Bai Giang DBCL

1
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

Bi ging

M BO CHT LNG V
LUT THC PHM

GING VIN: PHAN TH THANH HIN

NHA TRANG, 2011

2
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Thy sn- D n ci thin cht lng xut khu thy sn (SEAQIP),
2003, m bo cht lng sn phm thy sn, Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
2. B Thy sn- D n ci thin cht lng xut khu thy sn (SEAQIP),
2004, C ti Cht lng v cc bin i v cht lng, Nh xut bn Nng
nghip.
3. B Thy sn - D n ci thin cht lng xut khu thy sn (SEAQIP),
2004, Hng dn qun l hot ng kim nghim ti c s ch bin thy sn,
Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
4. D n ci thin cht lng xut khu thy sn (SEAQIP), 2005, Cng
ngh ch bin thy sn v an ton thc phm.
5. ng Vn Hp, GVC Minh Phng, TS. V Ngc Bi, ThS Nguyn
Thun Anh, 2006, Qun l cht lng thu sn, Nh xut bn Nng nghip
6. H Duyn T. 2004. Qun l cht lng Thc phm H Bch khoa H
ni.
7. Nguyn c Hng. 2004. S tay kim ngim vi sinh thc phm thy sn.
SIAQIP. Vit nam
8. Nguyn c Lng. 2002. V sinh an ton thc phm. i hc Quc gia.
9. Quy chun k thut, tiu chun, quy nh, ch th ca c quan chc nng
10. Hus.H. 1994. Asuran of seafood quality. FAO Fisheries Technical.
11. Safety and quality isues in fish processin Edited by H. Allan Bremner.

3
M BO CHT LNG V LUT THC PHM

C QUAN BAN HNH LUT, CH TH, THNG T

Cn c Hin php, Quc Hi s ban hnh Lut, Ngh quyt.
Cn c Hin php, Lut, Ngh quyt ca QH: UB Thng v QH s ban hnh Php lnh,
Ngh quyt.
Cn c Hin php, Lut, Ngh quyt (QH), Php lnh, Ngh quyt
(UBTVQH): Ch tch nc ban hnh Lnh, Quyt nh.
Cn c Hin php, Lut, Ngh quyt (QH), Php lnh, Ngh quyt (UBTVQH), Lnh, Quyt
nh (CTN): Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh quyt, Ngh nh
nh (CTN), Ngh quyt, Ngh nh (CP): Th tng chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh, Ch
th.
nh (CTN), Ngh quyt, Ngh nh CP), Quyt nh, Ch th (TTCP): B trng, Th
trng ngang B, Th trng c quan thuc Chnh ph ban hnh: Quyt nh, Ch th,
Thng t

VN BN LUT LIN QUAN N ATTP:

Cc qui nh mi Cc qui nh c a ch tm kim
1. Quy chun k thut quc
gia: C s sn xut kinh doanh
thc phm thu sn - iu kin
chung m bo v sinh an ton
thc phm
K hiu: QCVN 02 -
01:2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 130: 1998 C
s Ch bin Thu sn -
iu kin chung m bo
VSATTP
http://www.omard.g
ov.vn
http://www.moh.gov
.vn
http://tcvn.gov.vn
http://www.nafiqad.go
v.vn
http://www.vasep.gov.
vn

gia: C s sn xut kinh doanh
thc phm thu sn - Chng
trnh m bo cht lng v an
ton thc phm theo nguyn tc
HACCP
K hiu: QCVN 02 - 02:
2009/BNNPTNT

- 28 TCN 129: 1998 C
s Ch bin Thu sn
Chng trnh qun l
cht lng v an ton
thc phm theo HACCP.
nt
gia: C s ch bin thu sn n
- 28 TCN 137: 1999 nt
4
lin - iu kin m bo v
sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
C s ch bin thu sn
n lin - iu kin m
bo VSATTP
gia: C s sn xut hp thu
sn - iu kin m bo v sinh
an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
nt
gia: C s ch bin thu sn
kh - iu kin m bo v
sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 139: 2000
C s ch bin thu sn
kh - iu kin m bo
VSATTP
nt
gia: C s sn xut nc mm -
iu kin m bo v sinh an
ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 175: 2002 C
s sn xut nc mm -
iu kin m bo
VSATTP
nt
gia: C s sn xut nhuyn th
hai mnh v - iu kin m
bo v sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 136: 1999
C s sn xut nhuyn
th hai mnh v - iu
kin m bo VSATTP
nt
gia: C s sn xut nc
thu sn - iu kin m bo
v sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 174: 2002 C
s sn xut nc thu
sn - iu kin m bo
VSATTP
nt
gia: Kho lnh thu sn - iu
kin m bo v sinh an ton

nt
5
thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
gia: C s thu mua thu sn -
iu kin m bo v sinh an
ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT

- 28 TCN 164: 2000
C s thu mua thu sn
- iu kin m bo
VSATTP
nt
Quy chun k thut quc gia:
Ch c - iu kin m bo v
sinh an ton thc phm
K hiu: QCVN 02-11:
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 165: 2000
Ch c - iu kin m
bo VSATTP
nt
gia: Cng c - iu kin m
bo v sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT
- 28 TCN 163: 2000
Cng c - iu kin m
bo VSATTP
nt
gia: Tu c - iu kin m bo
v sinh an ton thc phm
2009/BNNPTNT.
- 28 TCN 135: 1999
Tu c - iu kin m
bo VSATTP
nt
13. Quy chun k thut v cht
lng nc n ung
K hiu: QCVN 01:2009/BYT

TCVN 1329/2002/BYT -
Tiu chun v sinh nc
n ung.

http://www.moh.go
v.vn
.......

Cc qui nh mi
Cc qui nh c
a ch tm kim
1. Lut an ton thc phm nm 2010
(LUT S: 55/2010/QH12)

Php lnh v v sinh an
ton thc phm ban hnh
ngy 26/07/2003
http://www.omard.
gov.vn
http://tcvn.gov.vn
http://www.nafiqad
6
.gov.vn
http://www.vasep.g
ov.vn

Qut nh 11/200/Q- Qu
ch kim tra cng nhn c s sn
xut,
kinh doanh th sn iu kin m
bo sinh an ton thc phm
Quyt nh 649/2000/Q-
BTS v vic kim tra, cng
nhn c s sn xut, kinh
doanh thy sn t tiu
chun m bo v sinh an
ton thc phm.

Qut nh 11/200/Q- ca
ng nghip Pht trin nng thn
ic ban hnh Qu ch kim tra
chng nhn cht lng, sinh an ton
thc phm hng ha th sn.
Quyt nh 60/2000/Q-
BTS 04/0/2000 ca B
trng B Thy v Quy ch
Kim tra v Chng nhn
Nh nc v cht lng
hng ha thy sn

.....

Vn bn v qun l cht lng nng sn

TT Tn vn bn
1
Quy trnh thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt cho ch bp ti an ton ti Vit
Nam (VietGap) ban hnh theo Quyt nh 1121/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy
14/4/2008.
2
Quy trnh thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt cho rau, qu ti an ton ti Vit
Nam (VietGap) ban hnh theo Quyt nh 379/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy
28/01/2008.
3
Quy ch chng nhn quy trnh thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt (VietGap)
cho rau, qu v ch an ton ban hnh theo Quyt nh 4/200/Q-BNN ngy
28/8/2008.
4
Quy nh qun l sn xut, kinh doanh rau, qu v ch an ton ban hnh theo
Quyt nh 99/200/Q-BNN ngy 15/10/2008.
5
Quy trnh thc hnh chn nui tt cho chn nui ln an ton ban hnh theo
Quyt nh 106/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 15/5/2009.
6
Quy trnh thc hnh chn nui tt cho chn nui gia cm an ton ban hnh theo
Quyt nh 104/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 15/5/2009.
7
Quy ch chng nhn c s thc hin quy trnh thc hnh chn nui tt
(VietGap) cho b sa, ln, gia cm v ong ban hnh theo Quyt nh
121/200/Q-BNN ngy 17/12/2008.
7
8
Cc vn bn lin quan n thu ph l ph trong qun l Cht lng th y, thy
sn, bo v thc vt.
9
Quyt nh ca B trng B ti chnh s 0/200/Q-BTC ngy 20/01/2005
v quy nh ch thu, np v qun l, s dng ph, l ph trong cng tc th y.
10
Quyt nh s 20/2006/Q-BTC ngy 31/03/2006 v vic sa i Quyt nh
ca B trng B ti chnh s 0/200/Q-BTC ngy 20/01/200 v quy nh
ch thu, np v qun l, s dng ph, l ph trong cng tc th y.
11
Thng t s 110/2003/TT-BTC quy nh ch thu, np v qun l s dng
ph, l ph bo v, kim dch thc vt v qun l thuc bo v thc vt.
12
Vn bn hng dn s 32/HD-TT-CLT ngy 2/3/2009 ca Cc Trng trt
hng dn thc hin Quyt nh s 99/200/Q-BNN ngy 1/10/200 ca B
NN&PTNT v sn xut, kinh doanh rau, qu v ch an ton.

TT Tn vn bn
1
Lut thy sn, s 17/2003/QH ngy 26/11/2003
2
Lut cht lng sn phm, hang ha ngy 21/11/2007.
3
Ngh nh 132/200/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca lut
Cht lng hang ha
4
LUT AN TON THC PHM NM 2010 (LUT S: 55/2010/QH12) thay
cho (Php lnh v v sinh an ton thc phm ban hnh ngy 26/07/2003)
5
Ngh nh 163/2004/N-CP ngy 7/9/2004 v vic quy nh chi tit thi hnh
mt s iu ca Php lnh v sinh an ton thc phm.
6
Ngh nh 9/200/N-CPP ngy 04//200 ca Chnh ph v iu kin sn
xut, kinh doanh mt s ngnh ngh thy sn.
7
Ngh nh 79/200/N-CP ngy 18/7/2008 quy nh h thng t chc qun l ,
thanh tra, kim nghim v v sinh an ton thc phm.
8
Quyt nh 0/2006/Q-TTg ngy 7/3/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph v ban
hnh Danh mc sn phm hang ha phi kim tra cht lng.
9
Thng t lin tch 24/200/TTLT BYT-BTS ngy 04/1/2006 ca B Y t, b
Thy sn v vic hng dn, phn cng phi hp qun l nh nc v VSAT
thy sn .
10
Thng t lin tch 24/200/TTLT BYT-BNN ngy 04/1/2006 ca B Y t, b
nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn hng dn phn cng phi hp thc hin
chc nng qun l nh nc v VSATTP.
8
11
Thng t lin tch s 61/200/TTLT-BNN-BNV hng dn chc nng nhim
v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca C quan chuyn mn thuc y ban nhn
dn cp tnh, cp huyn v nhim v qun l nh nc ca y ban nhn dn cp
tnh, cp huyn v nhim v qun l nh nc ca y ban nhn dn cp x v
Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn.
12
Quyt nh 117/Q-BNN ngy 11/12/200 ban hnh quy ch kim tra v cng
nhn c s sn xut kinh doanh thy sn iu kin m bo VSATTP.

Thng t 6/2009/TT-BNNPTNT ngy 07/9/2009 ca B trng B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn quy nh v kim tra gim st v sinh ATTP
thy sn trc khi a ra th trng.

Quyt nh 11/Q-BNN ngy 31/12/2008 ban hnh quy ch kim tra v
chng nhn cht lng, VSATTP hang ha thy sn.

Quyt nh 130/Q-BNN ngy 31/12/200 ban hnh quy ch kim sot d
lng cc cht c hi trong ng vt v sn phm ng vt thy sn nui.

Quyt nh 131/Q-BNN ngy 31/12/2008 ban hnh quy ch kim sot v sinh
an ton trong thu hoch nhuyn th 2 mnh v.

t s trang ebsite tm kim thng tin:
http://luatvietnam.vn
http://vfa.gov.vn/ (Cc an ton v sinh thc phm)
http://www.omard.gov.vn
http://www.moh.gov.vn
http://tcvn.gov.vn
http://www.nafiqad.gov.vn
http://www.vasep.gov.vn

9
BI 1:
MT S KHI NIM

1. KHI NIM THC PHM
Thc phm l sn phm dng rn hoc dng lng dng n, ung vi mc ch
dinh dng v th hiu ngoi nhng sn phm dng vi mc ch cha bnh.
Sn phm thy sn l mt trong nhng ngun thc phm c bn quan trng ca loi
ngi, ngy cng c a chung khp ni, bi nhng u im vn c ca chng l:
hm lng dinh dng cao, d tiu ha, hm lng cholesterol khng ng k v cha
cc hot cht sinh hc c tc dng chng mt s bnh cho con ngi.

2. CC TNH CHT C TRNG CA THC PHM
2.1. Cht lng sn phm ni chung
Cht lng l mt thuc tnh c bn quan trng ca sn phm, l s tng hp v
kinh t, k thut v x hi. Cht lng ca sn phm c hnh thnh ngay t khu
thit k, xy dng phng n sn phm n sn xut.

2.2. Cc thuc tnh ca thc phm
L nhng thuc tnh c bn: vt l, ha hc, ha l, sinh hc, ha sinh. Bn cnh
l thuc tnh cm quan, bao b, hnh thc. Tp hp cc thuc tnh trn y nhm
tha mn nhu cu cho trc ca ngi s dng, c gi l th hiu hay thi quen
ca ngi tiu dng. Cc thuc tnh tc ng trc tip n th hiu l: hnh thc, mu
sc, mi v, trng thi ca sn phm. Ty theo mc ch s dng m tp hp cc thuc
tnh trn y bin i ph hp nhm to gi tr cao cho sn phm (sn phm n lin hay
sn phm cn phi nu chn; sn phm ginh cho ngi gi hay tr em ).

3. H THNG CHT LNG (Quality System)
L tt c yu t tc ng n cht lng trong 1 phm vi nht nh:

Kt lun: Cht lng sn phm l kt qu ca 1 hot ng ca h thng v vy qun
l cht lng phi qun l theo h thng ngha l trong sn xut khng coi nh yu t
no.

4. QUN L CHT LNG (Quality Management)
L tp hp ca nhng hot ng ca chc nng qun l bao gm xc nh chnh
sch cht lng quy nh r mc ch cht lng v cc bin php thc hin mc
tiu .
9. CHT LNG CA SN PHM L G?

Cht lng sn phm
Mi trng Con ngi
Khch hng
QTSX
Nh xng
My mc, thit b

Nguyn liu
10
L tp hp cc c tnh ca sn phm to cho sn phm kh nng tha mn nhng
nhu cu c th hoc tim n ca ngi tiu dng.
Tim n l nhng ci khng cm nhn bng gic quan con ngi.

10. CC BN LIN QUAN N CHT LNG
- Ngi tiu dng : Yu cu cht lng cao nht nhng vi gi r nht.
- Nh sn xut: p ng yu cu cht lng nhng phi c li nhun.
- Nh nc: Qui nh mc cht lng ti thiu phi t v gim st vic thc hin cht
lng.

11. NHM CH TIU CHT LNG THC PHM
- An ton thc phm (Food Safety FS): Thc phm phi khng gy hi cho ngi s
dng do c ch bin v n ng cch.
- Tnh kh dng (holessoness H): S ph hp v cht lng p ng ng yu
cu ngi tiu dng.
Sn phm thc phm c coi l tt khi m bo: An ton, b dng, hp dn. B
dng v hp dn l tnh kh dng.
- Tnh gian di kinh t (Economic Fraud): l sai st do v tnh hoc c gy thit hi
v kinh t cho ngi tiu dng.
V d : Ghi nhn sai, cn thiu khi lng, phn c v hng khng ng

5. M BO CHT LNG (Quality Assurance)
L ton b hot ng c k hoch c k hoch c h thng v c tin hnh c
chng minh l mc cn thit tin tng rng sn phm tha mn y yu cu
cht lng ra.
c ch ca qun l cht lng l m bo cht lng 2 hot ng qun l cht
lng v m bo cht lng mang tnh chin lc ca cng ty.

6. KIM SOT CHT LNG (Quality Control)
L nhng hot ng nhng k thut mang tnh tc nghip nhm t c yu cu
v cht lng.
Tc nghip: C th, thng xuyn.

7. KIM TRA CHT LNG (Quality Inspection).
L hot ng phn tch o m cc ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm.
V d: kim nghim cm quan, kim nghim ha hc, vi sinh vt.

8. NH GI CHT LNG (Quality Audit)
L hot ng c lp v h thng c tin hnh nhm xc nh xem cc hot ng
m bo cht lng c c thc thi ng vi nhng yu cu t ra hay khng.
nh gi cht lng c: Lut l quy nh cn c lut l quy nh vit ra chng
trnh qun l cht lng cho doanh nghip, sau a vo sn xut (m bo cht
lng).

11
BI 2:
CC PHNG PHP M BO CHT LNG
THC PHM

1. PHNH PHP TRUYN THNG
Ly mu i din cui cng kim tra.
- u im: n gin, chi ph d phng v kim tra thp do ly mu t, t chc ly
mu n gin.
- Nhc im: Chi ph sai hng nhiu khi rt cao, tnh an ton v sinh thc phm
thp.
Chi ph sai hng l chi ph b ra ti ch, hy b sn phm.
An ton v sinh thc phm thp v d: khi kim tra s hin din ca vi sinh vt (vsv)
gy bnh trong mt l hng vi s ln ly mu (n = 5), khng c mu no c vsv.
Nhng thc t ly n = 60, sau kim tra ton b l hng cn tn ti 30% s sn phm
trong l hng c vsv gy bnh.

2. GMP (Qui phm sn xut)
L nhng qui nh, nhng hot ng cn tun th trong sn xut t c
yu cu v cht lng v v sinh thc phm.
Nguyn liu Cc cng on ch bin Thnh phm
Kim sot QC QC QC

Tuy nhin, y khng phi l tiu chun c tnh quc t nh ISO m ty iu kin
c th, mi quc gia u c tiu chun GP ring ca mnh. Hin nay, mt s nc
pht trin xem y l tiu chun bt buc trong sn xut v thc phm, y t v
thit b y t. t s nc ch khuyn co xem y l tiu chun cn thc hin. Tuy
nhin, c th gia nhp AFTA cc n v sn xut Vit Nam buc phi t tiu
chun GP.
- u im:
+ Kim sot c tt c yu t lin quan n cht lng thc phm trong qu trnh sn
xut t nguyn liu, thao tc cng nhn, v sinh mi trng Do m bo cht
lng thc phm tt hn sn phm khc.
+ Chi ph sai hng thp.
+ Gip nh sn xut phn ng kp thi hn i vi nhng vn lin quan n cht
lng trong sn xut.
- Nhc im:
Chi ph phng nga cao hn so vi phng php truyn thng v phi o to i
ng QC tt, nh xng, thit b phi tt, h thng qun l cht lng i hi cao hn,
phc tp hn.

