2008

Masterseries Manual Module 1

10/5/2008

Department of Construction Technology and Management (CTM) Faculty of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment (CEBE) College of Engineering and Technology (COET) P.O.Box 35131 Dar es Salaam

University of Dar es Salaam College of Engineering and Technology

BUREAU FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION (BICO)

COMPUTER APPLICATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN

Master Series Manual Module 1

Department of Construction Technology and Management (CTM) Faculty of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment (CEBE) College of Engineering and Technology (COET) P.O.Box 35131 Dar es Salaam

Table of Content
Table of content 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 Principles of Computer application in structural design Getting started with master series Introduction to basic features of masterseries Masterseries main menu Masterseries element design Masterkey concrete slabs Masterkey column and pad designer Columns Pad foundation Masterkey beam designer Beam curtailment Beam detailing options Beam and column links End Beam options Real slabs Design and grades Developing a building structural frame The member menu The node menu Procedures for Developing a structural frame Getting started with the 3D Model manager 3D Model menus Multistorey menu Area Load default Gravity area loading Basic rules of member area loading Roof Truss 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 15 19 19 24 30 35 36 36 41 43 49 50

MasterseriesGuide notes

1.0

Principles of Computer application in structural design

Any computer application in engineering design involves various steps and principle that should be adhered to for a successful design. There are various structural design softwares in civil engineering and most of them rely on the same design principles. The following are the generic principle that can be applied for computer application in structural design using any software. (a) Determine the structural frame geometry (b) Define the support conditions (c) Define material and section properties (d) Loading (e) Analysis (f) Design and detailing 1.2 A Introduction to Basic features of Masterseries The Main MasterSeries Start-Up Screen

To start the MasterSeries click on the Windows Start button following the path shown and select the MasterSeries for Windows icon.

The various MasterSeries programs are accessed from the main MasterSeries Start-Up screen. MasterSeries customization, general utilities, and the help system can also be accessed from here.

MasterseriesGuide notes

1.3

The Masterseries Main Menu

The File Menu: gives you access to MasterFrame Customisation, Print Blank MasterSeries pages (for use with hand calculations) and Exit MasterSeries. The Frames Menu: gives you access to MasterFrame: Space, Grillage and Plane Frame Analysis (Integrated Design and Drafting). The menu also provides you with access to MasterCAD: General Frames from the Drafting menu inside MasterFrame. The Portal Frames menu: provides access to MasterPort for the elastic-plastic analysis and design of portal frames. The Element Design menu: gives you access to MasterKey: Steel Sections, MasterKey: Connections and MasterKey: Timber as stand alone programs. MasterKey: Concrete Slabs and MasterKey: Concrete Columns and Pads can also be accessed.

MasterseriesGuide notes

The Flat Slab menu: enter the MasterFrame: Flat Slab Construction analysis and design package. The Designer Suite menu: provides access to MasterBeam: Composite Beam design, MasterKey: Masonry Design, MasterKey: Retaining Walls, MasterBeam: Concrete Beam Designer, MasterBeam: Steel Beam Designer, MasterBeam: Timber Beam Designer, MasterKey: Concrete Columns and Pads, MasterRC: Pile Cap Design and Detailing and MasterKey: Wind Loading to BS 6399.

MasterseriesGuide notes

2.0 2.1

Master series Element design MasterKey Concrete Slabs

The design of simple concrete slabs that comply with the simplified rules in BS 8110-1 cl 3.5 can be designed in a separate module that comes with MasterKey Concrete Beams. Namely MasterKey Concrete Slabs. The program is accessed from the MasterSeries front screen and selecting Element Design > MasterKey: Concrete Slabs

These slabs are limited to the following Function Limits Slab Section Capacity None

MasterseriesGuide notes

1-way Simply supported Slab 1-way Continuous Slab

Full dead and live UDL only. Full dead and live UDL only. Cl 3.5.2.3 & Table 3.12 Imposed/Dead does not exceed 1.25 Imposed load max 5 kN/m2. Full dead and live UDL only. Cl 3.5.3.3 & Table 3.13

2-way Simply supported unrestrained Slab 2-way Continuous restrained Full dead and live UDL only. Cl 3.5.3.4 & 3.5.3.5 & Table Slab 3.14 & 3.15 Imposed/Dead does not exceed 1.25 Imposed load max 5 kN/m2. If these limits are not met then use MasterKey Concrete Beams

2.2

Masterkey Column and Pad designer

2.2.1 Columns

Here you change the number and diameter of the reinforcement in the column. If symetrical reinforcement is activated in the Basic defaults then you can not change the internal yy axis reinforcement. . Link patterns define the size and arrangement of links that restrain the main reinforcement. Every other bar should be restrained. The 9 old link patterns prior to MasterSeries 2004 See below for new patterns. Using a 2004+ version of the MasterSeries, the old link patterns 1-9 are set by setting the first droplist to 0 and then choosing the correct number from the second droplist .

1 - Single Link,

2 - 2 links. 1 outer & 1 diamond link

3 - 3 links. 1 outer & 2 width links

4 - 2 links. 1 outer & 1 saussage link

5 - 2 links. 1 outer & 1 saussage link 6

MasterseriesGuide notes

6 - 2 links. 1 outer & 1 width link

7 - 2 links. 1 outer & 1 width link

8 - 3 links. 1 outer & 1 width link & 1 saussage link

9 - 3 links. 1 outer & 1 width link & 1 saussage link

New MasterSeries 2004 + column link patterns. MasterSeries 2004 introduced new link patterns that give the engineer the flxibility they need. No longer do you define a pattern number but state the number of link legs in each direction. The Restraint and Bracing arrangements are calculated from the frame geometry and global values set in Basic Data and Defaults. Any restraint and bracing details set to global will use the frame geometry and default values . If Symmetrical Reinforcement is set in Basic Data and Defaults then Y-Y internal reinforcement is equal to the X-X internal reinforcement and their input boxes are greyed out. Should you wish to over ride these you can change them. Reference should be made to BS8110-1:1997 Cl 3.8.1.5 & Tables 3.19 & 3.20 2.2.2 Pad Foundations

Pad Data: Length xx: Breadth zz: Depth: Strip footing: Cage Style: Column Width xx: Width zz: Centre xx:

Basic dimensions of the pad Set whether the Foundation is a Pad or a strip footing. If you select a footing then ensure the dimension in the direction of the wall is 1000 mm. The detailing style is also set to Straight-Bars, Bobed-Bars or full depth UBars Basic dimensions of the column allowing for any concrete casing or a concrete plinth. If left to ZERO then it will default to the size of the column in MasterFrame (conservitive) Distance from the edge of the foundatioin to the centre of the column. . If 7

MasterseriesGuide notes

Centre zz: Plinth height:

Reinforcement Here you change the number and diameter of the reinforcement in the pad. The steel can be in up to 2 zones say Inner zone is 200 c/c, and outer zone is 400 c/c (see BS 8110-1:1997 cl 3.11.3.2). If zoning is not required then the steel is assumed to be at the first pitch throughout . Loading Gk Ult Partial safety factor on the Density and Surcharge in ultimate load cases. Gk Srv Partial safety factor on the Density and Surcharge in service load cases. Surcharge: Surcharge to top of base kN/m2 applied to whole base. Density: Density of the concrete in kN/m3. SWP: Safe Working Pressure kN/m2 or the Un-Factored (Service) Bearing pressure used in sizing the pad. The program identifies a loading case as service case if all load factors are equal or less than 1.00. Walls Load o/s xx o/s zz Faces Service/working load (kN/m) per meter run. Note: If no wall projections (faces) are defined then the load is assumed to be total intensity (kN). Wall offset parrallel to the XX axis (mm). Wall offset parrallel to the ZZ axis (mm). Define which faces of the foundation the wall exists on. See example opposite If NO wall projections (faces) are defined then the load is assumed to be total intensity (kN).

left to ZERO then it will default to the center of the foundation The height of any plinth or dwarf column not considered in the MasterFrame/MasterPort analysis. Any horizontal Shear Forces are multiplied by this height to develop an additional moment.

