Tài liệu Nhị Thức New ton

Nh Thc NEWTON V ng Dng
Thn Tng Tp Th Lp 11B2 Trng THPT L Hng Phong ( 2008 2009)

Nguyn Vn Nm - L Hong Nam
1
1
H 2009
NGUYN VN NM - L HONG NAM
THPT L Hng Phong ( ng Nai) THPT L Qu n ( Nng)

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2
2

NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG

A. L THUYT
1. CNG THC NEWTON:
Cho 2 s thc , a b v s nguyn dng n th:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
0
0 1 1
0
...
1 ... 1
n
n
k n k n n n n n
n n n n
k
n
n k n
k n k n n n n n
n n n n
k
a b C a b C a C a b C b
a b C a b C a C a b C b

=

=
+ = = + + +
= = + +

2. Tnh Cht
a. S cc s hng ca cng thc l 1 n +
b. Tng cc s m ca a v b trong mi s hng lun lun bng s m ca nh
thc: n n k n + =
c. S hng tng qut ca nh thc l:
1
k n k k
k n
T C a b
+
=
( l s hng th 1 k + trong khai trin ( )
n
a b + )
d. Cc h s nh thc cc u hai s hng u, cui th bng nhau.
e.
1 0
2 ...
n n n
n n n
C C C
= + + +
f. ( )
0 1
0 ... 1
n
n
n n n
C C C = + +
g. Tam gic Pascal:
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
..................................................
n
n
n
=
=
=
1
1
....................
1..................
1 ......................1
............................................................
m m
k k
m
k
n k C C
n k C
+
= ................1
= + 1.......................
...........

Vi
1
1
m m m
k k k
C C C
+
+ =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
1
2
2 2
3
3 2 2 3
1 #0
2
3 3
...........................................................................
a b a b
a b a b
a b a ab b
a b a a b ab b
+ = +
+ = +
+ = + +
+ = + + +



3
3
3. Mt s khai tin hay s dng:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
0
0 1
0
2 1 1 ...
0 1 1 1 ... 1
n
n
n k n
n n n n
k
n
n k n
k n
n n n n
k
C C C C
C C C C
=
=
- = + = = + + +
- = = = + +

( )
0 1 1 0
0
1 ...
n
n
k n k n n
n n n n
k
x C x C C x C x

=
- + = = + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 1 1
0
1 1 ... 1
n
n k n
k n k n n
n n n n
k
x C x C x C x C x
=
- = = + +

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 0
0
1 1 ... 1
n
n k n
k n k n n
n n n n
k
x C x C C x C x

=
- = = + +

4. Du hiu nhn bit s dng nh thc NEWTON

1. Khi cn chng minh ng thc hay bt ng thc m c
1
n
i
n
i
C
=
vi i l cc s t
nhin lin tip.
2. Trong biu thc c ( )
1
1
n
i
n
i
i i C
=

th ta dng o hm ( ) i e
- Trong biu thc c ( )
1
n
i
n
i
i k C
=
+
th ta nhn hai v vi
k
x , ri ly o hm.
- Trong biu thc c
1
n
k i
n
i
a C
=
th ta chn gi tr ca x a = thch hp.

- Trong biu thc c
1
1
1
n
i
n
i
C
i
=

th ta ly tch phn xc nh trn | | ; a b thch

hp.
- Nu bi ton cho khai trin
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1
n n
n n i i
a n i ib a b i a b i
n n
i i
x x C x x C x
+
= =
+ = =

th h s ca
m
x l
i
n
C sao cho phng trnh ( ) . a n i b i m + = c nghim i e
-
i
n
C t MAX khi
1
2
n
k

= hay
1
2
n
k
+
= vi n l,
2
n
k = vi n chn.

Vic nhn bit cc du hiu ny s gip cho chng ta gii quyt tt nhng dng ton lin
quan n nh thc NEWTON, t bit l trong cc thi tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng.

B. CC BI TON V H S NH THC

1. Bi ton tm h s trong khai trin NEWTON


4
4
V d 1.1: (D(H Thy li c s II, 2000) Khai trin v rt gn a thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 1 ... 1 Q x x x x = + + + + + +
Ta c a thc: ( )
14
0 1 14
... Q x a a x a x = + + +
Xc nh h s
9
a .
Gii
H s
9
x trong cc a thc: ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 1 ... 1 x x x + + + + + + ln lt l:
9 5 9
9 10 14
, , ..., C C C
Do :
9 9 9
9 9 10 14
... a C C C = + + +

1 1 1 1
1 10 10.11 10.11.12 .10.11.12.13 10.11.12.13.14
2 6 24 20
= + + + + +
11 55 220 715 2002 3003 = + + + + =

V d 1.2(HBKHN- 2000) Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
x x x
A A C
x
s +
Gii
iu kin: x l s nguyn dng v 3 x >
Ta c: bt phng trnh tng ng vi
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 1 2 6 2 1
1 10
2 3!
2 2 1 1 2 1 10
3 12 4
x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x x
x x

s +
s +
s s

V x nguyn dng v 3 x > nn { } 3.4 x e

V d 1.3: Tm h s
16
x trong khai trin
( )
10
2
2 x x
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
10
10
10
0
10
2 2
2 2
k
k
k
k
x x x C x
=
=

( ) ( )
10 10
20 2 20
10 10
0 0
2 2
k k
k k k k k
k k
C x x C x

= =
= =

Ta chn: 20 16 4 k k = =
H s
16
x trong khai trin l:
4
10
3360 C =

V d 1.4: Tm h s
1008
x trong khai trin
2009
2
3
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Gii
S hng th 1 k + trong khai trin:
( )
2009
2 4018 5
1 2009 2009 3
1
k
k
k k k
k
T C x C x
x

+
| |
= =
|
\ .