Vo nm 1991, p dng qun l sn xut trong cc ngnh lin quan n y t
nh: sn xut thit b v y t, thc phm v dc phm.
Phng php ny c nguyn tc: m bo kim sot iu kin v qu trnh sn
xut t nhng tiu chun v an ton v sinh. Hai iu kin c quy nh ch yu
l iu kin v nh xng v iu kin v con ngi.
12
3. QUN L CHT LNG THEO 5S
3.1. Khi nim v 5S
5S l phng php qun l cht lng ca ngi Nht Bn, xut pht bi ch ci
ca t ting Nht nh sau:
SEIRI : SNG LC
SEITON : SP XP
SEISO : SCH S
SEIKETSU: SN SC
SHITSUKE: SN SNG
5S c p dng trong t chc, qun l sn xut nhiu lnh vc khc nhau v
mang li hiu qu thit thc: tit kim thi gian hao ph v ch, nng cao nng sut v
cht lng lao ng.

3.2. Ni dung ca 5 S
SEIRI: SNG LC
Hy pht hin nhng th khng cn thit v vt n ra khi ni lm vic, hin
trng sn xut.
Chng xu hng ca con ngi mun gi mi th cho nhng trng hp d phng.
Chng ta xem xt quyt nh ci g cn thit gi li, ri mnh dn loi ra
nhng th khng cn thit hoc t s dng ti. Ch gi nhng loi cng c, phng tin
ti thiu h tr cho cng vic theo tng ngy mt. Tin hnh dn nhn (Red
tagging) vo nhng dng c thit b v vt liu cn thit gi li.
Phn loi dng c, thit b v vt liu theo mc cn thit.
- Khng bao gi ng ti Nerver
- Thnh thong Occationally
- Thng xuyn Often
- Lun lun s dng Always
Trn c s tin hnh sng lc loi b nhng dng c, thit b vt liu khng cn
thit.

SEITON: SP XP
i thit b, dng c u c tn v c v tr nht nh, mi v tr u c tn gi v
c chc nng ca n ta hy sp xp ng ch, ngn np thun tin cho tt c mi th
th s rt d tm thy chng khi cn thit.
Khi sp xp nn s dng nhng phng tin trc quan mt cch r rng nh nhn
dn, mu sc, hnh v mi ngi d nhn bit. Hy to mt ni lm vic mt cch
c t chc. To mt h thng kho cha d nhn, d ly nhng th chng ta cn. Gim
thiu thi gian tm kim,loi b nhng hnh ng tha gy lng ph thi gian.

SEISO: SCH S
Lun gi gn v sinh sch s ti ni lm vic bt c lc no v trit tiu cc ngun
gy nhim bn, mt v sinh: Ting n, kh c, khi thi, du my, bi bm, rc thi
Tt c mi ngi trong cng ty u c thc v tham gia gi gn v sinh.
Cn lu rng khng phi ch khi c khch n thm quan hoc c on kim tra
mi lm v sinh. S sch s gi to rt d nhn bit. nn dnh pht u gi v pht
cui gi lm vic cho vic dn v sinh ti ni lm vic.
Cng vic gi v sinh l vic lm t nhin v t gic ca mi thnh vin trong t
chc. Tuy nhin, s kim tra v nhc nh ca lnh o l rt cn thit. Cn ch n
phng tin, cng c v sinh sao cho y v thch hp.

13
SEIKETSU: SN SC
Duy tr thng xuyn nhng vic lm v ci tin lin tc t c hiu qu
cao hn l iu rt quan trng v cn thit.
Xc lp mt h thng kim sot trc quan nh: Dn nhn (labeling) hoc nh du
bng mu sc. To mt mi trng d dng duy tr vic sng lc (S1), sp xp (S2)
v sch s (S3).

SHITSUKE: SN SNG
Gio dc mi ngi thc v nghim tc thc hin cc nguyn tc chm sc ni
lm vic mt cch t gic. Hy bin mi vic lm tt p tr thnh thi quen, nim yt
kt qu nh gi S ti ni lm vic khuyn khch vic tt v rt kinh nghim vic
cha tt
Kim tra nh k vi nhng nguyn tc xc lp. Xy dng v nh hnh mt nn
vn ha cng ty: Ngn np, sch s, lun sn sng.
Li ch khi thc hin S
Khi p phng php S s mang li cho doanh nghip nhng li ch sau:
- Tng nng sut.
- Nng cao cht lng sn phm, dch v.
- H gi thnh.
- An ton hn.
- Thu ht v to s tin cy i vi khch hng.
- Vn ha cng ty ngy cng phong ph hn.
- Xy dng mi trng lm vic tt p.

4. QUN L CHT LNG TNG TH: TQM
TQ vit theo ting Anh (Total Quality Management), v mt bn cht y l tng
th cc hot ng c th c c s khoa hc v tnh h thng, p dng cho h thng
qun l tng hp do ngi Nht a ra vi s h tr k thut tch cc ca in ton v
tnh k lut cao ca ngi thc hin. TQ khng ch bao gm ni dung qun l sn
xut Cc ni dung ny c tc dng qua li v c iu phi nhm t phng n
ti u trong sn xut kinh doanh.

Chu trnh Shewhart ( Nht quen gi l chu trnh Deming) hay cn gi l chu
trnh PDCA

5. HACCP (Hazard Analysic and Critical Control Points) Phn tch mi nguy v
im kim sot ti hn.
HACCP l h thng m bo cht lng mang tnh phng nga thng qua vic phn
tch mi nguy an ton thc phm v tp trung kim sot ti cc im km sot ti hn.
(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) c U ban tiu chun ho thc
phm CODEX - chp nhn.
Do
Check
Plan
Action Thc hin: Tm s liu
tr li cu hi trn qui
m nh
Kim tra: nh gi
kt qu
Lp k hoch: Cn thay i
khu no? Phi lm g?
Hnh ng:
Rt c iu g
hnh ng.
14
N l s tip cn c tnh khoa hc, hp l v c tnh h thng cho s nhn bit, xc
nh v kim sot mi nguy hi trong ch to, gia cng, sn xut, chun b v s dng
thc phm m bo rng thc phm l an ton khi tiu dng.
C th p dng cho cc Doanh nghip trong lnh vc thc phm v ung.

5.1. Li ch ca vic thc hin HACCP.
- p ng c yu cu v qun l cht lng ca nc nhp khu.
- Gip nh sn xut phn ng kp thi hn vi nhng vn lin quan n an
ton/cht lng thy sn.
- Tng cng nim tin ca ngi tiu th sn phm.
- L cng c ti u kim sot an ton thy sn, tit kim chi ph cho x hi.
- Chi ph thp, hiu qu cao (bi chi ph phng nga bao gi cng thp hn chi ph
sa cha).

5.2. Yu cu ca th trng
- Khuyn co ca y ban thc phm CODEX.
- Yu cu bt buc ca EU (ch th 94/36).
- Yu cu bt buc ca (21CFR 123).
- Yu cu ca CANADA, AUTRALIA.
- Yu cu tha c ca GATT.
- Nht bn khuyn khch p dng.

5.3. Chi ph cho cht lng
5.3.1.Chi ph cho cht lng (Prevention cost):
Chi ph mi hot ng nhm iu tra, ngn nga hoc gim bt cc khuyt tt sai
hng.
VD: chi ph cho o to cng nhn, nng cao tay ngh, mua thit b my mc mi,
ci to nh xng, quy trnh cng ngh mi.
5.3.2. Chi ph nh gi (Appraisal cost):
Chi ph nh gi nhng vn lin quan n cht lng.
5.3.3. Chi ph sai hng (Failure cost):
Chi ph ny sinh do sn phm khng t c mc cht lng nh.
Chi ph lm li sn phm, hy sn phm, chuyn sn xut sn phm sang dng khc.
5.4. Tng quan gia mc cht lng v cc chi ph cht lng theo
m hinh PAF.

TNG QUAN GIA C CHT
LNG V CC CHI PH CHT
LNG THEO HNH PAF
Mc cht lng
c cht lng tng ng vi chi
ph cht lng ti thiu
M
c

c
h
i

p
h

c
h
t

l
n
g
/

n

v
n

p
h
m

Tng chi
ph cht
lng
15
th c tnh cht tng i: ngha l ta phi tm trn th mt im ti u va c
mc cht lng theo yu cu khch hng m va hiu qu.

6. ISO 9000
H thng m bo cht lng xuyn sut t thit k, sn xut, lp t, dch
v c tiu chun ha trit .
B Tiu chun ISO 9000 quy t kinh nghim ca Quc t trong lnh vc qun l v
m bo cht lng trn c s phn tch cc quan h gia ngi mua v ngi cung
cp (nh sn xut). y chnh l phng tin hiu qu gip cc nh sn xut t xy
dng v p dng h thng bo m cht lng c s mnh, ng thi cng l cng l
phng tin bn mua c th cn c vo tin hnh kim tra ngi sn xut, kim
tra s n nh ca sn xut v cht lng trc khi k hp ng. ISO 9000 a ra cc
chun mc cho mt h thng cht lng v c th p dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
sn xut, kinh doanh v dch v. ISO 9000 Hng dn cc t chc cng nh cc doanh
nghip xy dng mt m hnh qun l thch hp v vn bn ho cc yu t ca h
thng cht lng theo m hnh chn.
B tiu chun ISO 9000:2000 bao gm nhiu tiu chun. Trong tiu chun chnh
ISO 9001: H thng qun l cht lng, cc yu cu, nu ra cc yu cu i vi h
thng qun l cht lng m doanh nghip cn phi p ng. Ngoi ra cn cc tiu
chun h tr v Hng dn thc hin, bao gm:
+ ISO 9000: thut ng v nh ngha.
+ ISO 9004: Hng dn ci tin hiu qu.
+ ISO 1901: Hng dn nh gi h thng qun l.
B tiu chun ISO 9000 c bn v hin ti c cc tiu chun lin quan nh sau:
+ ISO 9000:2005 - H thng qun l cht lng (C s thut ng v nh
ngha).
+ ISO 9001:2008 - H thng qun l cht lng (Cc yu cu).
+ ISO 9004:2008 - H thng qun l cht lng (Cc yu cu ci tin h thng
qun l cht lng)
+ ISO 19011:2002 - Hng dn nh gi h thng qun l cht lng v mi
trng.
Nc ta chp nhn b tiu chun ny qua tiu chun TCVN 200.
T nm 1996 theo quy c ca t chc tiu chun ha quc t (ISO), cc nc chp
nhn b tiu chun ISO 9000 v thm tn gi ca tiu chun nc p dng.
Do TCVN 200 khng cn na m thay vo l b tiu chun TCVN ISO 9000.
16
ISO 9001:2008 l g?
ISO l vit tt tn ca t chc Quc t v tiu chun ha (International Organization
For Standardization).
ISO 9001:200 l tiu chun v h thng qun l cht lng nm trong b tiu
chun ISO 9000 do t chc ISO ban hnh vo ngy 1/11/200 (gi tt l phin bn
nm 200).

Thc cht y l b tiu chun m t h thng BCL ch khng phi l tiu
chun v cht lng sn phm.
ngha ca ISO 9000:
Giy thng hnh xuyn sut lc a v p ng yu cu ca khch hng nc
ngoi vt do cn thng mi.
em li nim tin cho khch hng.
Nng cao uy tn doanh nghip trn th trng trong nc v quc t.
Tng li nhun nh s dng hp l cc ngun lc v tit kim chi ph.
Ci tin vic kim sot cc qu trnh ch yu nng cao cht lng sn phm.
Thc y n np lm vic .
Gip lnh o qun l c hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip (c s).
Vic t c chng nhn s gip cho doanh nghip tit kim tin bc v thi
gian v cht lng ca doanh nghip.
17
Vi mt s sn phm nhng th trng nht nh, vic chng nhn theo ISO
9000 l mt yu cu bt buc.
p dng ISO 9000 gip cho doanh nghip ci tin cng tc qun l ph hp,
khc phc nhng khc bit v tiu chun, phong cch lm n gia cc quc gia,
trnh c nhng kim tra, th nghim lp li v gim c chi ph trong
thng mi.
MT S BI HC KINH NGHIM:
ng c p dng ISO 9000 l cha ng
Cha xc nh c vai tr ch o ca lnh o
Ng nhn v trnh cng ngh
Hiu sai v vai tr ca chuyn gia t vn
Ly nguyn 1 HTQLCL ca mt doanh nghip khc p dng cho doanh nghip
mnh
Coi ngun ti chnh l u vo duy nht xy dng HTQCL theo ISO
Ng nhn v chng ch ISO

B QUYT P DNG ISO 9000:
O TO
o to ISO 9000
o to nh gi ni b cho chnh cc nhn vin nghip v
QUN L
Lnh o cn kin quyt
Qun l cht ch cc giai on
XY DNG H THNG
Khng dp khun
Khng chp nhn h thng sp t sn
Khng p t h thng
Lu rng i vi doanh nghip Thy sn mun p dng ISO trc tin phi p
dng h thng qun l GP, HACCP sau mi p dng ISO, bi ISO i hi trnh
qun l cao nu p dng cha tt GP, HACCP m trin khai ngay ISO chc chn
s tht bi.

7. ISO 14000
B tiu chun ISO 14000 do T chc Tiu chun ho Quc t ( ISO ) ban hnh bao
trm nhng vn ln v mi trng nh: qun l mi trng, nh gi mi trng,
nh gi chu trnh sn phm, dn nhn mi trng, hot ng mi trng v cc vn
khc. tr thnh c s c chng nhn t tiu chun ISO 14000, c s phi thit
lp bng vn bn mt h thng qun l mi trng, thc hin v duy tr n mt cch
hiu qu theo yu cu ca tiu chun.
B tiu chun quc t v h thng qun l mi trng da trn:
18
+ Cc thng l qun l tt c tha nhn v qun l mi trng trn phm vi
quc t.
+ Cc thnh tu ca khoa hc qun l.
c ban hnh bi t chc tiu chun ho quc t - ISO l t chc tp hp ca
cc c quan tiu chun quc gia.
C th p dng cho mi loi hnh Doanh nghip, mi lnh vc, mi quy m.

7.1. Ti sao chn ISO 14000
p lc t th trng:
o Khch hng ca Doanh nghip yu cu.
o C quan qun l nh nc v mi trng yu cu.
o Cng ng dn c xung quanh.
o Ci thin hiu qu kinh t ca hot ng mi trng to v duy tr li th cnh
tranh.
o Xu th hi nhp quc t.
p lc t ch s hu, c ng:
o un m bo u t ca h c duy tr sch v mi trng,
o Ci thin hnh nh ca Doanh nghip i vi khch hng v cc bn quan tm.
p lc t nhn vin:
o C c mi trng lm vic an ton.
o m bo tng lai sc kho v gia nh

7.2. Li ch t ISO 14000:
V mt th trng:
o Nng cao uy tn v hnh nh ca Doanh nghip vi khch hng,
o Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh nh nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong hot ng mi
trng,
o Pht trin bn vng nh p ng cc yu cu ca c quan qun l mi trng v
cng ng xung quanh.
V mt kinh t:
o Gim thiu mc s dng ti nguyn v nguyn liu u vo.
o Gim thiu mc s dng nng lng.
o Nng cao hiu sut cc qu trnh sn xut v cung cp dch v,
o Gim thiu lng rc thi to ra v chi ph x l.
o Ti s dng cc ngun lc/ti nguyn.
o Trnh cc khon tin pht v vi phm yu cu php lut v mi trng,
o Gim thiu chi ph ng thu mi trng.
o Hiu qu s dng nhn lc cao hn nh sc kho c m bo trong mi trng
lm vic an ton.
o Gim thiu cc chi ph v phc li nhn vin lin quan n cc bnh ngh nghip.
o Gim thiu tn tht kinh t khi c ri ro v hoc tai nn xy ra.
V mt qun l ri ro:
o Thc hin tt vic phng cc ri ro v hn ch thit hi do ri ro gy ra.
o iu kin gim chi ph bo him.
o D dng hn trong lm vic vi bo him v tn tht v bi thng.
To c s cho hot ng chng nhn, cng nhn v tha nhn:
o c s m bo ca bn th ba.
o Vt qua ro cn k thut trong thng mi.
o C hi cho qung co, qung b.

19
8. ISO 22000:2005
H thng qun l an ton thc phm yu cu cho mi t chc trong chui cung
ng thc phm.
Li ch ca ISO 22000:200:
rng ISO 9001:2000 hin c p dng rng ri tt c cc lnh vc
nhng cha cp n vn an ton thc phm.
Vic xy dng tiu chun ISO 22000 da trn s tha nhn rng cc h thng v
an ton thc phm hiu qu nht c thit k, hot ng v ci tin lin tc
trong khun kh ca mt h thng qun l theo cu trc v c st nhp vo
cc hot ng qun l chung ca t chc ny.
Vic xy dng tiu chun ISO 22000 da trn s tha nhn rng cc h thng v
an ton thc phm hiu qu nht c thit k, hot ng v ci tin lin tc
trong khun kh ca mt h thng qun l theo cu trc v c st nhp vo
cc hot ng qun l chung ca t chc ny.

9.Tiu chun GAP
Gap vit tt ca Good Agriculturial Practices, thc hnh nui trng tt l tiu
chun ra i t chng trnh an ton thc phm th gii c t chc vo thng
5/2000.
Mc tiu ca chng trnh ATTP th gii bao gm:
Nng cao an ton thc phm
Nng cao bo v ngi tiu dng
Nng cao lng tin ngi tiu dng
Thit lp cc yu cu dng lm chun so snh cc h thng an ton thc
phm.
Ci tin hiu qu v chi ph trong ton b chui dy chuyn cung cp thc phm
i trng nh xng/ trang tri/ ch nui phi thch hp, khng c nc thi
vo h thng ti tiu.
i trng xung quanh phi c nh gi ri ro do nhim v ngp lt.
nh k nh gi s tc ng tim n ca mi trng n an ton thc phm.
Trang thit b phi c thit k ng mc ch s dng, d dng lm sch.
Qun l cht thi: cht thi phi c kim sot ngn nga s nhim bn vo
t v nc. C chng trnh x l thch hp cht thi v cc vt cha ha cht.
Kim sot vic gy hi: nh gi s nh hng ca cc ha cht c s dng
v ma trc trong nc v t. Vic kim sot vt gy hi c thc hin bi
cc t chc c kh nng hoc bi nhn vin c o to.

10.Tiu chun BRC
BRC-vit tt British Retail Consortium l tiu chun ca Hip hi nh bn l
Anh.
Tiu chun c pht trin gip cc nh bn l v cc yu cu y ca lut
nh v bo v cho ngi tiu dng bng cch cung cp nh gi c bn v cc
cng ty cung cp thc phm cho cc nh bn l.
BRC ch cung cp nh gi c bn cc yu cu v vn sn xut v kim sot
ngun nguyn liu u vo.
Trong BRC yu cu cng ty phi c chng nhn v HACCP.
Tiu chun BRC cung cp cc yu cu gip chng ta kim sot dy chuyn cung
cp sn phm t nguyn liu u vo bt u t vic cung cp ging
Trng trt, thu hoch ch bin n khi giao sn phm cho khch hng.
20
Ngoi ra mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng l ngy nay khch hng mun bit
sn phm mnh ang s dng c ngun gc t u v BRC gip chng ta iu
ny.
BRC a ra cc yu cu chung cho vic kim sot nng sn u vo ch khng
c th v cht tr nh yu cu ca GAP.
Tiu chun cng yu cu phi cp nht cc yu cu lut nh v thng tin cng
ngh v sn phm gip cng ty m bo ng ph kp thi vi nhng thay i
lun cung cp sn phm an ton cho ngi tiu dng.

