac : OE cat CD tai K th NK = mp(OMN) mp(ACD)

Dang 3 : Xac nh giao iem cua ng thang vi mat phang

Muon tm giao iem cua ng thang a vi mat phang (P) ta tm giao iem cua ng thang a vi ng thang b nam trong mp(P) ng thang b phai tm thng la giao tuyen cua (P) va mat phang (Q) nao o cha a.

(P)

V du 5 : Cho t dien ABCD . Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BC va O la iem trong tam giac BCD.Tm giao iem cua : a) CD va mp(OMN) b) AD va mp(OMN) Giai a) NO va CD cung nam trong mp(BCD) va gia s cat nhau tai E . Vay CD mp(OMN) = { E}

b) Ta co mp(OMN) mp(ACD) = ME Trong mp(ACD) , AD va ME cat nhau tai F Vay AD mp(OMN) = { F }

A S

M M

F E D I C O A C N B

B O N

V du 6 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi M la trung iem cua SC ,

a) Tm giao iem I cua AM vi mp(SBD) va tnh

IA IM

b) Goi N la trung iem cua AB .Tm giao iem E cua MN vi mp(SBD). Chng minh EM = EN c) Tm giao iem cua SD vi mp(ABM)
Giai a) Goi O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABCD.Trong tam giac SAC hai trung tuyen AM va SO giao nhau tai I . Ma I SO va SO nam trong mat phang SBD nen I mp(SBD) Vay AM mp(SBD) = { I }

I la trong tam tam giac SBD nen

b) Ta thay BI = mp(SBD) mp(ABM) .Do o BI cat MN tai F Vay MN mp(SBD) = { E}

IA =2 IM

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

Xet tam giac AMN ta co IA = 2 IM (chng minh tren) Do o goi F la trung iem cua AI th NF song song vi BI (ng trung cua tam giac ABI.Trong tam giac MNI ta co EI song song vi NF va I la trung iem cua MF nen E la trung iem cua MN c) Trong tam giac SBD ng thang BI cat SD tai H th H mp(ABM) Vay SD mp(ABM) tai H
Dang 4 : Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang

Ta chng minh chung la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet cat nhau

V du 7 : Cho t dien ABCD.Lan lt lay tren cac canh AB,AC,AD cac iem M,N,P sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai A, ng thang NP cat ng thang CD tai B va ng thang MP cat ng thang BD tai C Chng minh ba iem A,B,C thang hang Giai Ta co A MN nen A mp(MNP) va A BC nen A mp(BCD) Tng t B va C la iem chung cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(BCD) Vay ba iem A,B,C thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang MNP va BCD
A A

M P

D B C B' N

C'

Gb D

B A' Ga C M

Dang 5 : Chng minh ba ng thang ong qui

Co 2 cach :

chng minh 3 ng thang nay khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot chng minh 2 trong 3 ng thang nay cat nhau va giao iem cua chung tren ng thang th ba

V du 8: Cho t dien ABCD . Goi Ga , Gb , Gc lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD, ACD, ABC. Chng minh AGa va BGb cat nhau .Suy ra ba ng thang AGa , BGb va CGc ong qui Giai Goi M la trung iem cua CD . BM la trung tuyen cua tam giac BCD nen trong tam Ga BM . AM cung la trung tuyen cua tam giac ACD nen trong tam Gb AM .Trong tam giac ABM hai oan AGa va BGb cat nhau tai G Chng minh tng t ba ng thang AGa , BGb va CGc khong ong phang va cat nhau tng oi mot ,vay chung ong qui tai G

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

V du 9 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Mot mat phang (P) lan lt cat SA, SB, SC, SD tai A, B ,C, D. Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD .Chng minh ba ng thang AC, BD va SO ong qui. Giai Trong mat phang (P) hai ng cheo AC va BD cat nhau tai O Ta co : (SAC) (SBD) = SO Ma O AC va AC nam trong mp(SAC) nen O mp(SAC) va O BD va BD nam trong mp(SBD) nen O mp(SBD) Vay O SO giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Suy ra AC , BD va So ong qui Dang 6 : Tap hp cac giao iem M cua 2 ng thang a va b di ong.

Tm mat phang (P) co nh cha a va mat phang (Q) co nh cha b. M di ong tren giao tuyen d cua (P) v a (Q). Xet gii han. neu co.

V du 10: Trong mat phang (P) cho hai ng thang d1 va d2 cat nhau tai O.iem M di ong tren ng thang d khong nam trong mat phang (P) va khong quaO .Tap hp cac ng thang OM lamat phang co nh nao? Giai iem O co nh va ng thang d co nh khong qua O xac nh mat phang (O,d) .iem M d nen OM nam trong mat phang co nh (O,d)
A

MM

d
D E

O P

D B F C I M

V du 11 : Cho t dien ABCD . Goi E va F lan lt la hai iem co nh tren cac canh AB va AC sao cho EF khong song song vi BC.iem M di ong tren canh CD a) Xac nh giao iem N cua mp(MEF) vi BD b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua EM va FN Giai a) EF khong song song vi BC nen cat BC tai K.Trong tam giac BCD ng thang KM cat BD tai N.Vay N la giao iem cua mp(MEF) vi BD

b) Ta co I EM va EM nam trong mp(ECD) co nh nen I mp(ECD) I FN va FN nam trong mp(FBD) co nh nen I mp(FBD) Vay I giao tuyen cua hai mp(ECD) va (FBD) Goi G la giao iem cua BF va CE th I DK giao tuyen cua hai mp(ECD) vamp(FBD) Gii han : khi M di ong tren oan CD th I di ong tren oan DG Phan ao : Goi I la iem tuy y tren oan DG .EI cat CD tai M va FI cat BD tai N .Vay I la giao

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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iem cua EM va FN
Dang 7: Thiet dien ( mat cat) cua hnh (H) khi cat bi mp(P).

P L

Thiet dien la phan chung cua mp(P) va hnh (H) Xac nh thiet dien la xac nh giao tuyen cua mp(P) vi cac mat cua hnh (H). Thng ta xac nh giao tuyen au tien cua (P) va mot mat nao o ( tm 2 iem chung). Sau o keo dai giao tuyen nay ta tm c cac iem chung khac vi cac mat khac. T o tm c cac giao tuyen tiep theo. a giac gii han bi cac oan giao tuyen nay khep km thanh thiet dien can tm..
Trong hnh ben, tam giac MNL la thiet dien cua mat phang (P) va hnh chop.

