Tc gi: ThS.

on Vng Nguyn

CHNG I
HON V CHNH HP T HP

A. TM TT GIO KHOA V PHNG PHP GII TON

I. Quy tc m, cng v nhn
1. Quy tc m
Trong nhiu trng hp ta cn phi m s phn t, s tp hp, s cc s hng ca tng, v khng phi
lc no cng thc hin d dng. Ta xt mt quy tc rt ra t bi ton n gin sau y.

Bi ton
Ngi ta cn lm mt hng ro di 20m, c cch 2m th chn 1 cc. Tnh s cc cn dng.
Gii
S khong cch gia cc cc l 20: 2 = 10.
K t cc th 2 tr i th s cc bng s khong cch.
Vy s cc l
20
1 11
2
= .
1.1. Quy tc
Vi iu kin l khong cch gia cc s bng nhau (cch u), ta c:
1

=
so l n nha t so nho nha t
so ca c so
khoa ng cach gia 2 so lie n ke
.

V d 1. Tnh s cc s t nhin c 3 ch s chia ht cho 4.
Gii
S c 3 ch s ln nht chia ht cho 4 l 996.
S c 3 ch s nh nht chia ht cho 4 l 100.
Khong cch gia 2 s lin k chia ht cho 4 l 4.
Vy c
996 100
1 225
4

= s.
V d 2. Tm s hng th 7 trong tng sau:
4 7 28
(a x) (a x) (a x) ... (a x) .
Gii
Khong cch gia s m ca 2 s hng k nhau l 3.
Gi s m ca s hng th 7 l k, ta c
k 1
1 7 k 19
3

= = .
Vy s hng cn tm l
19
(a x) .

1.2. Cc du hiu chia ht
+ Chia ht cho 2: s c ch s tn cng l 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
+ Chia ht cho 3: s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 (v d 2001).
+ Chia ht cho 4: s c 2 ch s tn cng lp thnh s chia ht cho 4 (v d 2000, 3796, 12344).
+ Chia ht cho 5: s c ch s tn cng l 0, 5.
+ Chia ht cho 6: s chia ht cho 2 v 3.
+ Chia ht cho 8: s c 3 ch s tn cng lp thnh s chia ht cho 8 (v d 2000, 2008, 3257016).
+ Chia ht cho 9: s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 9 (v d 2007).
+ Chia ht cho 10: s c ch s tn cng l 0.
+ Chia ht cho 11: s c hiu ca tng cc ch s hng l v tng cc ch s hng chn chia ht cho 11
(v d 1345729 v (1 + 4 + 7 + 9) (3 + 5 + 2) = 11).
+ Chia ht cho 25: s c 2 ch s tn cng l 00, 25, 50, 75.
1


2. Quy tc cng
i) Nu mt qu trnh (bi ton) c th thc hin c mt trong hai cch (trng hp) loi tr ln nhau: cch
th nht cho m kt qu v cch th hai cho n kt qu. Khi vic thc hin qu trnh trn cho m + n kt
qu.
ii) Nu mt qu trnh (bi ton) c th thc hin c k cch (trng hp) loi tr ln nhau: cch th nht
cho m
1
kt qu, cch th hai cho m
2
kt qu, , cch th k cho m
k
kt qu. Khi vic thc hin qu trnh
trn cho m
1
+ m
2
+ + m
k
kt qu.

V d 3. C 2 cun sch ton A v B khc nhau, 2 cun sch vt l C v D khc nhau. Cn chn ng 2
cun sch, hi c bao nhiu cch.
Gii
+ Trng hp 1: chn 2 cun sch ton c 1 cch.
+ Trng hp 2: chn 2 cun sch vt l c 1 cch.
+ Trng hp 3: chn 1 cun sch ton v 1 cun vt l c 4 cch l A v C, A v D, B v C, B v D.
Vy c 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 cch chn.

V d 4. T tp hp X a; b; c = chn ra 1 tp hp con ca A. Hi c my cch.
Gii
+ Trng hp 1: chn tp hp khng cha phn t no c c 1 cch l tp rng.
+ Trng hp 2: chn tp hp cha 1 phn t ca A c 3 cch, l

a , b v

c .
+ Trng hp 3: chn tp hp cha 2 phn t ca A c 3 cch, l a; b , a; c v b; c .
+ Trng hp 4: chn tp hp cha 3 phn t ca A c 1 cch, l a; b; c .
Vy c 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8 cch chn.

2. Quy tc nhn
i) Nu mt qu trnh (bi ton) c thc hin theo hai giai on (bc) lin tip nhau sao cho c m cch
thc hin giai on th nht, ng thi ng vi mi cch c n cch thc hin giai on th hai. Khi
c mn cch thc hin qu trnh trn.
ii) Nu mt qu trnh (bi ton) c thc hin theo k giai on (bc) lin tip nhau sao cho c m
1
cch
thc hin giai on th nht, vi mi cch c m
2
cch thc hin giai on th hai, , c m
k
cch thc
hin giai on th k. Khi , ton b qu trnh c m
1
.m
2
m
k
cch thc hin.

V d 5. T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 lp c my s t nhin c 3 ch s phn bit.
Gii
+ Bc 1: chn ch s hng trm c 7 cch (tr ch s 0).
+ Bc 2: chn ch s hng chc c 7 cch (tr ch s chn hng trm).
+ Bc 3: chn ch s n v c 6 cch (tr 2 ch s chn).
Vy c 7.7.6 = 294 s.

V d 6. S 12000 c bao nhiu c s t nhin.
Gii
Ta c
2 3 5 3
12000 2 .3.10 2 .3.5 = = .
Suy ra c s ca 12000 c dng
m n k
2 .3 .5 vi
m 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 , n 0; 1 v k 0; 1; 2; 3 .
+ Bc 1: chn m c 6 cch.
+ Bc 2: vi mi cch chn m c 2 cch chn n.
+ Bc 3: vi mi cch chn m v n c 4 cch chn k.
Vy c 6.2.4 = 48 c s.
2

V d 7. T cc phn t ca X 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 = c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 3
ch s khc nhau.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3
A a a a = vi
1
a 0 v
1 2 3
a , a , a X l s cn lp.
+ Trng hp 1:
1 2 3
A a a 0 (a 0) = = .
- Bc 1: chn a
1
c 5 cch, l a
1
= 1 (hoc 2, 3, 4, 5).
- Bc 2: chn a
2
c 4 cch (tr ch s 0 v ch s a
1
chn).
Suy ra c 5.4 = 20 s
1 2
A a a 0 = .
+ Trng hp 2:
1 2 3 3
A a a a (a 0) = .
- Bc 1: chn a
3
c 2 cch, l a
3
= 2 (hoc a
3
= 4).
- Bc 2: chn a
1
c 4 cch (tr ch s 0 v ch s a
3
chn).
- Bc 3: chn a
2
c 4 cch t 4 ch s cn li.
Suy ra c 2.4.4 = 32 s
1 2 3 3
A a a a (a 0) = .
Vy c 20 + 32 = 52 s.