2.3 Masterkey Beam designer 2.3.0 Basic Data and Defaults Setting the basic data and defaults is the key to using MasterKey Concrete. These settings are used in each of the following design aspects. Beam Curtailment Design + Grades AutoDesign Laps, Cranks and Kicks Covers + Aggregate Side Bars and Labelling On the first design of a generated frame the basic data and defaults form is displayed. The basic data and defaults form can also be accessed at any stage by the control from the Quick buttons. 2.3.1 Beam Curtailment 8

MasterseriesGuide notes

These rules are used during the Automatic Design (AutoDesign) of beams, columns and pads. The beam curtailment and detailing methods may be overridden manually after AutoDesign. Beam Curtailment methods

Beam reinforcement can be detailed in 1, 2 or 3 zones.

1 Zone Design

2 Zone Design

3 Zone Curtailment 3 Zone Double Curtailment The 3 zone design has 4 curtailment methods as follows: Simple Only Curtailed to the BS 8110 simplified rules only based on span ratios. No account is taken of the BM diagram and failure may occur. Detailed Curtailed to the BM diagram. Detailed + Double Double curtailed to the BM diagram. This causes 2 sets of main bars to be used in each zone with different curtailment points. Detailed + Simple Curtailed to the BM diagram and the BS 8110 simplified rules. 2.3.2 Beam Detailing options Top Bars to Supports: Top Mid-Span bars (nominal bars) stop a set distance from the support (see Laps, Cranks and Kicks) to allow the steel-fixer to pre-fix links to the nominal bars (Beam & Splice method). Bot Bars to Supports: Bottom Mid-Span bars (main bars) ) stop a set distance from the support (see Laps, Cranks and Kicks) to allow the steel-fixer to pre-fix links to the main bars (Beam & Splice method).

MasterseriesGuide notes

Bot sup bars use main dia: 1 Bar group per zone: Limit Support Moment & defl: No Odd bar numbers

Delete short midbars: As 1 bar if span <= Omit slab top mid bars 2.3.3

The bottom steel at the supports uses the same diameter as the midspan bars (main bars). Only use on set of bars per zone. i.e. 5T20 not 3T20 + 2T16. This will negate the effect of double curtailment but simplifies the reinforcement. Restrict the design support moment to the value at d/2 from the support face. This also reduces the effective span for deflections check. Use 2, 4 or 6 bars but never 3 or 5. This is useful in 450 wide ground beams where a 3 bar arrangement would require a middle link leg as the the mar would be greater than 150 mm from a restrained bar If the mid span bars are less than 30% of the span then delete these short bars and re-lap as 2-bar zone. If the beam is a single span beam and is less than your set span then there will be no curtailment of reinforcement. Just a single bar group across the full span (and bobbed if requested or required) If designing as a slab (see Beam links below) then omit mid-span top steel if there is no mid-span hogging moment.

Beam & Column Links Options Normally 4 link legs will detail as 1 large and 1 small link. This gives a stable cage with low risk of loosing the side cover. However this is not always desirable as the internal link can be narrow and requires 2 separate links to be detailed. This option allows you to use 2 equal size links of 2/3 width. Caution must be exercised when using this option as the links could spread during concrete pouring and thus reduce the side cover. Detail the links as open links (77 and 55) with a 35 closer. Omit links from beam, and detail as a slab. 10

4 Link Legs as Equal:

Open Links with closer: As a Slab (no links):

MasterseriesGuide notes

Internal Link Equal:

Single leg internal links

See Section 8.4.5 Real Slabs Normally 6 link legs will detail as1 large, 1 medium and 1 small link. This option will give you 1 large and 2 small links. All internal links to be single leg links shape 85.

Replace Shape code Replace Shape code 85 links with 85 links with U-Bars short horizontal U-Bars for easier placement on site. Internal links will not be replaced unless they are 85s. This function is best used if Open Links with closer and Single leg internal links are active 2.3.4 End-Beam Options End T=B as U bars: If the end support top and bottom steel match (eg 2T16 top and 2T16 bottom) then at printing and exporting time these bars will be converted to UBars. They will remain as 2 separate bars on the screen to allow you to edit the bars separately.

Always Bob end bars: Anchor as L-Bars:

Always Bob end bars even if the support width does not require it for anchorage. If the bar anchorage length requires the bar to return into the beam as a U-Bar then insist that the bar continues down into the column.

MasterseriesGuide notes

11

Lift bot leg of U-Bar: Anchor L-Bars to D/2: Anchor L-Bars to Dcover:

Reduce the depth of U-Bars so their bottom leg lies above the main bottom steel. Curtail all L and bobbed bars to a minimum depth of D/2 Curtail all L and bobbed bars to a minimum depth of the far face minus the cover

Limit unstressed anchor to D- 2 covers

Dont try to give an unstressed top support bar a full anchorage. Limit it to to D- 2 covers vertically.

2.3.5 Real Slabs The concrete beam program can be made to design the beams using the slab rules by selecting As a Slab (no links) above. This will then apply the slab rules to the beam cross-section. As a more practical alternative select the Design as a Slab for 1000mm option.

This will use a slab section of 1000 mm

wide.

All moments and shears will be

proportioned to the values for section analysis width. pitch. Eg T12 @ 225 and not as an approximate pitch 6-T12 @ 166 on the pitch value.

Above: set to As Slab (no links set). Note the odd spacing. Still dealing with a physical number of bars in a beam width set in analysis.

Main bars are input and stored as a Bar pitch changed by using the mouse

Above: set to Design as a Slab for 1000mm.. Note: the exact spacing and design will be for 1000 mm wide section..

MasterseriesGuide notes

12

Laps, Cranks and Kicks

Crank Details:

Defines minimum beam and column bar crank dimensions in both mm and bar diameters. The larger of the 2 values will be used. The Min bar diameter is the minimum bar size that will be cranked (usually 16 mm). Bars below this diameter will not be cranked as they are assumed to be flexible.

Crank top middle: Crank bot middle:

Crank the top middle steel (nominal steel) if it is equal to or above the minimum diameter. Crank the bottom middle steel (main steel) if it is equal to or above the minimum diameter.

Crank bot support:

Crank the bottom support steel (nominal steel) if it is equal to or above the minimum diameter. At end supports the outside end of the mid-span steel will be cranked instead.

Laps:

Sets the minimum Lap length in mm and bar diameters. Having calculated the required lap length for a bar the program will then check it against these values and use the largest value. These can be set relative to the column face or any perpendicular beam 13

MasterseriesGuide notes

Top/Bot end gap: Kicker Height: Use Splice bar laps

face. Distance from end of mid span nominal top/bottom steel to support. Sets the height above the top of the beam for start of the bars. The beam concrete will be poured to this height to form a kicker for the column formwork. In columns where column dimensions are different for each lift then the program will use splice bars instead of cranked bars that project from the lower lift. If active this switch caused the program to always use splice bars.

Cranked Side Bars and labelling

Splice Bars

At supports the sidebars may be curtailed in one of 3 ways. You may also set the side bar diameter and the depth above which side bars are required. Bar labelling may be tailored to suit your own drawing style. In the UK users would normally only be concerned with how layered reinforcement is labelled. i.e. T1, T2 and B1, B2 or the T, TT and B, BB methods. This is only important if you will be using layered steel. High yield bars may have a T, Y or X prefix. Bar marks can have a prefix or suffix e.g. 4-T16-A03 or 4-T16-03A and the bar mark can be placed before the bar size e.g. 4-A03-T16.

MasterseriesGuide notes

14

Covers and Aggregate MasterKey Concrete allows you to assign different covers to the different structural elements in a frame. Namely Beams, Columns and Pad Foundations. Beams and Pads can have different covers to each face. In Beams you can have different Top and Bottom covers in the X-X and Z-Z planes. This can be used to prevent bar clashing in 3_D frames. The Additional cover at supports allows you to keep your main steel at full depth increase the cover in one direction.