V du 12 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD. Lay iem A tren canh SA Xac nh thiet dien cua mp(ACD) vi hnh chop Giai Goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD cua mat ay .Trong tam giac SAC, SO cat AC tai O.Trong tam giac SBD , DO cat SB tai B. Vay thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mp(ACD) la t giac ABCD C.Bai tap ren luyen 2.1 Hnh chop co ay la luc giac th co bao nhieu mat ben va bao nhieu canh 2.2 Cho t dien ABCD.Lan lt lay tren cac canh AB,AC va BD cac iem M.N,P sao cho MN cat BC tai E va AD cat MP tai F a) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(BCD) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mp(MNP) va mp(ACD) b) Chng minh CD, EP va NF ong qui
S

A'

B' A O B

2.3 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ,gia s AD va BC cat nhau tai E .Goi I va J lan lt la trung iem cua SA va SB , iem M lu ong tren canh SD a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(SAD) va mp(SBC) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mp(SAC) va (SBD) b) Tm giao iem N cua SC vi mp(MIJ) c) Tm tap hp giao iem H cua IN va JM 2.4 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh AB va N tren canh AD sao cho MN va BD khong song song .Goi O la iem trong tam giac BCD.Tm giao tuyen cua mp(OMN) vi cac mp(BCD), mp(ABC) va mp(ACD) 2.5 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem P tren ng thang BD khong thuoc oan BD. Trong mp(ABD) ng thang qua P cat hai canh AB va AD lan lt tai E va F .Trong mp(BCD) ng thang qua P cat hai canh BC va CD lan lt tai M va N . a) Bon iem E,F,M,N co thuoc mat phang khong?

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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b) Goi O la giao iem cua BN va DM , I la giao iem cua BF va DE , J la giao iem cua EN va FM .Chng mimh ba iem A,O,J thang hang va ba iem C,I,J thang hang c) Gia s EM va FN cat nhau tai K.Chng minh A,K,C thang hang
2.6 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Lay iem M tren canh SC, iem N tren canh SD va goi O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD. a) Tm giao iem cua SO vi mat phang (BMN) b) Xac nh giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (BMN) c) Xac nh giao iem cua MN vi mat phang (SAB) 2.7 Cho t dien ABCD.Lay iem M trong tam giac BCD va iem N trong tam giac ACD . Xac nh giao tuyen cua mat phang (AMN) vi cac mat phang (BCD). (ABC) 2.8 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Gia s AD va BC khong song song .Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD,E va F lan lt la trung iem cua SA va SB.iem M di ong tren canh SC. a) Xac nh giao iem N cua SD vi mp(EFM) b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua EM va FN c) Tm tap hp giao iem J cua EN va FM 2.9 Cho t dien eu ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Keo dai BC mot oan CE = a va keo dai BD mot oan DF = a.Goi M la trung iem cua AB.Xac nh va tnh dien tch cua thiet dien cua t dien vi mp(MEF) 2.10 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD va iem O trong tam giac SAB.Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop khi cat bi mat phang (CDO) D.Hng dan giai

2.1 12 canh va 6 mat ben 2.2 a) Hai mat phang (MNP) va (BCD) co hai iem chung E va P .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la EP Hai mat phang (MN) va (ACD) co hai iem chung la N va F .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la NF b) Goi I la giao iem cua EP va NF th I thuoc hai mat phang (BCD) va (ACD) Vay I thuoc giao tuyen CD cua hai mat phang nay.Suy ra CD,EP va NF ong qui
S A M I J P B N C E I F A D E B O C N D

2.3 a) Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co hai iem chung S va E .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la SE Hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) co hai iem chung S va O .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la SO b) Trong tam giac SBD , SO va MJ cat nhau tai H.Trong tam giac SAC , IH cat SC tai N .Vay N la giao iem cua SC vi mat phang (MIJ) a) Ta co H IN nen thuoc mat phang (SAC) H MJ nen H thuoc mat phang (SBD)

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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Vay H SO giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Gii han : khi M en S th H en S va khi M en D th H en H la giao iem cua SO vi JD ao lai , lay iem H tren oan SH.JH cat SD tai M va IH cat SC tai N Vay tap hp cac iem H la oan SH 2.4.Trong mat phang ABD , MN va AD khong song song nen cat nhau taiE. Hai mat phang (OMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung O va E nen giao tuyen cua chung la OE Gia s EO cat BC tai F .Hai mat phang (OMN) va (ABC) co hai iem chung M va F .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la MF Gia s OE cat CD tai H .Hai mat phang (OMN) va (ACD) co hai iem chung N va H .Vay giao tuyen cua chung la NH 2.5 a) Hai ng thang PEF va PMN ong qui nen xac nh mat phang .Vay 4 iem E,F,M,N thuoc mat phang b) Ba iem A,O,J la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABN) va (ADM) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay Ba iem C,I,J la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (CDE) va (CBF) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay c) Ba iem A,K,C la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABC) va (ADC) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nay
A A

N F D E E I J B C P M O C N D

B F

a) SO va BN nam trong tam giac SBD nen cat nhau tai I.Vay I la giao iem cua SO vi mp(BMN). b) Trong tam giac SAC, MI cat SA tai P .Vay PN la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (BMN) va( SAD) c) Trong mp(BMN) gia s MN va BP cat nhau tai H th MN (SAB) = { H }
S A

D N M O B D M C

2.6. N thuoc mp(ACD) nen AN noi dai cat CD tai E .Hai mat phang (AMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung M va E nen giao tuyen cua chung la ME

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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Gia s ME cat BC tai F .Hai mat phang (AMN) va (ABC) co hai iem chung A va F nen giao tuyen cua chung la AF 2.8 a) Trong mp(SAC) , EM cat SO tai I.Trong mp(SBD) , FI cat SD tai N.Vay N la giao iem cua SD vi mp(EFM) b) I thuoc giao tuyen SO cua hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD). Gii han : Khi M en S th I en S va khi M en C th I en I la giao iem cua SO vi CE.Xet phan ao c) J thuoc giao tuyen SH cua hai mat phang (SBC) va(SAD).Gii han : khi M en S th J en S va khi M en C th J en J giao iem cua SH vi MF.Xet phan ao 2.9 ME cat AC tai N va MF cat AD tai P .Thiet dien cua t dien vi mp(MEF) la tam giac MNP. Trong tam giac ABE,AC va EM la hai trung tuyen giao nhau tai trong tam N Trong tam giac ABF,AD va FM la hai trung tuyen giao nhau tai trong tam P
S N J E I F H A O B C C E B M N D M P A