5
5
Ta chn: 4018 5 1008 602 k k = =
H s ca
1008
x trong khai trin l
602
2009
C

V d 1.5:(H KA 2004) Tm h s ca
8
x trong khai trin a thc ca
( )
8
2
1 1 x x ( +

Gii
Cch 1: Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
8 8
2 2
8 8
0 0 0
1 1
k
k
i
k k k i i
k
k k i
f x C x x C x C x
= = =
(
( = =
(

.
Vy ta c h s ca
8
x l ( )
8
1
i
k i
k
C C tha
0
0 8
4
2 8
2
,
3
i
i k
k
k i
i
i k N
k
=
s s s
=

+ =
e

=

H s ca
8
x l: ( ) ( )
2
4 0 3 2
4 3
0
8 8
23 1 8 1 C C C C = +

Cch 2: Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 8
3 2 4 2 8 0
8 8 8 8
2
... .. 1 . 1 1 f x C C x x C x x C x x ( ( ( = + +

+ +

+
Nhn thy:
8
x ch c trong cc s hng:
- S hng th t: ( )
2
8
3
3
1 C x x (

- S hng th nm: ( )
2
8
4
4
1 C x x (

Vi h s tng ng:
3 2 4 0
8 8 3 8 4
238 A C C C C = + =

V d: 1.6:(H SPQN 2000) Xc nh h s
3
x trong khai trin hm s
( ) ( )
10
2
1 2 3 P x x x

= + + theo ly tha ca x
Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
2
1 2 3 1 2 3 P x x x x x

= + + = + + (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 10
0 1 2 2 3 3 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
2 3 2 3 2 3 ... 2 3 C C x x C x x C x x C x x = + + + + + + + + +
Nhn thy rng h s
3
x ch xut hin trong:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
10 10 10
2 3 3
2 3 3 2 3 3 3
10
4
4 12 2 3 2 3 9 2 3 x x x C x x x C x C x x C + + + + + + = +
H s
3
x trong khai trin ca ( ) P x l:
2 3
10 10
12 .8 540 960 1500 C C + = + =

V d 1.7: Tm h s ca
16
x trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
( ) ( )
16
2 2
1 1 f x x x
(
=

Gii


6
6
Xt khai trin: ( ) ( )
16
2 2 2
16
1 0
1
n
k
k
i
i k
f x C C x x
= =
(
=

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
16 16
2 2 2
16 16
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
k k
k i i
k i k k i i k i
k k
k i k i
C x C x C C x
+
= = = =
( | |
= =
| (
\ .

Vy ta c h s ca
16
x l ( )
1
16
1
k
k i
k
C C
+
tha
0 8
0 16 1 7
8 2 6
, 3 5
4 4
i k
i k i k
k i i k
i k N i k
i k
= =
s s s = =

+ = = =
e = =
= =

V vy h s ca
16
x trong a thc l:
8 0 7 1 6 2 5 3 4 4
16 8 16 7 16 8 16 8 16 8
258570 C C C C C C C C C C + + + + =

V d 1.8: Tm h s ca s hng
101 99
x y trong khai trin ( )
200
2 3 x y

Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
200
200 200 200
200
0
2 3 2 3 2 3
k k
k
k
x y x y C x y
=
= + = (

( )
200
200 200
200
0
1 .2 .3 . .
k
k k k k k
k
C x y

=
=

Ta chon:
200 101
99
99
k
k
k
=
=

Vy h s cn tm l: ( )
99
99 99 99 99 99 99
200 200
1 .2 .3 .2 .3 C C =

V d 1.9: (H HCQG, 2000)
a) Tm h s
8
x trong khai trin
12
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

b) Cho bit tng tc c cc h s ca khai trin nh thc
( )
2
1
n
x + bng 1024. Hy tm
h s a
( )
*
a N e ca s hng
12
ax trong khai trin . ((HSPHN, khi D, 2000) )
Gii
a) S hng th ( ) 1 k + trong khai trin l: ( )
12 12 2
12 12
0 12
1
k
k k k k
k
a C x C x
x
k

s
| |
= =
|
s
\ .

Ta chn 12 2 8 2 k k = =
Vy s hng th 3 trong khai trin cha
8
x v c h s l:
2
12
66 C =
b) Ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2 1 1 2
0
. 1 ..
n
k k k k
n
n
n
k
n
n n
C x C C x C x x

=
= = + + + +

Vi 1 x = th:
0 1
2 ... 1024
n n
n n n
C C C = + + + =


7
7

10
10 2 2
n
n = =
Do h s a (ca
12
x ) l:
6
10
210 C =
c)
V d 1. 10: (D(H Khi A- 2006) Tm h s ca s hng cha
26
x trong khai trin nh
thc NEWTON ca
7
4
1
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
bit rng
1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1
n
n n n
C C C
+ + +
+ + + = ( n nguyn
dng v
k
n
C l t hp chp k ca n phn t)
Gii
T gi thit suy ra: ( )
0 1 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1
n
n n n
C C C
+ + +
+ + + =
Mt khc:
2 1
2 1 2 1
, , 0 2 1
k n k
n n
C C k k n
+
+ +
= s s + , nn:
( ) ( )
0 1 0 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
... ... 2
2
n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + = + + +
T khai trin nh thc ca: ( )
2 1
1 1 :
n
suy ra
+
+
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
0 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 1 1 2 3
n n
n
n n n
C C C
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + = + =
( )
( ) ( ) 1 , 2
2 20
3
2 2 10
n
n

= =
Ta c s hng tng qut ca nh thc
( ) ( )
10
10
7 4 7 11 40
10 10 4
0 0
1
n n
k k
k k k
k k
x C x x C x
x

= =
| |
+ = =
|
\ .

H s ca
26
x l
10
k
C vi k tha mn 11 40 26 6 k k = =
Vy h s ca
26
x l
6
10
210 C =

V d 1.11: (HKT HN- 1998) Tm h s ng trc
5
x trong khai trin biu thc
sau y thnh a thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 6 7
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 f x x x x x = + + + + + + +
Gii
Ta xt cc khai trin sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5
4 4 5 5
4 5
0 0
6 7
6 6 7 7
6 7
0 0
2 1 2 ; 2 1 2
2 1 2 ; 2 1 2
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
x C x x C x
x C x x C x

= =

= =
+ = + =
+ = + =

Nhn xt: S hng cha
5
x ca ( )
4
2 1 l 0 x +
S hng cha
5
x ca ( ) ( )
5 5
0
5
2 1 l 2 x C x +
S hng cha
5
x ca ( ) ( )
6 5
1
6
2 1 l 2 x C x +
S hng cha
5
x ca ( ) ( )
7 5
2
5
2 1 l 2 x C x +
Vy h s cn tm l: ( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 5
0 1 2
5 6 7
0 2 2 2 896 C x C x C x + + + =



8
8
V d 1.12( Khi D- 2003) Vi n l s nguyn dng, gi
3 3 n
a

l h s ca
3 3 n
x

trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
( ) ( )
2
1 2
n
n
x x + + . Tm n
3 3
26
n
a n
=
Gii
Cch 1: Ta c
( )
( )
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4
1 1 2 2 2
0
0
1 ...
2 2 2 ... 2
n
n n n n
n n n n
n
n n n n
n n n n
n
x C x C x C x C
x C x C x C x C

+ = + + + +
+ + + + + =

D thy vi 1, 2 n n = = khng tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Vi 3 n > th
3 3 2 3 2 2 1 n n n n n
x x x x x

= =
V vy h s ca
3 3 n
x

trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
( ) ( )
2
1 2
n
n
x x + + l:
( )
2
3 3
5
2 2 3 4
26 26
7
3 ( )
2
n
n
n n n
n n
n L
a
oai
=
+

= =

Vy 5 n = l gi tr cn tm tha mn iu kin bi ton ( n nguyn dng).