V d 8. T cc phn t ca X 0; 2; 3; 6; 9 = c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 5 ch s
khc nhau.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3 4 5
A a a a a a = vi
1
a 0 v
1 2 3 4 5
a , a , a , a , a X l s cn lp.
+ Trng hp 1: a
1
l.
- Bc 1: do
1
a 3; 9 nn a
1
c 2 cch chn.
- Bc 2: do
5
a 0; 2; 6 nn a
5
c 3 cch chn.
- Bc 3: do
2 1 5
a X \ a ; a nn a
2
c 3 cch chn.
- Bc 4: do
3 1 2 5
a X \ a ; a ; a nn a
3
c 2 cch chn.
- Bc 5: do
4 1 2 3 5
a X \ a ; a ; a ; a nn a
4
c 1 cch chn.
Suy ra c 2.3.3.2.1 = 36 s c lp.
+ Trng hp 2: a
1
chn.
- Bc 1: do
1
a 2; 6 nn a
1
c 2 cch chn.
- Bc 2: do
5 1
a 0; 2; 6 \ a nn a
5
c 2 cch chn.
- Bc 3: do
2 1 5
a X \ a ; a nn a
2
c 3 cch chn.
- Bc 4: do
3 1 2 5
a X \ a ; a ; a nn a
3
c 2 cch chn.
- Bc 5: do
4 1 2 3 5
a X \ a ; a ; a ; a nn a
4
c 1 cch chn.
Suy ra c 2.2.3.2.1 = 24 s c lp.
Vy c 36 + 24 = 60 s.

V d 9. T cc ch s 1, 2, 3 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 2 ch s.
Gii
Gi
1 2
A a a = vi
1 2
a , a khng phn bit l s cn lp.
+ Bc 1: chn 1 ch s xp vo a
1
c 3 cch.
+ Bc 2: chn 1 ch s xp vo a
2
c 3 cch (do cc ch s khng phn bit).
Vy c 3.3 = 9 s.

V d 10. Cn sp xp 3 ngi A, B, C ln 2 toa tu (mi toa c th cha c 3 ngi). Hi c bao nhiu
cch sp xp.
Gii
+ Bc 1: ngi A c 2 s la chn toa tu.
3
+ Bc 2: vi mi cch chn ca A th ngi B c 2 s la chn toa tu.
+ Bc 3: vi mi cch chn ca A v B th ngi C c 2 s la chn toa tu.
Vy c 2.2.2 = 8 cch sp xp.

Cch gii sai:
Toa tu th nht c 3 cch chn ngi, toa th hai c 3 cch chn ngi. Do c 3.3 = 9 cch. Sai ch
l toa th nht c nhiu cch chn (khng chn ai c hoc chn 1 ngi, 2 ngi, c 3 ngi) ng thi khi
chn ngi A th toa th hai khng th chn ngi A c na! C th cc trng hp l

Cc trng hp
Toa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I ABC AB AC BC C B A
II ABC C B A AB AC BC

Nhn xt:
Ch dng cc quy tc m, cng v nhn th u im l t sai st nhng nhc im l li gii di dng.

II. Hon v Chnh hp T hp
1. Hon v
nh ngha
Cho tp hp X gm n phn t phn bit ( ) n 0 . Mi cch sp xp n phn t ca X theo mt th t no
c gi l mt hon v ca n phn t. S cc hon v ca n phn t c k hiu l P
n
.
n
P n! 1.2...n = = . Quy c: 0! = 1.
V d 11. Sp xp 5 ngi vo mt bng gh c 5 ch. Hi c bao nhiu cch.
Gii
Mi cch i ch 1 trong 5 ngi trn bng gh l 1 hon v.
Vy c P
5
= 5! = 120 cch sp.

V d 12. T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 c th lp c my s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3 4 5
A a a a a a = vi
1
a 0 v
1 2 3 4 5
a , a , a , a , a phn bit l s cn lp.
+ Bc 1: ch s
1
a 0 nn c 4 cch chn a
1
.
+ Bc 2: sp 4 ch s cn li vo 4 v tr c 4! = 24 cch.
Vy c 4.24 = 96 s.


2. Chnh hp

nh ngha
Cho tp hp X gm n phn t phn bit ( ) n 0 . Mi cch chn ra k ( ) 0 k n phn t ca X v sp
xp theo mt th t no c gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t. S cc chnh hp chp k ca n
phn t c k hiu l
k
n
A .
k
n
n!
A
(n k)!
=

.
Nhn xt:
n
n n
A n! P = = .


V d 13. Sp xp 5 ngi vo mt bng gh c 7 ch. Hi c bao nhiu cch.
4
Gii
Mi cch chn ra 5 ch ngi t bng gh sp 5 ngi vo v c hon v l mt chnh hp chp 5 ca 7.
Vy c
5
7
7!
A 2520
(7 5)!
= =

cch sp.

V d 14. T tp hp X 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 = c th lp c my s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3 4
A a a a a = vi
1
a 0 v
1 2 3 4
a , a , a , a phn bit l s cn lp.
+ Bc 1: ch s
1
a 0 nn c 5 cch chn a
1
.
+ Bc 2: chn 3 trong 5 ch s cn li sp vo 3 v tr
3
5
A cch.
Vy c
3
5
5A 300 = s.

3. T hp
nh ngha
Cho tp hp X gm n phn t phn bit ( ) n 0 . Mi cch chn ra k ( ) 0 k n phn t ca X c
gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t. S cc t hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu l
k
n
C .
k
n
n!
C
k!(n k)!
=

.
V d 15. C 10 cun sch ton khc nhau. Chn ra 4 cun, hi c bao nhiu cch.
Gii
Mi cch chn ra 4 trong 10 cun sch l mt t hp chp 4 ca 10.
Vy c
4
10
C 210 = cch chn.