2a a , AN = AP = NP = .Tam giac MNP can tai M nen ng cao MH cung la trung 3 2 a tuyen ,do o NH = 3 a 2 a 2 5a 2 2 2 2 Tam giac vuong MNH cho MH = MN NH = = 4 9 36 a 5 . Vay SMNP = Do o MH = S 6
Ta co AM =

1 1 2a a 5 a 2 5 NP MH = . = 2 2 3 6 18
2.10 Gia s ng thang CD cat ng thang AB tai E.ng thang EO cat SA tai F va cat SB tai H ( v iem O trong tam giac SAB).Hai mat phang (CDO) va (SBC) co hai iem chung C va H nen cat nhau theo giao tuyen CH .Hai mat (CDO) va (SDA) co hai iem chung D va F nen cat nhau theo giao tuyen DF Vay thiet dien cua hnh chop cat bi mat (CDO) la t giac CDFH
O H E B

C D

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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2. Hai ng thang song song

A. Tom tat giao khoa 1..V tr tng oi gia hai ng thang phan biet Cho hai ng thang phan biet a va b trong khong gian : a) Khong co mat phang nao cha ca a va b, ta noi hai ng thang a va b cheo nhau b) Co mat phang cha ca a va b ,ta noi chung ong phang neu a va b khong co iem chung th ta noi chung song song vi nhau va k hieu a // b neu a va b co mot iem chung duy nhat th ta noi chung cat nhau Neu iem chung cua chung la I , ta noi chung cat nhau tai I hoac I la giao iem cua chung va viet a b = { I }

nh ngha : Hai ng thang goi la cheo nhau neu chung khong ong phang Hai ng thang goi la song song neu chung ong phang va khong co iem chung. 2. Hai ng thang song song Tnh chat 1 : Trong khong gian, qua mot iem nam ngoai mot ng thang ,co mot va ch mot ng thang song song vi ng thang o Tnh chat 2 : Hai ng thang phan biet cung song song vi mot ng thang th ba th song song nhau nh l : Neu ba mat phang cat nhau theo ba giao tuyen phan biet th ba giao tuyen ay hoac ong qui hoac song song He qua : Neu hai mat phang phan biet lan lt i qua hai ng thang song song th giao tuyen cua chung (neu co) song song vi hai ng thang o (hoac trung vi mot trong hai ng thang o)
B.Giai toan V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M,N,P,Q,R,S lan lt la trung iem cua cac oan thang AB, BC, DA, AC, BD. a) Chng minh ba oan thang MN,PQ va RS ong qui tai trung iem G cua moi oan.

b) Goi Ga la trong tam tam giac BCD.Chng minh ba iem A,G,Ga thang hang va tnh
Giai a) MP la ng trung bnh tam giac ABC va NQng trung bnh

GA GGa

tam giac ACD nen ta co : MP//NQ//AC va MP = NQ =

Vay t giac MPNQ la hnh bnh hanh nen hai ng cheo MN va PQ giao nhau tai trung iem G moi ng. Chng minh tng t t giac PRQS la hnh bnh hanh nen hai ng cheo PQ va RS giao nhau tai trung iem moi ng. Vay ba oan thang MN,PQ va RS ong qui tai trung iem G

AC 2

M R G S k P C Ga

b) Ga la trong tam cua tam giac BCD nen Ga thuoc trung tuyen BN va B trung tuyen DP ,do o Ga thuoc hai mat phang (ABN) va mat phang (ADP). Ba iem A, G, Ga la ba iem chung cua hai mat phang phan biet (ABN) va (ADP) .Vay chung thang hang tren giao tuyen AGa Goi I la trung iem cua BN th GI // BM (ng trung bnh cua tam giac BMN)

D N

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

15

Ta co GI =

1 1 BM = AB 2 4

G G IG 1 Hai tam giac GaGI va GaAB ong dang nen a = = Ga A AB 4 GA =3 Vay GGa
V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) b) Lay iem E tren canh SC . Mat phang (ABE) cat SD tai F .T giac ABEF la hnh g?
A

F D E

Giai a) Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co iem S chung va lan lt cha hai ng thang AD va BC song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen d i qua S va song song vi AD va BC

b) Hai mat phang (ABE) va (SCD) co iem E chung va lan lt cha hai ng thang AB va CD song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen EF song song vi AB.Vay t giac ABEF la hnh thang
C.Bai tap ren luyen

2.11 Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau a va b .Lay tren a hai iem A va B .Lay tren b hai iem C va D.Hai ng thang AB va CD co the song song nhau khong? 2.12 Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD va ACD .Chng minh EF song song vi CD 2.13 Cho t dien ABCD . Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BC.P la iem di ong tren oan CD.Mat phang (MNP) cat AD tai Q. a) T giac MNPQ la hnh g? b) Tm tap hp giao iem I cua MQ va NP khi M di ong tren oan CD 2.14 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi E va F la trung iem cua SA va SB a) Lay iem M tren canh SC.Mat phang (EFM) cat hnh chop theo hnh g? b) Lay iem I tren BC.Mat phang EFI cat hnh chop theo hnh g?
D. Hng dan giai

2.11 Neu AB // CD th AB va CD ong phang , khi ay a va b nam trong mat phang (ABCD).ieu nay trai gia thiet a va b cheo nhau. Vay AB va CD khong the song song 2.12 Goi M la trung iem cua CD . E la trong tam tam giac BCD nen E thuoc trung tuyen BM F la trong tam tam giac ACD nen F thuoc trung tuyen AM . Trong mp(ABM) ta co :
A

Vay EF//AB

ME MF 1 = = (tnh chat trong tam) MB MA 3

B C E

F D M

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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2.13 a) Ta co MN // AB (ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABC) Hai mat phang (MNP) va (ABD) co P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen PQ // MN Vay t giac MNPQ la hnh thang A b) I la iem chung cua hai mat phang (ACD) va (BCD) . Vay I thuoc giao tuyen CD cua hai mat phang nay . Goi E la trung iem cua BD. Khi P di ong tren oan DE th PQ < MN nen I thuoc tia Dt noi dai cua CD Khi P trung vi E th PQ = MN ,khi o t giac MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh nen I chay xa ra vo tan tren tia Dt Khi P di ong tren oan EB th PQ > MN nen I thuoc tia Ct noi dai cua DC Vay iem I di ong tren ng thang CD ngoai tr oan CD Xet phan ao. 2.14 a) Ta co EF // AB // CD ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAB) .Hai mat phang (EFM) va( SCD) co M chung va lan lt ch EF va CDsong song nen giao tuyen cua chung la MN // EF Vay thiet dien la hnh thang EFMN b) Tng t mat (EFI) cat AD tai J va thiet dien EFIJ la hnh thang