Cch 2: Xt khai trin:
( ) ( )
2 3 3
2 2
0
2
0
3
0
0
1 1
2 1
2
2
1
2
1
k i
n n
n n
n
n
n n k i
n n
k i
n n
k k k i i
n n
k
n
i
C C x
C x C x
x x x
x x x x
x
= =

= =
(
| | | | | |
+ =
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

(

| |
+ + = +
|
\ .
=
(

Trong khai trin ly tha ca x l
0
3
3 3 2 3
1
1
i
k
n i k
i
k
=

=
=

=

Nn ca h s ca
3 3 n
x

l:
( )
2
3 3
5
2 2 3 4
26 26
7
3 ( )
2
n
n
n n n
n n
n L
a
oai
=
+

= =

Vy 5 n = l gi tr cn tm tha mn iu kin bi ton ( n nguyn dng).

V d: 1.13( Khi A- 2002)Cho khai trin nh thc:
1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 . 2 ... . 2 2
n n n n n
x x x x x x x x
n n
n n n n
x C x C x C x C

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ = + + + +
| | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .

( n l s nguyn dng). Bit rng trong khai trin
3 1
5
n n
C C = v s hng th t
bng 20n . Tnh n v x .


9
9
Gii
iu kin: n N e v 3 n >
Ta c:
( ) ( )
3 1
! !
5
3!
5
3 ! 1 !
n n
n n
n
C C
n
=

=

( ) ( )
2
1 2
5 3 28 0
6
n n n
n n n

= =
7 n = (Nhn) v 4 n = (loi)
Vi 7 n = ta c:
7 7 7
1 1 7
3 3 2 2
7
0
2 2
k
x x x x
k
k
x C x

=
| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Vy s hng th t trong khai trin trn l:
3 4
1
3 2 2
3 2
7
2 35.2 .2
x x
x x
C x

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

Kt hp vi gi thit ta c:
2 2 2
35.2 .2 140 2 4 4
x x x
x

= = =
V d 1.14: Tm x bit rng trong khai trin ca nh thc:
1
2
2 2
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
c tng 2 s
hng th 3 v th 5 bng 135, cn tng 3 h s ca 3 s hng cui bng 22
Gii
T gii thit ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
2 1 2 2
2 4
2 1 2 4
2 1
2 2 9
2 .2 2 135
1
1 22
22
2
x x
n n
x x x
n n
n n n
n n n
C C
n n
n
C C C
+

+ =
+ =

+ + =
+ + =

( )
2 2
2 2 1
4 1
2 2
1 1 4
2 9 2 2 0 2 2
2 2
42 0 6
7 ( )
x
x
t x
t x t t t t x
t
n n n
n Loai
= =
=

= = + = 9 + 4 = > =

+ = =

Vy
1
1,
2
x

e
`
)
l gi tr cn tm.
V d 1.15: Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin:
17
1
1
5
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Gii
Xt khai trin: ( )
17
17
17
0
1 1
1
5 5
k
k
k
k
x C x
=
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
1
0,1, 2,...,17
5
k
k
k
a x k
| |
= =
|
\ .

Ta c
k
a t
1
1
17 17
1
1
17 17
1
1
1 1
5 5
max
1 1
5 5
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
a a
C C
a
C
a
C
+
+
| | | |
>
| |
>
\ . \ .

>
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .



10
10

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
17! 17!
5
! 17 ! 1 ! 16 !
5 5 17
2 3
17! 17! 18 5
5
! 17 ! 1 ! 18 !
k k k k
k k
k
k k
k k k k
>
+
+ >
s s

>
>

- Vi 2 k = th h s l:
2
2
17
1
5.44
5
C
| |
=
|
\ .

- Vi k = 3 th h s l:
3
3
17
1
5.44
5
C
| |
=
|
\ .

Vy h s ln nht l:
3
3
17
1
5.44
5
C
| |
=
|
\ .

T V d trn ta i n bi ton tng qut sau:
V d: 1.15.2 Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin nh thc NEWTON ca ( )
n
a bx +
Phng php gii: Xt khai trin ( )
n
a bx + c s hng tng qut
k n k k k
n
C a b x

Ta t: , 0
k n k
k
k
n
u k n C a b
= s s ta c dy s { }
k
u . Vic cn li l i tm s hng ln
nht ca dy ta lm nh sau:
- Gii bt phng trnh
1
1
k
k
u
u
+
> tm c
0 0
0 1
...
k k n
k u u u
+
> > >
- Gii bt phng trnh
1
1
k
k
u
u

s tm c
1 1
0 1 0
...
k k
k u u u
> > >

T ta c s hng ln nht ca dy l
{ }
0 1
max ,
k k
u u
Tuy nhin n gin chng ta c th lm nh sau:
Gii h bt phng trnh
1
0
1
k k
k k
u u
k
u u
+
>

>

Suy ra h s ln nht trong khai trin nh thc NEWTON l
0 0 0
k n k k
n
C a b

V d 1.16: (HVKTQS, 2000) Khai trin a thc
( ) ( )
1
0 1
2
1
12
2
... 1 2 a a x a P x x x = + + = + +
Tm ( )
0 1 2 12
max , , ..., a a a a
Gii
Cch 1: Xt khai trin: ( ) ( )
12
12
12
12
0
2 1 2 1
k
k
k
k
C x x
=
+ =

( ) ( )
12
2 0,1, 2,...,12 1
k k
k
a C k = =
Xt bt ng thc:
1 k k
a a
+
<


11
11
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
12 12
12!2 12!2
2 2
! 12 ! 1 ! 11 !
k k
k k k k
C C
k k k k
+
+ +
< <
+