V d 16. Mt nhm c 5 nam v 3 n. Chn ra 3 ngi sao cho trong c t nht 1 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch.
Gii
+ Trng hp 1: chn 1 n v 2 nam.
- Bc 1: chn ra 1 trong 3 n c 3 cch.
- Bc 2: chn ra 2 trong 5 nam c
2
5
C .
Suy ra c
2
5
3C cch chn.
+ Trng hp 2: chn 2 n v 1 nam.
- Bc 1: chn ra 2 trong 3 n c
2
3
C cch.
- Bc 2: chn ra 1 trong 5 nam c 5.
Suy ra c
2
3
5C cch chn.
+ Trng hp 3: chn 3 n c 1 cch.
Vy c
2 2
5 3
3C 5C 1 46 = cch chn.

V d 17. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s sao cho trong mi s , ch s hng ngn
ln hn hng trm, ch s hng trm ln hn hng chc v ch s hng chc ln hn hng n v.
Gii
Gi
1 2 3 4
A a a a a = vi
1 2 3 4
9 a a a a 0 l s cn lp.
X 0; 1; 2; ...; 8; 9 = .

T 10 phn t ca X ta chn ra 4 phn t bt k th ch lp c 1 s A. Ngha l khng c hon v hay l
mt t hp chp 4 ca 10.
Vy c
4
10
C 210 = s.
5


Nhn xt:
i/ iu kin xy ra hon v, chnh hp v t hp l n phn t phi phn bit.
ii/ Chnh hp v t hp khc nhau ch l sau khi chn ra k trong n phn t th chnh hp c sp th t cn
t hp th khng.

4. Phng php gii ton
4.1. Phng php 1.
Bc 1. c k cc yu cu v s liu ca bi. Phn bi ton ra cc trng hp, trong mi trng hp li
phn thnh cc giai on.
Bc 2. Ty tng giai on c th v gi thit bi ton s dng quy tc cng, nhn, hon v, chnh hp
hay t hp.
Bc 3. p n l tng kt qu ca cc trng hp trn.

V d 18. Mt nhm cng nhn gm 15 nam v 5 n. Ngi ta mun chn t nhm ra 5 ngi lp thnh
mt t cng tc sao cho phi c 1 t trng nam, 1 t ph nam v c t nht 1 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp
t cng tc.
Gii
+ Trng hp 1: chn 1 n v 4 nam.
- Bc 1: chn 1 trong 5 n c 5 cch.
- Bc 2: chn 2 trong 15 nam lm t trng v t ph c
2
15
A cch.
- Bc 3: chn 2 trong 13 nam cn li c
2
13
C cch.
Suy ra c
2 2
15 13
5A .C cch chn cho trng hp 1.
+ Trng hp 2: chn 2 n v 3 nam.
- Bc 1: chn 2 trong 5 n c
2
5
C cch.
- Bc 2: chn 2 trong 15 nam lm t trng v t ph c
2
15
A cch.
- Bc 3: chn 1 trong 13 nam cn li c 13 cch.
Suy ra c
2 2
15 5
13A .C cch chn cho trng hp 2.
+ Trng hp 3: chn 3 n v 2 nam.
- Bc 1: chn 3 trong 5 n c
3
5
C cch.
- Bc 2: chn 2 trong 15 nam lm t trng v t ph c
2
15
A cch.
Suy ra c
2 3
15 5
A .C cch chn cho trng hp 3.
Vy c
2 2 2 2 2 3
15 13 15 5 15 5
5A .C 13A .C A .C 111300 = cch.
Cch khc:
+ Bc 1: chn 2 trong 15 nam lm t trng v t ph c
2
15
A cch.
+ Bc 2: chn 3 t vin, trong c n.
- Trng hp 1: chn 1 n v 2 nam c
2
13
5.C cch.
- Trng hp 2: chn 2 n v 1 nam c
2
5
13.C cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 3 n c
3
5
C cch.
Vy c ( )
2 2 2 3
15 13 5 5
A 5.C 13.C C 111300 = cch.

4.2. Phng php 2.
i vi nhiu bi ton, phng php 1 rt di. Do ta s dng phng php loi tr (phn b) theo php
ton A A X A X \ A = = .
Bc 1: chia yu cu ca thnh 2 phn l yu cu chung X (tng qut) gi l loi 1 v yu cu ring A.
Xt A l ph nh ca A, ngha l khng tha yu cu ring gi l loi 2.
6
Bc 2: tnh s cch chn loi 1 v loi 2.
Bc 3: p n l s cch chn loi 1 tr s cch chn loi 2.

Ch :
Cch phn loi 1 v loi 2 c tnh tng i, ph thuc vo ch quan ca ngi gii.

V d 19. T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 c th lp c my s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau.
Gii
+ Loi 1: ch s a
1
ty , ta c 5! = 120 s.
+ Loi 2: ch s a
1
= 0, ta c 4! = 24 s.
Vy c 120 24 = 96 s.

V d 20. Mt nhm c 7 nam v 6 n. Chn ra 3 ngi sao cho trong c t nht 1 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch.
Gii
+ Loi 1: chn 3 ngi ty trong 13 ngi c
3
13
C cch.
+ Loi 2: chn 3 nam (khng c n) trong 7 nam c
3
7
C cch.
Vy c
3 3
13 7
C C 251 = cch chn.

V d 21. T 20 cu hi trc nghim gm 9 cu d, 7 cu trung bnh v 4 cu kh ngi ta chn ra 10 cu
lm kim tra sao cho phi c c 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu
kim tra.
Gii
+ Loi 1: chn 10 cu ty trong 20 cu c
10
20
C cch.
+ Loi 2: chn 10 cu c khng qu 2 trong 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh.
- Trng hp 1: chn 10 cu d v trung bnh trong 16 cu c
10
16
C cch.
- Trng hp 2: chn 10 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c
10
13
C cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 10 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c
10
11
C cch.
Vy c ( )
10 10 10 10
20 16 13 11
C C C C 176451 = kim tra.

Ch :
Gii bng phng php phn b c u im l ngn tuy nhin nhc im l thng sai st khi tnh s
lng tng loi.
V d 22. T 20 cu hi trc nghim gm 9 cu d, 7 cu trung bnh v 4 cu kh ngi ta chn ra 7 cu
lm kim tra sao cho phi c c 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim
tra.
Cch gii sai:
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c
7
20
C cch.
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: chn 7 cu d trong 9 cu c
7
9
C cch.
- Trng hp 2: chn 7 cu trung bnh c 1 cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 7 cu d v trung bnh trong 16 cu c
7
16
C cch.
- Trng hp 4: chn 7 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c
7
13
C cch.
- Trng hp 5: chn 7 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c
7
11
C cch.
Vy c ( )
7 7 7 7 7
20 9 16 13 11
C 1 C C C C 63997 = kim tra!
Sai st trong cch tnh s loi 2. Chng hn, khi tnh s trong trng hp 3 ta tnh lp li trng
hp 1 v trng hp 2.
7

Cch gii sai khc:
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c
7
20
C cch.
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: chn 7 cu d hoc trung bnh trong 16 cu c
7
16
C cch.
- Trng hp 2: chn 7 cu d hoc kh trong 13 cu c
7
13
C cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 7 cu trung bnh hoc kh trong 11 cu c
7
11
C cch.
Vy c ( )
7 7 7 7
20 16 13 11
C C C C 64034 = kim tra.
Sai st do ta tnh lp li s cch chn ch c 7 cu d v ch c 7 cu trung bnh trong trng hp 1
v trng hp 2.