2.4

Design and Grades This area is critical to the operation of the program. The design and grades tab defines the reinforcing steel strength and the concrete grades for beams, columns and pads. Numerous practical design options are also provided, giving the user complete control over the AutoDesign process.

General Fy and Fyv:

Fy: the yield strength of the main reinforcement in N/mm 2. Fyv: the yield strength of the shear reinforcement (links) in N/mm 2. The value of Fy and Fyv for main bars and shear links can be set to 250, 410, 425, 450, and 460 to cater for UK and non-UK design. MasterSeries Customisation allows you to add or remove grades from this list. From the MasterSeries fromt screen go Utilities > Customisation > Design codes. Values are seperated by semicolons. 15

MasterseriesGuide notes

High yield bar type: Beams Fcu: Maximum X/d ratio: Support Width:

d-1 : Deformed type 1 d-2 : Deformed type 2 (Std in the UK)

pln : plain fab : Fabric or Mesh

Characteristic strength of the concrete at 28 days in N/mm 2. When designing doubly reinforced beams by hand you visually choose the limiting X/d ratio from the design chart (0.3, 0.4, 0.5). The program needs you to choose this ratio, usually 0.5, and it will then reduce it accordingly if there is any moment re-distribution. When no supporting columns are present in the analysis model, such as continuous beams, then this value is used as the nominal support width at supports for curtailment of bars and links. Tip: Should you wish to use varying support widths on continuous knife edge beams then this is best done as follows: Create a single level multi-story frame with say 1 m high columns and Fixed bases. Set column widths to desired support widths. Release the upper end of each column using Release Ends in the Members menu. Do not use any compression steel in the design. This has the advantage of removing the limits on link size and diameter. Beam design is for major axis bending only. This is a set of switches to ignore all minor axis moments or only if below a certian value or ratio of the major moment. These moments are listed on the output and noted that they are ignored. Characteristic strength of the concrete at 28 days in N/mm 2 This is now better set in the Beam/Column Levels area as you can set different grades at different levels. The program uses BS 8110 equation 33 to calculate the K value for slender columns but allows you to conservatively set it to 1. Allowing you to set the minimum value provides a flexible degree of safety. The program needs to know whether the frame braced or un-braced in each axis. When the program encounters a fixed support the program needs to know whether to consider this as a Deep or Shallow beam end condition. There are two schools of thought on whether BS 8110 requires you to check the tension steel gap in columns. When selected this check is ignored. When selected the reinforcement on all 4 faces is identical. When deselected the reinforcement on all opposite faces is identical. In 2-D frames you need to tell the program what the "out of plane" YY restraint conditions are. Permit or omit the design of column supports as pads. You would turn this off if your frame was supported on piles.

Ignore As Comp: Minor Axis Moments Columns Fcu: Minimum K Value: X-X, Y-Y Braced: Fixed Bases as Deep Beams: Ignore Max Tension Steel Gap: Symmetrical Reinforcement: Plane frame YY Restraints: Pads Design Pads:

MasterseriesGuide notes

16

No up-lift: Ignore Shear:

Ignore srv moment Fcu: Mass Concrete SWP: Density: Style: Surcharge: Gk Service: Gk Service: Mue % AutoDesign

Size pads to prevent up-lift of the base. During AutoSizing only. Omit the horizontal shear force from the support reactions from the design of pad foundations. This reduces or omits applied bending on the pad. If you use this option you must be careful to remember to resist the horizontal forces by some other method. A typical example of this would be where the column leg is tied to the floor slab. If there are no Ultimate moments then ignore any service moments. This applies to frames with Nominally pinned steel columns to BS 59501:2000 Cl 5.1.3.3 Characteristic strength of the concrete at 28 days in N/mm 2. Design pads as mass concrete. Safe Working Pressure kN/m2 or the Un-Factored (Service) Bearing pressure used in sizing the pad. The program identifies a loading case as service case if all load factors are equal or less than 1.00. Density of the concrete in kN/m3. Style of reinforcement 1 Straight Bars. 2 Bobbed Bars. 3 Full height U-Bars. Surcharge to top of base kN/m2 applied to whole base. Partial safety factor on the Density and Surcharge in service load cases. Partial safety factor on the Density and Surcharge in ultimate load cases. Coefficent of friction between soil and concrete base as a percentage. 30% implies a mue of 0.30. The AutoDesign tab allows the user to set the minimum and maximum bar parameters for automatic design. With the adjacent AutoDesign parameters the minimum beam reinforcement will be 4 no. 16 mm diameter bars top and bottom with a minimum of 2 no. - 12 mm diameter link legs at a maximum longitudinal pitch of 250 mm. In Pad foundations you also set the default pad size and AutoDesign size increments. The AutoDesign reserve is a percentage increase in the applied moments and shears to allow for late changes in design or an increased factor of safety.

It should be noted that these settings will have no effect on the existing reinforcement but will be used if you select the current member AutoDesign or AutoDesign All Visible members buttons. An efficient way to use the AutoDesign settings is as follows. Set wide ranging values say 2-6 bars and 12-32 diameter bars. Perform an AutoDesign All. MasterseriesGuide notes 17

Assess the range of reinforcement used on the different spans. Set a narrower educated range of values say 4-4 bars and 16-25 diameter bars. Perform a second AutoDesign All. Assess the Reinforcement Re-assess the Support reinforcement doing an interactive re-distribution using the interactive redistribution spin buttons the bottom of the bar editing tab. Set your global re-distribution values. Perform a third AutoDesign All. Select the button to scan all members for design failures Manually fix any remaining reinforcement failures as described in section 8.5 Editing Main Beam Reinforcement . Beam/Column Levels In multi-storey frames a seventh tab is displayed in the Basic Data & Defaults area. Here you set two sets of values for each column level as follows: Top of beam Structural Level. In the analysis model all beams on a level are drawn through their centre lines. While this is OK for analysis it is not good enough for detailing. It would cause the column reinforcement to stop and start at different levels for the same node level. See left hand sub-frame opposite. at

To overcome this, the user should set the Top of Beams Structural Level for each node height. A typical level is the node height plus the depth of the deepest beam on that level. This will then detail the columns as shown in the right hand sub-frame above. Column Fcu below this level. This function allows you to define different concrete grades for the columns depending on the level of the column. In the above the top 2 lifts are 30 kN, the next 3 are 40 kN and the last 4 are 50 kN.

MasterseriesGuide notes

18

3.0

Developing Building Structural frame

3.1 The Members Menu The Members Menu provides options for editing member information including end releases, properties, orientation and loading. It also provides options for defining new member, re-defining existing members, deleting, packing, splitting and re-naming (renumbering) members. An option for placing plastic hinges (moment re-distribution) is also provided. A facility for grouping a number of members together to act as a single member (Super Member) is available. For semi-automatic placing of plastic hinges in steel structures, please refer to Multi-Bay Portal Frames.

(a) Member Properties, Orientation and Loading Defining member section properties, orientation, and applying member loads all use a common interface known as the member information area. The Member Information Editing Area Defining Member Materials and Sections Member Orientation Structural loading

In the Construction Snap Grid the grid is an irregular grid based on the Coordinates of existing nodes in the current plane (X and Y Coordinates for the XY plane) and the depth of the plane (the Z value for the XY plane). When a new member starts or ends at a point along an existing member you will be asked whether you wish to split the existing member to make connection or to leave the new member free at that point. When you define a member between two points with intermediate nodes, then the new member is automatically split to make connection to all intermediate nodes.