11. Tiu chun Halal
c chng thc Halal phi tun th Kinh Quran v Lut Shariah
C hai nguyn tc c bn chng thc halal l: phi c h thng qun l sn xut
m bo an ton v sinh thc phm v khng vi phm nhng yu t haram (b cm).
i tng p dng:
Tiu chun halal c p dng cho tt c t chc, khng phn bit loi hnh,
a im, quy m,... C th bao gm: cc c s / cng ty / nh my / nh phn
phi,... thc hin sn xut kinh doanh thc phm ni chung ( v d: Gi ch,
sa, rau c qu, nc ung, bia, thy sn, nc mm, tng t, gia v, hng
liu, du n,...). nn trnh cc sn phm c lin quan n tht heo ( ln) v cc
ng vt khc theo haram.
y l tiu chun mang tnh cht t nguyn, tp trung vo vic qun l an
ton thc phm ca ngi hi gio.
Khi t chc xy dng v p ng theo tiu chun halal, t chc c h thng
qun l an ton thc phm c th to ra mi trng lm vic gim thiu ri ro
lin quan an ton thc phm, sn phm c to ra an ton, nhm tha mn nhu
cu ca khch hng v yu cu lut php ca ngi hi gio trong v ngoi
nc.
Li ch khi p dng h thng Halal
Sn phm an ton cho ngi s dng. ph hp vi lut hi gio
To li th cnh tranh, nng cao thng hiu, c th d dng xut khu
Tit kim chi ph, tng doanh thu v li nhun.
Gii phng c cng vic mang tnh cht tp trung s v ca lnh o. Gip
lnh o c nhiu thi gian tp trung vo thc hin chin lc mang tm v m
hn.
Cc hot ng c tnh h thng, mi ngi on kt, lm vic trong mi
trng thoi mi.
Nng sut lao ng tng.
V rt nhiu li ch khc...

21
BI 3:
GII THIU V CC MI NGUY

1. KHI NIM MI NGUY
- Theo FDA v HACCP truyn thng:
i nguy (Hazard) l cc nhn t sinh hc, ha hc hoc vt l trong thc phm,
hoc iu kin c kh nng gy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng.
iu kin gy hi c th l cch n, v d sn phm n chn ta n sng.
- Theo NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service):
i nguy (Hazard) l cc nhn t sinh hc, ha hc hoc vt l trong thc phm
hoc iu kin c kh nng gy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng hoc lm gim
tnh kh dng, tnh kinh t.

2. QUAN IM V CC LOI MI NGUY

3. CC MI NGUY LIN QUAN N AN TON THC PHM
- Mi nguy v vt l: Yu t vt l khng mong mun trong thc phm c th gy
hi cho ngi tiu dng.
- Mi nguy ha hc: Cht ha hc c sn hoc thm vo trong thc phm c th gy
hi cho ngi tiu dng.
- Mi nguy sinh hc: Cc vi sinh vt, k sinh trng trong thc phm c th gy hi
cho ngi tiu dng.
4. NGUN GC CA CC LOI MI NGUY
4.1. Mi nguy vt l: nh kim loi, sn, li cu, mu g, mnh thy tinh, mu
xng ln.
- T nguyn liu: li cu.
- T dy chuyn sn xut: trn thit b v d trn thit b luc c li, trong thi
gian lm vic di b hng bo tr khng tt dn n b gy hoc inh c trong my
nghim b ri ra.
- T cng nhn sn xut: bng keo ca cng nhn b t tay, tc, nhn, kp tc lm
rt vo thc phm v tnh hoc c .
- T nh xng: t bng n chng may v bn vo thc phm...

HACCP

THEO

MNFS

ATTP:
Vt l, ha hc,
sinh hc
Tnh kh dng
Gian di v kinh t

HACCP

THEO

EU

FDA & HACCP
TRUYN THNG

22
4.2. Mi nguy ha hc
4.2.1. Gn lin vi loi
- Histamine: c trong c thu, c ng, c trch, c nc c trong c tht .
C ch: Khi c cn ti axit amin Histidine (trong c tht ) l tt khi c n
Histidine chuyn thnh Histamine bng cch loi i co
2.

C ng ch C ng vy vng C thu

Qu trnh bin i do mt loi vi sinh vt sinh ra enzym decacboxylaza, enzyme
ny c tc dng xc tc cho qu trnh chuyn ha Histidine thnh Histamine.
phn ng hnh thnh Histamine khng xy ra hoc xy ra chm bng cch km
hm s pht trin ca vi khun sinh enzym decacboxylaza t
o
4
o
C, thi gian 24 gi
iu kin ny c duy tr t khi bt c ln khi mt nc.
Triu chng: Nh gy d ng ni m ay; nng gy thm chong, bun nn, kht
nc; nng na c th gy cht ngi.
- PSP, DSP, ASP, NSP: c t c trong nhuyn th hai mnh v

+ ASP: Amnensic Shellfish Poisoning: lm gim tr nh.
+ DSP: Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: i tiu chy.
+ NSP: Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisoning: gy lit thn kinh trung ng.
+ PSP: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: gy lit c.
S n phi to c c cha c t PSP, DSP, ASP, NSP, cc c t ny c gi
li trong s.
ngn chn mi nguy ny ta phi kim sot ngun nui cng nh mi trng khai
thc.
http://www.suckhoecongdong.com/content/view/869/104/

- CFP (Ciguatoxin Fish Poisoning): C trong c hng, c m.
C hng, c m sng cc rng san h, to c xut hin , cc loi c n phi
to c, c t tch t. Trng c t CFP c th b chong, bun nn, tiu chy, au
bng. Bin php phng nga khng n c hng, c m ln hn 2 kg.

C hng bc C hng C hng vy ngang C m sao
23

- Tetrotoxin: trong c nc.

Hin nay pht hin c 0 loi c nc Vit nam nhng c ti 60 loi c c t.
c t ca n tp trung mt s c quan: ch yu ni tng, trng. Ngoi ra tht, da.
Nguy him ca n l c t khng thng thng xuyn c th thi im ny c c
nhng cng c th thi im khc khng c c, c th lc nh c c nhng cng c
th ln ln li khng c, c ma vng bin c con c c nhng vng bin khc c
con cha chc c c v c bit trong cng 1 vng bin c loi c c nhng c loi
cha chc c c. n nay cha gii thch c vn ny, chnh v th gy ra ng
nhn.
Trong khi nh bt c con b dp v ni tng, c ca n ngm vo tht con khc
gy c. Chnh v th khi ch bin ngi ta b ni tng nhm tng rng khng c.
t s kin cho rng: C nc p mui, lm mn khng gy c bi c t tn
ti vi Protein. Khi p mui, lm mn Protein b bin tnh hoc b thy phn thnh
axit amin. Nhng n thi im ny cha c ti liu no gii thch v vn .
c t Tetrotoxin c c dc rt cao gp 20 ln c t Cyanua, kh nng gy t
vong l rt ln. Nm 2003 nc ta c 2 ca ng c gy cht ngi.
Khi n phi c t ca c nc triu chng: nga ming, suy nhc, lit c, gim
huyt p, v mch mu tim sau 10 - 4 pht, c th t vong sau 30 pht n 6 gi.
n tng nht c l l loi c nc chut vn mang (Arothron immaculatus) vi dng
v b ngoi kh bt mt, thn c dng hnh trng, vy lng vin en, bng mu trng...
Nhng trong trng loi c ny tp trung mt lng c cht tht kinh ngc,c 100 gam
trng c th git cht 200 ngi; hm lng c cht cao nht xut hin t thng t n
thng mi. Tng t, c nc chm cam (Torquigener pallimaculatus) cng l mt loi
ng s, c 100 gam trng hoc gan c th git cht 60-70 ngi
Trong trng hp khn cp, vic s dng mt s dc tho sn c nh l ta t, u
xanh, l khoai lang non... c th s cu ti ch hiu qu. (Theo YkhoaNet)
LD
sp
Liu lng gy c ti thiu 2mg vi ngi.
Chnh v th hin nay cm ch bin, tiu th c nc. Tuy nhin trn th trng vn
thy c chng t 1 s c s sn xut vn nn nt ch bin hoc cng c th do v tnh
24
ngi min ni khng bit c l c nc. Khi ch bin ngi ta thng b ni tng,
x c, cn mng c th cho thm m, khi nng ln c thm ngon c mi v hp dn.
Nht bn, Hn quc coi c nc nh mt c sn cao cp. H c 1 i ng chuyn
gia c th nhn bit c con no c c v con no khng c c. Chnh v th ngi
ta t vn vi Vit nam s khai thc, thu mua c nc bin Vit nam v ngi ta s
hun luyn cho ta c th nhn bit c c nc no l c c c v c no khng c
c.
Hin nay c ti nghin cu v c t c nc ca Vin nghin cu Hi dng
hc Nha trang.

- Bch tuc xanh c c (Tetrotoxin)

Bch tuc m xanh
Trong khi , mc tuc m xanh (Hapalochlaena lunulata), mt loi hi sn kh
quen thuc, cng c dng v bn ngoi l mt, trn ton thn v cc xc tu im cc
m xanh trng rt p. Nhng loi ny li l ng vt bin cn cht ngi. c t tp
trung tuyn nc bt ca chng. C 100 gam tht v ru c th git cht hai ngi;
cn 100 gam tuyn nc bt c th git cht n 23 ngi...

4.2.2. Do con ngi v tnh a vo
- Kim loi nng: Tr, Hg, Cacdibi khi i vo c th lm ri lon h enzyme, sinh
tng hp Protein.
Nguyn nhn kim loi nng i vo thy sn do nhim mi trng bin (mi
trng nhim do nhiu nguyn nhn: cng ngh sn xut ac quy, luyn kim).
- D lng khng sinh, d lng thuc tr su. Ch yu trong thy sn nui.
D lng khng sinh trong thy sn.
Khng sinh cm s dng ban u l Chloranphenicol, sau l Nitrofuran n nay c
17 ha cht cm s dng.
Khng sinh vo thy sn c th t thc n, t thuc cha bnh thy sn hoc cng
c th do cng nhn b thng s dng thuc khng sinh khng may nhim vo nguyn
liu. Ngi n phi thy sn c d lng khng sinh gy nn thuc.
D lng thuc tr su
ng vt thy sn sng gn vn, vng trng hoa mu ngi ta phun thuc tr su
phng cho hoa mu nhng khng may nhim xung m, ao nui v vy tm c nhim
thuc tr su.
- Cc loi du my: du bi trn, du chy mytrong cc trc, bi bi trn. Khi
cho my chy thit b cch du khng tt v vy du nhim vo thc phm.
- Cc cht ty ra, thuc st trng ra tay chn, sn nh, dng c ch bin Do
s dng khng ng cch gy nhim vo nguyn liu.

25
4.2.3. Cc ha cht do con ngi a vo c mc ch
- Cht bo qun: Tng kh nng bo qun, tng kh nng gi nc.
+ Disunfit: chng bin en (trong tm) cht ny c nhm SO
2
ngi ht phi gy d
ng, ln cn hen.
Th trng Nht, Chu u khng cho php s dng, cho php s dng khng
qu 10 ppm.
+ Borat: Bo qun thc phm tht, c, gi ch cho thc phm ti lu hoc cng c
th lm tng dai, gin, n hi.
Tc hi ca Borat: Gy ung th.
+ Poly Phot phat: Bo qun tm, mc gim kh nng mt nc, gi cu trc Protein
(ch yu bo qun tm) Nht, Chu u cm s dng, cho s dng vi liu lng
nht nh.
- Cc cht ph gia, phm mu: Phi ch trong mt s sn phm, khi s dng ng
vi cht ph gia c php s dng. Phm mu s dng chit trong t nhin.
Tiu chun 2 TCN 16: 2000, lit k cc ha cht cm s dng trong thc phm.

i nguy ha hc
a) c t t nhin c sn trongnguyn liu.
b) Do b nhim mi trng hoc do con ngi a voc mc ch.
c) Sinh ra trongqu trnh ch bin.
d) Tt c u ng.

4.3. Mi nguy sinh hc
4.3.1. Vi khun
a) Vi khun thng tr thng da, mang c trong tht trong trng hp ng
vt thy sn b tn thng.
- Nhm sinh c t: Cl.Botulinum, Vibrio spp, Nhm Vi sinh vt ny sinh sng
trn thc phm sinh c t (gi l nhim trng thc phm).
- Bn thn gy bnh: Listeria.spp sng trong vng bin nhit i vng bin hn i
ma xun. Ngi b nhim con ny gy bnh nhim trng, vim mng no, qui thai,
lit thn kinh.
b) Vi khun nhim t bn ngoi vo thy sn: T xe chuyn ch, mi trng vn
chuyn, dng c ch bin
- Sinh c t: Staphylococus aureus, con vi khun ny nim mc da tay, c hng,
vt thng thy c m (t cu vng). N sinh c t khi cc con khc b tiu dit. c
t ny bn vi nhit.
- Bn thn gy bnh: Salmonella spp, nhit 60
o
n b tiu dit, nhng vn
cn ro cm khng c trong sn phm.

4.3.2. Vi rus
- Hepatitis A, B gy vim gan.
- Nowalk
Vng ni Cc mt s ngi dn mc bnh ho lao, thuc thng thng khng cha
khi nhng khng pht hin ra nguyn nhn. Sau tnh c phng vin pht hin do
ngi dn n cua, c vi thi quen nng, nng khng k nn VSV (Virut)
trong cha cht, ngi n vo nhim vo mu sau i vo phi.
26

4.3.3. K sinh trng v ng vt nguyn sinh.
a) K sinh trng:
- Giun trn (Nematodes) trong rau qu ti sng (nhim t phn, t).
- Sn l (Trematodes): Clonorchis spp, trc y ngi ta cho rng Sn l ch c
trong loi thy sn nc ngot, nhng hin nay theo ti liu mi cng b ca Y t n
cn c trong rau qu ti, tht b. 90% ngi dn n gi c nhim sn l (Sn l gan,
sn l phi). N nguy him khi cn sng.
- Sn dy (Cestodes): Toenia solium nh si ch di trong rut non, tht ln.

Cch phng k sinh trng: + n chin, nu k.
+ Trong ch bin lnh c khu soi gp.
b) ng vt nguyn sinh (Protozoa): Entamoeba, Histolytia gy bnh l Amip.

Gii thiu mt s VSV in hnh
Cl.botulinum
- K kh v hnh thnh nha bo
- Tn ti, hot ng nhit 3,3 4
o
C.
- PH t axit n kim.
- Tn ti trong mi trng c mui < 6%.
- Loi A, B tiu dit 121,1
o
C thi gian 1 pht.
- Loi F 2,2
o
C thi gian 30 pht.
- nh hng : ngi n vo trng c t gy lit.
- Ngun ly nhim: Do bn, c th t c ti, c hun khi. Bi n k kh nn trong
iu kin ht chn khng vn c.
- Phng nga: Lm v sinh tt, xng khi kt hp vi p mui > 6%, bao gi.
- L
D
liu lng gy c ti thiu L
D
= - 5mg vi ngi.
Listeria monocytogenes
- Pht trin 0 4
o
C, PH = ,0 9,2, mi trng mui < 10%.
- Khng bn nhit b tiu dit 72
o
C, thi gian 1 giy.
- nh hng: Sy thai, vim mng no, gy cht ngi.
- Ngun pht trin: + Cht bo qun thc vt thi ra, ng vt cht, rc bn.
+ Thy sn khng nu, c xng khi lnh.
- Bin php: V sinh, ch bin, bao gi.

Sau cng on luc mi nguy KST c c coi l
a) i nguy vt l.
b) i nguy ha hc.
c) Mi nguy sinh hc.
d) Tt c u ng.

5. CC MI NGUY KHNG LIN QUAN N AN TON THC PHM
5.1. Gim tnh kh dng
Tnh kh dng l tnh cht ca sn phm ph hp cho vic s dng lm thc phm
cho ngi.
Gim cht kh dng:
- Bin cht (bin mu, bin mi).
- Thnh phn phi ch sai.
- C cc loi tp cht (tc, v tm, chn rui, ).
27

5.2. Gian di v kinh t
Nhng sai st gy thit hi v kinh t cho ngi tiu th sn phm.
- Ln loi, sai c.
- Ghi nhn sai.
- Thiu khi lng
V d: Bng mi nguy vt l

Tn
mi
nguy
Nguyn nhn Tc hi Bin php phng nga
nh
kim
loi
- Phng php khai
thc.
- Do gian di
- T thit b, dng
c ch bin.
Gy tn
thng h tiu
ha.
Cam kt ca nh cung cp; bo
dng my mc thit b; dng
my d kim loi.
nh
thy
tinh.
Knh xe, ca knh,
bong n b v ln
vo.
Gy tn
thng h tiu
ha.
Bo qun nguyn liu vo thng
c np khi vn chuyn bo v ca
knh, bng n, quan st.
u
xng
ln.
St xng khi fillet
c.
Gy tn
thng h tiu
ha.
Kim tra gp b xng nu c.

V d: Bng mi nguy ha hc

i nguy Ngun gc Gy bnh Bin php phng
nga
ASP
Nhuyn th 2 mnh
v.
Gim tr nh.
Kim sot mi
trng.
DSP Tiu chy.
NSP T lit thn kinh.
PSP Lit k.
CFP
C m, c hng...2
kg
Tiu chy.
Tetrodotoxin C nc Lit c.
Histamine C ng, thu, trch,
nc
D ng. Bo qun ng
qui nh.
- nhim mi
trng, d lng
thuc th y, thuc
bo v thc vt.
- Du my, cht ty
ra kh trng.

Thy sn khai thc
t vng nc b
nhim.

Ly nhim trong
qu trnh sn xut.
Ty thuc vo loi
ha cht.

Ty thuc vo loi
ha cht v mc
nhim.
Kim sot s
nhim mi trng.

o to, kim
sot ngi sn xut,
vn chuyn, vn
hnh.
- Ha cht bo
qun, ph gia
Cc loi thy sn. Ty thuc loi ha
cht v nng s
dng.
H s i l cung
cp nguyn liu.

28
BI 4:
NHNG YU CU TIN QUYT I VI P DNG
HACCP
IU KIN TIN QUYT
- Nh xng.
- Dng c, thit b.
- Con ngi.
CHNG TRNH TIN QUYT
- Qui phm sn xut GMP (Good manufaturing Praties).
- Qui phm v sinh SSOP (Sannitation Standard Operating Procedures).

1. MI QUAN H GIA CC THNH PHN TRONG QUN L CHT
LNG THEO HACCP

Chng trnh qun l cht lng theo HACCP = H thng qun l cht lng theo
HACCP khc vi k hoch HACCP.
- K hoch HACCP: L k hoch c th cho tng mt hng c th xy dng theo
HACCP.
- Chng trnh HACCP: L ton b cc k hoch HACCP v chng trnh tin
quyt, iu kin tin quyt.

2. CC LUT L, QUI NH C LIN QUAN
2.1. Cc vn bn v qun l cht lng
2.2. Cc tiu chun ngnh ca Vit Nam
- Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 02 - 01:2009/BNNPTNT thay Tiu chun
28 TCN 130:1998.
- Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 02 - 02:2009/BNNPTNT thay Tiu chun
28 TCN 129:1998.
- Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 01:2009/BYT thay tiu chun 1329/ BYT.