Cch gii ng:
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c
7
20
C cch.
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: chn 7 cu d hoc trung bnh trong 16 cu c
7
16
C cch.
- Trng hp 2: chn 7 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c
7 7
13 9
C C cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 7 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c
7
11
C 1 cch.
Vy c ( )
7 7 7 7 7
20 16 13 9 11
C C C C C 1 64071 = kim tra.
V d 23. Hi ng qun tr ca mt cng ty gm 12 ngi, trong c 5 n. T hi ng qun tr ngi
ta bu ra 1 ch tch hi ng qun tr, 1 ph ch tch hi ng qun tr v 2 y vin. Hi c my cch bu
sao cho trong 4 ngi c bu phi c n.
Gii
+ Loi 1: bu 4 ngi ty (khng phn bit nam, n).
- Bc 1: bu ch tch v ph ch tch c
2
12
A cch.
- Bc 2: bu 2 y vin c
2
10
C cch.
Suy ra c
2 2
12 10
A .C cch bu loi 1.
+ Loi 2: bu 4 ngi ton nam.
- Bc 1: bu ch tch v ph ch tch c
2
7
A cch.
- Bc 2: bu 2 y vin c
2
5
C cch.
Suy ra c
2 2
7 5
A .C cch bu loi 2.
Vy c
2 2 2 2
12 10 7 5
A .C A .C 5520 = cch.

5. Hon v lp (tham kho)
Cho tp hp X c n phn t gm n
1
phn t ging nhau, n
2
phn t khc li ging nhau, , n
k
phn t khc
na li ging nhau ( )
1 2 k
n n ... n n = . Mi cch sp n phn t ny vo n v tr l mt hon v lp, s
hon v lp l
1 2 k
n!
n ! n !...n !
.
V d 24. T cc ch s 1, 2, 3 lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c ng 5 ch s 1, 2 ch s 2 v 3 ch s 3.
Gii
Xem s cn lp c 10 ch s gm 5 ch s 1 ging nhau, 2 ch s 2 ging nhau v 3 ch s 3 ging nhau.
Vy c
10!
2520
5! 2! 3!
= s.
Cch gii thng dng:
+ Bc 1: chn 5 trong 10 v tr sp 5 ch s 1 c
5
10
C cch.
+ Bc 2: chn 2 trong 5 v tr cn li sp 2 ch s 2 c
2
5
C cch.
8
+ Bc 3: sp 3 ch s 3 vo 3 v tr cn li c 1 cch.
Vy c
5 2
10 5
C .C .1 2520 = s.







CHNG II
NH THC NEWTON
PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH

A. TM TT GIO KHOA V PHNG PHP GII TON

I. NH THC NEWTON
nh ngha
Nh thc Newton l khai trin tng ly tha c dng:
( )
n 0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 k n k k n n
n n n n n
a b C a C a b C a b ... C a b ... C b

=

n
k n k k
n
k 0
C a b (n 0, 1, 2, ...)

=
= =

.
+ S hng th k+1 l
k n k k
k 1 n
T C a b

= thng c gi l s hng tng qut.

+ Cc h s
k
n
C c tnh theo cng thc t hp chp hoc da vo tam gic Pascal sau y:

Chng hn:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C 1, C 6, C 15, C 20, C 15, C 6, C 1 = = = = = = = .

Tnh cht
i)
k n k
n n
C C (0 k n)

= .
ii)
k k 1 k
n n n 1
C C C (1 k n)

= .


PHNG PHP GII TON

1. Dng nh ngha v tnh cht chng minh hoc rt gn ng thc

V d 1. Chng minh ng thc:
k k 1 k 2 k 3 k
n n n n n 3
C 3C 3C C C

= vi 3 k n .
Gii
p dng tnh cht ta c:
9
k k 1 k 2 k 3
n n n n
C 3C 3C C

( ) ( ) ( )
k k 1 k 1 k 2 k 2 k 3
n n n n n n
C C 2 C C C C

=
( ) ( )
k k 1 k 2 k k 1 k 1 k 2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
C 2C C C C C C


= =

k k 1 k
n 2 n 2 n 3
C C C

= = .

V d 2. Tnh tng
14 15 16 29 30
30 30 30 30 30
S C C C ... C C = .
Gii
p dng tnh cht ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
13 14 14 15 15 16 28 29 30
29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30
S C C C C C C ... C C C =
13 29 30 13
29 29 30 29
C C C C = = .
Vy S 67863915 = .
Cch khc:
( ) ( ) ( )
30 0 12 13 14 29 30
30 30 30 30 30 30
1 1 C ... C C C ... C C =
( ) ( )
30 18 17 14 29 30
30 30 30 30 30 30
C ... C C C ... C C 0 =
( )
16 15 14
30 30 30
S C C C S 0 =
16 15 14 14 15
30 30 30 30 30
2S C C C 2C C = = .
Vy
14 15
30 30
2C C
S 67863915
2

= = .
V d 3. Rt gn tng sau:
0 2006 1 2005 2 2004 k 2006-k 2006 0
2007 2007 2007 2006 2007 2005 2007 2007-k 2007 1
S C C C C C C ... C C ... C C = .
Gii
p dng cng thc ta c:
( )
k 2006-k
2007 2007-k
2007! (2007 k)!
C C .
k! 2007 k ! (2006 k)!1!

=
( ) ( )
2007! 2006!
2007.
k! 2006 k ! k! 2006 k !
= =



k
2006
2007C = vi k 0, 1, 2, ..., 2006 = .
Suy ra ( ) ( )
2006 0 1 k 2006
2006 2006 2006 2006
S 2007 C C ... C ... C 2007 1 1 = = .
Vy
2006
S 2007.2 = .

2. Khai trin nh thc Newton

2.1. Dng khai trin

Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc h s ng trc t hp v ly tha l 1 hoc 1 v 1 xen k nhau.
i) Khai trin ( )
n
a b hoc ( )
n
a b .
ii) Cng hoc tr hai v ca 2 khai trin trn.