MasterseriesGuide notes

19

Activate On Click - Define Members This option semi-automates some of the block editing operations eliminating the need to use proceed after each operation. In this case, a new member will be positioned as soon as the Second node is entered. At the same time, the Start at Mem. is incremented by 1, and the focus moves automatically back to the First node (if the Polyline button is OFF otherwise the new First node is made equal to the last node on the polyline) ready for defining the next member in the series. Polyline - Define Members This option allows you to position a series of members as a polyline whereby each new member starts at the end of the previous member. (b) Define New Member The Define New Member option allows you to insert new members into the frame. There are three methods of input Existing Nodes, Regular Snap Grid and Construction Snap Grid. The Snap Grid methods introduce new nodes as required. Snap Grids can work in the XY, YZ or XZ planes. The Define New Member option allows you to insert new members into the frame. There are three methods of input Existing Nodes, Regular Snap Grid and Construction Snap Grid. The Snap Grid methods introduce new nodes as required. In the Regular Snap Grid You define the grid spacing in the current plane (X and Y spacing for the XY plane) and the depth of the plane (the Z value for the XY plane). In the Construction Snap Grid the grid is an irregular grid based on the Coordinates of existing nodes in the current plane (X and Y Coordinates for the XY plane) and the depth of the plane (the Z value for the XY plane). When a new member starts or ends at a point along an existing member you will be asked whether you wish to split the existing member to make connection or to leave the new member free at that point. When you define a member between two points with intermediate nodes, then the new member is automatically split to make connection to all intermediate nodes.

Activate On Click - Define Members MasterseriesGuide notes 20

This option semi-automates some of the block editing operations eliminating the need to use proceed after each operation. In this case, a new member will be positioned as soon as the Second node is entered. At the same time, the Start at Mem. is incremented by 1, and the focus moves automatically back to the First node (if the Polyline button is OFF otherwise the new First node is made equal to the last node on the polyline) ready for defining the next member in the series. Polyline - Define Members This option allows you to position a series of members as a polyline whereby each new member starts at the end of the previous member.

MasterseriesGuide notes

21

Redefine Ends for an existing member The Redefine Member option allows you to redefine end nodes for existing members. You can redefine a member between existing frame nodes or the nodes of a snap grid. In the latter case new nodes are automatically added to the frame. There are three methods of input Existing Nodes, Regular Snap Grid and Construction Snap Grid. The Snap Grid methods introduce new nodes as required. Snap Grids can work in the XY, YZ or XZ planes. In the Regular Snap Grid You define the grid spacing in the current plane (X and Y spacing for the XY plane) and the depth of the plane (the Z value for the XY plane). In the Construction Snap Grid the grid is an irregular grid based on the Coordinates of existing nodes in the current plane (X and Y Coordinates for the XY plane) and the depth of the plane (the Z value for the XY plane). When a new member starts or ends at a point along an existing member, you will be asked whether you wish to split the existing member to make connection or to leave the new member free at that point. When you define a member between two points with intermediate nodes, then the new member is automatically split to make connection to all intermediate nodes. Activate On Click - Redefine Member This option semi-automates some of the block editing operations eliminating the need to use proceed after each operation. In this case, the member is re-positioned as soon as the Second node is entered and the focus moves automatically back to the Redefine mem (if the Polyline button is OFF). Otherwise the Redefine mem is incremented by 1, and the new First node is made equal to the last node on the polyline) ready for re-defining the next member. Polyline - Redefine Member This option allows you to position a series of members as a polyline whereby each new member starts at the end of the previous member. (c) Delete Members MasterseriesGuide notes 22

The Delete Nodes option allows you to delete a number of selected nodes and all members connecting to them. The remaining nodes and members in the frame are renumbered automatically.

(d)

Merge Two Members

Merges two members that are arranged in a straight line, i.e. delete the connecting node and redefine as one member.

MasterseriesGuide notes

23

(e)

Split Members Split Member (Insert a node) The Split Members option allows you to split selected members introducing new node(s) and new member(s). You define the distance in m unit (the length of the first portion in each member) or the Ratio of the length of the first portion to that of the original member. You can also specify the number of equal segments to split the member into.

(d)

Split Two members @ Intersection

The split two members at intersection function enables you to simply select two members to insert a node and connect the members at the intersection point. The intersection point must have similar X,Y and Z co-ordinates with a certain tolerance.

(e)

Rename Member (Renumber)

The Rename Members allows you to renumber members in any sequence. To use the rename option effectively we suggest using the Activate on Click Option. With Activate on Click Option ON, the New Member No is automatically incremented by 1 to allow you to click on the next Member to rename.

MasterseriesGuide notes

24

3.2 The Nodes Menu

The Nodes Menu provides options for editing nodal co-ordinates, copying, inserting, merging, deleting and re-naming (re-numbering) nodes. It also provides options for rotating the frame, or its parts. A number of the functions in the nodes menu are also avialble in the Quick Menu. It is recommended that you have firstly studied section 3.3.2 of this manual.

(a) Edit Co-ordinates(List) The Nodal Co-ordinates List enables you to edit the nodal co-ordinates X,Y and Z, add or insert new nodes, delete existing nodes and move (shift) nodes. In the adjacent form, with the shift selected, clicking the OK button will move node 4 from 6,3.5 to 3,7.5. If the Shift key is in the up position, then the text box to right of it is not used and the OK button in deactivated. To change an existing nodal co-ordinate simply position the cursor in the appropriate position in the nodal co-ordinate list and over type the existing values. Add. This button will add a new node to end of the current node list with a default XYZ coordinate of 0,0,0. This can then be edited as described above. Del. To delete a node position the cursor at any point on the line of the node you wish to remove. Click the Del button. The node will be deleted along with any members that where attached to it. Ins. Adds a new node in the position of the list above the currently selected node, hence incrementing all the existing node numbers below this point by 1.

MasterseriesGuide notes

25

Change XYZ (Block of Nodes) The Change XYZ option enables you to change the X, Y or Z Co-ordinates for a number of selected nodes to a specified value. In the above example the Y Co-ordinates of nodes 1 to 13 will be set to 5.77 m.

Reset Origin : All XYZ Positive The Make All XYZ Positive option automatically shifts the whole frame so that all X, Y and Z Co-ordinates are made positive. This automatically done at analysis time, however it may occasionally be necessary during the editing process. (b) Copy and Shift The Copy and Shift option repositions selected existing nodes, offsetting them from the Master Node. In the above example Node 4 will be repositioned 2 m to the right and 2 m above node 2 (the master node), Node 5 will be repositioned 4 m to the right and 4 m above node 2 and so on.

MasterseriesGuide notes

26

Shift XYZ The Shift XYZ option adds the specified values in Shift X, Shift Y and Shift Z to the X, Y and Z Co-ordinates respectively for the selected nodes. Enter existing node numbers in the Move Node (n1) and To Node AND (n2) input. This has the effect of shifting the selected nodes by an amount equal to difference in the X, Y and Z co-ordinates of n1 and n2, i.e. (n2-n1). This is most useful when you wish to move the selected node set by moving a node in the set (n1) to another node in the structure (n2). This movement is in addition to the Shift X, Y and Z amounts entered.

(c)Multiply XYZ (Re-scale) The Multiply XYZ option is a scaling function that multiplies the selected nodes by the scale factors.

(d) Delete Nodes Delete Nodes The Delete Nodes option enables you to delete a number of selected nodes and all members connected to them. The remaining nodes and members in the frame are renumbered automatically.

(e) Pack (Delete unused nodes) The Pack nodes option automatically deletes nodes that are not connected to any member, merges duplicate nodes (nodes with the same X,Y and Z Co-ordinates) and deletes duplicate members, for example, members connecting the same two nodes.

MasterseriesGuide notes

27

(f) Position on Straight Line The Position on Straight Line option repositions selected existing nodes, onto a straight line defined by the Start Node and End Node. If no start and end nodes are defined then the highest and lowest nodes in the nodes to position selection will be used. (e.g. 1 and 13)

(g)Position on Circle

The Position Nodes on Circle option enables you to place a set of selected nodes on a complete or part circle defined by its radius, centre, start and increment angles. The Circle can be in XY, XZ or YZ planes.

(h) Position on Arch The Position Nodes on Arch option enables you to place a set of selected nodes on an in or out-of-plane arch defined by two nodes and an offset (camber). If no start and end nodes are defined, then the highest and lowest nodes in the nodes to position selection will be used. ( e.g. 1 and 16 ). Redefine Global Axis (New X Axis) The New Global X-Axis provides you with a special method for rotating the frame, or part of it. You can select the line for the new X axis and then rotate the frame about the new X axis by the specified angle.