Q I P D

B N C

E N F A M J D

3. ng thang song song vi mat phang

A.Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi gia ng thang va mat phang Cho ng thang a va mat phang (P).Ta co ba trng hp : a) ng thang a va mp(P) co hai iem chung phan biet th ng thang a nam tren mp(P),tc la a mp(P) b) ng thang a va mp(P) co mot iem chung duy nhat A th ta noi a va (P) cat nhau tai A va viet a (P) = { A}

c) ng thang a va mp(P) khong co iem chung nao th ta noi ng thang a song song vi mat phang (P), hoac mat phang (P) song song vi ng thang a ,hoac a va (P) song song vi nhau va viet a // mp(P) nh ngha : Mot ng thang va mot mat phang goi la song song vi nhau neu chung khong co iem chung

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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a D A a P P P D

a D

2. ieu kien e mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang nh l 1 : Neu ng thang a khong nam trong mat phang (P) va song song vi mot ng thang nao o nam tren (P) th a song song vi (P) 3. Tnh chat a nh l 2 : a Neu ng thang a song song vi mot mat phang (P) th moi mat phang b D (Q) cha a ma cat (P) th cat (P) theo b Q giao tuyen song song vi a
P P

He qua 1 : Neu mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang th no song song vi mot ng thang nao o cua mat phang He qua 2 : Neu hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mot ng thang th giao tuyen cua chung (neu co) cung song song vi ng thang o nh l 3 : Neu a va b la hai ng thang cheo nhau th qua a , co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi b
b'

b Q P

a b P a

B. Giai toan Chng minh ng thang song song vi mat phang ta co the chng minh ng thang o song song vi mot ng thang nam trong mat phang. V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M la trung iem cua CD,E la trung iem cua AM va F la trung iem cua BM. a) Chng minh rang EF song song vi cac mat phang (ABC) va ABD) b) Lay diem N tren canh AC .Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mp(NEF) Thiet dien la hnh g? Giai

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

A

18

a) EF // AB ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABM ) Vay EF //mp(ABC) va EF // mp(ABD)

N E

I B K F C M L D

b) Ta co EF // mp(ABC) nen mp(NEF) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen NK //AB//EF Gia s KF cat BD tai L.Hai mp(NEF) va (ABD) co L chung va EF // AB nen giao tuyen cua chung la LI // AB// NK Vay thiet dien la hnh thangNKLI

V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh tam O.Goi M , N va P lan lt la trung iem cua BC ,AD va SA. a) Chng minh SC va SD song song vi mp(MNP) b) Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang (R ) qua O va song song vi CD va SA Giai a) Ta co NP // SD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD .Do o SD // mp(MNP) .Hai mat phang (MNP) va (SAB) co iem P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen giao tuyen laPQ // AB . Do o Q la trung iem cua SB . Khi o ta co MQ // SC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC .Vay SC // mp(MNPQ)
S

b) Ta co MN // CD nen mp(R) qua O va // CD th mp( R) cha MN.Hai mat (R) va (SAD) co N chung va (R ) // SA ,do o ( R) cat (SAD) theo giao tuyen NK // SA . V mp(R ) // CD nen (R ) (SCD) = HK // CD // MN Vay thiet dien la thnh thang MNKH.
C. Bai tap ren luyen

Q A

H N O D

2.15 Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F la trong tam cac tam giac ACD va BCD. a) Chng minh EF song song vi cac mp(ABC) va mp(ABD) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g?

2.16 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh BC. Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB va CD cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g? 2. 17 Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB//CD) va iem S ngoai mat phang hnh thang. Lay iem M tren canh CD .Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi SA va BC a) Mat phang (P) cat hnh chop SABCD theo hnh g? b) Tm giao tuyen cua mp(P) vi mp(SAD)
2.18 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong cung nam tren mot mat phang. a) Goi O va O lan lt la tam cua ABCD va ABEF .Chng minh OO song song vi cac mp(ADF) va (BCE)

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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b) Goi M va N lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac ABD va ABE.Chng minh MN song song vi mp(CEF)
D. Hng dan giai 2.15 a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th E AM va F BM Theo tnh chat trong tam ta co :
A

Suy ra EF song song vi cac mp(ABD) va mp(ABC) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF // mp(ABC) nen (P) (ABC) = HJ // AB // EF . Tng t (P) (ABD) = IK // AB// EF. Vay thiet dien la hnh thang HIKJ 2.16 Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB nen (P) (ABC) = MN//AB A (P) (ABD) = HK // AB Mat phang (P) // CD nen (P) (BCD) = MK // CD H (P) (ACD) = NH // CD Vay MN // HK // AB va N MK // NH //CD Suy ra thiet dien MNHK la hnh D K bnh hanh B
M C B J

ME MF 1 = = Vay EF // AB MA MB 3

E K F C M

I D

H N B

2.17 a) mp(P) // BC nen mp(P) cat hai mat phang (ABCD) va (SBC) theo hai giao tuyen MN va HK song song vi BC.Mat phang (P) // SA nen (P) (SAB) = NH // SA Thiet dien la hnh thang MNHK

b) ng thang MN cat ng thang AD tai E .Hai mat phang (P) va (SAD) co E chung va SA // mp(P) nen giao tuyen la ng thang d qua E va song song vi SA
2.18 a) OO la ng trung bnh cua tam giac BDF nen OO//DF Vay OO // mp(ADF) CDFE la hnh bnh hanh nen CE // DF do o OO // CE Vay OO // mp(BCE) b) Goi H la trung iem cua AB M la trong tam tam giac ABD nen M DH va N la trong tam tam giac ABE nen N EH va ta co :
F O' N A M O D C H B E

Vay MN // mp(CEF)

HM FN 1 = = .Do o MN // DE ma DE nam tren mp(CEF) HD FE 3

4 . Hai mat phang song song

A .Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang phan biet Cho hai mat phang phan biet ta co hai trng hp :

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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a) (P) va (Q) co iem chung th chung cat nhau theo mot ng thang b) (P) va (Q) khong co iem chung th ta noi chung song song vi nhau (hoac song song) ,k hieu (P) // (Q) hay (Q) // (P) nh ngha : Hai mat phang goi la song song neu chung khong co iem chung

P Q

2. ieu kien e hai mat phang song song nh l 1 : Neu mat phang (P) cha hai ng thang a va b cat nhau va cung song song vi mat phang (Q) th (P) song song vi (Q)
b a P

b a P

b' a'

3. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Qua mot iem nam ngoai mot mat phang,co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi mat phang o He qua 1 : Neu ng thang a song song vi mat phang (Q) th qua a co mot va ch mot mat phang (P) song song vi mat phang (Q) He qua 2 : Hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mat phang th ba th song song vi nhau Tnh chat 2 : Neu hai mat phang (P) va (Q) song song th moi mat phang (R ) a cat (P) th phai cat (Q) va cac giao tuyen cua chung song song
a
R

a'

a"

A
P a P

A'

B Q
Q b Q

B1

B'

C
R

C1

C'

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song 4. nh l Ta-let (Thales) trong khong gian nh l 2 (nh l Ta-let) Ba mat phang oi mot song song chan ra tren hai cat tuyen bat k cac oan thang tng ng t le

21

nh l 3 : (nh l Ta-let ao) Gia s tren hai ng thang cheo nhau a va a lan lt lay cac iem A,B,C va A,B,C sao cho

song,tc la chung cung song song vi mot mat phang.

AB BC CA .Khi o ba ng thang AA,BB,CC lan lt nam tren ba mat phang song = = A ' B ' B 'C ' C ' A '

5. Hnh lang tru va hnh hop nh ngha hnh lang tru : Cho hai mat phang (P) va (P) song song.Tren (P) cho a giac AB . .D.. Qua cac nh A , B , . . . , D , ta ve cac ng thang song song vi nhau, lan lt cat mp(P) tai A, B, . . ., D. Ta c hnh lang tru , k hieu AB . . .D. AB. . .D. Neu ay cua hnh lang tru la tam giac ,t giac,ngu giac v.v. . .th lang tru tng ng goi la lang tru tam giac,lang tru t giac , lang tru ngu giac v.v

A B

C B Lang tru tam giac

Trong lang tru , cac canh ben AA, BB . . .song song va bang nhau Cac mat ben ABBA, BCCB. . . la hnh bnh hanh Hai ay AB . . .D va AB. . D bang nhau va co cac canh tng ng bang nhau.

Lang tru t giac

Hnh hop : Hnh lang tru co ay la hnh bnh hanh c goi la hnh hop. Hnh hop co: 6 mat eu la nhng hnh bnh hanh, cac mat oi dien th song song va bang nhau. 12 canh chia lam 4 nhom, moi nhom 4 canh song song va bang nhau. 4 ng cheo cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng.
A D S

B O A'

D' A' B' C'

D'

B'

C'

A B C

6. Hnh chop cut nh ngha : Cho mat phang (P) khong qua nh hnh chop va song song vi mat phang ay va cat cac canh ben hnh chop . Hnh gii han bi (P) va mat phang ay goi la hnh chop cut. Tnh chat : Hai ay la hai a giac co cac canh tng ng song song va t so cac cap canh tng ng bang nhau

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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B.Giai toan

Cac mat ben la nhng hnh thang Cac ng thang cha cac canh ben ong qui tai mot iem

Chng minh hai mat phang song song ta chng minh mat phang nay cha hai ng thang cat nhau song song vi mat phang kia V du 1 : Trong mat phang (P) cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD .Qua A,B,C,D lan lt ve cac na ng thang Ax, By, Cz, Dt song song vi nhau va nam ve mot pha oi vi mat phang (P).Mat phang (Q) lan lt cat Ax, By, Cz, Dt tai A, B, C, D. a) Chng minh mp(Ax,By) song song vi mp(Cz,t) b) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh c) Chng minh AA + CC = BB + DD Giai a) Ta co Ax // Cz (gia thiet) va AB // CD ( canh oi hnh bnh hanh) Vay mp(Ax,By) // mp(Cz,Dt) b) mp(Q) cat hai mat phang songsong (Ax,By) va (Cz,Dt) theo hai x D' tuyen AB // CD z Tng t mp(By,Cz) // mp(Ax.Dt) .Do o mp(Q) cat hai mat nay y A' t O' theo hai giao tuyen BC // AD C' Vay t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh B' c) Goi O va O la tam hai hnh bnh hanhABCD va ABCD .Ta
A D O B C

co : OO =

Vay AA + CC = BB + DD.

AA '+ CC ' (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang ACCA) 2 BB '+ DD ' va OO = (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang BDDB). 2

V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh tam O .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua SA va CD. a) Chng minh mp(OEF) song song vi mp(SBC) b) Goi M la trung iem cua SD va N la trung iem cua OE . Chng minh MN song song vi mat phang (SBC) Giai
S

M E

a) Ta co OF // BC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac BCD) va OE // SC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAC) Vay mp(OEF) // mp(SBC) b) Ta co EM // AD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD) do o EM//OF .Suy ra MN nam tren mat phang (OEMF) Ma mp(OEMF) // mp(SBC) Vay MN // mp(SBC)

O B C

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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V du 3 : Cho hai na ng thang Ax va By cheo nhau .Hai iem C va D lan lt di ong tren Ax va By sao cho AC = BD . a) Chng minh rang CD luon luon song song vi mat phang co nh b) Trung iem M cua CD chay tren ng nao? Giai a) Ke Bt // Ax va lay iem H tren Bt sao cho BH = AC Ta co AC // BH va AC = BH nen t giac ABHC la hnh bnh hanh Do o CH // AB Mat khac BH = BD nen tam giac BDH can tai B, do o DH song song vi phan giac ngoai Bz .Vay mp(CDH) // mp(ABz) Ma CD nam tren mat phang (CDH) nen CD // mp(ABz) co nh

x C

O M B N z D y H t

b) Goi O la trung iem cua AB va N la la trung iem cua DH .Ta co MN // OB va MN = OB nen OMNB la hnh bnh hanh, suy ra OM // BN. V tam giac BDH can nen trung tuyen BNcung la phan giac cua goc yBt , do o N di ong tren tia phan giac trong Bzcua goc yBt co nh .Vay M di ong tren tia Ou // Bz

V du 4 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M la trung iem cua BC a) Chng to mp(AAM) cat BC tai N va AN//AM b) Chng minh rang ng thang AC song song vi mp(BAM) c) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) Giai
A N B O' O C' M B' C

a) Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) song song cat bi mat phang (AAM) theo hai giao tuyen AN // AM , do o N la trung iem cua BC. b) Ta co AN // AM va NC // BM. Do o mp(ANC) // mp(BAM) Vay AC // mp(BAM) c) Goi O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABBA va O la tam hnh bnh hanh ACCA Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) co hai iem chung O va O nen giao tuyen cua chung la OO

A'

V du 5 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD. a) Chng minh rang bon ng cheo cua hnh hop cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng b) Chng minh rang tong bnh phng cac ng cheo cua mot hnh hop bang tong bnh phng tat ca cac canh cua hnh hop o. Giai a) Ta co AA // CC va AA = CC nen t giac ACCA la hnh bnh hanh, do hai ng cheo AC va AC cat nhau tai trung iem moi ng Tng t cac t giac ABCD va ADCB la hnh bnh hanh.