V d 4. Tnh tng sau:
0 1 2 2 3 3 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
S C 2C 2 C 2 C ... 2 C 2 C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
2007 0 1 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
(1 2) C 2C 2 C ... 2 C 2 C = .
Vy S 1 = .
V d 5. Rt gn tng sau:
0 2 2 4 4 2004 2004 2006 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
S C 3 C 3 C ... 3 C 3 C = .
Gii
Ta c cc khai trin:
2007 0 1 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
(1 3) C 3C 3 C ... 3 C 3 C = (1)
10
2007 0 1 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
(1 3) C 3C 3 C ... 3 C 3 C = (2).
Cng (1) v (2) ta c:
( )
0 2 2 4 4 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007
2 C 3 C 3 C ... 3 C 4 2 = .
Vy ( )
2006 2007
S 2 2 1 = .
V d 6. Rt gn tng sau:
2006 1 2004 3 3 2002 5 5 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007
S 3 .2C 3 .2 C 3 .2 C ... 2 C = .
Gii
Ta c cc khai trin:
2007
(3 2) =
2007 0 2006 1 2005 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
3 C 3 .2C 3 .2 C ... 3.2 C 2 C (1)
2007
(3 2) =
2007 0 2006 1 2005 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
3 C 3 .2C 3 .2 C ... 3.2 C 2 C (2).
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
( )
2006 1 2004 3 3 2002 5 5 2007 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007
2 3 .2C 3 .2 C 3 .2 C ... 2 C 5 1 = .
Vy
2007
5 1
S
2

= .
2.2. Dng o hm

2.2.1. o hm cp 1
Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc h s ng trc t hp v ly tha tng dn t 1 n n (hoc gim dn t n n 1) (khng k du).

Hai khai trin thng dng:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 k k n n
n n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... C x ... C x = (1).
( ) ( ) ( )
n k n 0 1 2 2 k k n n
n n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... 1 C x ... 1 C x = (2).
i) o hm 2 v ca (1) hoc (2).
ii) Cng hoc tr (1) v (2) sau khi o hm ri thay s thch hp.

V d 7. Tnh tng sau:
1 2 2 3 28 29 29 30
30 30 30 30 30
S C 2.2C 3.2 C ... 29.2 C 30.2 C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
30 0 1 2 2 29 29 30 30
30 30 30 30 30
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x = (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
( )
29 1 2 29 28 30 29
30 30 30 30
C 2C x ... 29C x 30C x 30 1 x = (2).
Thay x = 2 vo (2) ta c:
( )
29 1 2 2 3 28 29 29 30
30 30 30 30 30
C 2.2C 3.2 C ... 29.2 C 30.2 C 30 1 2 = .
Vy S 30 = .
V d 8. Rt gn tng sau:
1 2 3 4 5 26 27 28 29
30 30 30 30 30
S C 3.2 C 5.2 C ... 27.2 C 29.2 C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
30 0 1 2 2 29 29 30 30
30 30 30 30 30
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x = (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
( )
29 1 2 29 28 30 29
30 30 30 30
C 2C x ... 29C x 30C x 30 1 x = (2).
Thay x = 2 v x = 2 ln lt vo (2) ta c:
( )
29 1 2 2 3 28 29 29 30
30 30 30 30 30
C 2.2C 3.2 C ... 29.2 C 30.2 C 30 1 2 = (3)
( )
29 1 2 2 3 28 29 29 30
30 30 30 30 30
C 2.2C 3.2 C ... 29.2 C 30.2 C 30 1 2 = (4).
11
Cng hai ng thc (3) v (4) ta c:
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4 5 26 27 28 29 29
30 30 30 30 30
2 C 3.2 C 5.2 C ... 27.2 C 29.2 C 30 3 1 =
Vy ( )
29
S 15 3 1 = .
V d 9. Rt gn tng sau:
0 1 2 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
S 2008C 2007C 2006C ... 2C C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
2007
x 1 =
0 2007 1 2006 2 2005 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
C x C x C x ... C x C (1).
Nhn 2 v (1) vi x ta c:
( )
2007
x x 1 =
0 2008 1 2007 2 2006 2006 2 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
C x C x C x ... C x C x (2).
o hm 2 v ca (2) ta c:
0 2007 1 2006 2 2005 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2008C x 2007C x 2006C x ... 2C x C ( )
2006
(1 2008x) x 1 = (3).
Thay x = 1 vo (3) ta c:
0 1 2 2006 2007 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2008C 2007C 2006C ... 2C C 2009.2 = .
Vy
2006
S 2009.2 = .
Cch khc:
Ta c khai trin:
( )
2007
x 1 =
0 2007 1 2006 2 2005 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
C x C x C x ... C x C (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
0 2006 1 2005 2 2004 2005 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2007C x 2006C x 2005C x ... 2C x C ( )
2006
2007 x 1 = (2).
Thay x = 1 vo (1) v (2) ta c:
0 1 2 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
C C C ... C C 2 = (3).
0 1 2 2006 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007
2007C 2006C 2005C ... C 2007.2 = (4).
Cng (3) v (4) ta c:
0 1 2 2006 2007 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2008C 2007C 2006C ... 2C C 2009.2 = .
Vy
2006
S 2009.2 = .
V d 10. Cho tng sau:
0 1 2 n 1 n
n n n n n
S 2C 3C 4C ... (n 1)C (n 2)C

= , vi n

Z .
Tnh n, bit S 320 = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x

= (1).
Nhn 2 v (1) vi x
2
ta c:
( )
n 0 2 1 3 2 4 n 1 n 1 n n 2 2
n n n n n
C x C x C x ... C x C x x 1 x

= (2).
o hm 2 v ca (2) ta c:
0 1 2 2 3 n 1 n n n 1
n n n n n
2C x 3C x 4C x ... (n 1)C x (n 2)C x

( )
n 2 n 1
2x 1 x nx (1 x)

= (3).
Thay x = 1 vo (3) ta c:
0 1 2 n 1 n n 1
n n n n n
2C 3C 4C ... (n 1)C (n 2)C (4 n).2

= .
n 1
S 320 (4 n).2 320

= = .
Vy n 6 = .
Cch khc:
Ta c khai trin:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x

= (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
( )
n 1 1 2 3 2 n n 1
n n n n
C 2C x 3C x ... nC x n 1 x

= (2).
Thay x = 1 vo (1) v (2) ta c:
12
0 1 2 3 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
C C C C ... C C 2

= (3).
1 2 3 n 1 n n 1
n n n n n
C 2C 3C ... (n 1)C nC n.2

= (4).
Nhn (3) vi 2 ri cng vi (4) ta c:
0 1 2 n 1 n n 1
n n n n n
2C 3C 4C ... (n 1)C (n 2)C (4 n).2