MasterseriesGuide notes

28

(i) Add Nodes on Straight The Add Nodes on a Straight Line option enables you to insert a number of nodes and space them equally on any straight line drawn from a selected node (Master Node). The Master Node is the node at which the new nodes will be inserted and its Co-ordinates are used as the origin for the new set of nodes. Split (Insert a node on a straight) This function enables you to add nodes to the frame, at any point between two other nodes. If no distance or ratio is specified the node will be placed mid-way between the original two nodes chosen. The distance or ratio refers to the distance from the first node to the new node along the length of the line between the two nodes.

MasterseriesGuide notes

29

3.3.

PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING A STRUCTURAL FRAME

Masterseries design program provides you with the opportunity to generate the model your building/ structural frame in the program in order to be analyzed and designed in a 3D model as a full structural frame. Before attempting the development of your structural frame, you should be able to; (i) (ii) Understand properly the architectural drawing, Understanding the supporting mechanisms, gridlines (if any), position of columns and beams, position of the lift shaft and stair case.

(iii) Translate and visualize the drawings into the real structural frame with all the structural mechanisms. Having understood the drawing you should be able to; (iv) Establish the position and number of gridlines on the floor plan of the architectural drawing of the building in both directions ( x and z directions), (v) Establish the span distance of the grid lines (center to center) The following are the step by step procedures for developing a model of a building structure using 3D-modelling 1. The Frames Menu: gives you access to MasterFrame: Space, Grillage and Plane Frame Analysis (Integrated Design and Drafting). Go to frame menu and choose Analysis Design Drafting. Define the file name by creating a new file and then choose plane frame option on the Frame generation menu box appear on your screen. The below floor layout shall appear.

MasterseriesGuide notes

30

2. At the floor layout menu do the following in order to translate the drawing into floor layout model. (i) Define the number of grids on the x and z axis of your drawing as you have established above as well as their span legth and default span (if they are egually spaced). (ii) Define the legth of each span (if different from default span) (iii) It is recommended that you change the grid spacing of x-axis into 1:1 mode (iv) Choose the type section and material for the building (v) As an option you can reverse the direction of labelling the gridlines. (vi) After each action in this menu click proceed in order to effect and see the change you have made therein. (vii) Please after all the above steps you must check whether you have defined accurately the grid lines etc before exit the command otherwise you cant go back and re-do. 3. After exit the floor layout menu use the member and node menus to customise the floor plan and fit it exactly to your drawing. Delete members (beams) and nodes which are not in the drawing, add members at the places where you could define the grid lines etc. 4. Define the member (beam) section properties (default section is 400x400mm) at mamber menu.

MasterseriesGuide notes

31

5. Using Multi-storey menu, you can add/delete column/beams at nodes/offset, move colums, define shear wall etc. (i) Click add column runs at node to open the Column Runs menu, (ii) define the type of section and material for column member and also their end conditions (fixed/pinned). (iii) Define the height of the column to the first floor (if from ground floor/basement) (iii) Add/delete column at nodes by highlighting nodes or touching each node where you want to position columns 6. Use the Multi storey menu to add other floors by clicking Add Floor menu in order to genarate a multi storey frame. (i) define the shift height and number of repeats(floors to be added) (ii) Turn the frame into fron view and select nodes from bottom of the columns to the top. (in this case select nodes of top level only if you are adding floors step wise (iii) click proceed to genarate the levels 7. Use Multi storey menu to set frame views automatically by clicking Set frame views (automatic) 8. Use Multi storey menu to insert loads to the frame by clicking area loading defaults menu. (i) Generate the levels numbers and heights automatically by clicking the icon (ii) Turn on area loading by clicking the icon (iii) Enter the defaults loads and slab thickness,

MasterseriesGuide notes

32

(iv) proceed into the other sub-menus by entering the relevant data according to your design and follow the procedures for area load generation as explained in section 4 below. (v) Check the loads on the frame on this icon

9. Perform the analysis by clicking on the analyse icon and view the analysis results by clicking the output icon 10. Perform the design by clicking the Design icon. 11. Respond to the Basic data and Defaults Menu by (i) Going through all sub menus axnd customise various design parameters to suite your design; (ii) Save the changes you have made in this menu and click ok to proceed with the design until the program stop to design. 12. Click the members to view the design and you can edit the provisions of the design

13. Use this menu to auto design member, to view the calculations, edit reinforcement, adjust the links, redistribute moments, and check the members with failure etc.

14.Use the Export menu to export the RC details to the Autocad program in the DXF file format. Note Drawings that will be exported are those on the current view. 15. Use Powerpad menu to export the calculations for the current member or for the whole structure to a printer, or PDF file or into a word document file.

MasterseriesGuide notes

33

Select the members which you want to print the output calculations

MasterseriesGuide notes

34

4.0

Using 3D Model Manager

The 3D Model Manager is an umbrella program, dramatically enhancing the capabilities of MasterFrame, MasterPort and MasterKey Steel Design. It provides you with additional advanced modelling tools together with even more sophistication and speed for the integrated design of your structure. The MasterSeries 3D Model Manager gives you the ability to very quickly set up any frame to receive area gravity, wind or snow loading, using the most intelligent and easy to use method available. This manual has been carefully designed to make you aware of the additional tools the 3D model manager provides and also explain in great detail the operation of these. The current main features of the 3D Model Manager are, Advanced 3D frame generation utilities (Multi-Storey menu) Gravity area loading one-way or two-way spanning General Patch loading General panel line loads Wind loads normal to any surface Grid Lines Integrated Composite Beam design Automatic Steel design by member design groups 4.1 The 3D Model Menu To use the tools of the 3D Model Manager you must firstly generate a 3D structural model in the normal fashion using either MasterFrame for general frames or MasterPort for 3D portal frames. In MasterFrame the 3D Model Manager provides a collection of advanced tools for generating 3D structures more easily (Multi-Storey menu). The tools of the 3D Model Manager can be found in the Edit> 3D Model menu of either of these programs. For the purposes of clarity in this manual, from this point on we will assume only to be using the 3D Model Manager from the more general MasterFrame.

MasterseriesGuide notes

35

4.2

The Multi Storey Menu

The multi-storey menu contains a collection of tools, which assist in the generation of any 3D structure, however there are several functions that become more beneficial in multi-story type frames. One of the main purposes of this menu is to collect all the tools needed for the generation of multi-storey structure and place then in an order that provides an approximate guide to the recommended steps in generating a multi-storey structure. For many multistorey frames this menu can be entirely sufficient for the complete generation of a structural model. Hence many items found in the Mutli-Storey menu are also available in other menus. Also many of the tools are exclusive to this menu specifically for multi-storey frame generation purposes. All these tools can be used in conjunction with the standard MasterFrame facilites. The methodology of the menu in relation to the generation of an example multi-storey structure is as follows. 1.New Floor Plan (Replace Frame). This option will allow the generation of rectilinear arrangement of beams, i.e. a floor plate. The beams can also be referenced with grid lines. 2.Even though your beam arrangement is not rectangular it is recommend to use this option to produce a skeleton, then delete the unnecessary elements. An example of this is shown below.

MasterseriesGuide notes

36

When starting a new file the Floor Plan generator is available from the frame wizard options, therefore avoiding the need to initially use this option from the menu. An initial section property type for the beams can be chosen here, avoiding the need to assign section sizes in the standard MasterFrame area. The next four options in the menu can then be used to achieve the desired arrangement. The order in which the Add Columns, Add Beams, Move Columns and Delete Members options are used in is not important. 1. Here we may decide to Add some Beams as the next step. These are shown highlighted.

2.

Next we might use the Delete Members option

3.

Going back to Add Beams

4.

Using Delete Members and Move Columns

Tip! In this example the points at the ends of the radial beams could also be located using the general MasterFrame Nodes> Position Nodes on a Circle command. 5. Finally we Add Beams using the snap grid approach

MasterseriesGuide notes

37

6.