( )
1 2 23 2
3 23 7 0 7
12 1 3 3
k k k k Z
k k
< < < = + s s e
+

p dng ( ) 1 cho 0,1, 2,...,12 k = ta c:
0 1 7 8 9 12
... ... a a a a a a < < < < > >
( )
8 18
0 1 2 12 8 12
max , , ..., .2 126720 a a a a a C = = =
Cch 2: Gi
k
a l h s ln nht ca khai trin suy ra:
1 k k
a a

>
T y ta c c h bt phng trnh:
1 1
12 12
1 1
12 12
2 1
2 2
23 25
12 1
8
1 2 3 3
2 2
12 1
k k k k
k k k k
C C
k k
k k
C C
k k

+ +
>
>
+
s s =

>

>
+

( )
8 18
0 1 2 12 8 12
max , , ..., .2 126720 a a a a a C = = =

V d 1.17: Tm h s ca s hng cha
4
x trong khai trin v rt gn tng sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 15
1 1 ... 1 f x x x x = + + + + + +
Gii
V tng ( ) f x c 12 s hng nn ta c: ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
12 16 4
4
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
x x x
f x x
x x
+ + +
= + =
+

H s ca s hng cha
4
x l h s ca s hng cha
5
x trong ( )
16
1 x +
Vy h s cn tm l:
5
16
4368 C =
i vi dng ton ny ta c phng php gii sau:
Bi ton tm h s cha
k
x trong tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn
Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s nhn vi cng bi 1 q = l:
( )
2
1 2 1
1
... 1. 9
1
n n
q
S u u u u
q
= + + + = .

Xt tng ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 ... 1
m m m n
S x bx bx bx
+ + +
= + + + + + + nh l tng n s hng u
tin ca cp s nhn vi ( )
1
1
1
m
u bx
+
= + v cng bi ( ) 1 q bx = +
p dng cng thc ( ) 1. 9 ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
n m n m
m
bx bx bx
S x bx
bx bx
+ + +
+
+ + +
= + =
+

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha
k
x trong ( ) S x l tch gia
1
b
v h s ca s hng cha
1 k
x
+
trong khai trin ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 .
m n m
bx bx
+ + +
+ +



12
12
V d 1.18: Tm h s ca s hng cha x v rt gn tng sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 1
1 2 1 ... 1 1 1
n n
S x x x n x n x
= + + + + + + + +
Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
1 1 2 1 ... 1 1 1
n n
S x x x n x n x

(
= + + + + + + + +

t:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1
2 3 1
1 1 2 1 3 1 ... 1 1 1
1 1 1 ... 1 1
'
n n
n n
f x x x x n x n x
F x x x x x x
S x f x xf x
F x f x

= + + + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + + + +
= +

Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x ca ( ) S x bng tng ca s hng cha x v khng
cha x ca ( ) f x bng tng ca s hng cha x v hai ln h s ca s hng cha
2
x
ca ( ) F x
Tng ( ) F x c n s hng ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
n n
x x x
F x x
x x
+
+ + +
= + =
+

- Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x ca ( )
2
1 n
F x C
+
=
- Suy ra h s ca s hng cha
2
x ca ( )
3
1 n
F x C
+
=
Vy h s cn tm l:
( )( )
2 3
1 1
1 2 1
2
6
n n
n n n
C C
+ +
+ +
+ =

2. Bi ton tm s hng trong khai trin NEWTON

V d 2.1: Tm s hng th 21trong khai trin: ( )
25
2 3x
Gii
S hng th 21 trong khai trin l: ( )
20
20 5 20 5 20 20
25 25
2 3 2 3 C x C x =
V d 2.2 Tm s hng cha cha
28
x trong khai trin
( )
10
3
x xy +
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin l:
( ) ( )
10
3 30 2
1 10 10
k
k
k k k k
k
T C x xy C x y

+
= =
S hng cha
28
x ng vi: 30 2 28 1 k k = =
Vy s hng cn tm l:
1 29
10
C x y
V d 2.3
a. Tm s hng ng gia trong cc khai trin sau
( )
21
3
x xy +
b. Tm s hng ng gia trong cc khai trin sau
( )
20
4
2
3
1
x x
xy
| |
|
+
|
\ .



13
13
Gii
a. Khai trin
( )
20
3
x xy + c 21 1 + = 22 s hng nn c hai s hng ng gia l s hng
th 11 v 12
- S hng th 11:
( ) ( )
11
10
10 3 10 43 10
21 21
C x xy C x y =
- S hng th 12:
( ) ( )
10
11
11 3 10 41 11
21 21
C x xy C x y =
b. Khai trin
( )
20
4
2
3
1
x x
xy
| |
|
+
|
\ .
c 20 1 21 + = s hng. Nn s hng ng gia l s
hng th
21
1 16
2
(
+ =
(

: ( )
10
10
65 20 7
2
10 10
6 3 4
3
20 20
C x xy C x y
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .

( Vi | | x l k hiu phn nguyn ca x ngha l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x ).
V d 2.4 Tm s hng cha
3
x trong khai trin ( ) ( )
10
1 1 x x + +
Gii
Cch 1: Xt khai trin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 10
0 1 2 2 3 3 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
10
1 1 1 1 ... 1 1 x C C x x C x x C x x C x x x + = + + + + + + + + + +
Nhn thy:
3
x ch c trong cc s hng:
- S hng th ba: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 3 4
10 10
1 2 C x x C x x x + = + +
- S hng th t: ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3 3 4 5 6
10 10
1 3 3 C x x C x x x x + = + + +
Vy s hng cn tm l:
2 3 3 3 3
10 10
2 210 C x C x x + =

Cch 2: S hng tng qut trong khai trin l: ( )
10
1
k
k k
C x x +
S hng cha
3
x ng vi: 2 3 k s s
- Vi 2 k = ta c: ( )
2
2 2
10
1 C x x + nn s hng cha
3
x l:
2 3
10
2C x
- Vi k = 3ta c: ( )
3
3 3
10
1 C x x + nn s hng cha
3
x l:
3 3
10
C x
Vy s hng cn tm l:
2 3 3 3 3
10 10
2 210 C x C x x + =