= .
n 1
S 320 (4 n).2 320

= = .
Vy n 6 = .
2.2.2. o hm cp 2

Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc h s ng trc t hp v ly tha tng (gim) dn t 1.2 n (n1).n hoc tng (gim) dn t 1
2
n
n
2
(khng k du).
Xt khai trin:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
1 x C C x C x C x ... C x C x

= (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
( )
n 1 1 2 3 2 4 3 n n 1
n n n n n
C 2C x 3C x 4C x ... nC x n 1 x

= (2).
i) Tip tc o hm 2 v ca (2) ta c:
2 3 4 2 n n 2
n n n n
1.2C 2.3C x 3.4C x ... (n 1)nC x


n 2
n(n 1)(1 x)

= (3).
ii) Nhn x vo 2 v ca (2) ta c:
( )
n 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 n n
n n n n n
C x 2C x 3C x 4C x ... nC x nx 1 x

= (4).
o hm 2 v ca (4) ta c:
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 n n 1 n 2
n n n n
1 C 2 C x 3 C x ... n C x n(1 nx)(1 x)

= (5).
V d 11. Tnh tng sau:
2 3 4 15 16
16 16 16 16 16
S 1.2C 2.3C 3.4C ... 14.15C 15.16C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
16 0 1 2 2 3 3 15 15 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16
1 x C C x C x C x ... C x C x = (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c
( )
15 1 2 3 2 15 14 16 15
16 16 16 16 16
C 2C x 3C x ... 15C x 16C x 16 1 x = (2).
o hm 2 v ca (2) ta c:
2 3 4 2 16 14 14
16 16 16 16
1.2C 2.3C x 3.4C x ... 15.16C x 240(1 x) = (3).
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc (3) ta c:
2 3 4 15 16
16 16 16 16 16
1.2C 2.3C 3.4C ... 14.15C 15.16C 0 = .
Vy S = 0.
V d 12. Rt gn tng sau:
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2006 2 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
S 1 C 2 C 3 C ... 2006 C 2007 C = .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
2007 0 1 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x = (1).
o hm 2 v ca (1) ta c:
( )
2006 1 2 3 2 2007 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007
C 2C x 3C x ... 2007C x 2007 1 x = (2).
Nhn x vo 2 v ca (2) ta c:
1 2 2 3 3 2006 2006 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
C x 2C x 3C x ... 2006C x 2007C x ( )
2006
2007x 1 x = (3).
o hm 2 v ca (3) ta c:
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2006 2005 2 2007 2006
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
1 C 2 C x 3 C x ... 2006 C x 2007 C x

2005
2007(1 2007x)(1 x) = (4).
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc (4) ta c
13
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2007 2005
2007 2007 2007 2007
1 C 2 C 3 C ... 2007 C 2007.2008.2 = .
Vy
2005
S 2007.2008.2 = .

2.3. Dng tch phn
Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc h s ng trc t hp (v ly tha) gim dn t 1 n
1
n 1
hoc tng dn t
1
n 1
n 1.
Xt khai trin:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x

= (1).
Ly tch phn 2 v ca (1) t a n b ta c:
( )
b b b b b
n 0 1 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n
a a a a a
1 x dx C dx C xdx ... C x dx C x dx

=


( )
b b b
n 1 b 2 n n 1
b
0 1 n 1 n
n n n n
a
a
a a a
1 x x x x x
C C ... C C
n 1 1 2 n n 1

=


2 2 n n n 1 n 1
0 1 n 1 n
n n n n
b a b a b a b a
C C ... C C
1 2 n n 1

n 1 n 1
(1 b) (1 a)
n 1


=

.

Trong thc hnh, ta d dng nhn bit gi tr ca n. nhn bit 2 cn a v b ta nhn vo s hng
n 1 n 1
n
n
b a
C
n 1

.
V d 13. Rt gn tng sau:
2 2 3 3 9 9 10 10
0 1 2 8 9
9 9 9 9 9
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
S C C C ... C C
2 3 9 10

= .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
9 0 1 2 2 8 8 9 9
9 9 9 9 9
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x =
( )
3 3 3 3 3
9 0 1 8 8 9 9
9 9 9 9
2 2 2 2 2
1 x dx C dx C xdx ... C x dx C x dx =


( )
3 3 3 3 3
10 2 3 9 10
3
0 1 2 8 9
9 9 9 9 9
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 x x x x x x
C C C ... C C
10 1 2 3 9 10

=
10 10 2 2 9 9 10 10
0 1 8 9
9 9 9 9
4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2
C C ... C C
10 2 9 10

= .
Vy
10 10
4 3
S
10

= .
V d 14. Rt gn tng sau:
2 3 4 n n 1
0 1 2 3 n 1 n
n n n n n n
2 2 2 2 2
S 2C C C C ... C C
2 3 4 n n 1

.
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
n 0 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
1 x C C x C x C x ... C x C x

=
( )
2 2 2 2 2
n 0 1 2 2 n n
n n n n
0 0 0 0 0
1 x dx C dx C xdx C x dx ... C x dx =


( )
2 2 2
n 1 2 2 n n 1
2
0 1 n 1 n
n n n n
0
0
0 0 0
1 x x x x x
C C ... C C
n 1 1 2 n n 1

=


14
2 3 n n 1 n 1
0 1 2 n 1 n
n n n n n
2 2 2 2 3 1
2C C C ... C C
2 3 n n 1 n 1

=

.
Vy
n 1
3 1
S
n 1

.
V d 15. Rt gn tng sau:
2 3 100 101
0 1 2 99 100
100 100 100 100 100
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
S 3C C C ... C C
2 3 100 101

= .
Gii
Ta c khai trin:
( )
100 0 1 2 2 99 99 100 100
100 100 100 100 100
1 x C C x C x ... C x C x =
( )
2
100
1
1 x dx

2 2 2 2
0 1 99 99 100 100
100 100 100 100
1 1 1 1
C dx C xdx ... C x dx C x dx



.
( )
2 2 2 2
101 2 100 101
2
0 1 99 100
100 100 100 100
1
1 1 1 1
1 x x x x x
C C ... C C
101 1 2 100 101

=
101 2 100 101
0 1 99 100
100 100 100 100
3 2 1 2 1 2 1
3C C ... C C
101 2 100 101

= .
Vy
101
3
S
101
= .

3. Tm s hng trong khai trin nh thc Newton

3.1. Dng tm s hng th k
S hng th k trong khai trin
n
(a b) l
k 1 n (k 1) k 1
n
C a b

.