Having achieved the beam arrangement we may Add/Delete Column Runs. A column can be placed at any location where there is a node point. By firstly adding all the beams in this case we have obtained nodes at all points where we have columns. If this is not the case it is necessary to add the node at the column location using standard MasterFrame methods.

First select the column section type (and grade if appropriate). Then enter the beta angle (orientation), columns height and base support condition. A column is added with the specified data by click on the node point. A set of nodes can also be windowed for multiple selections. You can also remove a column by clicking on the node. 7. Super members can now be automatically generated by detected beams spanning between columns and supporting beams. A Super member has the effect of gluing two or more member together, forming one structural member. This is necessary for the design processes and most convenient for the management of the model. Super members can be automatically generated from the Add/Delete Columns area, however this can also be done from the specific Super Member option in the menu, which has the advantage of providing more graphical super member information. Always generate as Analysis Super Members. In this example some super member have already been generated. This is because in the Add Beams function the option to Keep as Super member was checked for any members that where split in the process of adding members. Many of these super members are incorrect therefore it is recommended to delete these before attempting to automatically generate all the super members. To automatically generate the super members, firstly enter the maximum beam span in the structure. This MasterseriesGuide notes 38

prevents long beam runs, which do not span between columns, being defined as super members. Then click on the lightening bolt button to generate all super members in the current view. The additional two icons (pressed down) indicate that this process is being carried out for all beams in the east-west and northsouth direction.

8.

Stiff Deck End Releases (Simple Construction). This option allows you to automatically and/or manually apply pinned ends and diaphragm floor action (stiff deck) to members. When using the automatic application method it will apply to all members is the current view. After entering this option from the Multi-Storey menu the option are automatically configured for pinned ends in the major axis with stiff-deck. To automatically apply these simply click on Proceed. The blue highlighting represents stiff-deck, while the symbols drawn at the ends of the beam represent pinned ends. In the automatic method an end release is applied to the ends of all members / super members in the current view. Any unwanted end releases can be removed by clicking on the individual release on that member. Such would be the case for cantilever members.

9.

Area Loading. The application or gravity area loading, line loading and patch loading is recommended at this stage. This topic is discussed in detail in section 14.3, 14.5 and 14.6 of this manual.

MasterseriesGuide notes

39

10. Add Floor. This function will copy a floor or part off to create further levels in the structure. In doing so all columns and bracing, area loading, line loading and patch loading are also copied between levels. Therefore it is most convenient to carry out as much common work as possible on the first floor before using the Add Floor facility. To use this function simply select the nodes on the floor, enter the level height and the number of additional levels required. Click on ShowNewFrame and then Proceed to activate the change. 11. Column Splices. This area allows you to consider columns splice locations by specify which columns on a column run will be the same section size. This is done by defining Drafting Super Members. A drafting super member allows independent design checks to be added to the individual members, however the sections size of all parts of the drafting super members are made the same in the MasterKey Steel Design program. Also during any automatic design in the most critical member in the drafting super member is selected and determines the section size for all other parts of the drafting super member. When the Column Splices option is selected from the menu the program automatically turns on the vertical member filter and places the structure in front elevation. At this point the entire column lifts in whole structure that are the same section can be windowed as shown. This produces individual drafting super members from each of the straight runs of members included in the selection. Drafting super members can be individually edited and amended in the same way as other super members. 12. Grid Lines. If the structure has originated from the Floor Plate generator as illustrated in step 1, then gird line referencing may already be in place. Any existing gird lines can be redefined, renamed or deleted, while new grid lines can be added. Specific levels can also be names in this area, which has a major influence on the application of the default area loading intensities 13. Set Frame Views (Automatic). By simply selecting this option from the menu the program will generate plan views of all levels and section views on all gird lines. These are then accessible from the frame view drop list on the top tool bar. Frame views are the most convenient means of navigating your way around a large 3D Structure.

MasterseriesGuide notes

40

4.3

Area Loading Defaults

The area loading defaults allows you to define the blanket default dead and live gravity loading applied to each floor and roof of the structure. The program can also automatically calculate a slab self weight based (dead load) on the slab thickness and density. T Use Area Loading This option must be turned on to activate all loading applied to the structure using the 3D Model Manager

Level applied to Roof Plan 1st level down from roof 2nd level down from roof

Live Load kN/m2 1.5 5 5

Dead Load kN/m2 5.25 5 4

Slab Dead kN/m2 0.2 x 24 = 4.8 0.2 x 24 = 4.8 0.2 x 24 = 4.8

Load

The list of default gravity dead and live loads are inserted as shown in the above example. The gravity loads for each level are separated by semi-colons and start from the roof plan down through the various levels of the structure. 4.4 Local Area Loading Values When setting up the panel load distribution groups the user has the opportunity to enter values of dead and live loading. These values can either Replace the load intensities defined in the default area or Add to them, depending on which of the above options are selected. To exit the Area Loading Defaults click on the X button on the top right of the dialog box. 14.4 Working with Member Groups Many of the 3D model manager functions operate by defining groups of members to which information is applied. This will become obvious in the following sections of this manual. The methods for defining and managing these member groups are common for many areas.

Drop list of all member groups. You can use this to move from one group to another. The item in the drop list is the current group. MasterseriesGuide notes 41

You may type a title for the group in the text box of the drop list. Spin button to move up and down through the list of member groups. Apply To mode. When this button is pressed down the Apply To mode is turned ON. While you are in Apply To mode any member you click on in the structure geometry area will be added to the current member group. You can also add a range of members to a group by clicking and dragging a cross window around them. Members can be removed from a group by clicking on the member again. Search mode. When this button is pressed down the Search mode is turned ON. When you click on a member while in search mode the member group to which the member is assigned (if any) will become the current group. Add a new member group. The new group will be blank of all members and information until specified by the user. Clear all members from the current member group. The group itself and the information it holds will remain. Clear all members from all member groups of this type Delete the current member group. Delete all member groups of this type Exit the 3D Model Manager tools Also at the bottom on the screen there are further tools that assist in the editing of member area loading groups. Copy the current member group information to clipboard Paste the member group information from the clipboard to the current group

(a)

Gravity Area Loading

The Gravity Area Loading tool is accessed from the 3D-Model menu and is used to define which members in the structure receive gravity area loading and also the load distribution characteristics associated with each member. Members that receive gravity area loading are assigned to member area loading groups. In each group the user defines a single set of information, which applies to all members in that group. In each group the user can basically define; 1. If the member receives area loading from the panel to the upper side of the member 2. If the member receives area loading from the panel to the lower side of the member 3. The load distribution characteristics i.e. one way or two way spanning, of the area loaded panel to the upper side of the member 4. The load distribution characteristics i.e. one way or two way spanning, of the area loaded panel to the lower side of the member Shortcut icons are provided at the top right of the screen for quick access to the various gravity loading tools. Definition of Bracing Members (See below) MasterseriesGuide notes 42

Automatic Generation of Gravity Area Loading. See section 14.6 Defining general Member Area Loading Groups Alternate loading. See section 14.9 Line Loading. See section 14.7 Patch Area Loading. See section 14.8 Mixed Construction. See section 14.14.3 Area loading Defaults. See section 14.3 (b) Bracing members

When you access the member area loading a specialist area loading group titled Bracing Members has been added automatically. You should assign the members to this group that do not interfere with load distribution in a panel, i.e do not receive gravity area loading. In most situations this will be the vertical and horizontal bracing, as shown in the example below. Vertical members are automatically ignored in gravity area loading calculations. To add members to any area loading group simply click on the individual members or cross window a series of members to select them in the structural geometry area. (c) Setting up an Area Loading Group

After defining the bracing members the user should click on to add a new general area loading group. You should give the group a name to which you can easily identify by typing in the drop list text box of area loading groups. Current Area Loading Group. You can edit the group title by typing in this drop list text box. Clicking on turns ON the application of area loading to the upper side of the members in this group. You can then set the load distribution characteristics of the panel to the upper side of the member. Replacement or Additional loads to the default loading on the panel to the upper side of the member. Load distribution characteristics of the panel to the lower side of the member. MasterseriesGuide notes 43

Replacement or Additional loads to the default loading on the panel to the lower side of the member. Value of line load on all members in the current group Move forward and back through the list of Area Loading Groups. Members to which the information in this group applies. While Apply to mode is ON you can add members to this group by clicking on them or cross windowing to select them. Automatic selection of members and selection filtering tools

The Slab Depth entry is used in the integrated composite beam design (see section 14.11) and in the MasterFrame Flat Slab program. The application of area loading is activated for the upper side and lower side of the members in the group independently using the and ON/OFF switches. The upper and lower side of the member is determined by the node numbering as shown below, where n1 is the lower node number and n2 is the higher node number.