2.3. Cc ch th ca EU
- Ch th 91/493/EEC, 91/492/EEC.
- Ch th 0/77/EEC (ch th 9/EEC).
...
2.4. Cc qui nh ca USFDA
- Lut lin bang, CFR.123 Phn 110.

2.5. Cc tiu chun ca cc t chc Quc t (FAO, WHO, CODEX).

3. IU KIN TIN QUYT

HACCP
PCP
SSOP GMP
IU KIN TIN QUYT
29
3.1. a im v mi trng xung quanh
- Khng b ngp nc
- Khng b nhim .
- C ngun nc m bo: , khng b nhim bn.
- C ngun in n nh.
- Thun tin v giao thng.
- Gn vng cung cp nguyn liu v nhn cng.

3.2. Yu cu v thit k, b tr nh xng
- C tng bao ngn cch (bo v, ngn chn ng vt ph hoi v gy bnh).
- C kch thc ph hp (ph hp vi yu cu tng phn xng, my mc thit b).
- Dy chuyn sn xut i theo mt chiu: c li khng b nhim cho trong qu trnh
sn xut.
- Thun tin lm v sinh v kh trng: Nn nh c dc d v sinh, gc nn nh,
tng nh v trn khng phi l gc vung m phi cong.
- Khng to ni n nu ca ng vt gy hi (chut, kin, rn, thn ln, ch, mo),
h ga phi c np y, cng c np y.
- C s ngn cch gia khu sn xut thc phm v phi thc phm.

3.3. Yu cu v kt cu nh xng
3.3.1. Kt cu vng chc, d lm v sinh v kh trng.
3.3.2. Vt liu s dng trong phn xng
- Thch hp vi tng loi sn phm.
- An ton v sinh (khng gy c).
- Bn, d bo tr.
- D lm v sinh v kh trng.

3.3.3. Kt cu chnh:
- Nn, thot nc.
- Trn.
- Tng.
- Ca.
- Thng gi.
- Chiu sng.

3.4. Yu cu i vi dng c ch bin
3.4.1. Kt cu vng chc, d lm v sinh v kh trng.
3.4.2. Vt liu s dng
- Thch hp vi tng loi sn phm.
- An ton v sinh (khng gy c).
- Bn, d bo tr.
- D lm v sinh v kh trng.

3.4.3. Cc thit b, dng c ch yu:
- y ch bin.
- Thit b gia nhit.
- Thit b cp ng, ra ng, m bng.
- y ng gi.
- Thit b bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi.
- Dng c cha ng.
30
- Dng c ch bin.
3.5. H thng cung cp nc v nc
3.5.1. Nc
- Ngun nc n nh, p lc, khng b nhim bn.
- Cht lng nc t yu cu QCVN 01:2009/BYT, nu cn phi x l.
- C h thng b cha cng sut v m bo an ton v sinh. Nc trc khi a
vo nh my phi qua b cha kim sot cht lng nc vo, ngoi ra b cha cn
l ni tr nc.
- H thng ng ng m bo an ton v sinh dn t b cha vo phn xng.

3.5.2. Nc
Duy tr nhit thp ca nguyn liu v bn thnh phm trong sut qu trnh ch bin.
- Lm t nc sch.
- Thit b sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn m bo an ton v sinh.

3.6. H thng cung cp hi nc
- S dng nc sch.
- Kt cu khng gy nhim cho sn phm.
- An ton cho s dng.

3.7. H thng cung cp kh nn
- Khng c v gy nhim cho sn phm.
- An ton cho s dng.

3.8. H thng x l nc thi
Da vo trng thi ca cht thi a vo chia cht thi lm 3 loi:
- Kh: Khi, cht c.
- Lng: Nc thi.
- Cht thi rn: Cc loi ph liu (u, xng, da..).
C h thng x l nc thi:
- Hot ng tt.
- Khng gy nhim mi trng xung quanh.
- Khng gy nhim vo phn xng sn xut.
C dng c thu gom ph liu v ni tp trung ph liu kn, hp v sinh.

3.9. Yu cu v phng tin ra v kh trng tay
3.9.1. Yu cu v phng tin ra v kh trng tay
- Vi nc khng vn hnh bng tay (vn hnh bng chn, hoc t ng).
- nc sch v x phng nc, dng c lm kh tay.
- Lp t cc v tr cn thit.
3.9.2. Bn nc st trng ng
- C cha dung dch st trng Clorine, nng cht st trng trong bn phi lun n
nh.
- C din tch thch hp, khng c ng men.
- su nc trong bn phi ngp ht ng.
- C th kt hp st trng ng vi ra tay.
3.9.3. Phng thay bo h lao ng
- V tr thch hp (xa phn xng sn xut, i trn hnh lang, hng ca khng quay
vo phn xng sn xut).
- din tch (tnh theo s lng cng nhn 1 ca).
31
- Kt cu phng thay hp v sinh.
3.9.4. Nh v sinh
- V tr thch hp (xa nh sn xut, i trn hnh lang, hng ca khng quay vo nh
sn xut).
- v s lng (tnh theo s lng cng nhn 1 ca).
- Kt cu hp v sinh.
- Cung cp nc, giy v sinh v thng cha rc.

3.10. Phng tin lm v sinh v kh trng
- Trang b cc phng tin lm v sinh v kh trng:
+ Bng vt liu khng g v d lm v sinh.
+ Ring cho tng i tng: Dng c c ra nn nh khc dng c ch ra dng c
tip xc trc tip b mt sn phm v khc vi dng c khng tip xc trc tip vi sn
phm (qui nh bng mu sc).
+ Ph hp vi loi sn phm.
- C khu vc ring ra dng c.
- C ch ring cha ng cc dng c lm v sinh v kh trng.

3.11. Cc dng c gim st cht lng
- C cc dng c, phng tin gim st kim tra nhanh trong sn xut:
+ Nhit k.
+ Giy th: Borat, Clorine,
+ Cn: Gim st khi lng tnh sn phm.
- C phng kim nghim phc v cng tc kim sot cht lng:
+ C phng kim nghim cm quan.
+ C th hp ng vi phng kim nghim bn ngoi phn tch vi sinh v ha hc.

3.12. Ngun nhn lc
3.12.1. Lnh o x nghip
- Quan tm n cht lng.
- C kin thc v qun l cht lng.

3.12.2. i ng qun l cht lng
- s lng.
- C trnh .
- c o to.

3.12.3. Cng nhn
- s lng (tnh trn nng xut dy chuyn nh mc lao ng).
- c o to.
Kt lun:
+ Hy xem li iu kin nh xng thit b, con ngi ca x nghip mnh trc khi
p dng HACCP.
+ Nu cha t tin hnh sa cha, nng cp nu cn thit.

32

4. QUY PHM SN XUT (GMP)
MI QUAN H GIA CC THNH PHN TRONG H THNG QUN L
CHT LNG THEO HACCP

4.1. Khi nim v GMP (Good Manufaturing Practices)
Qui phm sn xut l cc bin php, cc thao tc thc hnh cn tun th nhm m
bo sn xut ra nhng sn phm t yu cu cht lng.

- HACCP: tp trung vo an ton v sinh thc phm.

4.2. Phm vi ca GMP
- GMP gip nh sn xut kim sot c tt c nhng yu t lin quan n cht lng
sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut, t khu tip nhn nguyn liu n thnh phm cui
cng.

- GP c xy dng v p dng cho tng sn phm hoc nhm sn phm c th.
y l im khc vi SSOP.

PHN BIT GIA GMP V SSOP TRONG LNH VC V SINH
GP qui nh cc yu cu v sinh chung v bin php ngn nga cc yu t gy
nhim xm nhp vo thc phm do iu kin v sinh km.
SSOP l cc qui phm dng t c cc yu cu v sinh chung ca GMP.

4.3. Phng php xy dng GMP
4.3.1. Ti liu tham kho khi xy dng chng trnh GMP
NGUYN
LIU
THNH
PHM

Ho cht, Ph gia, Nc, Nc
, Bao v,
Thi gian, nhit , tay ngh cng
nhn Mi trng ch bin

HACCP
SSOP GMP
IU KIN TIN QUYT
33
- Cc qui nh, lut l hin hnh.
- Cc tiu chun, qui phm k thut.
- Yu cu ca cc nc nhp khu.
- Yu cu k thut ca khch hng.
- Cc thng tin khoa hc mi.
- Phn hi ca khch hng.
- Kinh nghim thc t.
- Thc nghim.

4.3.2. C s khi xy dng GMP
Chng trnh GP c xy dng da trn qui trnh sn xut ca tng mt hng
(hoc nhm mt hng) c th, t tip nhn nguyn liu n thnh phm cui cng.
Chng trnh GP ca mt hng l tp hp ca nhiu qui phm.
C th xy dng mt hoc nhiu qui phm cho mt cng on sn xut v c th
xy dng mt qui phm cho nhiu cng on.
V d: Qui trnh ch bin v tn cc qui phm sn xut mt hng tm bin luc
ng lnh

QUY TRNH CH BIN V TN CC QUY PHM SN XUT
T HNG T BIN LUC NG LNH
Tip nhn nguyn
liu
Ra 1
Bc v
Phn c
Ra 2
Luc
Lm mt
Cp ng
bng
Cn/ ng ti PE
D kim loi
Bao gi/ Ghi nhn
Bo qun
GMP 1.1
GMP 1.2
GMP 1.3
GMP 1.4
GMP 1.5
GMP 1.6
GMP 1.7
GMP 1.8
GMP 1.9
GMP 1.10
GMP 1.11
GMP 1.12
GMP 1.13
34

4.3.3. Tin hnh xy dng cc GMP
a) tng cng on hoc mt phn cng on:
Nhn din cc yu t c th nh hng n cht lng sn phm v ra cc
th tc hot ng m bo cc yu t ny.
- Nc ch bin Ch s dng nc sch.
- Dng c ch bin Ch s dng dng c sch.
- Nhit bn thnh phm p .
- Thi gian ra.
- Thao tc ra.
- V sinh tay cng nhn.
- Nng cht st trng (Clorine).
- S ln thay nc.
- Khi lng m ra.
- S ln ra.
b) Cc th tc nu ra trong qui phm phi nhm t c nhng mc tiu hoc
thng s ra trong qui trnh sn xut.
c) Cc th tc trong qui phm cn c ra theo ng trnh t trong sn xut.

BNG TNG HP XY DNG QUI PHM

Cng
on/thnh
phn
Cc thng s,
yu cu trong
qui trnh.
Cc yu t nh
hng n cht
lng sn
phm.
Cc th
tc cn
tun th
Gim st v
biu mu
gim st.

4.3.4. HNH THC V NI DUNG CA CHNG TRNH GMP.
a) GMP c th hin di dng vn bn.
b) Mi GMP cn c
- Tn a ch X nghip
- Tn mt hng v nhm mt hng.
- S v tn qui phm.
- Ni dung.
- Ngy v ch k ca ngi ph duyt c thm quyn.
-
c) Ni dung GMP gm 4 phn:
- t qui trnh sn xut ti cng on (hoc mt phn cng on).
- L do ti sao phi thc hin theo qui nh.
- Cc th tc cn tun th.
- Phn cng ngi c trch nhim v biu mu gim st.

35
MINH HA V HNH THC V NI DUNG CA GMP.
(Tn v a ch X nghip)
QUI PHM SN XUT (GMP)
(Tn sn phm)
GMP (S): (Tn qui phm)
1. Qui trnh:
2. Gii thch l do:
3. Cc th tc cn tun th:
4. Phn cng trch nhim v biu mu gim st.

Ngy . Thng. Nm.
Ngi ph duyt

V D MINH HA V GMP
X nghip ch bin thy sn ABC huyn X tnh Y
QUI PHM SN XUT (GMP)
Tn sn phm: Tm bin luc bc v IQF
GMP 1.5: Cng on ra 2
1. Qui trnh
Sn phm sau khi phn c c ra 3 ln: ln th nht trong nc sch, ln th 2
trong nc sch c pha Clorine nng 10 ppm v c ra li ln 3 trong nc.
Nhit nc ra 0 4
o
C. Tm sau khi ra c ro nc pht trc khi chuyn
sang cng on luc.
2. Gii thch/ L do:
Sn phm c ra trc khi gia nhit nhm gim bt lng vi sinh vt trn b mt
v loi b tp cht cn ln trong sn phm.
3. Cc th tc cn tun th:
- Ch s dng nc sch ra sn phm.
- Ch s dng dng c lm v sinh sch s.
- Cng nhn phi v sinh sch s trc khi tip xc vi sn phm.
- Chun b 3 thng nc: i thng 100 lt nc sch, lm lnh bng vy n
nhit 4
o
C. Thng th 2 pha Clorine nng 10 ppm.
- i ln ra khng qu 3 kg sn phm trong r nha ln lt qua 3 thng nc.
- Khuy o nh tm v gt cc tp cht ra ngoi.
- Thi gian ra mi r khng qu 2 pht.
- Thm sau khi ra khong r.
- Thay nc sau khi ra ti a 10 r.
- Sau khi ra, cc r tm c ro t nht pht trn gi trc khi chuyn sang
cp ng.
- Khng cc r tm chng ln nhau.
4. Phn cng trch nhim v biu mu gim st:
- Qun c chi trch nhim t chc thc hin qui phm ny.
- Cng nhn cng on ra 2 c trch nhim lm ng qui phm ny.
- QC ph trch cc cng on ch bin chu trch nhim gim st vic thc hin qui
phm ny: kim tra nhit nc ra v nng Clorine trc mi ln chun b nc
ra, kim tra cc thng s khc sau mi 30 pht.
- Kt qu gim st c ghi vo bo co gim st cc cng on ch bin (Ra1, Bc
v, Phn c, Ra 2).
Ngy . thng. nm
(Ngi ph duyt)
36

4.4.THIT LP BIU MU GIM ST
Hiu qu gim st ph thuc vo:
- Biu mu gim st.
- Phn cng gim st.
Yu cu i vi biu mu gim st:
- Tn a ch X nghip.
- Tn biu mu.
- Tn sn phm.
- Ngi gim st.
- c yu cu ca thng s cn gim st.
- Tn sut gim st.
- Cc thng s cn gim st.
- Ngy v ngi thm tra.

BIU MU GIM ST (SV xy dng)

4.5. T chc thc hin GMP
- Tp hp cc ti liu cn thit.
- Thit lp chng trnh.
+ Thit lp qui trnh.
+ Thuyt minh qui trnh.
+ Son tho qui trnh.
+ Thit lp cc biu mu gim st.
- Thm tra li chng trnh.
- Ph duyt cho p dng.
- o to cng nhn v gim st v chng trnh.
- Phn cng thc hin.
- Lu tr h s.

5. QUI PHM V SINH (SSOP)
SSOP l chng trnh tin quyt.
5.1. SSOP l g?
L qui trnh lm v sinh v th tc kim sot v sinh ti X nghip ch bin thc
phm.
5.2. Ti sao phi p dng SSOP
- Gip nh sn xut thc hin mc tiu duy tr GP.
V d GMP: Qui trnh chung nc sch, dng c sch nhng t c nhng
mc tiu trn th cn phi c SSOP.
- Gim s lng cc im kim sot ti hn trong k hoch HACCP. Nu SSOP tt
vic ly nhim vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ch bin gim xung, s im kim sot cng
gim xung.
- Tng hiu qu ca k hoch HACCP.
- Cn thit ngay c khng c chng trnh HACCP.

5.3. Cc lnh vc kim sot ca SSOP.
1. An ton ngun nc.
2. An ton ngun nc .
37
3. V sinh b mt tip xc vi sn phm.
4. Ngn nga s nhim cho.
5. V sinh c nhn.
6. Bo v sn phm khng b nhim bn.
7. S dng, bo qun ha cht.
8. Sc khe cng nhn.
9. Kim sot ng vt gy hi.
10.Cht thi.

Ch :
- Nh sn xut phi kim sot y cc lnh vc m bo an ton v sinh.
- C th thit lp nhiu qui phm cho 1 lnh vc hoc nhiu qui phm cho 1 lnh
vc.

5.3.1. SSOP 1: An ton ngun nc.
Yu cu: Nc tip xc vi thc phm v cc b mt tip xc vi thc phm
phi m bo an ton v sinh.
Nc an ton phi t tiu chun sau:
+ 01:2009/BNNPTNT.
+ QCVN 01:2009/BYT.
+ Ch th 0/77/EC (ch th 9/3 EEC) i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut thy sn
xut khu vo EU.

CC YU T CN XEM XT KHI XY DNG
- Ngun cung cp nc
+ Nc thy cc (Ngun cng cng).
+ T khai thc:
Nc ging khoan.
Nc b mt.
- H thng x l nc:
+ X l v mt ha hc: Lng, lc, trao i Ion.
+ X l v mt vi sinh: Tia cc tm, mng lc khun, ozon, Clorine.
- Cch kim sot cht lng nc hin nay
K hoch ly mu kim tra.

NHNG NI DUNG CA VIC KIM SOT CHT LNG NC
1. LP S H THNG CUNG CP NC.

2. KIM SOT HOT NG CA H THNG:
- Bo v ngun nc khng b nhim bn.
- Duy tr hot ng ca h thng x l.
+ Nu x l bng Clorine thi gian Clorine tc dng trc khi s dng ti thiu 20
pht.
+ Chlorine d phi ng quy nh.
+ C h thng bo ng cho thit b t ng.
+ Kim tra nng Chlorine d hng ngy.
- Phng nga s nhim bn.
+ Kim tra ng ng dn nc trong nh my.
+ Ngn nga hin tng chy ngc.
+ V sinh nh k b cha nc.
38

3. KIM TRA CHT LNG NC
- Lp k hoch v ly mu kim nghim.
- X l kt qu phn tch.

S CUNG CP NC
- Th hin y h thng.
- C s hiu nhn din cc im ly mu nc v tng vi nc s dng. K c nc
ra tay
- Khng c s ni cho gia h thng dn nc ung c v khng ung c
- m bo s nht qun gia s v trn thc t.

LP K HOCH V LY MU NC KIM TRA
Da trn s h thng cung cp nc. Xc nh cc im ly mu nc phn tch
theo tn xut thch hp trong nm.
Nguyn tc
+ Lp k hoch hng nm.
+ Tn sut ph hp.
+ Ly mu (i din) cc v tr c cng tn sut trong thng gip vng trong nm.
+ Nu r cc ch tiu cn kim cho tng v tr ly mu.
- i vi cc doanh nghip ng k xut hng vo th trng EU, k hoch ly mu
phi ph hp trong ch th 98/83 EEC.
- Tin hnh ly mu phn tch theo ng k hoch v theo chu k thng nht.

H S CHT LNG NC
- S h thng cung cp nc.
- K hoch ly mu nc.
- Kt qu phn tch mu nc.
- Cc s c, cc phm vi hnh ng sa cha.
- Biu mu theo di gim st v sinh h thng nc.

5.3.2. SSOP 2: An ton ngun nc
Yu cu: Nc tip xc vi sn phm m bo an ton v sinh.
CC YU T XEM XT TRC KHI XY DNG:
- Ngun nc dng sn xut nc .
- iu kin sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn nc .