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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Vay bon ng cheo AC, AC, BD va BD giao nhau tai trung iem O cua moi ng b) Ta chng minh tnh chat : Trong hnh bnh hanh tong bnh phng hai ng cheo bang tong bng phng cac canh A Xet hnh bnh hanh ABCD, theo nh l ham cos ta co : 2 2 2 AC = AB + BC 2AB.BC.cosB BD2 = AB2 + AD2 2AB.AD.cos A ma goc A va goc B bu nhau nen cosA = - cosB B C Vay AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2 ) Ap dung tnh chat nay vao cac hnh hanh: A' ACCA AC2 + AC2 = 2(AC2 + AA2) D' 2 2 2 2 BDDB BD + BD = 2(BD + BB ) Vay AC2 + AC2 + BD2 + BD2 = 4AA2 + 2(AC2 + BD2 ) C' (v AA = BB) B' 2 2 2 = 4AA + 4( AB + BC )
V du 6 : Cho hnh chop cut tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi S la giao iem cac ng thang cha cac canh ben va G va G la trong tam cac tam giac ABC va ABC. Chng to AG // AG Giai Goi M va M la trung iem cua BC va BC th trong tam G thuoc AM va trong tam G thuoc AM.Hai mat phang song song (ABC) va (ABC) cat bi mat phang AGA theo hai giao tuyn AG // AG C. Bai tap ren luyen 2.19 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong nam trong cung mat phang . a) Chng minh mp(CBE) // mp(ADF) b) Lay iem M tren ng cheo AC vi MC = 2AM va iem N tren ng cheo BF vi NF = 2BN .Cac ng song song vi AB ke t M,N lan lt cat AD va AF tai M va N.Chng minh mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM) 2.20 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi O la tam cua hnh bnh hanh , M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SC va SD . a) Chng minh mp(OMN) song song vi mp(SAB) b) Goi E va F la trung iem cua CD va ON .Chng minh EF song song vi mp(SBC) 2..21. Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M va N la hai iem di ong tren hai ng thang AB va CD. Chng to iem I nam trong mat phang co nh 2.22 Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC. Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh AA va AC a) Dng thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) b) Dng thiet dien cua lang tru vi mp(MNP) vi P la trung iem cua BC 2..23 Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD a) Chng minh mp(BDA) song song vi mp(BDC) b) Chng minh ng cheo AC i qua trong tam G1 va G2 cua hai tam giac BDA va BDC va AG1 = G1G2 = G2C
S

A'

G' M' B'

C'

A G B M

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song D. Hng dan giai

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2.19 a) Ta co BC // AD va BE // AF Vay mp(CBE) // mp(DAF) b)MM // DC nen theo nh l Ta-let trong tam giac ACD ta co

N' A

N B M' M C

AM ' AM 1 : = = AD AC 3 AN ' BN 1 NN // AB nen ta co : = = AF BF 3 AM ' AN ' Do o : MN // DF = AD AF

D

Ta co EF // NN ( cung song song vi AB) va DF // MN Vay mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM). 2.20 a) Ta co MN // CD va AB // CD nen MN // AB Ta co MO // SA Vay mp(OMN) // mp(SAB) b) Ta co OE // BC va ON // SB Vay mp(OEN) // mp(SBC) Suy ra EF // mp(SBC) 2.21 Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC .
A M E y B x F C N I D

M F A D

O B C

IM EA Ta co : = =1 IN ED IM IN hay = EA ED

Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th ba ng thang EI , AM , DN cung song song vi mot mat phang. Neu ke Ex // AB va Ey // DC th EI nam trong mat phang (xEy) co nh

2.22
K

N A Q B M HC

a) ng thang MN cat ng thang CC tai K .ng thang BK cat BC tai Q . Vay thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) la t giac MNQB b) ng thang PK cat BC tai H va ng thang MN AC tai E .ng thang PE AB tai R . Vay thiet dien cua lang tru vi mat phang (MNP) la ngu giac MNHPR .

A' R B' P

C'

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2.23 a) Ta co BD // BD va BA // CD Vay mp(BDA) // mp(BDC) b) Goi O . O va M la tam cac hnh bnh hanhABCD,ABCD va ACCA. Trong hnh bnh hanh ACCA,ng cheo AC cat AO tai G1 va cat CO tai G2 .Ta co AO // AC va AC = 2AO A Do o hai tam giac G1AC ong dang vi tam giac G1OA ,ta co :

G1 A ' A ' C ' = = 2 .Vay G1 la trong tam cua tam giac BDA v G1O AO
AO la trung tuyen cua tam giac nay. Tng t
B

G2C AC = = 2 nen G2 la trong tam tam giac BDC G2O ' C ' O '

G1 A' O' M G2

Mat khac ta co OG1 // CG2 va O la trung iem cua AC nen AG1 = G1G2 Tng t OG2 // AG1 nen CG2 = G1G2
B'

D'

C'

5. Phep chieu song song

A. Tom tat giao khoa 1. nh ngha phep chieu song songTrong khong gian cho mot mat phang (P) va ng thang d cat mp(P). Vi moi iem M trong khong gian ,ve ng thang qua M va song song vi d hoac trung vi d. ng thang nay cat mp(P) tai M . Phep at tng ng moi iem M trong khong gian vi iem M cua mp(P) nh tren goi la phep chieu song song len mp(P) theo d M phng d, mp(P) goi la mat phang chieu, ng thang d goi la D phng chieu M goi la hnh chieu song song (hoac anh) cua iem M qua phep chieu song song Neu M vach mot hnh (H) va hnh chieu M cua no vach hnh M' (H) th (H) goi la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H). P

Neu M thuoc mat phang chieu (P) th hnh chieu song song cua M la M.

2. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng thang la mot ng thang He qua : Hnh chieu song song cua mot oan thang la mot oan thang, cua mot tia la mot tia
a Q d a M d Q R a' M' P P b' b M N

a'

M' N'

Tnh chat 2 : Hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau

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Tnh chat 3 : Phep chieu song song khong lam thay oi t so cua hai oan thang nam tren hai ng thang song song
A B d C D d C D D A' B' C' A' D' P C' D' B' D B A

3. Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh khong gian nh ngha : Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh (H) trong khong gian la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H) tren mot mat phang hoac hnh ong dang vi hnh chieu o Ngi ta chng minh rang :Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng tron la mot ng elip hoac la ng tron (ac biet co the la mot oan thang).V vay ta thng dung ng elip lam hnh bieu dien cua ng tron ,tam cua elip bieu dien cho tam cua ng tron B. Giai toan V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi G la trong tam tam giac ACD. a) Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song Gcua iem G tren mat phang (BCD) theo phng AB la trong tam cua tam giac BCD b) Goi E,F,H lan lt la trung iem cua AB,AC,AD.Hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH la hnh g? Giai a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G AM va GA = 2GM .Hnh chieu song song cua AM theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la BM .Do o hnh chieu song song cua iem G A tren mp(BCD) theo phng AB la iem G BM va GB = 2GM (tnh chat 3) Vay G la trong tam tam giac BCD Hnh chieu cua iem E theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la B .Hnh H E chieu cua trung iem F cua AC theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la trung iem K cua BC va hnh chieu cua trung iem H cua AD la trung F G iem N cua BD.Vay hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH theo phng AB N D tren mp(BCD) la tam giac BKN B
G' K C M

V du 2 : Cho oan AB song song vi mp(P) .Goi A va B lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua A va B tren mp(P) theo phng cua ng thang d cho trc .Chng minh rang AB = AB.Phan ao co ung khong? Giai Ta co AB // mp(P) va AB = (ABBA) (P)

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do o AB // AB Ta co AA // BB // d Vay ABBA la hnh bnh hanh Suy ra AB = AB Phan ao sai v neu lay iem C tren ng thang BB vi AC = AB th hnh chieu cua AC van la AB = AC nhng AC khong song song vi mp(P)
C. Bai tap ren luyen

A d

D A' P B'

2.24 Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song cua hnh bnh hanh tren mp(P) theo mot phng d cho trc thng la hnh bnh hanh 2.25 Cho ng thang a cat mat phang (P) tai A .Goi a la hnh chieu song song cua a tren mp(P) theo phng d cho trc. a) Chng to a qua A b) Lay hai iem B va C tren a va goi B , C lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua B va C tren mp(P) theo phong d .Chon phng d sao cho BC = BC 2.26 Cho tam giac ABC nam ngoai mat phang (P).Gia s BC song song vi (P) va AB va AC lan lt cat (P) tai D va E.Hay chon phng chieu d sao cho hnh chieu cua tam giac ABC tren (P) theo phng d la mot tam giac eu D.Hng dan giai

2.24 Theo tnh chat 2 th hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau.Hnh bnh hanh la t giac co cac cap canh oi song song nen hnh chieu song song cua no tren mat phang chieu (P) thng la hnh bnh hanh .Neu phng chieu d song song vi mat phang cua hnh bnh hanh th hnh chieu cua hnh bnh hanh la mot oan
A C d D B' A' D' P C' P a' A B' C' d B B a C

2.25 a) Ta co iem A a va iem A mp(P) ,do o hnh chieu song song cua A tren mp(P) theo phng d nao o cung la iem A.Ma hnh chieu song song cua ng trang a tren mp(P) la a ,Vay A a b) Neu BC = BC th t giac BCCB la hnh thang can canh ay BBva CC.Do o AB = AB .Lay iem B tren mp(P) sao cho AB = AB va chon phng d song song vi BB 2.26 Ta co BC // mp(P) nen BC //DE // BC Do o neu tam giac ABC la tam giac eu th tam giac ADE cung la tam giac eu. Vay trong mat phang (P) ta dng tam giac eu ADE biet canh DE cho trc. Chon phng d // AA
A

B A' B' D C'

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Cau hoi trac nghiem cuoi chng 2

Cau 1 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? a) Hai ng thang khong co iem chung th cheo nhau b) Hai ng thang khong song song th cheo nhau c) Khong co ng thang nao cat ca hai ng thang cheo nhau d) Hai ng thang cheo nhau neu chung khong cung nam trong mot mat phang Cau 2 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) Cho ng thang a // mp(P) va ng thang b bat ky nam trong mp(P) th a song song vi b b) Hai ng thang phan biet cung song song vi mot mat phang th chung song song c) Co duy nhat mot mat phang i qua mot iem va mot ng thang khong cha iem o d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 3 : Cho t dien ABCD.Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung: a) Co ba cap ng thang cheo nhau la AB va CD, AD va BC ,AC va BD b) Cac oan thang noi trung iem cac cap canh oi th ong qui c) Cac oan noi t nh en trong tam mat oi dien th ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 4 : Cho t dien ABCD .Tren cac canh AB va AC lan lt lay cac iem M va N sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai E .Lay iem O bat ky trong tam giac BCD.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang BD la giao iem cua BD vi ng thang OE (III) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang CD la giao iem cua CD vi ng thang ON a) ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (II) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III) Cau 5 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh ABCD tam O.Goi M la trung iem cua SC.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) Giao iem I cua ng thang AM vi mp(SBD) thuoc SO IA = 2IM (II) (III) Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAB) va mp(SCD) la ng thang qua S va song song vi AB a) ba cau (I),(II),(III) eu ung b) ch (I) c) ch (I) va (III) d) ch (I) va (II) Cau 6 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD va G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Giao iem cua ng thang EG va mp(ACD) la : a) iem F b) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AF c) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AC d) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang CD Cau 7 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va AC.iem P tuy y tren canh AD. Thiet dien cua hnh t dien ABCD vi mp(MNP) la : a) Thng la hnh bnh hanh b) Mot tam giac c) Mot hnh thang d) Mot ngu giac Cau 8 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Lay iem M tren AB vi AM =

mp(BCD) la :

a .Dien tch cua thiet dien cua hnh t dien khi cat bi mat phang qua M va song song vi 3

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30

a2 3 a) 12

a2 3 b) 18

a2 3 c) 24

a2 3 d) 36

Cau 9 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G1 va G2 lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD va ACD th oan G1G2 bang bao nhieu? a)

a 4

b)

a 3

c)