When the area loading is turned on (button is pressed down) a further set of icons appear that allow you to define how the loads from the panels are being distributed onto the members in the group. The distribution methods are a follows. One Way spanning. The 3D Model Manager will identify the panel dimensions and distribute the appropriate magnitude of load to the member. Two Way spanning. The 3D Model Manager will identify the panel dimensions and distribute the appropriate magnitude and profile of load to the member. Define a linear projection (m) of loaded area normal to the member. This is most useful in perimeter members where the loaded area extends beyond the centre line of the member For some more complex panels the automatic calculation of area loading distributed to the member is not possible. In these instances you may use the user defined trapezoidal load distribution by defining 4 projections normal to the member (start of member, 1st intermediate point, 2nd intermediate point and end) and two distances along the member to locate the 1st and 2nd intermediate projections. An example of this is shown below.

MasterseriesGuide notes

44

We shall take the previous example we considered for the bracing members and apply one way spanning area loading to one of the bays. To set up a new one way spanning group, 1. Click on 2. Click on the to add a new general area loading group button to define a new area loading group

3. Give the group a title North-South Spanning by typing in the group drop list 4. Click on the and buttons (white background) to activate area loading to both the upper and lower side of the member. 5. Click on the one way spanning button and lower side. (yellow background) for both the upper

6. Ensure that the group is in Apply To mode, i.e. the button is pressed down, then click on the members which have one way spanning load coming onto them from both the upper and lower panels. The member numbers will be added to white window as shown below. Note that although the edge beams are in the this group of one way spanning on both sides of the member, no area loading is calculated for the free edge since the program has not detected a panel to one side of the edge beam members 7. To visualise the colours on the area loading click on the button

MasterseriesGuide notes

45

We can follow the same procedure for setting up a two way spanning load distribution. Again using the same example if we where to make the middle bay two way spanning it would require three Area Loading Groups as listed below, Middle bay 1- Two way Spanning to the upper side and no area loading to the lower side, applied to members 8, 9 and 10

Middle bay 1

MasterseriesGuide notes

46

Middle bay 2 Two way spanning to both sides, applied to member 30, 33, 36 and 39.

Middle bay 2 Middle bay 3 Two way spanning to the lower side and no area loading to the upper side, applied to members 15, 16 and 17.

Middle bay 3

Show all groups

Finally to complete this example we shall illustrate the procedure for applying one way spanning area loading to the third bay, but this time with the direction of span orthogonal to the first bay. This would require members 15, 16 and 17 to have one way spanning to their upper side and members 22, 23 and 24 to have one way spanning to their lower side. At first thought you might think to create a further two area loading groups with these specifications, however this would be incorrect. Since member 15, 16 and 17 are already assigned to an existing group Middle bay 3 they cannot belong to any other group. This is one of the fundamental rules of area loading. To achieve one way spanning to the upper side of these members we must modify the group Middle bay3 as shown below. Then we only need to add one further group Third bay 1 to include members 22, 23 and 24 with one way spanning to the lower side.

MasterseriesGuide notes

47

Third bay 1 Hint: In a multi-storey structure members from different levels can be assigned to the same area loading group. The button at the bottom of the member area loading screen will automatically add members to the current group that have the same position in plan as the existing members in the group, therefore copying the area loading of the current group to other levels of the structure. 4.5.0 The Basic Rules of Member Area Loading 1. Non area loaded members such as horizontal and vertical bracing should be assigned to the Bracing Members group 2. Gravity area loading can be applied to any non-vertical panel. The load is applied vertically and is calculated for the horizontally projected area (plan area) of the panel. 3. A member can only be assigned to one member area load group. If you add a member to a group (say G1) that is already assigned to another group (G2) then the member will be removed from G2 and added to G1. 4. Only a member which receives area loading should be assigned to an area load group 5. A panel must have three or four straight sides. A straight side of a panel can be made up of any number of individual elements. 6. A panel must be a closed panel, i.e. no open sided U shaped panels. 7. All gravity area loads are assigned to the D1 (dead) and L1 (live) load groups by default unless other wise specified in the Alternate Loading Groups section. (a) Using the Automatic Selection Tools

Of course the above example (although useful for getting to grips with area loading) is perhaps over complicated for practical situations. If the area loading on the above example were simple one way spanning in the west-east direction on the whole floor, then the application of area loading would be very simple. In fact it might only require a single area load group with one way spanning to the upper and lower side.

MasterseriesGuide notes

48

Taking the example we have been using (removing all existing area load groups, leaving only the bracing members group), we may add such a group. By individually clicking on each member in the North-South direction they are added to the group, therefore creating WestEast spanning area loading. A more convenient alternative to selecting individual members may be to use the automatic selection tools. The automatic selection works along with the selection filter options. For example in this case, 1. Click on the north-south member selection filter button 2. Click on the automatic selection button to add all north-south members in the current view to the current area loading group. The selection filter buttons are described below.

Selection filter for East and South face edge beams. This is useful if you wish add an area load projection to the lower side of these members. Selection filter for West and North face edge beams. Again an area load projection can be added to the upper side of these members. Selection filter for all internal beams. Useful for two way spanning area loads. Selection filter for North-South direction beams. Produces one way spanning in the east west direction. Selection filter for West-East direction beams. Produces one way spanning in the north-south direction. Selection filter for vertical members (columns) Automatically add to the current area load group the member types of the active selection filters. Hint: You can use more than one type of selection filter simultaneously. The definition of north-south and east-west members is shown in the diagram below.

MasterseriesGuide notes

49

(a)

Area Loading Display Tools

There are several ways in which area loading can be displayed. While you are viewing an area loading group the controls at the bottom of the screen allow you to, ON - View the area load in multi-colour shading. The area loads being distributed to a single member are shown in the same colour. OFF The load distribution lines are shown in grey with no coloured shading. ON Show all the area load groups simultaneously. OFF Only show the area load distribution diagram of the current group ON View the area loading per coloured coded intensity. The option must also be turned on. A coloured load intensity key is also displayed. This is most useful when used along with the Show All groups option. There are also several display tools on the top tool bar, which can be used at any stage inside MasterFrame. The area load display options on the top tool bar are not activated until this button is set to ON (pressed down) Display all gravity member area loading Draw the member area loading in shaded colour ON View the area loading per coloured coded intensity. The option must also be turned on. A coloured load intensity key is also displayed. This is most useful when used along with the Show All groups option.

MasterseriesGuide notes

50

(b)

Using the Edit Panel Option

The edit panel option can be used to quickly make changes to a single selected panel. Changes can be made to the panel span characteristics, slab depth, as well as the dead and live loading. This is a most convenient way to either increase or reduce the area loading intensity in a localised area.

To use the edit panel, 1. Click on the button, which is found in the Member Area Loading Groups. 2. Click inside a panel in the bottom right quadrant to select it. The members surrounding the panel will be highlighted in red and any existing area loading will be displayed. 3. Using the buttons you can alter or apply the area loading as northsouth, east-west or two way spanning. 4. The button can be used to clear any existing area load from the panel, creating a void. Four text boxes also appear on each side of the yellow rectangle, which facilitate the projection of the slab from the centre line of the beam to the edge of an opening.