KIM SOT CHT LNG NC
Kim sot cht lng nc sn xut nc theo SSOP v nc.
iu kin sn xut bo qun vn chuyn.
- Nc cy phi m bo yu cu v:
+ Nh xng, thit b, phng tin sn xut.
+ Nng Chlorine d trong nc .
- Tnh trng hot ng v iu kin v sinh ca my nc .
- Phng tin v iu kin vn chuyn, xay nc .
Lp k hoch ly mu kim tra.

39
5.3.3. SSOP 3: V sinh cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm
Yu cu: Cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm khng l ngun ly nhim cho sn
phm trong qu trnh ch bin.

CC YU T CN XEM XT KHI XY DNG QUI PHM
- Vt liu v cu trc ca b mt tip xc vi sn phm khng l ngun ly nhim
cho sn phm trong qu trnh ch bin.
- Phng php lm v sinh v kh trng cc b mt tip xc sn phm.

CC TH TC THC HIN
- Lm v sinh v kh trng
+ Ha cht, tc nhn thch hp.
+ Phng php ph hp.
+ Tn sut.
- Bo qun, s dng
+ Bo qun ng cch.
+ S dng ng mc ch.
- Ly mu thm tra vic lm v sinh v kh trng.

H S GIM ST
- Nng cht ty ra v kh trng.
- Tnh trng v sinh trc khi s dng.
- Kt qu phn tch.

5.3.4. SSOP4: Ngn nga s nhim cho
Yu cu: ngn nga s nhim cho t nhng vt th khng sch vo thc
phm v cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm.

- Nhn din kh nng nhim cho do:
+ ng i ca sn phm, nc , bao b, ph liu, cng nhn, khch, nc i
t khu vc sch n khu khng sch, b nc khu phn c, phn loi.
+ Lu thng khng kh (ht gi, cp gi). Khng kh ly vo phi qua lc sch, nguyn
tc khng kh i t ni sch n bn.
+ H thng thot nc thi, nc thi chy t ni sch sang ni bn.
- Cc yu t cn kim sot
+ S lu thng ca nguyn liu, sn phm, nc , ph liu, cng nhn, bao b...
+ Cc hot ng, cc khu vc c kh nng nhim cho
Ngn cch nghim ngt (khng gian, thi gian) khi sn xut cc sn phm c
ri ro khc nhau.
Phn bit dng c tng khu vc c sch khc nhau.
- Hot ng ca cng nhn.

5.3.5. SSOP 5: V sinh c nhn
Yu cu: Cng nhn phi m bo yu cu v sinh c nhn khi sn xut.

- Hin trng h thng ra v kh trng tay, phng thay BHL, nh v sinh.
- Cc quy nh hin c v hot ng v sinh c nhn.
40

XY DNG CC TH TC V
- Hot ng bo tr v kim tra tnh trng hot ng thc t.
- Qun l v s dng BHL.
- Thc hin ra v kh trng tay, v sinh.
- Ly mu kim chng hiu qu vic thc hin.
H S
- Kim tra v sinh hng ngy.

5.3.6. SSOP 6: Bo v sn phm trnh cc tc nhn gy nhim
Yu cu:Khng thc phm, bao b v cc b mt tip xc vi thc phm b
nhim bn bi cc tc nhn gy nhim.
- S ngng t hi nc cc cu trc pha trn sn phm.
- Kh nng kim sot v sinh ca cc b mt khng tip xc trc tip vi sn phm.
- Kh nng nh hng ca cc cht c hi nh du bi trn
- Cc hot ng c th to s ly nhim.

XY DNG CC TH TC
- Hot ng bo tr.
- Thc hin v kim sot vic lm v sinh.
- Ly mu thm tra (nu cn).
H S
- Kim sot v sinh hng ngy.

5.3.7. SSOP 7: S dng, bo qun cc ha cht c hi
Yu cu: m bo vic s dng v bo qun ha cht khng gy hi cho sn
phm.

- Kho bo qun.
- Quy nh s dng.

XY DNG CC TH TC
1. Lp danh mc cc ho cht s dng
2. Bo qun
- iu kin bo qun, vn chuyn.
- Dng c cha ng.
- Ghi nhn.
3. S dng
- o to v cch s dng.
- Phn cng ngi chuyn trch.

H S
- Danh mc ho cht.
- Theo di nhp, xut.
- Theo di s dng hng ngy.

41
5.3.8. SSOP 8:Kim sot sc kho cng nhn
Yu cu: m bo cng nhn khng l ngun ly nhim vo thc phm.

- Cc c s y t.
- Ch kim tra.
XY DNG CC TH TC
1. Kim tra sc khe nh k
2. Kim tra hng ngy
- Kim sot sc khe v sinh trc khi vo v trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Thng tin, nhc nh.
- Ly mu thm tra.
H S
- Theo di v sinh hng ngy.
- Phiu kim tra sc kho ban u v nh k.
- Cc trng hp bnh l v bin php s l.
- Kt qu phn tch.

5.3.9. SSOP 9: Kim sot ng vt gy hi
Yu cu: Phi ngn nga v tiu dit hiu qu ng vt gy hi.

- H thng ngn chn (mn, li chn).
- Hot ng tiu dit.
CC TH TC THC HIN
NGN CHN !
- Bo tr h thng.
- Loi b cc khu vc dn d hoc to iu kin thun li cho ng vt gy hi kim
n, sinh hot hoc n nu.
TIU DIT!
- Lp s v k hoch t by, b.
- Lp k hoch phun thuc dit cn trng.
- Thc hin dit, by theo k hoch.

H S
- S , k hoch t by, b.
- Theo di vic ngn chn v tiu dit

5.3.10. SSOP 10: Kim sot cht thi
Yu cu: Hot ng ca h thng thu gom, x l cht thi khng gy nhim
cho sn phm.
Cht thi rn
C th tc thu gom, vn chuyn, cha ng ph liu:
ng vt
gy hi
Cn trng
Gm nhm
Gia sc, gia cm
42
- m bo chuyn dng, ph hp i vi tng loi ph liu v mc ch s dng ca
dng c.
- Tn sut v cc thao tc.
- Ngi thc hin.

Cht thi lng
- Kim sot hot ng ca h thng thot nc.
- Lm v sinh v bo tr.
- Kim sot s chy ngc.
- m bo h thng x l nc thi khng gy nhim vo sn phm.

HNH NG SA CHA
Phi khc phc ngay cc tnh trng v hot ng cha t yu cu:
Khi pht hin s khng ph hp trong qu trnh gim st 10 lnh vc an ton v sinh
ni trn phi thc hin ngay cc hnh ng sa cha ph hp.
Cc hnh ng sa cha c th nu ra trc hoc ty theo cc vi phm thc t
a ra.
thc hin hiu qu cc hnh ng sa cha cn lm tt vn o to v phn
cng thc hin.
Ghi chp h s v hnh ng gim st v sa cha cc vi phm.

XY DNG CHNG TRNH:

HNH THC CA SSOP
1. SSOP c th hin di dng vn bn.
2. Mt quy phm ca SSOP gm 5 phn:
Yu cu (hay mc tiu)
Cn c ch trng ca cng ty v cht lng v cc quy nh ca c quan c thm
quyn.
iu kin hin nay:
t iu kin thc t hin nay ca x nghip (cc ti liu gc, s minh ho nu c).
Cc th tc cn thc hin.
Phn cng thc hin v gim st:
- Biu mu ghi chp.
- Cch gim st.
- Phn cng ngi gim st.
- Tn sut gim st.
- Thc hin v ghi chp hnh ng sa cha.
Ph duyt ca ngi c thm quyn.

V d: TRNH BY SSOP (TK)

Tn x nghip
a ch x nghip

TN QUY PH SSOP S:
1. Yu cu/ mc tiu.
2. iu kin hin nay.
3. Cc th tc cn thc hin.
4. Phn cng thc hin v gim st.
Ngy thng nm
Ngi ph duyt

43
XY DNG BIU MU GIM ST

HIU QU CA VIC GI ST PH THUC:
- Biu mu gim st.
- Phn cng gim st.
- Xem xt, thm tra.

BIU MU GIM SAT SSOP (TK)

T CHC THC HIN

Tp hp ti liu cn thit.
Xy dng quy phm.
Ph duyt.
o to nhn vin.
Gim st vic thc hin.
Lu tr h s.

V D:
Cng ty CBTS A
a ch: huyn X tnh Y
Tel .. Fax.. Email.

SSOP 5: V SINH C NHN

1. YU CU:
CN phi m bo yu cu v sinh c nhn khi sn xut.
2. IU KIN HIN NAY CA CNG TY:
- Hnh lang i vo xng sch s v kh ro.
- Phng thay bo h lao ng:
+ Tch ring khu cao cp, khu hng chn v khu hng thng, khu s ch v khu bao
gi. C mc treo ring cho BHL sch v c nhn.
+ V tr thch hp CN thay BHL vo khu sn xut v thay ra khi i v sinh v ra
ngoi.
+ Cch bit hon ton vi khu ch bin v khng m ca thng trc tip vo khu ch
bin.
+ c b tr ring cho nam v n.
+ rng thao tc.
+ c chiu sng v thng gi tt.
+ C cng nhn chuyn trch cp pht BHL v gi v sinh.
Ni dung ca biu mu gim st cn c:
- Tn v a ch x nghip.
- Tn biu mu.
- Thi gian.
- Tn ngi thc hin.
- Cc ch tiu cn gim st.
- Tiu chun/mc tiu phi t (ghi c th thng s hoc ghi iu
khon tham chiu trong quy phm lin quan).
- Tn sut gim st.
- Ngy thm tra v ch k ca ngi thm tra.

44
- C ni treo ym ng ring bit, phi kh.
- Hp ng git BHL vi c s m bo iu kin v sinh.
- C vi nc ra tay trc khi vo sn xut v nh k trong sn xut:
+ s lng cho 10 CN phng cao cp, 120 CN hng chn v 180 CN hng
thng.
+ Vn hnh bng chn.
+ C bnh x phng nc.
+ C rulo cha khn kh lau tay trc khi vo sn xut v khay ng khn lau tay
sch, d ring ti ni ra tay v sinh.
- C h nc pha CLorine li ng trc khi i vo tt c cc khu vc sn xut.
- Khu v sinh CN:
+ s lng cho 130 CN n phng cao cp, 20 CN hng phng cao cp.
100 CN n hng chn, 20 CN nam hng chn.
160 CN n hng thng, 20 CN nam hng thng.
+ V tr thch hp, c thit b x nc.
+ C van ra tay, x phng, khn lau tay v tr thch hp, ra tay d dng khi
quay v khu vc ch bin.
+ Cu trc thch hp, d lm v sinh.
+ C giy v sinh v dp chuyn dng.
+ C bng hiu nhc nh. Hng dn cc th tc thao tc v sinh nhng v tr quy
nh, khu cng cng.

3. CC TH TC CN TUN TH:
- CN thay BHL khi vo ca: theo th t CN x l thay trc, CN ln hng thay sau,
CN giy dp ln k. Sau treo qun o mc nh ln mc treo ni qui nh. Bc
sang mc qun o BHL (c treo sn trn gi), i m bao kn tc, eo khu trang
kn mi ming. Bc sang phng ym ng, i ng, mc ym, ra tay (theo trnh t ra
tay).

Ra tay nh k: Dng nc 10ppm ra tay, nc 20 ppm ra tay c eo
gng, 20 ppm di ym:
1. Ra tay, di ym:
CN x l, ln hng gh chn: 30 pht/1ln.
CN kim hng gh sng: 30 pht/1 ln.
CN ln hng, xp khun hng gh sng: 1h/ 1 ln.
2. Thay gng:
CN kim hng sng, ln hng gh chn, sng vo ti PE: 1 h / 1 ln.
CN kim hng tm trc khi ln hng, xp khun, x l hng chn: 2h/ 1 ln.

3. Xt cn
Phng bao gi: 30 pht/1 ln.
Cc ca ra vo: Vo gi ngh (nh du X).
Ln tc: u ca 1h/ 1 ln.

i vi c Fillet c b u: Ra tay, lau kh, xt cn: 30 pht/1 ln.
Thay gng: 2h/1 ln.
Ct 1 v 2 c b u: Ra tay, lau kh, xt cn, i ym: 30 pht/1 ln.
Thay gng: 1h/1 ln.

45
- Khi ri xng ri tr li khu ch bin vi bt k l do g, khi thay i sang khu vc
khc trong xng ch bin, khi tay b bn, CN phi ra tay ng qui nh.
- Thay BHL khi ra ngoi hay i v sinh: CN treo ym, ng ln gi, treo qun o
BHL ng ni qui nh ri bc sang v tr mc qun o thng, ra ngoi, khng i
dp trn hnh lang.
- Thu gom BHL: cui ca, BHL c tp trung vo thng nha chuyn dng, nhn
vin chuyn trch s a i git, sy kh phng git bn ngoi.
- Ym, ng CN t git, phi kh. Ring ym khi git, ch ra bng x phng phi
nhng ra li bng nc sch v c kim tra bng Phenoltalein. Nc nhng ym
khng lm hng Phenoltalein l t yu cu.
- CN t vt t trc ca u ca phi treo sn qun o, m, khu trang ln phng thay
BHL v thu li nhng b d sau khi CN thay, sp xp v sinh, gn gng phng
BHL.
- Gng tay git sch bng x phng ri c hp tit trng.
- Nhn vin chuyn trch thng xuyn gim st vic thc hin cc qui nh ra tay,
thay BHL, s dng nh v sinh.
+ Lm v sinh h li ng, pha Clorine 200 ppm (c gi sn theo mc nc trong h).
+ V sinh phng thay BHL thng xuyn.
- Chun b y nc ra tay, giy v sinh, khn lau tay, kim tra b sung kp thi.
Git khn 1 ngy/ln. Bo co kp thi tnh trng hot ng ca cc phng tin v sinh
cho ca trng bo sa kp thi cho nhn vin chuyn trch. Thng xuyn v sinh
ton b dng c, thit b trong nh v sinh.
- CN c hng dn c th, kp thi cc quy nh v ra tay v v sinh c nhn v
ni dung bt buc trong chng trnh kim tra tay ngh hng nm. C chng trnh o
to CN mi.
- CN trnh mi hnh vi c th gy nhim thc phm: ht thuc, khc nh, n ung,
ni chuyn, tay ng chm ln ngi. Khng eo trang sc, mng tay ct ngn.
- Cng nhn phi gi v sinh ni cng cng nh nh n, nh ngh, phng thay BHL,
nh v sinh.
- Nhn vin phng KT kim tra, bo tr cc van p chn, bnh cha x phng 1
thng/1 ln.

4. PHN CNG TRCH NHIM V GIM ST:
- Ton b CN u phi tun th cc quy nh trn. CN chuyn trch v sinh chu
trch nhim khu vc: nh v sinh, phng thay BHL, h thng kh trng tay, ng.
- T trng t SX chu trch nhim t chc, duy tr, n c vic thc hin qui phm
ny.
- QC chuyn trch v sinh khm tay, m bo CN l tay khng c vo sn xut.
ng tay ct ngn.
- QC kim tra vic s dng BHL, cht lng BHL, hin trng v sinh BHL, h
thng ra v kh trng tay, nh v sinh, ch v sinh c nhn v tnh trng sc khe
cng nhn ca/ ln.
- Ca trng nm y cc bo co v tnh hnh chun b cc phng tin vt t v
sinh trc ca SX, sau ngh n cm tr li lm vic v ch vo ca lm vic khi cng vic
chun b y v chu o.
- Q phn xng chu trch nhim t chc thc hin, duy tr quy phm v c k
hoch bo dng, mua sm trang thit b, dng c v sinh kp thi v tng ng vi k
hoch SX.
- QC kim tt c cc ni dung nu trong bin php thc hin v ghi vo biu mu.
- i b sung, sa i u phi c i HACCP thng qua v Gim c ph duyt.
46

5. HNH NG SA CHA:
- Nu thy vi phm cho iu chnh, khc phc ngay v ghi s nht k t, lp bin bn,
bo Ca trng, Q x l nhng trng hp vi phm nghim trng. Bo co hnh ng
sa cha khi c vi phm.
- Ly mu tay CN: theo lch trnh thm tra ni b.

6. H S LU TR:
- Biu mu gim st v sinh c nhn KH - KT.03.07.
- Biu mu thc hin ra tay KH KT .01.12.
- Kt qu vi sinh kim tay.
- S theo di trang b BHL, s dng, thanh l.
- Bo co hnh ng sa cha khi c vi phm.
- H s bo tr, sa cha cc thit b v sinh v kh trng.
- i bin bn vi phm, bin php khc phc, h s biu mu SSOP c lu gi
trong thi gian 2 nm.
Ngy xt duyt:

Ngi xt duyt

V d: BIU MU GIM ST SSOP

Cng ty Ch bin .......
Phn xng Ch bin..
S ../CB/200
QUY PHM V SINH SSOP
PHIU KT QU GIM ST V SINH CHNG TC NHN GY NHIM
V NGN NGA NHIM CHO.

stt Ni dung kim tra
Kt qu kim tra
Nxt & hng sa cha
Ngy Ngy
G C G C
1
ng vt gy hi
Khng hin din trong PX

2
Ngn nga nhim cho

a. ng i ca CN

b. ng i ca nc

c. ng i ca BTP

d. Ha cht trong dc kn,
k hiu phn bit.

3
Ph liu, nc thi.

a. Ph liu khng b tn ng.

b. Nc thi khng b ng.

c. ng thot nc trong
xng sch.

4
ng gi: sch, nguyn vn.

5
Khng ly nhim t ca my
mc, thit b.

47
6
Thit b ch bin c bo tr,
trong tnh trng tt trnh nhim
tp cht.

7
nh sng , bo tr tt.

8
Nhim cho tim n (nu c).

Nhn xt v hnh ng sa cha

9
QC

Ngy thm tra
Ngi thm tra
: u ca, G: Gia ca, C: Cui ca.

48
BI 5:
GII THIU V HACCP

1. KHI NIM V HACCP
HACCP
A Analysis
C Critical
C Control
P Point

HACCP l h thng qun l cht lng mang tnh phng nga, nhm m bo an
ton thc phm v cht lng thc phm da trn vic phn tch mi nguy v xc nh
cc bin php cn kim sot ti cc im kim sot ti hn.

2. BY NGUYN TC C BN CA H THNG HACCP
1) Phn tch mi nguy, xc nh bin php phng nga
2) Xc nh im kim sot ti hn (CCP).
3) Thit lp cc gii hn cho mi CCP.
4) Thit lp cc chng trnh gim st cho mi CCP.
5) ra cc hnh ng sa cha.
6) Xy dng cc th tc thm tra.
7) Thit lp cc th tc lu tr h s.

3. TRNH T XY DNG K HOCH HACCP
1) Thnh lp i HACCP.
2) t sn phm.
3) D kin phng thc s dng sn phm.
4) Lp s quy trnh cng ngh.
5) Kim tra s quy trnh cng ngh trn thc t.
6) Phn tch mi nguy, xut bin php phng nga.
7) Xc nh cc im ti hn (CCP).
8) Thit lp cc gii hn cho mi CCP.
9) Thit lp cc chng trnh gim st cho mi CCP.
10) ra cc hnh ng sa cha.
11) Xy dng cc th tc thm tra.
12) Thit lp cc th tc lu tr h s.