V d 16. Tm s hng th 21 trong khai trin
25
(2 3x) .
Gii
S hng th 21 l
20 5 20 5 20 20 20
25 25
C 2 ( 3x) 2 .3 C x = .

3.2. Dng tm s hng cha x
m

+ S hng tng qut trong khai trin
n
(a b) l
k n k k f (k)
n
C a b M(k).x

= (a, b cha x).

+ Gii phng trnh
0
f(k) m k = , s hng cn tm l:
0 0 0
k n k k
n
C a b

v h s ca s hng cha x
m
l M(k
0
).
V d 17. Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin
( )
18
x 4
2 x
.
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin
( )
( )
18
18
1 1
x 4
2 x 4x
2 x

= l:
( ) ( )
18 k k
k 1 1 k 3k 18 18 2k
18 18
C 2 x 4x C 2 x

= .
S hng khng cha x ng vi 18 2k 0 k 9 = = .
Vy s hng cn tm l
9 9
18
C 2 .

V d 18. Tm s hng cha x
37
trong khai trin ( )
20
2
x xy .
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( )
20
2
x xy l
k 2 20 k k k k 40 k k
20 20
C (x ) ( xy) ( 1) C x y

= .
15
S hng cha x
37
ng vi 40 k 37 k 3 = = .
Vy s hng cn tm l
3 37 3 37 3
20
C x y 1140x y = .

Cch khc:
S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( ) ( )
20
20 2 20
x xy x x y = l:
20 k 20 k k k 20 k 20 k k
20 20
x C x ( y) ( 1) x C x y

= .
S hng cha x
37
ng vi 20 k 17 k 3 = = .
Vy s hng cn tm l
20 3 17 3 37 3
20
x C x y 1140x y = .

V d 19. Tm s hng cha x
3
trong khai trin ( )
10
2
1 x x .
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( ) ( ) [ [
10
10 2
1 x x 1 x 1 x = l
k k k
10
C x (1 x) .
Suy ra s hng cha x
3
ng vi 2 k 3 .
+ Vi k = 2:
2 2 2 2 2 3 4
10 10
C x (1 x) C (x 2x x ) = nn s hng cha x
3
l
2 3
10
2C x .
+ Vi k = 3:
3 3 3
10
C x (1 x) c s hng cha x
3
l
3 3
10
C x .
Vy s hng cn tm l ( )
3 2 3 3
10 10
C 2C x 210x = .

Cch khc:
Ta c khai trin ca ( ) ( ) [ [
10
10 2
1 x x 1 x 1 x = l:
0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
C C x(1 x) C x (1 x) C x (1 x) ... C x (1 x) .
S hng cha x
3
ch c trong
2 2 2
10
C x (1 x) v
3 3 3
10
C x (1 x) .
+
2 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 3
10 10 10
C x (1 x) C (x 2x x ) 2C x = .
+
3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 3 3
10 10 10
C x (1 x) C (x 3x 3x x ) C x = .
Vy s hng cn tm l
2 3 3 3 3
10 10
2C x C x 210x = .

3.3. Dng tm s hng hu t
+ S hng tng qut trong khai trin
n
(a b) l:
m r
k n k k k p q
n n
C a b C .a b

= (a, b l v t).
+ Gii h phng trnh
0
m
p
(k , 0 k n) k
r
q
'
1

1
1
1

!
1
1
1
1+

.
S hng cn tm l
0 0 0
k n k k
n
C a b

.

V d 20. Tm s hng hu t trong khai trin
( )
10
3
1
5
2
.
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin
( )
10
1 1
10
2 3
3
1 1 2 .5
5
2 2
1

( )
l
k k
k
2 3
10
1
C 2 .5
32
.
S hng hu t trong khai trin tha iu kin:
16
( )
k
k 0
2
k , 0 k 10
k k 6
3
'
1
1
=
1
1


!

1 =
1

1
1+

.
+ Vi k = 0: s hng hu t l
0
10
1 1
C
32 32
= .
+ Vi k = 6: s hng hu t l
6 3 2
10
1 2625
C 2 .5
32 2
= .
Vy s hng cn tm l
1
32
v
2625
2
.

3.4. Dng tm h s cha x
k
trong tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn
Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn vi cng bi q khc 1 l:
n
n 1 2 n 1
1 q
S u u ... u u
1 q

= =

.
Xt tng
m 1 m 2 m n
S(x) (1 bx) (1 bx) ... (1 bx)

= nh l tng ca n s hng u tin ca cp
s nhn vi
m 1
1
u (1 bx)

= v cng bi q (1 bx) = .
p dng cng thc ta c:
n m n 1 m 1
m 1
1 (1 bx) (1 bx) (1 bx)
S(x) (1 bx)
1 (1 bx) bx

= =

.
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x
k
trong S(x) l
1
b
nhn vi h s ca s hng cha
k 1
x

trong khai trin:
m n 1 m 1
(1 bx) (1 bx)

.

V d 21. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
4
trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 6 15
S(x) 1 x 1 x 1 x ... 1 x = .
Gii
Tng S(x) c 15 4 + 1 = 12 s hng nn ta c:
12 16 4
4
1 (1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
S(x) (1 x)
1 (1 x) x

= =

.
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x
4
l h s ca s hng cha x
5
trong
16
(1 x) .
Vy h s cn tm l
5
16
C 4368 = .
Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
4 4 4 4 5
4 5 6 15 16
C C C ... C C = .

V d 22
*
. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
2
trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 99 100
S(x) 1 x 2 1 x ... 99 1 x 100 1 x = .
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ [
98 99
S(x) 1 x 1 2 1 x ... 99 1 x 100 1 x = .
t:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 98 99
f(x) 1 2 1 x 3 1 x ... 99 1 x 100 1 x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 99 100
F(x) (1 x) 1 x 1 x ... 1 x 1 x =
S(x) f(x) xf(x) = v
/
F (x) f(x) = .
17
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x
2
ca S(x) bng tng h s s hng cha x v x
2
ca f(x), bng tng 2 ln h
s s hng cha x
2
v 3 ln h s s hng cha x
3
ca F(x).
Tng F(x) c 100 s hng nn ta c:
100 101
1 (1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
F(x) (1 x)
1 (1 x) x

= =

.
+ H s s hng cha x
2
ca F(x) l
3
101
C .
+ H s s hng cha x
3
ca F(x) l
4
101
C .
Vy h s cn tm l
3 4
101 101
2C 3C 12582075 = .

Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
2 2 2 2 2 3 4
2 3 4 99 100 101 101
2C 3C 4C ... 99C 100C 2C 3C = .