V d 2.5:(H Khi D- 2004) Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin
( )
7
3
4
1
f x x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
vi 0 x >
Gii
S hng tng qut trong khai trin:
( )
( )
7 7
7
3 3 12
1 7 7
4
1
, 7
k
k k
k k
k
T C x C x k N k
x

+
| |
= = e s
|
\ .

ng vi s hng khng cha x ta c:
7 7
0 4
3 12
k k = =


14
14
Vy s hng khng cha x trong khai trin ( ) f x l:
4
7
35 C =
V d 2.6:(HQG HN 2000)Tm h s khng cha x trong khai trin:
17
3 4
3 2
0
1
x x
x
| |
+
|

.
=
\

Gii
17
2 3
3 4
1 17
k k
k
k
T C x x
+
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
Vi ( ) 0 17, k k Z s s e
3 2 34 17 34
4 3 3 12 3
17 17
k k k
k k
C x C x
+
= =
n y ta phi tm k sao cho
17 34
0 8
12 3
k
k = =
Vy s hng cn tm l s hng th 9 trong khai trin v c gi tr l:
8
17
24310 C =

V d 2.7:(CGT TH&TT- 2- 2004) S hng cha , a b v c s m bng nhau
trong khai trin:
21
3
3
a b
b a
| |
+
|
|
\ .

Gii
Ta c s hng ng qut cu khai trin:
21 21
1 1 1 1
3 6 6 2
3
3
. .
a b
a b a b
b a
| | | |
+ = +
| |
|
\ . \ .

21 3 21 63 4 21
21 21
3 6 6 6 3 2
21 21
0 0
. . .
k k k k k k
k k
k k
C a b a b C a b

= =
= =

s m ca a v b bng nhau
3 21 63 4
84
6 6
k k
k

= =
Vy h s ca s hng cha a v b c s m bng nhau trong khai trin l:
21
12
293930 C =

V d 2.8 :(HSP Khi A, 2000) Trong khai trin ( )
28
3
15
0
n
x x x x
| |
+

|

.
=
\
. Hy tm
s hng khng ph thuc vo x , bit rng:
1 2
79
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + =
Gii
T gi thit ta c:
( )
1 2
1
79 1 79
2
n n n
n n n
n n
C C C n

+ + = + + =

2
156 0 12 n n n + = =
Ta c s hng tng qut trong khai trin
28
3
15
12
x x x
| |
+
|
\ .
l:


15
15
( )
28 4 28 48
12 16 16
3
5 3 15 15
12 12 12
.
k
k k k
k
k k k
C x x x C x C x
| |
\
=
|
.
=
S hng ny khng ph thuc vo
48
16 0 5
15
x k k = =
Vy s hng cn tm l:
5
12
792 C =

V d: 2.9: Tm s hng th 6 trong khai trin
( )
2 2
*
3
2 2
, , 0,
n
x y
x y n N
y x
| |
+ = e |
|
\ .

Bit tng tc c cc h s trong khai trin ny bng: 4096
Gii
Trc tin ta i tm n thng qua gi thit cho: C th trnh by theo hai cch sau
Cch 1: Ta c: ( ) ( )
0 1
1 ... 4096 *
n
n
n
x x x a a a + = + + + = Trong :
k
k n
a C =
Vi ( )
12
0 1
... 4096 1 1 2 12 2
n
n
a a a n x = = + + + = = =
Cch 2: Tng tc c cc h s trong khai trin l:
( ) ( )
0 1 0 12
0
0 12 12 12
0
... 4079 2
1 .1 2 1 1 2 12
n
n
n n n n
k
n
n k n
k n
n
k
C C C C
C n
=
=
+ + + = =
= + = 2 = 2 =

Vy s hng th 6 trong khai trin
12
2 2
3
2 2
x y
y x
| |
+ |
|
\ .
l:
32
5
7
2 2
3
5
3
12 2 2
792
x y x
C
y x y
| |
| | | |
= |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

V d 2.10:( H SPHN- 2001) Cho khai trin nh thc:
10
9 10
0 1 9 10
1 2
...
3 3
x a a x a x a x
| |
+ = + + + +
|
\ .
.
Hy tm s hng
k
a ln nht.
Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( )
10
10
10 10 10 10 10
0
1 2 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
n
k
k k k
k
k
x x C x a C
=
| |
+ = + = =
|
\ .

Ta c
k
a t
1
1 1
1
1
0 10
1 1
10 10
2 2
max
2 2
k k
k k
k k k k
k k k k
C C
C
a a
C
a a
+
+ +

> >

>
>

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 10! 2 10!
1 2
! 10 ! 1 ! 9 !
19 22
10 1
2 2 3 3
2 10! 2 10!
11
! 10 ! 1 ! 11 !
k k
k k
k k k k
k k
k
k k
k k k k

>
>
+
+
s s

>
>



16
16
| | ( )
7 , 0,10 k k N k = e e
Vy
7
7
7 10 10
2
max
3
k
a a C = =
V d 2.11:( ngh Olimpic 30- 4)Tm s hng ln nht trong khai trin: ( )
1000
1 0, 2 +
Gii
Ta c: S hng th k : ( )
1
1 1
1000 1000 1
1
0.2
5
k
k k
k k
T C C
= =
S hng th 1 k + :
1 1000
1
5
k
k k
T C
+
=
S hng th 1 k :
2
1 1000 2
1
5
k
k k
T C

=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1000 1000
1
1 2 1
1000 1000
1000! 1 1000!
1
.
1 ! 1001 ! 5 ! 1000 !
5
1 1 1000! 1000!
.
5 5 1 ! 1001 ! 2 ! 1002 !
k k
k k
k k k k
C C
k k k k T T
T T
C C
k k k k
>
>
>

>

> >

( )
1 1
1002 5 5 1001 5 1001 1007
167
1
5 1001 6 6
1002
5 1
k k k k
k k
k k
k
k
>
>
s s =

>
>

Vy
166
1000 166
1
max
5
k
T C =

V d 2.12: Tm s hng hu t trong khai trin
10
3
1
5
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Gii
10
1 1
10
3 2
3
3 2
10
1 1 1 2 5
5 2 5
32 2 2
k k
k
C
| |
+ | |
|
+ = =
|
|
\ .
|
\ .