49
BI 6:
CC BC CHUN B XY DNG K HOCH HACCP

1. THNH LP I HACCP
1.1. Yu cu i vi thnh vin i HACCP:
1. c hun luyn c bn v HACCP.
2. Hiu bit v c kinh nghim v mt hoc vi lnh vc sau:
- Sinh hc, ha hc, vt l.
- Cng tc v sinh.
- Cng ngh ch bin.
- Kt cu nh xng.
- Trang thit b, my mc.
- Cc lnh vc khc.
3. Am hiu tnh hnh thc t ca x nghip.
1.2. C cu i HACCP
1. i din ban gim c x nghip.
2. B phn kim sot cht lng (QC).
3. Mt s b phn khc nh:
- B phn qun l iu hnh sn xut.
- B phn qun l thit b, cng ngh.
4. Chuyn gia t bn ngoi (nu cn).
1.3. S lng thnh vin i HACCP.
Khong t 3 n 9 ngi (ty thuc iu kin c th x nghip).
1.4. Th tc thnh lp i HACCP.
- Quyt nh thnh lp (nu r phm vi hot ng v quyn hn ca i HACCP).
- Danh sch cc thnh vin v phn cng trch nhim c th.

DANH SCH I HACCP

stt H tn Chuyn mn CV hin
nay
CV i
HACCP
Nhim v c th
1.

2.

Nguyn Vn A

Nguyn Th H
KSCBTS

C nhn VSV
P.GD K
thut
Trng
QC
i trng

i ph

Lnh o ph duyt.

Xy dng, thm tra
SSOP.

1.5. Trch nhim i HACCP
- Xy dng k hoch HACCP.
- Xc nh tin thc hin.
- Gi vai tr ch cht trong vic o to v thc hin HACCP.
- Thm tra sa i k hoch HACCP.
- Xem xt, bo co vic thc hin HACCP.

2. M T SN PHM V D KIN PHNG THC S DNG
2.1. Nhm sn phm tng t
- Tng t v quy trnh ch bin.
- Cng mc nguy c khi s dng.
+ Sn phm c nguy c cao, nu l:
Thc phm n lin.
50
Loi thy sn c nguy c gn lin.
+ Sn phm c nguy c thp, nu:
Phi nu chn trc khi n.
Loi thy sn khng c nguy c gn lin.

2.2. Bng m t v d kin phng thc s dng sn phm

Tn a ch X nghip
Bng m t sn phm (Description of Product)

STT c im t
1 Tn sn phm
2 Nguyn liu (ghi c tn khoa hc)
3 Cch thc bo qun, vn chuyn v tip
nhn nguyn liu.

4 Khu vc khai thc nguyn liu.
5 t tm tt quy cch thnh phm.
6 Thnh phn khc (ngoi nguyn liu).
7 Cc cng on ch bin chnh.
8 Kiu bao gi.
9 iu kin bo qun.
10 iu kin phn phi, vn chuyn sn phm.
11 Thi hn s dng.
12 Thi hn by bn sn phm.
13 Cc yu cu v dn nhn.
14 Cc iu kin c bit.
15 Phng thc s dng.
16 i tng s dng.
17 Cc quy nh yu cu cn tun th.

Ngy ph duyt
Ngi ph duyt.
Khng c b trng 1 mc no.

51
V d: Bng m t sn phm

X nghip X tnh Y
a ch:..
BNG M T SN PHM

STT c im M t
1 Tn sn phm THT GH NG LNH
2 Nguyn liu (tn khoa hc) Gh nhn (Portunus spp), Gh (Portunus haani).
3 Cch thc bo qun, vn
chuyn v tip nhn nguyn
liu.
Gh nguyn liu thu mua t vng khai thc c
gi sng hoc c p nc xay trong cc
thng cch nhit v vn chuyn v phn xng,
nhit nguyn liu 4
o
C.
Ti PX gh c kim tra cm quan trc khi a
vo ch bin.
4 Khu khai thc nguyn liu Vng bin Khnh Ha, Ph Yn, Ninh Thun,
Bnh Thun.
5 t tm tt quy cch
thnh phm.
Tht gh sng nhi mai. Trng lng: 20g, 30g,
40g, 50g, 70g,100g/mai b vo ti PE.
Tht gh p cng, p i gh. Trng lng:
180g, 240g, 250g/khay.
Tht gh sng ht chn khng, ng lnh 0,
kg/block.
6 Thnh phn khc Khng c.
7 Cc cng on ch bin
chnh.
Tip nhn nguyn liu Ra 1 Bo qun S
ch X l g tht Kim tra Ln hng
Ch ng (nu c) Cp ng Bao gi D
kim loi ng thng Bo qun.
8 Kiu bao gi Tht gh nhi mai: 20g, 30g, 40g, 0g, 70g, 100
g/PE, 1 kg/hp, 12 hp/thng carton.
Tht gh p cng, p i: 10g, 240g, 20
g/khay/ti PE. 32 khay cng c/thng carton.
Tht gh sng, ht chn khng, ng lnh 0,
kg/block.
9 iu kin bo qun Bo qun sn phm trong kho lnh nhit -
18
o
C.
10. iu kin phn phi sn
phm
Sn phm c phn phi, vn chuyn dng
ng lnh lun m bo nhit - 18
o
C.
11. Thi hn s dng 1 thng t ngy sn xut hoc theo yu cu ca
khch hng.
12. Cc yu cu v nhn Tn v a ch ca Cng ty, tn sn phm, kch c,
khi lng tnh, ngy sn xut. Hn s dng. Tn
khch hng.
13. Cc iu kin c bit Khng c
14. D kin s dng Nu chn trc khi n.
15. i tng s dng Tt c mi ngi.
16. Cc qui nh, yu cu phi
tun th
TC 67/199/Q BYT, yu cu khch hng, tiu
chun Cng ty.
Ngy ph duyt:
Ngi ph duyt:
52

3. XY DNG S QUI TRNH CNG NGH
3.1. Mc ch:
S quy trnh cng ngh l cng c quan trng xy dng k hoch HACCP.
3.2. Yu cu:
- y cc bc m sn phm i qua.
- Theo ng trnh t.
- y cc thng s k thut v cc thao tc chnh ti tng bc.
- n gin, r rng.

V d: Minh ha s quy trnh cng ngh
X nghip ng lnh ABC huyn X tnh Y.

S QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN

Tn sn phm: THT GH SNG NG LNH
TIP NHN NGUYN LIU
RA BO QUN NG. LIU
TCH AI, B NI TNG, RA
KI TRA
X L AI
X L DI, CNG
LY THT
KI XNG RA
CN - NHI AI P CNG, I GH
CH NG (Nu c)
CP NG
BAO GI (PE, HP)
D KI LOI
NG THNG
BO QUN
53

M T QUI TRNH CNG NGH
Tn sn phm: GH SNG NG LNH BOCK.

Cng on Thng s k
thut chnh
M t
(1) (2) (3)
Tip nhn nguyn
liu.

T
o
BQ NL

4
o
C Nguyn liu gi sng c p xay,
nhit bo qun 4
o
C v vn chuyn v
xng.
Ti PX gh dc kim tra nhit v cm
quan. Ch nhn NL t yu cu phm cht
ca Cng ty.
Ra 1 T
o
nc ra
10
o
C
Nng
Clorine
50ppm
Gh nguyn liu a vo ch bin c
ra trong trng nc sch (100 lt) c nhit
10
o
C .
Thay nc sau khi ra 10

r

gh. (1 r
2/3).

.

Ngy ph duyt
Ngi ph duyt.
T bng bit tng cng on v thao tc chnh tng cng on.

4. KIM TRA S QUY TRNH CNG NGH TRN THC T
4.1. Mc ch:
Thm tra tnh st thc ca s v hiu chnh s cho ng vi thc t.
4.2. L do:
- Thit k trn giy nhiu khi khng hon ton ng thc t.
- m bo khng b st bt k cng on no.
- Thu thp kinh nghim thc t ca nhng ngi trc tip qun l cht lng trn dy
chuyn.
- Gip cc thnh vin trong i HACCP nm c nhng vn c lin quan.
4.3. Phng php tin hnh:
- i kim tra dc dy chuyn sn xut t nht 2 ln, trong t nht 1 ln c sn xut.
- Khng b qua bt c bc no, ch n ng i ca sn phm.
- Phng vn nhng ngi c lin quan ti sn xut (nu cn).
- Hiu chnh s qui trnh (nu cn).

54
BI 7:
NGUYN TC 1: PHN TCH MI NGUY V XC NH
CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA

1. PHN TCH MI NGUY L G?
Nhn din tt c cc mi nguy c lin quan n tng cng on trn dy chuyn sn
xut v xc nh nhng mi nguy ng k cn phi kim sot.
i nguy ng k: vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, gim tnh kh dng, tnh gian di kinh
t.

2. PHNG PHP TIN HNH PHN TCH MI NGUY
2.1.Ti liu cn tham kho khi phn tch mi nguy
- Cc thng tin, thng bo v dch t.
- Cc lut l, quy nh c lin quan.
- Cc tiu chun, hng dn c lin quan.
- Thng tin t cc ti liu khoa hc.
- Kinh nghim t thc t hot ng ca x nghip.
- Cc khiu kin ca khch hng

2.2. Nhn din mi nguy tim n (mi nguy c th xy ra)
Cn c:
- Quy trnh ch bin (l cng c quan trng).
- Lit k cc mi nguy tng cng on: i nguy vt l, ha hc, sinh hc.
- Cc iu kin to ra mi nguy.
Trong qu trnh lit k lu
- K ng.
- K .

2.3. Xc nh ngun gc cc mi nguy
Nhng yu t nm ngoi phm vi kim sot ca x nghip
- Vng nui v khai thc
- Nh phn phi (phng tin, iu kin, dng c, ).
- i tng s dng v cch s dng sn phm ca ngi tiu dng
Nhng yu t nm trong phm vi kim sot ca x nghip
- H thng ch bin.
- iu kin v sinh, lm v sinh.
- Vt liu bao gi v cch bao gi.
- Cc hp phn (ph gia, cht bo qun, ).
- Bo qun (phng php v phng tin bo qun ).
- Trang thit b
Ch :
Khi nhn din mi nguy vi sinh vt ti mi cng on
- Vi sinh vt hin hu (c sn nhim t mi trng, phng tin, dng c trong vn
chuyn mi nguy ny xut hin trong khu tip nhn nguyn liu).
- Vi sinh vt gy bnh nhim vo ( tt c cc cng on: nu cng nhn, dng c
khng v sch s u c th l ngun ly nhim vi sinh vt).
- Vi sinh vt pht trin: hu ht cc cng on tr cng on gia nhit, lm ng, bo
qun ng (kim sot mi nguy ny GP).
- Vi sinh vt sng st sau cng on gia nhit

55

Sau khi nhn din: Loi ra nhng mi nguy hu hiu bng GP, SSOP.
SSOP: vi sinh vt nhim vo.
GMP: vi sinh vt pht trin.
Ta phi i kim sot mi nguy cn li bng HACCP

2.4. Mi nguy ng k
i nguy c coi l ng k khi:
- Nhiu kh nng xy ra.
- Nu xy ra gy hi cho ngi tiu dng.
K hoch HACCP ch tp trung vo kim sot cc mi nguy ng k.
Khi xc nh mi nguy ng k cn cn c vo:
- Kh nng xy ra (Risk) trong x nghip.
+ Kh nng xy ra thp (rt him khi xy ra, vi ba nm xy ra).
+ Va (tn xut xy ra: 1 nm xy ra t 2 n 3 ln).
+ Cao (tun no, thng no cng xy ra)
- c nghim trng i vi ngi tiu dng khi mi nguy xy ra:
+ Thp.
+ Va (c mi nguy ngi ny b nhng ngi khc li khng b).
+ Cao (c mi nguy ai cng xy ra: v d nh thuc tr su, Sallmolala).

BNG TNG HP XC NH MI NGUY NG K

Nhm
Kh nng xy ra
(Risk)
Tnh nghim
trng (Severity)
i nguy c ng k hay
khng
A THP (T) THP (T) KHNG

B
THP (T)
THP (T)
VA (V)
CAO (C)
VA (V)
CAO (C)
THP (T)
THP (T)
Ty tng trng hp
Ty tng trng hp
Ty tng trng hp
Ty tng trng hp
C
VA (V)
VA (V)
CAO (C)
CAO (C)
VA (V)
CAO (C)
VA (V)
CAO (C)
NG K
NG K
NG K
NG K

3. P DNG CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA THCH HP
Bin php phng nga l cc phng php vt l, ha hc hoc cc th tc c
thc hin ngn nga vic xy ra cc mi nguy c th lm mt an ton thc phm.
3.1. Bin php phng nga i vi mi nguy sinh hc
Vi khun
- Kim sot nhit v thi gian.
Tip nhn nguyn liu
Ra
Luc
(VSV gy bnh hin din)
(VSV gy bnh pht trin
nhim vo)
(VSV gy bnh sng st)
56
- Cc qu trnh gia nhit: hp, trn, luc, rn.
- Lm lnh v cp ng.
- Ln men hoc kim sot PH.
- Kim sot ngun.
- Thm mui hoc cc ha cht bo qun khc.
- Sy kh (gim hot ca nc).
Virut
- Gia nhit (nu chin trc khi n).
K sinh trng
- Gia nhit.
- Lm lnh hoc cp ng.
- Soi v gp b.
- Kim sot t ngun.
3.2. Bin php phng nga mi nguy ha hc
- Kim sot ngun (VD: chng nhn ca ngi bn v kim tra nguyn liu).
- Kim sot sn xut (VD: dng ng cc ph gia thc phm).
- Kim sot gin nhn.
3.3. Bin php phng nga mi nguy vt l
- Kim sot ngun (VD: chng nhn ca ngi bn v kim tra nguyn liu).
- Kim sot sn xut (VD: dng my, mng lc, ).
t my d kim loi soi, gp.

4. TM TT QU TRNH PHN TCH MI NGUY

CN
N
CC LOI I NGUY
CC I NGUY D
XY RA
CC I NGUY
NG K
I NGUY

NG K
KIM

SOT
Lit k nh gi
GMP v SSOP
Bin php phng
nga
57
BNG PHN TCH MI NGUY

Tn x nghip
a ch
Tn sn phm
Cch phi ch v bo qun
Cch s dng.
i tng s dng.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Thnh
phn/cng
an
i nguy cn
nhn bit
i nguy
c ng
k khng?
(C/K)
Din gii
quyt nh
ct 3
Bin php phng
nga mi nguy ng
k xc nh ct
3?
Cng on
ny c phi l
CCP (C/K)?

Tip
nhn
nguyn
liu
Vt l: Ct sn K - Kim
sot GMP

Ha hc:
Histamine,
Ure
Kim loi nng:
ch, Hg, ...

C

C

-

C
Sinh hc
- VSV
hin
hu
- K sinh
trng

C

C

Luc

Soi gp, luc

K

K
Ra Vt l (Khng)
Ha hc
Sinh
hc

Luc Vt l
Ha hc
Sinh hc C Kim sot nhit
, thi gian
C

Ngy ph duyt:
Ngi ph duyt:

V d: BNG PHN TCH MI NGUY

Tn x nghip
a ch
Tn sn phm: Tm thit luc.
Cch phi ch v bo qun container lnh, xe lnh
T
o
-18
o
C.
Cch s dng: Gia nhit trc khi n.
i tng s dng: Tt c mi ngi.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Thnh
phn/
cng
an
i nguy cn
nhn bit
i nguy
c ng
k khng?
(C/K)
Din gii quyt nh
ct 3
Bin php phng nga
mi nguy ng k
xc nh ct 3?
Cng
on ny
c phi l
CCP
58
(C/K)?

Tip
nhn
nguyn
liu
Vt l: mnh kim
loi
C C th c trong ngliu
khi nhp vo.
C bc kim tra sau
loi b.
Khng
Ha hc:
- D lng thuc
tr su v ha cht
mi trng v
khng sinh cm.

- D lng
Cloranphenicol.

- Tc nhn Sulfit.

C

C

C
- C th vng nui b
nhim d lng
thuc tr su v ha
cht mi trng
nhng nng dn hoc
i l thu gom ngliu
c cha thnh phn
c hi , nhng
khng sinh cm (tuy
nhin t c kh nng).

- C kh nng nng
dn hoc i l thu
gom s dng CAP
trong nui v bo qun
NL
- Sulfit dng bo qun
NL c th gy d ng
cho ngi tiu dng.

- Ch thu mua nguyn
liu ca nhng i l,
ngi nui trng c giy
cam kt cho thy tm
c thu mua t nhng
vng c kim sot
ca NAFICAVED,
khng s dng ha cht
m FDA, EU, cc c
quan chc nng VN
khng cho php s dng
trc thu hoch t nht
04 nm.

- Kim tra d lng
CAP mi l nguyn liu
nhn vo (thit b
ELISA).

- Ch nhn nhng l NL
c cam kt ca nh
cung cp s dng thuc
ng qui nh v khng
s dng Sulfit, kim tra
nhanh bng giy th
Sulfit.

C

C

C

Sinh hc:
- VSV gy bnh
hin din.
- VSV gy bnh
ly nhim.
- VSV pht trin.

C

Khng

Khng

- C th trong ngliu,
l SP chn, n lin.
- c kim sot bng
SSOP.
- Thi gian tip nhn
NL nhanh v c
kim sot bng GP.

Sn phm cn luc chn
on sau.

Khng
Ra 1

59
BI 8:
XC NH IM KIM SOT TI HN (CCP)

1. IM KIM SOT TI HN (CCP)
L cng on sn xut ti cc bin php c thc hin ngn nga, loi tr
hoc gim thiu cc mi nguy n mc chp nhn c.

2. MT S V D V CCP:
2.1V d v cng on c th l CCP m ti mi nguy c ngn nga
- Cng on v tip nhn nguyn liu c th ngn nga nguyn liu b nhim ha
cht xm nhp vo.
- Cng on ch bin c b xung ph gia c th ngn nga vi sinh vt (VSV) pht
trin.
- Cng on ch ng c th ngn nga s pht trin ca VSV gy bnh.

2.2. V d v cng on c th l CCP m ti mi nguy c loi tr
- Cng on gia nhit (luc, hp, rn, ) c th loi tr VSV gy bnh.
- Cng on d kim loi c th gip pht hin v loi tr mnh kim loi 2mm ra khi
sn phm.
- Bo qun lnh sn phm nhit -20
o
C, thi gian 7 ngy loi b k sinh trng.

2.3. V d v cc cng on c th l CCP m ti mi nguy gim thiu n mc
c th chp nhn c
- Cng on soi gp k sinh trng (KST), xng khng loi b c hon ton k
sinh trng, xng nhng lm gim thiu c KST, xng trong sn phm.
- Cng on ra nguyn liu, bn thnh phm bng nc sch c pha cht kh trng
ph hp c th gim lng VSV gy bnh n mc chp nhn c.

3. C IM CA CCP
- Ti mi CCP c th kim sot mt hoc nhiu mi nguy ng k
VD: CCP tip nhn nguyn liu c th kim sot mi nguy: Histamine, VSV gy
bnh, ha cht bo qun, trong c ng.
- Cc CCP khc nhau c th dng kim sot mt mi nguy ng k
VD: i nguy Histamine trong c ng c th kim sot ti cng on:
+ Tip nhn nguyn liu.
+ Ch ng (nu c).