MasterseriesGuide notes

51

5. To change the slab depth, dead or live loading, simply enter the values. The loading entered will either be additional to the default or will replace the default depending on the option selected in the Area loading Defaults (see section14.3) While in edit panel mode the gravity area loading will only be displayed for the currently selected panel. All characterises from one panel can be copied to other panels using the button, which is a Copy To mode. Once this button is turned on the current information is copied each panel selected as in step 2 above. The Copy to operate on a panel-by-panel basis. It is is important that when the copying is complete that the Copy To mode is turned off by clicking on the button again. To exit the edit panel mode click on the Member Area Loading Groups. (c) Automatic Generation of Area Loading button to return to the

For some structures the methods already discussed concerning the application of gravity area loading can be automated. The Automatic Generation of Area Loading option will set up the member area loading groups for the entire structure, applying area loading as one way spanning (North-South), one way spanning (West-East), or two way spanning. The automatic generation tools also allow you to very quickly define a line load and area projection on the North, South, East or West facing perimeters. To access the Automatic Generation of Area Loading select 3D Model> Gravity Loading, then click on the icon at the top right of the screen.

Clicking on this button will perform the automatic area loading generation based on the information provided in the following options and inputs Option to make all automatic area loading generation two way spanning

MasterseriesGuide notes

52

Option to make all automatic area loading generation one way spanning in the northsouth direction Option to make all automatic area loading generation one way spanning in the direction west-east (Grey box) Line load value (kN/m) on the area perimeter. Specified for each orientation of face (Yellow box) Area projection (m) normal to the perimeter members. Copy the north face line load and projection to the east, south and west faces Delete all Area Loading Group Close the automatic area loading generation and return to the editing of member area loading groups The procedure for using the Automatic Generation of Area Loading is as follows. 1. From the 3D-Model menu select the Automatic Generation of Area Loading 2. The Bracing Members group is active, therefore add all non vertical members which do not influence the distribution of load to this group. 3. Select the appropriate load distribution method 4. Define any line load 5. Click on or projection on each perimeter orientation.

to generate the various member area loading groups

6. If you wish to reset this generation and choose different options click on the button, repeat step 2 and 3, then click on the button again. button inside the 7. To exit the Automatic Generation of Area Loading click on the actual yellow frame.

The user can then make modifications if necessary, since the assumptions made by the automatic generation of area loading may not be correct for every single structure. The automatic generation creates 5 member area loading groups as follows. Group 002 Internal members. For two way spanning this is all internal members with two way spanning area loading on the upper and lower side of the member. For north-south spanning the group includes all east-west direction internal members with one way spanning to the upper and lower sides. For west-east spanning the group includes all north-south direction internal members with one way spanning to the upper and lower sides. Group 003 North face members. These are east-west direction members that do not have a closing panel to their upper side. Group 004 South face members. These are east-west direction members that do not have a closing panel to their lower side. Group 005 West face members. These are north-south direction members that do not have a closing panel to their upper side.

MasterseriesGuide notes

53

Group 006 East face members. These are north-south direction members that do not have a closing panel to their lower side. The default area load intensity is applied in these groups. Note: If you perform automatic area loading generation where there are existing member area loading groups, these existing groups will not be disturbed. Hint: You can also access the automatic generation of area loading via the button which appears at the bottom right of the screen in the member area loading groups. Hint: Any members you individually select while in the Automatic Area Loading generation are add/removed from the Bracing Member group. (d) Line Loads

The 3D Model Manager also enables the application of general gravity line loads to a panel in which gravity area loading has been applied. A general line load can be applied to a panel or over a range of panels and its location is simply measured relative to a member, which acts as a datum. The line load will be distributed according to the span characteristics of the panel, i.e. one way or two way spanning. Each definition of line load is stored in a line load member group. The information held by the group relates to the position and dimensions of the line load relative to a member and also the magnitude of dead and live loading in kN/m. To access the 3D Model Manager Line Loads, select 3D Model> Gravity Loading, then click the icon at the top right of the screen. The line load groups are managed in exactly the same way as the member area loading groups in terms of adding members to the group, adding groups, clearing groups and deleting groups. This is described in the previous section Working with Member Area Loading Groups.

As the example below shows, the line load may project onto panels beyond the member from which the line load is dimensioned. A line load group may also contain more than one member, whereby a single line load with the specified dimensions and magnitude is applied relative to each member in the group.

MasterseriesGuide notes

54

Hint: In a line load group if all the dimensions are zero then the line load is applied over the full length of the member. Also when both distances of the line load perpendicular to the member are zero, the line load is applied on the actual member and not on the area loaded panel. The display buttons groups. have the same meaning here as in the member area loading

The line loads may be displayed at any stage inside MasterFrame by pressing down the button in conjunction with the button, which are found on the top tool bar. (e) Patch Loads

The 3D Model Manager also enables the application of general gravity patch loads to an area in which gravity area loading has been applied. A general patch load can be applied to a panel or over a range of panels and its location is simply measured relative to a member, which acts as a datum. The distribution of the patch load to the members is controlled by the panel area loading distribution characteristics, as with the line loads. To access the 3D Model Manager Patch Loading, select 3D Model> Gravity Loading, then click the icon at the top right of the screen. The 3D Model Manager Patch Loads are controlled in exactly the same way as the line loads, with each definition of patch load held in the patch load member group. The patch load groups are managed in exactly the same way as the member area loading groups, as described in the previous section Working with Member Area Loading Groups. The patch load must be recto-linear in shape and also orthogonal to the orientation of the member from which it is measured. The patch load magnitude is specified in the Dead and Live text boxes in kN/m2 units. The value of loading entered here is always additional to the loading defined in the member area loading section. MasterseriesGuide notes 55

A patch load group may also contain more than one member, whereby a single patch load with the specified dimensions and magnitude is applied relative to each member in the group as the example above shows. Note: Patch loads are not designed to act as whole panel loads, and therefore should not be used to apply an area load to a whole panel or over a number of panel which define a larger area. The display buttons groups. have the same meaning here as in the member area loading

The line loads may be displayed at any stage inside MasterFrame by pressing down the button in conjunction with the button, which are found on the top tool bar.

MasterseriesGuide notes

56

(f)

Alternating Load Groups

The loads calculated by the 3D Model Manager are applied to the structure in exactly the same format as standard MasterFrame member loading. Therefore the 3D Model Manager loads must also belong to a load group. The distinction is made between dead and live loads in the member area loads, line loads and patch loads when specifying their values. In many instances, it is necessary not only to distinguish between dead and live loading but also between various types in each category. MasterFrame enables you to do this using a set of labels as shown below. Dead Live D0 L0 D1 L1 D2 L2 D3 L3 D4 L4 D5 L5 D6 L6 D7 L7 D8 L8 D9 L9

The reason for defining loads in this way is discussed in detail in the following section of this manual. The following loading cases should then be set up to generate the patterned loading. Loading Case 01 02 03 (g) Loading Case Title All Spans Loaded Alternate Spans Loaded I Alternate Spans Loaded II Loading Cases Menu can be used to view the Loading Combination 1.4 D1 + 1.6 L1 + 1.4 D2 + 1.6 L2 + 1.0 UT 1.4 D1 + 1.6 L1 + 1.0 D2 + 0.0 L2 + 1.0 UT 1.0 D1 + 0.0 L1 + 1.4 D2 + 1.6 L2 + 1.0 UT

When the load cases are generated the Frame load diagram patterned loading arrangements.

MasterseriesGuide notes

57

5.0

Roof Trusses

a) Fink Truss This option generates an eight panel fink truss for the input span and height automatically calculating the internal coordinates to ensure perpendicular members to the top chord. Internal members may be pinned or fixed. Tip! If you require a fink truss with a smaller number in internal panel then simply allow this frame wizard to generate the eight internal panels, then delete the member that are not needed using the MasterFrame editing tools.

b) N and V Lattice These frame wizards generate variable height N, V and Vierendeel lattice trusses. Internal members may be pinned or fixed. A camber may be included, panel sizes can be automatically calculated and the truss may be made into a triangular space truss. Options are also available to generate plane frame X and V towers. c) Space Roof Truss

This option generates a traditional large span space truss consisting of upper and lower boom square/rectangular grids connected by internal diagonals.

MasterseriesGuide notes

58