S hng hu t (s hng th k) trong khai trin tha: ( )
0
2
, 0 10
6
3
k
N
k
k N k
k k
N
=
e s s

- Vi 0 k = s hng hu t l
0
10
1 1
32 32
C =
- Vi 6 k = s hng hu t l
3 2
10
1 2625
2 .5
32 2
k
C =
Vy s hng cn tm l:
2625 1
2 32
v


17
17
Phng php:
- S hng tng qut trong khai trin l ( )
m r
p q
n
k n k k k
n n
a b C a b C a b
+ = = ( , a b l hu
t)
- Gii h phng trnh ( )
0
, 0
m
N
p
k N k n k
r
N
q
e s s

- S hng cn tm l:
0 0 0
k n k k
n
C a b

V d: Trong khai trin
( )
10
4
3 5 + c bao nhiu s hng hu t.
Gii
( )
( )
124 124
1 1 1 1
124 124
10 62
4 2 4 2 4 2 4
124 124
0 0
3 5 3 5 3 . 5 1 3 .5
k k
k k
k
k k
k k
C C
= =
| | | | | |
+ = = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

S hng hu t (s hng th k) trong khai trin tha
{ }
62
2
0 124
0 124 0 31 0,1,..., 31
4
4 4 4
0 124
k
N
i N i N
k
k
N
k i i
k
N
k i k i
k N
k
e e
s s

e
s s s s e

e

= =

e
s s

Vy c 32 s hng hu t
V d: C bao nhiu s hng nguyn trong khai trin:
( )
36
3 5
7 96 +
Gii
Vi 0 36 k s s ta c s hng nguyn tng qut trong khai trin:
( ) ( )
36 12
3 5
3 5
36 36
7 . 96 7 .2
k k
k k
k k k
C C

= .3
S hng nguyn { }
15
12 , 0 36 0,15, 30
3 5
k
k k
N k k
k Z
e s s e

Bi Tp p Dng

Bi 1:(H TK- 2002) Gi
1 2 11
, , ... , a a a l cc h s trong khai trin sau:
( )( )
11 10 9
1 2 11
1 2 ... x x x a x a x a + + = + + + + .
Hy tnh h s
5
a
Bi 2: Tm h s ca s hng trong cc khai trin nh thc NEWTON sau:


18
18
a) H s ca s hng cha
8
x trong khai trin
12
5 2
4
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

b) H s ca s hng cha
16
x trong khai trin
( )
16
2 2
1 1 x x
(

c) H s ca s hng cha
5
x trong khai trin ( ) ( )
5 10
2
1 2 1 3 x x x x + + (Khi D- 2007)
d) H s ca s hng cha
9
x trong khai trin
( )
3 2
3 2
n
x x + . Bit
4
3 4
1
24
23
n
n
n n
A
A C

+
=

e) H s ca s hng cha
3
x trong khai trin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 22
1 2 1 2 ... 1 2 f x x x x = + + + + + +
f) H s ca
5 3 6 6
x y z t trong khai trin a thc: ( )
20
x y z t + + + ( 4 TH&TT- 2003)
Bi 3:(TTH- 3-2009- Thy Nguyn Tt Thu Tm h s
8
x trong khai
trin
( )
2
2
n
x , bit
3 1 2
8 49
n n n
A C C + = +
Bi 4:(TTH- 1-2009- Thy Nguyn Tt Thu) Tm h s ca
6
x trong khi trin
( )
2
1
n
x x thnh a thc. Trong n l s nguyn dng tha mn:
1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1.
n
n n n
C C C
+ + +
+ + + =
Bi 5(TTH 2009- Chuyn Phan Bi Chu- Ngh An)Xc nh h s ca
11
x trong
khai trin a thc
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3 1
n n
x x + + bit:
( )
2 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 0
2
3 ... 1 3 ... 3 1024
k
n n k n k
n n n n
n
C C C C

+ + + + =
Bi 6 Tm cc s hng trong cc khai trin sau:
a) S hng th 13 trong khai trin:
17
3 4
3 2
1
, 0 x x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

b) S hng th 3 trong khai trin
( )
2
2
n
x + . Bit rng:
( )
0 1 1 2 2
3 3 3 ... 1
n
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + +
Bi 7 Tm h s khng ph thuc vo x trong cc khai trin
a)
50
3
3 2
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
b)
12
3
3
2
1
x x
x
| |
|
|
\ .
c)
16
3
2 4
1
1 x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Bi 8 Tm cc s hng khng cha x trong cc khai trin sau:
a)
60
12
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
b)
12
3
4
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
c)
( )
8
2 4
1 x x +
d)
1
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
Bit s hng th ba ln hn s hng th hai bng 35
Bi 9 t:
( )
7
2 4
1 x x x + + + =
28
0 1 28
... a a x a x + + +
a) Tnh:
3
a
b) Tnh:
0 1 2 28
... S a a a a = + + + +


19
19
c) Tnh:
0 1 2 28
... S a a a a = + +
Bi 10:(LAISAC) Khai trin ( )
3
2
1
2
n
P x x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
ta c
( )
3 3 5 3 10
0 1 2
...
n n n
P x a x a x a x

= + + + Bit rng ba h s u
0 1 2
, , a a a lp thnh mt cp s
cng. Tnh s hng cha
4
x
Bi 11: Trong khai trin ca
( )
200
4
2 3 + c bao nhiu s hng c h s l hu t?
Bi 12: Tm h s ln nht trong cc khai trin:
a) ( )
1001
1 0.0001 b) ( )
21
1 2x + c)
11
1 2
2 3
x
| |
+
|
|
\ .

C. P DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH H THC V TNH
TNG T HP.
I. Thun nh thc Newton

Du hiu nhn bit: Khi cc s hng ca tng c dng
n
n
k k k
C a b
th ta s dng trc
tip nh thc Newton:
n
n k n k k
n
k 0
(a b) C a b
=
+ =
. Vic cn li ch l kho lo chn a,b

V d I.1: Tnh tng
16 0 15 1 14 2 16
16 16 16 16
3 C 3 3 ... C C C + +
Gii
D dng thy tng trn c dng nh du hiu nu trn. Ta s chn a = 3, b = -1. Khi
tng trn s bng
16 16
(3 1) 2 =
V d I2: Chng minh rng
( )
0 2 2 4 4 2000 2000 2000 2001
2001 2001 2001 2001
C 3 C 3 C ... C 1 3 2 2 + + + + =
Gii
Tng t nh trn, ta ngh ngay n vic dng nh thc vi a 1, b 3 = = :