60
4. CY QUYT NH CCP

CY QUYT NH CCP

Cu hi 1: Ti cng on ny hoc nhng cng on sau c bin php
phng nga no i vi mi nguy nhn din khng?
Cu hi 2a: Cng on ny c
c thit k c bit nhm
loi tr hoc lm gim n
mc chp nhn c kh
nng ny xy ra mi nguy hay
khng?
Cu hi 2b: Vic kim sot
cng on ny c cn thit i
vi an ton thc phm khng?
Cu hi 3: Cc mi nguy nhn din c kh nng
xy ra qu mc chp nhn c hoc gia tng n
mc khng th chp nhn hay khng?
Cu hi 4: C cng on no sau
cng on ny loi tr hoc lm gim
mi nguy nhn din n mc chp
nhn c hay khng?
DNG LI
KHNG PHI CCP
CCP
im kim sot ti hn
C
Sa i cng on hoc
quy trnh hoc sn phm
C
Khng
Khng
Khng
C
C
C
Khng Khng
61

BI 9:

THIT LP GHTH CHO CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA
GN LIN VI MI CCP

1. KHI NIM
Gii hn ti hn l mt gi tr hay ngng xc nh m mi bin php phng nga
ti mt im kim sot ti hn phi tha mn.
Hoc
GHTH l mc phn bit kh nng chp nhn c v khng th chp nhn.

V D V GII HN TI HN

Bin php phng nga GHTH
- K SINH TRNG
ng lnh.
Nu chn.
Soi, gp.

- HISTAMINE
Bo qun nhit thp.

Cm quan ti ca nguyn liu.

- VI SINH VT GY BNH
Gia nhit.
- NH VN KI LOI
y r kim loi.

-20
o
C trong 7 ngy.
Luc 100
o
C khng di 2 pht.
Khng qu 3 bo nang/kg.

Nhit bo qun <
o
C.
Thi gian bo qun < 24 h.

T chi l nguyn liu c t l h
hng > 2,5%.
(Staphylococcusaureus)

70
o
C khng di giy.

nh kim loi <2mm.

2. CC NGUN THNG TIN THAM KHO
- Kt qu th nghim: Do cng ty t nghin cu hoc hp ng nghin cu vi
phng th nghim bn ngoi.
- Cc vn bn php l: Cc tiu chun, quy nh, lut l, ch th, hng dn ca
Nh nc v nc nhp khu, yu cu ca khch hng.
- Cc thng tin ti liu nghin cu khoa hc.
- Cc chuyn gia, kinh nghim ca nhn vin x nghip.

3. CC CCH CHN GII HN TI HN
V d: Mi nguy sinh hc VSV gy bnh sng st
CCP: cng on rn
Cch 1: Gim st VSV gy bnh
GHTH: Khng cn VSV sng st (Test)
Cch 2: Kim sot nhit bn trong sn phm
GHTH: Nhit bn trong sn phm t ti thiu 70
o
C trong 1 pht.
Cch 3: Kim sot nhng yu t nh hng n nhit bn trong sn phm
62
GHTH:
+ Nhit du rn 160
o
C
+ B dy sn phm ti a 2 cm.
+ Thi gian rn ti thiu 1 pht.
D thc hin ta chn cch 3. V d
QUY NH
THI GIAN NHIT RN SN PHM

Sn phm C Thi gian (pht) Nhit (
o
C)

A
A1
A2
A3
1
1,5
2
160
160
160

B
B1
B2
B3
1
2
3
160
160
160

C
C1
C2
C3
2
2,5
3
160
160
160

4. GII HN HOT NG
L mc nghim khc hn gii hn ti hn, c dng gim thiu nguy c xy ra
s c.

5. IU CHNH QU TRNH
L hnh ng c thc hin a qu trnh tr li khun kh gii hn hot ng.

GHTH
0
0
0
0
0
GHTH
GHTH
GHTH
63
BI 10:

GIM ST IM KIM SOT TI HN

1. GIM ST L G
Vic quan st, o m hoc cc php phn tch c h thng nhm m bo cho qu
trnh, th tc ti mt im kim sot ti hn (CCP) c thc hin theo k hoch
HACCP.

2. TI SAO PHI GIM ST
- Thu thp d liu xem xt cc gii hn ti hn c b vt qu hay khng.
- Xc nh xu hng dao ng st ti gii hn ti hn c th hiu chnh qu trnh
trc khi mt kim sot.
- Xc nh s mt kim sot a ra hnh ng sa cha kp thi.
- Rt ra quy lut hiu chnh cc gii hn ti hn.
- Cung cp bng chng v hot ng ca h thng kim sot (h s).

3. NI DUNG TH TC GIM ST
3.1. Gim st ci g (What)
Quan st xem bin php phng nga c c thc hin hay khng.
- Kim tra giy cam kt ngi cung cp nhin liu.
- Quan st hn s dng ca ha cht, ph gia.
o, phn tch mt s thuc tnh ca sn phm hoc qu trnh
- Thuc tnh ca qu trnh.
+ Nhit , thi gian ca qu trnh ch bin.
+ Tc bng chuyn.
- Thuc tnh ca sn phm.
+ PH ca sn phm.
+ nh gi mu, mi sn phm.
3.2. Phng php gim st (HOW)
- Cn c thit k cho kt qu nhanh.
V d:
+ o thi gian, nhit .
+ o Axit, PH..
+ Kim nghim cm quan.
- Dng c gim st ph hp.
V d:
+ Nhit k, ng h, cn.
+ Dng c o m.
+ Giy o Sulfit
+ Dng c o Clorine, PH.
Ch : Dng c chnh xc, phi hiu chun theo nh k.

3.3. Tn xut gim st (WHEN)
- Tn xut gim st phi m bo pht hin kp thi nhng vi phm GHTH .
+ Gim st lin tc
V d:
Ghi nhit , thi gian mt cch t ng.
S dng my d kim loi.
Thng xuyn quan st tr s ghi c c bin php tc ng kp thi.
64
+ Gim st khng lin tc.
V d:
Kim tra v ghi nhit nh k.
Ly mu kim tra cm quan
Gim st mc bin ng ca qu trnh ch bin, nu qu trnh sn xut n nh
th tn xut gim st gim.
Cc tr s thng thng gn GHTH n mc no.
Bao nhiu sn phm s phi ti ch nu GHTH vi phm.
Ngoi xc nh s ln gim st cn xc nh thi im gim st sao cho qu trnh
sn xut an ton nht.
V d:
Gim st mt ca 4 ln ca cng on File c, tp trung 4 ln gim st cui ca.
3.4. Ai gim st (WHO)
- Ngi c phn cng gim st c th l:
+ Cng nhn trc tip sn xut.
+ Cng nhn vn hnh thit b.
+ Cn b gim st.
+ Nhn vin bo tr.
+ Cn b QLCL.
- Ngi chu trch nhim gim st cn:
+ c o to k thut gim st CCP.
+ Hiu r tm quan trng ca vic gim st CCP.
+ C iu kin thc hin thun li.
+ Bo co ngay nhng vi phm GHTH.

4. THIT LP BIU MU GIM ST
Ni dung biu mu gim st
Ti thiu c cc thng tin sau:
- Tn a ch nh my.
- Tn biu mu, du hiu ph duyt.
- Ngy nghi chp.
- Tn ngi thc hin.
- Cc ch tiu cn gim st.
- Tiu chun/ mc tiu phi t ca tng ch tiu.
- Tn xut gim st.
- Ngy thm tra v ch k ca ngi thm tra.
+ Khng khng ch s lng biu mu s dng kim sot ti mt CCP.
+ C th ghp chung biu mu kim sot CCP vi cc yu t kim sot khc ca
GP, SSOP (gim s h s lu tr).

65
BI 11:

RA HNH NG SA CHA

1. HNH NG SA CHA L G?
(Khi no) c hnh ng sa cha: Khi vt qu gii hn ti hn.
Hnh ng sa cha l cc hnh ng c d kin phi thc hin khi GHTH b vi
phm nhm khc phc hu qu v ngn nga s ti din ca vi phm .
Hnh ng sa cha thng c thit k theo dng (s sai lch l) (th hnh
ng sa cha l).

2. CC HP PHN CA HNH NG SA CHA
- Sa cha v loi b nguyn nhn, gy ra s c, a qu trnh tr v tm kim sot.
- Nhn din v c lp sn phm c ch bin trong qu trnh xy ra s c, xc
nh cch gii quyt nhng sn phm .

3. CC VN CN XEM XT KHI THIT K HNH NG SA CHA
- Pht hin s c.
- ra hnh ng sa cha g a sn phm/qu trnh tr v tm kim sot
WHAT?
- Xc nh r hng x l hay v tr cui cng ca sn phm b sai st HOW?
- Ai c trch nhim thc hin hnh ng sa cha WHO?
- Lp bin bn, k tn, lu tr h s.

4. PHNG PHP D KIN, THIT K HNH NG SA CHA
Nu GHTH b vi phm
Th thc hin (cc) hnh ng nhm khc phc s c v ngn nga mi nguy ti
din khu vc .
V d:
Nu (s c) nhit / thi gian luc khng t th (hnh ng sa cha) ngng luc
v iu chnh theo yu cu. i sn phm sn xut trong qu trnh xy ra s c s c
luc li hoc ch bin thnh sn phm khc.
Nu: C ng x l nhit cao v qu thi gian quy nh.
Th: p thm . C lp sn phm v tin hnh nh gi cm quan. Th
Histamine. Xc nh nguyn nhn lm sn phm b dn tc. phng s c ti din.
Nu: C li chu ang tip nhn c borat.
Th: T chi l hng. Ngng mua c ca nh cung cp cho ti khi c giy cam kt
khng s dng Borat. ngh kim tra tng cng i vi nh cung cp trong mt
thng.

5. CCH X L I VI QU TRNH CH BIN KHNG PH HP
Qu trnh vi phm GHTH (qu trnh b s c).
- Xc nh nguyn nhn.
- Thc hin hnh ng sa cha ni cn thit.
- Ti lp s kim sot.

6. CCH X L SN PHM KHNG PH HP
Sn phm khng ph hp l nhng sn phm sn xut ra trong qu trnh xy ra s
c.
- C lp sn phm.
66
- nh gi li tnh an ton ca sn phm.
+ Da vo nh gi ca cc nh chuyn mn.
+ Da vo cc php th cm quan, ha hc, VSV.
- X l sn phm
+ Ti ch.
+ Thay i mc ch s dng.
+ Hy b.
+ Gii phng l hng.

7. CC BC X L SN PHM TRONG KHI THC HIN HNH
NG SA CHA

8. BO CO HNH NG SA CHA
- Nhn din qu trnh v sn phm (m t qu trnh v sn phm, lng sn phm b
c lp).
- t s c.
- Hnh ng sa cha c thc hin k c tnh trng cui cng ca sn phm b
sai st.
- Tn ngi chu trch nhim (trc tip, gin tip), thc hin hnh ng sa cha (a
ch
- nhng ni cn thng bo).
- Cc kt qu nh gi v hnh ng sa cha (nu cn).
C
Khng
Gii phng l hng
Khng Khng
Ti ch, phc hi
BC 1: C lp sn phm

- Chuyn gia
- Xt nghim (l, ha, vi sinh)
BC 2: C hin hu mi nguy v an ton khng?
BC 3: C th ti ch hay phc hi s an ton khng?
BC 4: Gii php cui cng
- Hy b, loi b.
- Chuyn sang dng sn phm khc.

S QUYT NH GII PHP HNH NG SA CHA
67

V d: BO CO HNH NG SA CHA
Ngy .//2011 L hng s:.
TCP.01.03.05.05.11
M t s c:
10h30, QC pht hin thit b r kim loi KL03 hot ng khng chnh xc, khng
pht hin c s hin din ca mu th kim loi (kch thc 2mm). Ln kim sot
trc (h00) thit b hot ng tt. Cc sn phm qua my t h00 ti 10h30 c th
ln kim loi.
Hnh ng sa cha:
Ngng my. C lp l hng qua my trong thi gian t h00 n 10h30. Cch ly
l hng, chuyn l hng sang my r kim loi KL02 ang hot ng tt. Gi b
phn k thut kim tra v hiu chnh thit b KL03.
Ngy s c gii quyt xong: 10h00 ngy 6//2011.
Kt qu:
- L hng cch ly c r li, pht hin c 2 gi sn phm trong 2 thng hng b
ln kim loi, loi 2 gi sn phm ra v gii phng l hng lc 1h00 ngy //99.
- Thit b r kim loi KL03 hot ng bnh thng, pht hin c chnh xc s
hin din ca mu th.
Ngi thc hin Ngy thm tra Ngi thm tra
Nguyn vn A 10/5/2011 Trn Vn X

68
BI 12:
TH TRA (VERIFICATION)

1. THM TRA L G?
L p dng cc phng php, th tc, php th v cc cch nh gi khc nhm
xem xt tnh hp l ca k hoch HACCP v xc nh s tun th theo k hoch
HACCP trong thc t sn xut.
c ch ca thm tra: Nhm to lng tin rng k hoch HACCP l c c s khoa
hc, ph hp kim sot cc mi nguy v ang c thc thi (ch tin vo nhng g
c thm tra).

2. CC HNH THC THM TRA
Thm tra ni b (t kim tra hoc t thm nh).
Thm tra t bn ngoi.
- C quan nh nc c thm quyn.
- C quan chc nng ca nc nhp khu.
- T chc trung gian th ba c y quyn.

2.1. Thm tra ni b
THM TRA NI B
Xc nhn gi tr
s dng.

KSTH
thm tra.

Thm tra h
thng HACCP.

Thm tra t
bn ngoi.
Bin php
KS trong
GMP.
Thm tra
bin php
kim sot
SSOP.

2.1.1. Xc nhn gi tr s dng
t hot ng thm tra tp trung vo thu thp cng nh nh gi thng tin mang
tnh khoa hc k thut nhm xc nh rng khi c thc hin ng n k hoch
HACCP s kim sot mi nguy mt cch hiu qu.
V d:
Khi lm v sinh mt bn, dng c ch bin c nhng thng s xc nh theo tiu
chun (sn), nhng c nhng thng s phi i tm l xc nh gi tr s dng, c lin
quan n SSOP, GP v lin quan n im kim sot ti hn.
a) Tn sut xc nh gi tr s dng
Nn xc nh gi tr s dng ca h thng HACCP theo tn sut.
Vo lc u.
Khi cc yu t i hi, c th cn xc nh gi tr s dng khi:
- C thay i v nguyn liu.
- Thay i trong sn phm hoc qu trnh.
- C nhng bt n khi nh gi xem xt.
- Cc sai lch ti din.
- C thng tin mi v mi nguy hoc bin php kim sot.
- C bt n khi quan st trn dy truyn (thc t).
69
- C thay i trong phng thc phn phi hoc phng thc s dng ca ngi tiu
dng.
b) Ai thc hin vic xc nhn gi tr s dng ca h thng HACCP.
- i HACCP.
- Chuyn gia HACCP.
- C quan nh nc c thm quyn.
2.1.2. Thm tra im kim sot ti hn
- m bo cc bin php kim sot ang hot ng thch hp.
- m bo cc thit b o c hiu chun.
- Xc nhn cc mi nguy ang c kim sot v hnh ng sa cha.
- Xc nhn cc mi nguy ang c kim sot thng qua ly mu v kim nghim.
a) Cc hot ng thm tra im kim sot ti hn thng xut hin ct thm
tra trong bng tng hp k hoch HACCP.
- Bao gm:
+ Hiu chun tt c cc dng c o.
+ Xem xt nh gi tt c cc h s hiu chun.
+ Xem xt nh gi mi h s ghi chp trong qu trnh gim st v thc hin hnh
ng sa cha.
+ Ly mu v kim nghim theo tiu ch nh i vi nguyn liu v bn thnh
phm.
Hiu chun thit b:
- m bo:
+ Thit b, dng c c dng trong gim st v thm tra l chnh xc.
+ Tin hnh hiu chun ph hp vi thit b khi pht hin thiu chnh xc.
- Vic hiu chun c thc hin:
+ i vi thit b v dng c dng gim st thm tra.
+ Theo tn sut nhm m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc php o.
V d: Cng nhit k: nhit k thy ngn chnh xc hn nhit k in t. V vy s
dng nhit k thy ngn tn sut o nhit ln hn.
Tn sut ph thuc mc ch s dng.
V d: Trong khu luc tn sut o nhit nhiu hn trong khu tip nhn nguyn
liu.
+ Bng cch kim tra tnh chnh xc so vi chun c cng nhn cng iu kin
hoc gn ging iu kin m thit b hoc dng c s c dng.
Xem xt nh gi h s gim st v hiu chun:
- Hot ng gim st c tin hnh ti cc im c th nu trong HACCP.
- Cc hot ng gim st c tin hnh theo tn sut c th nu ra k hoch
HACCP.
- Hnh ng sa cha c tin hnh bt k khi no gim st cho thy c s sai lch
so vi gii hn ti hn.
- Thit b c hiu chun theo nhng tn sut nu trong k hoch HACCP.
Ly mu kim tra:
m bo:
- Cc gii hn ti hn c thit lp l thch hp.
- Chng trnh HACCP ang hot ng hiu qu.

70

Nhm xc nhn:
- Vic m t sn phm v quy trnh cng ngh l chnh xc.
- Vic gim st ti cc CCP ang c thc thi.
- i hot ng nm trong tm kim sot (khng vt gii hn ti hn).
- Vic ghi chp s liu chnh xc v c thc hin ngay ti thi im quan st.
2.1.3. Thm tra bin php kim sot trong GMP v SSOP
- Cc h s c hnh thnh khi gim st GP v SSOP cng ging nh h s ghi
chp v cc KSTH u phi c xem xt.
- V d:
GMP gim st nhit trn dy chuyn sn xut.
SSOP v sinh b mt.
- Cc dng c o lng c s dng gim st cc GP v SSOP phi c hiu
chun h s hiu chun cng phi c lu tr v xem xt.
- Vic ly mu v kim nghim theo tiu ch nh cng l ph hp.
Thm tra h thng HACCP.
Thm tra ton b h thng HACCP.
Khi no phi tin hnh thm tra h thng HACCP:
+ Hng nm.
+ Khi c sai li h thng hoc thay i ng k trong sn phm hay qu trnh sn
xut.
Cc hot ng thm tra h thng HACCP bao gm:
a) Xem xt nh gi ton b h thng HACCP (xem xt nh gi chnh thc hng
nm)
- Nhm HACCP hp t nht 1 nm l ln nhm xem xt nh gi cn thn cc th tc
v ti liu ca h thng HACCP.
- c ch ca vic xem xt nh gi :
+ m bo mi thng tin ghi trn ti liu v th tc c cp nht mt cch hon
chnh.
+ iu chnh ci thin trn c s cc xem xt nh gi thm nh thng tin mi.
b) Thm nh ni b l gi?
- Thm nh ni b l vic thu thp thng tin 1 cch h thng nhm khng nh h
thng HACCP ang hot ng v c duy tr.