V d 23
*
. Tm h s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 n 1 n
S(x) 1 x 2 1 x ... (n 1) 1 x n 1 x

= .
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ [
n 2 n 1
S(x) 1 x 1 2 1 x ... (n 1) 1 x n 1 x

= .
t:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 n 2 n 1
f(x) 1 2 1 x 3 1 x ... (n 1) 1 x n 1 x

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 n 1 n
F(x) (1 x) 1 x 1 x ... 1 x 1 x

=
S(x) f(x) xf(x) = v
/
F (x) f(x) = .
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x ca S(x) bng tng h s s hng khng cha x v cha x ca f(x), bng
tng h s s hng cha x v 2 ln h s s hng cha x
2
ca F(x).
Tng F(x) c n s hng nn ta c:
n n 1
1 (1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
F(x) (1 x)
1 (1 x) x

= =

.
+ H s s hng cha x ca F(x) l
2
n 1
C

.
+ H s s hng cha x
2
ca F(x) l
3
n 1
C

.
Vy h s cn tm l
2 3
n 1 n 1
n(n 1)(2n 1)
C 2C
6


= .

Nhn xt:
Bng cch tnh trc tip h s ca tng s hng trong tng ta suy ra ng thc:
2 2 2 2 2
n(n 1)(2n 1)
1 2 3 ... (n 1) n
6

= .
3.5. Dng tm h s ln nht trong khai trin Newton
Xt khai trin
n
(a bx) c s hng tng qut l
k n k k k
n
C a b x

.
t
k n k k
k n
u C a b , 0 k n

= ta c dy h s l
k
u . tm s hng ln nht ca dy ta thc hin cc
bc sau:
Bc 1: gii bt phng trnh
k
k 1
u
1
u

ta tm c k
0
v suy ra
0 0
k k 1 n
u u ... u

.
Bc 2: gii bt phng trnh
k
k 1
u
1
u

ta tm c k
1
v suy ra
1 1
k k 1 0
u u ... u

.
Bc 3: s hng ln nht ca dy l
0 1
k k
max u , u .

18
Ch :
n gin trong tnh ton ta c th lm gn nh sau:
Gii h bt phng trnh
k k 1
0
k k 1
u u
k
u u

'
1
1

!
1
1+
. Suy ra h s ln nht l
0 0 0
k n k k
n
C a b

.

V d 24. Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin ( )
17
1 0, 2x .
Gii
Khai trin ( )
17
1 0, 2x c s hng tng qut l
k k k
17
C (0, 2) x .
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k k 1 k 1
17 17
k k k 1 k 1
17 17
17! 17!
5
C (0, 2) C (0, 2)
k! 17 k ! (k 1)! 16 k !
17! 17! C (0, 2) C (0, 2)
5
k! 17 k ! (k 1)! 18 k !


'
1
1
' 1
1

1
1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1
1
1+

5(k 1) 17 k
2 k 3
18 k 5k
'
1
1

!
1
1
+
.
+ Vi k = 2: h s l
2 2
17
C (0, 2) 5, 44 = .
+ Vi k = 3: h s l
3 3
17
C (0, 2) 5, 44 = .
Vy h s ln nht l 5,44.

V d 25. Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin
( )
10
2x
1
3
.
Gii
Khai trin
( )
( )
10
10
10
2x 1
1 3 2x
3 3
= c s hng tng qut l
k 10 k k k
10 10
1
C 3 2 x
3

.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k 10 k k k 1 9 k k 1
10 10
k 10 k k k 1 11 k k 1
10 10
10! 10!
3 2
C 3 2 C 3 2
k! 10 k ! (k 1)! 9 k !
10! 10! C 3 2 C 3 2
2 3
k! 10 k ! (k 1)! 11 k !


'
1
1
' 1
1

1
1
1 1

! !
1 1

1 1
1+
1
1
1+

3(k 1) 2(10 k)
17 22
k k 4
5 5 2(11 k) 3k
'
1
1
=
!
1
1
+
.
Vy h s ln nht l
4 6 4
10 10
1 1120
C 3 2
3 27
= .


II. PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH

Phng php gii ton

Bc 1: t iu kin cho bi ton.
+
x
P c iu kin l x .
+
y
x
A ,
y
x
C c iu kin l x , y v 0 y x .
Bc 2: p dng cng thc tnh a bi ton v phng trnh, h phng trnh quen thuc.
Bc 3: gii phng trnh, h phng trnh ri da vo iu kin chn nghim.
19

Ch :
Do tnh cht c bit nghim l s t nhin nn i khi ta phi th v on nghim.
Chng hn:
x! 1 x 0 x 1 = = = .
( ) (x 5)(x 4)(x 3)(x 2)x 120 6! x 6 = = = .

V d 26. Gii phng trnh
x 1
x 1 x 1 x
30
A 2P P
7

= .
Gii
iu kin
x x
x 1 0 x 1
' '
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
+ +

.
Ta c:
x 1
x 1 x 1 x
30 (x 1)! 30
A 2P P 2(x 1)! x!
7 2! 7

= =
7(x 1)! x(x 1) 28(x 1)! 60(x 1)! x 0 =
2
4
x
7
7x 53x 28 0
x 7

.
So vi iu kin ta c nghim l x = 7.

V d 27. Gii phng trnh:
x 10 x 9 x 8 x 2 x 1
x x x x x
C C C ... C C 1023

= .
Gii
iu kin
x x
x 10 0 x 10
' '
1 1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
+ +

.
Ta c:
x 10 x 9 x 8 x 2 x 1
x x x x x
C C C ... C C 1023

=
x 10 x 9 x 8 x 2 x 1 x 10 x
x x x x x x x
C C C ... C C C (1 1) C 1

= .
Vy x = 10.

V d 28. Gii h phng trnh
y x y
x y 1 x
y 1
A : P C 126
P 720

= '
1
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
Gii
iu kin
x, y
x, y
0 y x
1 y x
y 1 0
'
1

1
' 1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1
1 1
+
1

1
1+

.
Ta c:
( )
y x y
x y 1 x
y 1
x! x!
A : P C 126 126
x y !(y 1)! (x y)! y!
P 720
(y 1)! 6!

'
1
= ' = 1
1
1
1 1

! !
1 1 =
1 1
+ =
1
1+

( )
x! x! 6.x!
x 7
126 126
x 5 ! 4! (x 5)! 5! (x 5)! 5!
y 5
y 5 y 5
' '
1 1
= ' = = 1 1
1
1 1 1


! ! !
= 1 1 1
1 1 1+ = =
1 1
+ +
.