2a 3

d) ap so khac

Cau 10 : Cho hai tia Ax va By nam tren hai ng thang cheo nhau.iem M di ong tren Ax va iem N di ong tren By sao cho BN = AM.Tren tia Bz // Ax lay iem M sao cho BM = AM Goi I la trung iem cua MN.Cau nao sau ay ung? a) MN song song vi mot ng thang co nh b) MN song song vi mot mat phang co nh c) I chay tren tia Ot vi O la trung iem cua AB d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 11 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang (AD//BC).Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang qua S va trung iem cua AB b) ng thang qua S va song song vi AD c) ng thang qua S va song song vi AB d) ng thang qua S va giao iem O cua AC va BD Cau 12 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua BC va CC.Mat phang (AMN) cat AB tai H th a) 2 b) 3

c)

HA bang : HB

d) t so khac

Cau 13 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai K th t so a) 2

A' K bang : A 'C '

b) c)

1 4

d)

3 4

Cau 14 : Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC .Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai E th t so a)

2 3

AE bang : AC ' 1 1 b) c) 2 4

d)

3 4

Cau 15 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Cat t dien bi mat phang (ABG) th dien tch cua thiet dien bang : a)

a2 3 4

b)

a2 2 2

c)

a2 2 4

d)

a2 3 2

Cau 16 : Cho t dien ABCD va M la trung iem cua CD.Lay iem O tren BM vi BO = 3 OM.ng song song vi AB ke t O cat mp(ACD) tai A th t so

OO ' bang : AB

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a)

1 3

b)

1 4

c)

1 2

d)

2 3

Cau 17 : Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay la hnh thang ABCD (AD//BC) .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SB va SC .Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang AD b) ng thang song song vi MN c) ng thang AM d) ng thang BN Cau 18 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh .Mot mat phang (P) qua iem M tren canh SA va song song vi AC va SB lan lt cat AB, BC, SC , BD va SD tai N,Q,R,E va F.Cac menh e sau ay menh e nao ung? a) MNPR la hnh bnh hanh b) MN,QR va EF cung song song vi SB c) MQ, NR va EF ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 19 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD.Lay iem M tren AB vi AB = 4AM, iem N tren DD vi ND = 3ND va iem P tren BC vi BC = 4 BP. Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ABD) b) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ACD) c) MN song song vi AP d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 20 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? (I) Mot ng thang co the trung vi hnh chieu song song cua no (II) Tam giac ABC co hnh chieu song song la tam giac ABC th trong tam cua tam giac ABC co hnh chieu la trong tam tam giac ABC (III) Mot ng thang luon cat hnh chieu cua no a) Ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (III) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III)
Bang tra li 1d 11b 2c 12a 3d 13b 4b 14a 5a 15c 6b 16b 7c 17b 8d 18d 9b 19a 10d 20b

A
Hng dan giai 1d 2c 3d 4b (I) ung v hai mat phang (OMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung O va E Vay mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) ung v OE va BD nam trong mat phang (BCD) nen cat nhau tai F th F la giao iem cua BD vi mp(OMN) (III) sai v CD va ON khong cat nhau 5a

N C

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M I A D

ung v AM va SO la hai trung tuyen cua tam giac SAC giao nhau tai trong tam I ,ma SO nam trong mp(SBD) nen AM cat mp(SBD)tai I tren SO (II) ung v I la trong tam tam giacSAC (III) ung v hai mat phang (SAB) (SCD) co S chung va AB//CD

O B C

6 b F la trung iem cua CD nen BF la trung tuyen cua tam giac BCD.Do o G thuoc BF.Vay trong tam giac ABF, EG va AF cat nhau tai H th H la giao iem cua EG va mp(ACD) 7c MN // BC ,do o mp(MNP) cat mp(BCD) theo giao tuyen PQ // BC// MN Vay thiet dien MNPQ la hnh thang

a a2 3 .Vay dien tch cua thiet dien la S = 3 36 9b Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G1 BM va G2 AM. MG1 MG2 1 Ta co : = = Do o G1G2 // AB MB MA 3 GG a 1 Vay 1 2 = Suy ra G1G2 = AB 3 3
8d Thiet dien la tam giac eu canh bang 10d Ta co BN = BM = AM .Do o tam giac BNM can nen canh NM // vi phan giac ngoai Bu cua goc yBz. Ta co MM // AB va NM // Bu nen mp(MNM) // mp(ABu) E Vay MN // mp(ABu) co nh A Goi O la trung iem cua AB va J la trung iem cua NM th OI // BJ Vay I thuoc tia Ot // pnan giac trong Bv cua goc yBz M 11b Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co iem S chung va lan lt cha AD va BC song song . Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi AD 12a ng thang MN cat ng thang BB tai E ng thang AE cat AB tai H th H la giao iem cua mp(AMN) vi AB. M la
H B N

trung diem cua BC nen BE = CN = Vay

1 CCma BB = CC va AB = AB 2
A

A' B'
C

C'

HB EB 1 = = A ' B ' EB ' 3

Suy ra HA = 2 HB
B

13c Ta co BC // BC . Do o mp(BCH) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen HK // BC.

A' H B'

C'

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H la trung iem cua AB.Vay K la trung iem AC. Suy ra

A'K 1 = A 'C ' 2

14a AC cat CK tai E th E la giao iem cua mp(BCH) vi AC

Vay

AE 2 = AC ' 3 a 3 a 2 ,ng cao MH cua tam giac bang . 2 2

A

15c Mat phang (ABG) cat CD tai trung iem M.Vay thiet dien la tam giac

ABM can tai M vi AB = a va MA= MB = Vay S =

a2 2 4

16b Trong tam giac ABM, ng song song vi AB ke t O cat AM tai A

Ta co :

OA ' MO 1 = = AB MB 4
A' B O C M D

17b Ta co MN // BC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co S chung va lan lt cha AD // BC //MN Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi MN 18d
S

M F R

A N E B Q C

mp(P) qua M va // vi SB va AC nen mp(P) (SAB) = MN //SB. mp(P) mp(ABC) = NQ // AC mp(P) mp(MAC) = MR // AC mp(P) mp(SBC) = QR // SB mp(P) mp(SBD) = EF // SB Vay t giac MNQR la hnh bnh hanh Ta co MN // QR // EF // SB V NQ // AC nen E la trung iem cua NQ va EF // MN .Vay EF qua giao iem cua hai ng cheo MQ va NR

19a. Ta co :

MA ND ' 1 = = MB ND 3
B

A M D

Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th MN, ADva BD cung song song vi mot mat phang hay MN // mp(ABD) Ta cung co

C N A' D'

mot mat phang hay MP // mp(ABD) Vay mp(MNP) // mp(ABD)

20b (I) va (II) ung

MA PB ' 1 = = nen MP , AB va BC cung song song vi MB PC 3

B'

C'

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