- Bao gm:
+ Xem xt nh gi cc ti liu v h s ghi chp.
+ Quan st ti hin trng trong x nghip.
c) Cc hnh thc chnh ca thm nh ni b:
- Thm nh ton din h thng HACCP (thm nh 1 ln mi lnh vc ca h thng
HACCP).

LY U
KI TRA
t xut
nh k
Sn phm
cui cng
Trn dy chuyn
sn xut
71
V d:
nh gi ln u hoc hng nm.
- Thm tra theo ch
Tp trung vo cc lnh vc c th ca h thng HACCP.
V d:
nh gi khu tip nhn nguyn liu.
Ch : Phn bit s khc nhau gia thm tra ni b v thm nh ni b:
- Thm nh ni b c c im mang tnh c lp.
- Thm nh ni b l cng c hu ch thc hin thm tra ni b.

2.1.3.1. Biu mu thm nh
L lit k cc cu hi m ngi thm nh cn phi tm hiu cu tr li.
Cng c hu ch tin hnh thm nh 1 XNCB:
- Hng dn tng bc qui trnh thm nh ni b.
- Xc nh phm vi thm nh ni b.
- Gi cho vic thm nh tp trung.
- m bo lnh vc u c bao qut k lng.
- Cung cp chng c cho nhng pht hin trong thm nh.

Biu mu thm nh
- c thit lp theo yu cu/ tiu chun hoc th tc.
- Nhng yu cu c th c chuyn thnh cc cu hi.
V d:
Yu cu: Cc th tc thm tra phi c t liu ha.
Cu hi: Trong biu mu thm nh cc th tc thm tra c c t liu ha
khng?

2.1.3.2. Kim nghim thnh phm
Cc ch tiu vi sinh v ha hc c p dng :
- Kim tra thnh phm nhm thm tra tnh hiu qu ca h thng HACCP.
- Xc nhn sn phm p ng cc tiu chun vi sinh v ha hc ti thiu p dng
nc s ti (Vit nam) hay nc nhp khu.
- Tn sut ly mu:
+ Cc yu t gn vi nguy c sn phm c nguy c cao c kim tra thng xuyn
hn sn phm c nguy c thp.
+ Cc kt qu kim nghim trc y mt lot cc kt qu tt cho thy h thng
HACCP ang hot ng v tn sut kim nghim c th gim xung.

2.2. Lch trnh thm tra l g?
- Lch trnh thm tra l mt bn lit k y cc hot ng thanh tra phi c thc
hin nhm m bo rng h thng HACCP ang hot ng ng.
- Lch trnh nn bao gm tt c cc hot ng ca thm tra ni b t xc nhn gi tr
s dng cho n thm tra h thng HACCP.
lch trnh thm tra c hiu qu, nn ghi chi tit v:
- Ci g s c thm tra.
- Vic thm tra c thc hin nh th no (nu chi tit).
- Tn sut tin hnh hoc khong thi gian c th.
- Ai chu trch nhim.

72
2.3. Thm tra t bn ngoi.
Thm tra ca c quan c thm quyn
- L do chnh cn nh gi ca c quan thm quyn l bit c doanh nghip ch
bin thc phm c kh nng duy tr vic sn xut, phn phi thc phm an ton khng.
- Kt qu nh gi ca c quan thm quyn hu ch vi doanh nghip v: cng c s
phn hi c lp (ci sai li) ca 1 kim tra vin c lp v kinh nghim.
- Kt qu nh gi ca c quan thm quyn phi c i HACCP xem xt khi thc
hin xem xt nh gi i HACCP hng nm.

73

BI 13:

THIT LP TH TC LU TR H S

1. LU TR H S
Lu tr h s l hnh ng t liu ha mi hot ng c thc hin trong k hoch
HACCP nhm m bo rng qu trnh thc hin k hoch HACCP c kim sot.

2. NGHA CA H S LU TR TRONG CHNG TRNH HACCP.
- H s lu tr trong chng trnh HACCP l rt quan trng (khng c h s =>
khng c HACCP)
- Cc loi h s: Chng minh v xc nhn bng vn bn rng h thng HACCP ang
hot ng.

3. NHNG YU CU TRONG VIC THIT K H S BIU MU:
- D s dng.
- ch in.
- C th kt hp (GP + CCP).
- Khi cn c th thay i.

4. YU CU KHI GHI CHP H S:
- Khng ty xo.
- Ghi cc thng tin trn biu mu (khng b trng) theo ng tn xut ra.

5. CCH THIT LP H S GIM ST TI CCP

- Ghi chp thng tin r rng.
- Nu c s sai lch, th phi nhanh chng tin hnh hnh ng sa cha.
- t r rng hnh ng sa cha thc hin.
- Ghi chp kt qu thc hin hnh ng sa cha. Ngi thc thc hin k.
- Thm tra xem xt hnh ng sa cha v kt qu. Ph trch k.

6. NHNG THNG TIN CN NU TRONG BIU MU H S GHI CHP
- Tn biu mu, m s nhn din ca h s.
- Tn v a ch x nghip.
- Thi gian v ngy thng ghi chp.
- Nhn din sn phm (loi sn phm, kch thc bao gi, dy chuyn ch bin v m
s sn phm nu c).
- Cc gii hn ti hn.
CCP
H S
1
2.
3.
Kim tra
o lng
74
- Quan st hoc o lng tin hnh trong thc t.
- Ch k hoc tn vit tt ca ngi tin hnh ghi chp.
- Ch k hoc tn vit tt ca ngi thm tra xem xt h s.
- Ngy thng thm tra xem xt h s.

7. NHNG YU CU TRONG VIC LU TR H S
GHI CHP:
- u biu v h s trng cn phi c chun ho.
- H s phi phn nh ng iu kin hot ng hin ti.
- Khng c hon thin h s trc kh bt u hoc kt thc mt hot ng.
- Khng c dng tr nh tin hnh ghi chp h s.
- H s phi chnh xc.
LU TR:
- Nhn vin phi nhn thc r trch nhim v vic lu tr h s.
- H s phi c lu tr lu hn thi hn s dng ca sn phm.
- Phi c bn ng k ch k hoc tn vit tt.

8. THI GIAN LU TR H S
Thi gian lu tr h s ph thuc vo thi hn s dng ca sn phm.
28 TCN 129 Quy nh phi lu tr h s t nht l:
- 6 thng i vi sn phm ti sng.
- 2 nm i vi hng ng lnh, ch bin.
- 2 nm i vi h s theo di thit b.

9. CC LOI H S CN PHI LU TR NH MT PHN CA H
THNG HACCP
- K hoch HACCP v ti liu h tr xy dng k hoch HACCP.
- H s ghi chp vic gim st cc CCP.
- H s ghi chp v hnh ng sa cha.
- H s ghi chp v cc hot ng thm tra v iu chnh i vi h thng HACCP.
- H s ghi chp v tnh cht, vic m ho v s dng sn phm (chng nhn ngun
gc)
TT C NHNG G L TRONG HACCP U PHI LU TR.

LU :
- Trong qu trnh lu tr h s c phng ring, c th mc (file) lu tr h s v
truy cp d dng.
- Hin nay c th s dng my tnh lu tr h s tuy nhin c ch bo mt.
- H s phi dch sang ting anh.

BNG TNG HP K HOCH HACCP
75
Tn x nghip
a ch
Tn sn phm
Cch phi ch v bo qun
Cch s dng.
i tng s dng.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
im
kim
sot
(CCP)
i
nguy
ng
k
Cc
gii
hn ti
hn
Th tc gim st Hnh
ng
sa
cha.
H s
ghi
chp.
Thm
tra.
Ci g? Cch
no?
Tn
sut?
Ai?

76
V d: BNG TNG HP K HOCH HACCP

Tn x nghip
a ch
Tn sn phm: Tm luc.
Cch phn phi ch v bo qun: Container lnh, xe lnh T
o
C.
Cch s dng: Gia nhit trc khi n.
i tng s dng: Tt c mi ngi.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
im
kim
sot
(CCP)
i nguy
ng k
Cc gii hn ti
hn
Th tc gim st Hnh ng sa
cha. - Loi b l
ngliu khng c
giy cam kt ca
L, ngi nui
hoc kt qu dng
tnh trn giy th.
H s ghi
chp.
Thm tra.
Ci g? Cch no? Tn sut? Ai?
Tip
nhn
ng.
liu.
Ha hc:
- D lng
thuc tr
su v ha
cht mi
trng v
khng sinh
cm.

- Ch thu mua
nguyn liu ca
nhng i l,
ngi nui trng
c giy cam kt
cho thy tm
c thu mua t
nhng vng c
kim sot ca
NAFIQUAVED
v d lng cc
cht c hi
khng vt qua
gii hn cho
php.
- i l cam kt
khng dng
khng sinh cm.

- Giy cam kt
ca i l.

- Khu vc i
l.

- Vng nguyn
liu.

- Giy cam kt.

- Xem cam kt
v a vo
danh sch nh
cung ng.
- Quan st,
phng vn L.

- Xem cam kt
ngi nui.

- Xem giy
cam kt v a
vo nh gi
nh cung ng.
- Ban u & nm/
ln i vi mi mt
ch i l.

- 3 thng/ ln.
- i l ngliu tip
nhn.
- i l ngliu tip
nhn.

- QC tip nhn
& ph.KT-KCS.

- Trng ph.
KT -KCS hoc
cn b ph
trch thu mua
PXCB.

- T chi khng
nhn vi l khng
thuc danh sch
c chp thun.
- Khng nhn l
NL nm trong vng
khng t iu kin
ATVS theo thng
bo ca NAFIQA-
VED v c quan
chc nng (nu c).

- Giy cam
kt L.

- Giy cam
kt ngi
nui.
- Danh sch
i l c
chp thun.

- Hng tun
xem xt li h
s.
- Hng thng
Trng ph.KT-
KCS xem
thng bo KQ
kim tra d
lng v bo
co QC ngliu
nhng vng
khng t yu
cu v VS
ATTP.

- Tc nhn
Sulfit.

- L & ngi
nui cam kt ca
ngi cung cp
khng dng cc
tc nhn Sulfite
trong l hng
bo qun ngliu.
- K.qu m tnh
ca giy th.
- Giy cam kt
i l, ngi
nui.

- Giy th
Sulfit.
- Xem giy
cam kt i l.
- Xem giy
cam kt ngi
nui.

- Kt qu giy
th.
- Ban u & nm/
ln i vi mi L.
- Ban u & nm/
ln.

- i l.

- QC thu mua
ngliu.
- PH.KT-KCS
& tip nhn.
-Trng ph.
KT& QC tip
nhn.
- QC tip nhn.
- Loi b l ngliu
khng c giy cam
kt ca L, ngi
nui hoc kt qu
dng tnh trn
giy th.
-KHT-KT.01.
02 v giy
cam kt L,
ngi nui
- i thng
kim d lng
Sulfit ti
NAFIQUAVED.

- Hng tun
xem xt li h
s.
Hp
.
D
kim
loi

77
TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
KHOA CH BIN
B MN QUN L CHT LNG V AN TON THC PHM

HNG DN BTL
M BO CHT LNG V LUT
THC PHM

GV: Phan Th thanh Hin

Nha trang 2011

78
BI TP LN M BO CHT LNG v LUT THC PHM

- Thi gian :
- YU CU I VI SINH VIN:
+ Sinh vin c chia thnh cc nhm c t 3-9 ngi (u tin chn s l).
+ Cc nhm hot ng c lp nh mt i HACCP.
+ Cc nhm chn la cc mt hng khc nhau v cc th trng xut khu khc
nhau. Nh s khc nhau v cc mt hng v cc th trng tiu th m cc nhm s lm
vic c lp v c trch nhim tm kim cc ti liu, vn bn lut, tiu chun, qui nh,
ngh inh lin quan n mt hng v th trng m nhm mnh chn la.

- NI DUNG THC HIN:
Ni dung thc tp ca hc phn m bo cht lng v lut thc phm bao gm 2
phn trng tm c bn:

- Thc hin xy dng cc phng php m bo cht lng ang c s dng
ph bin hin nay .
- Tm hiu v vn dng cc vn bn lut, qui nh, tiu chun, ch th, ngh nh
lin quan nhm m bo cht lng thc phm.
Tuy nhin, ni dung thc hin hai phn ny khng tch ri v c lp m thc hin
an xen nhm thc hin mc tiu m bo cht lng.
thc hin c cc yu cu ca ni dung 1, sinh vin cn bit cch tm kim v
s dng cc ngun tra cu thng tin c c cc vn bn lut, qui nh, tiu chun,
quy chun k thut, ch th, ngh nhlin quan v bit cch vn dng ng cch, linh
hot vo cc tnh hung bi tp c th ca phn xy dng phng php m cht lng
cho mt mt hng c th, mt x nghip c th m mi nhm chn la.
Kt qu ca vic thc tp ny c nh gi da trn kh nng p dng cc yu cu
ca cc vn bn lut, qui nh, tiu chun, ch th, ngh nh ng ch, hp l vi
tng mt hng ca tng nhm v cc iu kin c th ca cc x nghip.
i s sao chp, s dng khng ng cch u c s gp , sa cha ca gio
vin hng dn, nhm mc ch ch cho sinh vin thy r ngha ca bi thc hnh.
Sinh vin c th gp nhng kh khn trong qu trnh tm kim ti liu, thng tin.
Nhng c s nh hng v gip ca gio vin, sinh vin s tm kim c mt
cch d dng v bit c cc ngun thng tin cn khai thc s dng cho cng vic
ca mnh v sau ny.

- NHIM V C TH CA NHM:
+ Thnh lp i HACCP (bng).
+ La chn sn phm cho nhm, l do chn sn phm ny.
79
+ La chn th trng tiu th sn phm, cc yu cu ca th trng lin quan n
sn phm (yu cu lin quan n cht lng v VSATTP ca sn phm).
+ y dng bng nh gi iu in tin quyt n ut mt hng nhm
chn:
Bng nh gi T.
Hng dn nh gi.
Bng p loi .
+ Xy dng chng trnh GP cho sn phm (SP nhm chn).
Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh.
Xy dng cc quy phm GP.
Xy dng biu mu gim st GP.

+ Xy dng k hoch HACCP (6 bng theo12 bc xy dng k hoch HACCP)
Bng thnh lp i HACCP ( lm trn).
t sn phm (Bng)
Xy dng s quy trnh cng ngh, thuyt minh QTCN (Bng).
Phn tch mi nguy (Bng).
Tng hp CCP (Bng).
Tng hp k hoch HACCP (Bng).

Sau khi cc nhm lm bi xong, c lm vic vi gio vin hng dn hon thin
ni dung, cc nhm in v ng thnh quyn vi ni dung:

KHOA CH BIN
*******

Bi tp In

M BO CHT LUQNG V LUAT
THUC PHAM

TN SN PHAM

Tn nhm:
Lp:
Tn GVHD:

Ngy, thng, nm
80

Bn trong Bi tp gm cc phn sau:
+ La chn sn phm cho nhm, l do chn sn phm ny.
La chn th trng tiu th sn phm, cc yu cu ca th trng lin quan
n sn phm (yu cu lin quan n cht lng v VSATTP ca sn phm).
+ Bng nh gi iu kin tin quyt C s sn xut
+ Chng trnh GMP ca sn phm:
S QUI TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN
Tn c s sn xut: .
a ch:
Tn sn phm:...

Quy phm GP:

Cng on 2

Cng on cui

Cng on 1

TN C S SN XUT
QUY PHM SN XUT (GMP)
TN SN PHM
GMP S i.j: TN CNG ON

1. QUY TRNH:

2. GII THCH L DO:

3. CC TH TC CN TUN TH:

4. PHN CNG TRCH NHI V BIU U GI ST

Ngy ph duyt:
Ngi ph duyt

81
Biu mu gim st cc quy phm.
BIU U GI ST GP (km theo tn quy phm)
C S SN XUT ...
a ch: ....
Tn sn phm: .......
S quy phm: ....
Ngy sn xut:
Thng s theo yu cu:
Tn sut: .., Ca sn xut:.., phn xng SX....

Stt Thi im
gim st
Ngi
gim st
Thng s gim st Ghi ch
....

Ngy Thm tra
Ngi thm tra:

K hoch HACCP
BNG 1: DANH SCH I HACCP
Tn c s: ...
a ch: ....
TT H v tn Trnh
chuyn mn
Chc v
cng tc
Chc v
trong i
HACCP
Nhim v trong i
HACCP
1
2
3

Ngy ph duyt
Ngi ph duyt..
BNG 2: T SN PH
Tn c s sn xut: .
a ch:
c c tnh t
1. Tn sn phm
82
2. Nguyn liu
(Tn khoa hc)

3. Cch thc bo qun,
vn chuyn v tip nhn nguyn liu.

4. Khu vc khai thc ng. liu
5. t tm tt quy cch thnh phm
6. Thnh phn khc
(ngoi nguyn liu)

7. Cc cng on ch bin chnh
8. Kiu bao gi.
9. iu kin bo qun
10. iu kin phn phi, vn chuyn sn
phm

11. Thi hn s dng
12. Cc yu cu v dn nhn
13. Cc iu kin c bit
14. D kin s dng
15. i tng s dng
16. c quy nh, yu cu
cn phi tun th

Ngy ph duyt:..
Ngi ph duyt:.

BNG 3: S QUI TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN
Tn c s sn xut: .
a ch:
Tn sn phm:...
83

BNG 4: T QUI TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN
Tn c s sn xut: .
a ch:
Tn sn phm:..
Tn Cng
on
Thng s
k thut chnh
t

Ngy ph duyt:..
Ngi ph duyt:.

BNG : BNG PHN TCH I NGUY

+ Tn C s sn xut:
+ a ch:

Tn sn phm:
Phng php phn phi v bo qun:
D kin s dng:
i tng s dng:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Cng on 2

Cng on cui

Cng on 1
84
Thnh
phn/
Cng
on
Xc nh mi nguy
tim n xm nhp
vo, c kim
sot hoc tng ln
cng on ny
i nguy
c ng
k khng
?
(C/K)
Nhn xt, nh
gi, phn tch
din gii cho
quyt nh
nu ct s 3
Bin php phng
nga mi nguy
ng k xc
nh ct s 3 ?
Cng on
ny c
phi l
im kim
sot ti
hn
khng
(C/K)
Sinh hc:
C1 Ha hc:
Vt l:
Sinh hc:
C Ha hc:
Vt l:
Sinh hc:
C cui Ha hc:
Vt l:
Ngy ph duyt:..
Ngi ph duyt:.
85
BNG 6: TNG HP K HOCH HACCP
+ Tn C s sn xut:
+ a ch:
- Tn sn phm:
- Phng php phn phi v bo qun:
- D kin s dng:
- i tng s dng:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
im
kim
sot ti
hn
(CCP)
i
nguy
ng
k
Cc gii
hn
ti hn
Th tc gim st Hnh
ng
sa
cha
H s
ghi chp
Thm tra
Ci g
?
Cch
no ?
Tn
sut
Ai ?

Ngy ph duyt:..
Ngi ph duyt:.

BIU MU GIM ST CCP CNG ON .
C s sn xut
Tn sn phm:
Ngy sn xut:
Gii hn ti hn:
Tn sut: .., Ca sn xut:..
Ngi gim st Thi im gim
st
i nguy ng k cn kim
sot
Hnh ng sa
cha

Ngy ph duyt:
Ngi ph duyt:

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