0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 2000 2000 2001
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001
2001
C 3 C 3 3 3 .... 3 (3 C C C 1) 4 C + + + + + + = + =
Nhng tng cn tm ch cha cc s hng c
k
2001
C vi k chn nn ta phi trit tiu c
cc s hng l bng cch tnh tng khc vi a 1, b 3 = =

0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 2000 2000 2001
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001
2001
C 3 C 3 3 3 .... 3 (3 C C C 1) 2 C + + + = =
Do tng cn tm l
( )
2001 2001
2000 2001
4
2 2
2
2
1 =
+

T v d trn ta c c bi ton tng qut sau:

V d I.3:(H Hng Hi- 2000) Chng minh rng:
( )
0 2 2 4 4 2n 2n 1 2n
2n 2n 2
2n
n 2n
C 3 C 3 C ... 2 1 3 2 C

+ + + + = +


20
20
Gii
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 ... 1
1 ... 2
n
n n n n
n n n n n
n
n n n n
n n n n n
x C x C x C x C x C x
x C x C x C x C x C x

+ = + + + + +
= + + +

Ly ( ) ( ) 1 2 + ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 ...
n n
n n
n n n
x x C C x C x ( + + = + + +

Chn 3 x = suy ra: ( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 2 3 ... 3
n n
n n
n n n
C C C ( + = + + +

( )
( )
4 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 2 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
3 ... 3
2
2 2 1
3 ... 3
2
2 2 1 3 ... 3
n n
n n
n n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n n n
n n n
C C C
C C C
C C C
+
= + + +
+
= + + +
+ = + + +

PCM
V d I.4: Tnh tng:
0 11 1 1 10 2 2 9 3 9 2 10 9 1 11
2009 2009 2009 10 10
2 3 2 3 2 3 ... 2 3 2 3 S C C C C C = + + + + +
Gii
rng bc ca 2 gim dn t 11 1 , bc ca 3 tng dn t 1 11 v vy ta cn
gim bc ca 2 3 v trong mi s hng xung 1 n v
Vy ta c:
( ) ( )
10
0 10 0 2 8 2 9 1 9 9 0 10 10
2009 2009 10 10
2.3 2 3 2 3 ... 2 3 2 3 6 2 3 6.5 S C C C C = + + + + = + =
V d I.5 : Tnh tng:
0 2009 1 2008 1 2 2007 2 2008 1 2008 2009
2009 2009 2009 2009
3 3 4 3 4 ... 3 4 4 S C C C C = + +
Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2008 2008
1 2008 2008
1 3 4 3 4
k
k k k k k k
k
T C C

+
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
2009
2009 2009
2009
2009
1
3 4 3 4 1 1
k
k k
k
S C

=
= = + = = (

V d I.6: Cho n l s nguyn dng v chn, chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1 2
... (*)
1! 1 ! 3! 3 ! 1 !1! !
n
n n n n
+ + + =

Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
1 1 ... 1
n n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C = + + +
V n chn ( ) n N e nn ( ) 1 1
n
=
Suy ra : ( )
0 1 2 3
... 0 (**) 1
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + =
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 3 1 1
! ! !
(*) ... 2
1! 1 ! 3! 3 ! 1 !1!
C C C 2
n
n n
n n n
n n n
n n n

+ + + =

+ +... + =

T ( )
0 1 2 3 1
0 1 2 3 1
... 0
*
... ( )
n n
n n n n n n
n n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C i
C C C C C C ii
+ + + = ( )

+ + + + + + = 2



21
21
Ly i ( ) tr ( ) ii ta c:
( )
1 3 1
.. 2 2 .
n n
n n n
C C C

+ = + +
( )
1 3 1 1
...
2
2
2
n
n n
n n n
C C C

= = + + + ( ) PCM
V d I.7: (CXD S 3, 2003) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n ta u
c:
3 5 2 1 0 2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
... ...
n n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C C
+ + + + = + + + +
Gii
Ta c khai trin: ( )
2
0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 ...
n
n n n n
n n n n
x C x C x C x C

+ = + + + +
Chn 1 x = ta c:
0 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3
... 0
n n
n n n n n
C x C C C C = + + +
( )
3 5 2 1 0 2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
PCM ... ...
n n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C C
+ + + + = + + + +
Chn 2 20 n = ta c c mt ng thc p sau:

V d I.8:(CSP Bn Tre Khi A-2002) Chng minh rng:
1 3 5 19 19
20 20 20 20
... 2 C C C C + + + + =
Gii
Cch 1:Ta c:
( )
20
0 1 2
20 20 2
2 19 19 20 20
20 0 20
1 ... x x x C C x C x C C = + +
Chn 1 x = ta c:
0 1 2
20 20 20
0 2 1
20
19 20
20 20
20 3 19
20 2 20 0 0 20 2
... ...
0 ... C C C C C
C C C C C C
+
+ + + = + +
=
+
+

A B = vi
0 2
20 20
1
20 20
20
20
3 19
20
...
(1)
...
C C C
C C B C
A = + + +
= + + +

Mt khc: ( )
20
0 1 2
20 20 2
2 19 19 20 20
20 0 20
1 ... x x x C C x C x C C + + + = + + +
Chn 1 x = cho ta:
20 0 1 2
20 20 20
19 20
20 20
. 2 .. C C C C C + + + = + +
20
2 (2) A b + =
T ( ) ( ) 1 2 v suy ra: ( )
20
19
2
2 PCM
2
A = =
Cch 2: p dng cng thc
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C
+
= + v
0
1
n
C =
Ta c: ( )
2
19 19
19
1 3 5 19 1 3 18 19 19
20 20 20 2 1 0 19 19 9
. 1 1 2 .. ... C C C C C C C C C = + + = + + + + + = + + +

V d 1.9: Rt gn tng sau:
2006 1 2004 3 3 2002 5 5 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007
3 .2. 3 .2 . 3 .2 . ... 2 . S C C C C = + + +
Gii
Ta c cc khai trin:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2007
2007 0 2006 1 2005 2 2 2006 2007 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2007
2007 0 2006 1 2005 2 2 2006 2007 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
3 2 3 3 .2. 3 .2 . ... 3.2 . 2 . *
3 2 3 3 .2. 3 .2 . ... 3.2 . 2 . **
C C C C C
C C C C C
+ = + + + + +
= + +

Tr ( ) ( ) * v ** ta c:


22
22
( )
2006 1 2004 3 2 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007
2 3 .2. 3 .2 . ... 3.2 . 2 . 1 C C C C + + + + = 5
Vy
2007
1
2
S
5
= .
V d I.10:(C, khi T-M- 2004) Chng minh rng:
2004
0 2 1 2004 2004
2004 2004 2004
1
... 2 .
2
C C C
3 +
+ 2 + + =
Gii
Ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004 2004
0
2004
2004
2004 0
2004
0
0 2 2
2004 2004
1
1 1
1
..
k k
k
k k k
k k k
k
x C x
x x C x x
x C x
C C x
=
=
=
+ =
(
+ + = +
= 2 + +
( )
2004 2004
2004
. C x +

Vi 2 x = ta c:
2004
0 2 2 2004 2004
2004 2004 2004
3 1
2 ... 2
2
C C C
+
+ + + =
V d I.11: Chng minh:
1 1 1 1
... ...
p p p p q q p p
a a b a b a b b a b
C C C C C C C C C

+
+ + + + + + =
Gii
iu kin: , p a b s
Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 1
0 1
1 1 1 1
2
1 ...
1 ...
1 ... . . (*) .
p p p p q q p
a a b
a
a a
a a a a
b
b b
b b b b
a b
p
a b a b b
x C C x C x C x
x C C x C x C x
x C C C C C C C x C M
+

+ = + + +
+ = + + +
+
= + + + + + + +

Vi M l mt a thc khng cha
p
x
Mt khc ( )
0 1
1 .. (* . . ) .. *
a b
p p a b a b
a b a b a b a b
x C C x C x C x
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ = + + + +
ng nht h s (*) (**) v cho ta ( ) PCM

II. S dng o hm cp 1,2
1. o hm cp 1

Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp tng dn hoc gim dn t 1,2,3,n hay
n,,3,2,1 tc s hng c dng
k
n
kC hoc
k n k k 1
n
kC a b

th ta c th dng o hm
cp 1 n tnh. C th

n 0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 3 n 3 3 n n
n n n n n
(a x) C a C a x C a x C a ... C x x

+ = + + + + +
Ly o hm hai v theo x ta c :
( )
n 1 1 n 1 2 n 2 3 n 3 2 n n 1
n n n n
n(a x) C 2C a 3C a x ... nC x a 1

+ = + + + +
n y thay x,a bng hng s thch hp ta c tng cn tm.



23
23
V d II.1.1:(H BKHN- 1999) Tnh tng
1 2 3 4 n 1 n
n n n n n
C 2C 3C 4C ... ( 1) nC
+ + +
Gii
Ta thy tng cn tnh c dng nh VP (1). Vic cn li ch cn chn a 1, x 1 = = ta tnh
c tng bng 0.
Cch khc: S dng ng thc
k k 1
n n 1
kC nC

= ta c tng bng :

0 1 2 3 n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
nC nC nC nC ... ( 1) nC n(1 1) 0

+ + + = =
Dng cch ny c th trnh c dng o hm do ph hp vi cc bn 11 cha hc
n o hm hoc cm thy dng cha quen o hm.

V d II.1.2:Tnh tng:
1 2 2 2 n n 1
n n n n
2C 2.C 2 3C 2 ... nC 2

+ + + +
Gii
Xt: ( ) ( )
0 1 2
0
1 ...
n
n
k k n
n n n n n
k
f x C x x C C C C
=
= = + = + + +

( ) ( )
( )
1
1 1 2 1
0
1
' 1 2 ...
' 2 3
n
n
k k n n
n n n n
k
n
f x kC x n x C C x nC x
f n
= = + = + + +
=

V d II.1.3:(H KTQD- 2000) Chng minh
( ) ( )
n
n 1 1 n 2 2 n 2 2 n n 1
n n n n
2 x 1.2 C 2.2 .C 3.2 .C ... nC n3 1 n Z

+ = + + + = s e
Gii
Cch 1: Ta c: ( )
n
0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 n n
n n n n
2 x C 2 C 2 x C 2 x ... C x

+ = + + + +
o hm hai v theo bin x ta c:
( )
n 1
1 n 1 2 n 2 3 n 3 2 n n
n n n n
n 2 x C 2 2C 2 x 3C 2 x ... C n.x

+ = + + +
Vi
1 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 3 2 2 .2 2 .3... PCM
n n n n n
n n n n
x n C C C C n

= = + + +
Cch 2: Ta c: ( )
n
0 1 2 2 n n
n n n n
1 x C C x C x ... C x + = + + + +
o hm hai v theo bin x ta c: ( )
n 1
1 2 n n 1
n n n
n 1 x C 2C x ... nC x

+ = + + +
Ta chn
1 1
1 2
3
2 ...
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
n n
n
n n n
n C C n x C

| |
= + + +
|
\
| |
=
|
\ . .

1 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 2 2.2 3.2 ... PCM
n n n n n
n n n n
n C C C nC

= + + +

V d II.1.4: Tnh tng
S =
n 1 0 n 2 1 n 3 2 2 n 1 n 1
n n n n
n2 C (n 1)2 .3.C (n 2)2 .3 .C ... 3 C

+ + + +
Gii
Nhn thy h s ng trc t hp gim dn n,n-1, ,3,2,1 nn phi hon i v tr a v
x:

n 0 n 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 n n
n n n n
(x a) C x C x a C x ... a C a

+ = + + + +
o hm theo x:
n 1 n 1 0 n 2 1 n 3 2 2 n 1 n 1
n n n n
n(x a) nx C (n 1)x aC (n 2)x a C ... a C

+ = + + + +


24
24
Thay x = 2, a = 3 ta c tng bng
n 1
n5

Cch khc: Kho lo s dng 2 ng thc
k k k 1
n n n 1
n k
n
C C , kC nC

= = ta c th trnh vic
phi dng o hm phc tm:

( )
n 1 n n 2 n 1 n 3 2 n 2 n 1 1
n n n n
n 1 n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3 2 n 3 n 1 0
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3 2 n 3 n 1 0 n 1 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
S n2 C (n 1)2 3C (n 2)2 C ... 3 C
n2 C n2 n2 3 C ... n3 C
n 2 C 2 2 3 C ... 3 C n(2 3) n5
3
3C
3C

= + + + +
= + + + +
= + + + + = + =

V d II.1.5: Tnh tng
0 1 2 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
2008C 2007C 2006C ... 2C C + + + + +
Gii
H s trc t hp gim dn t 2008,2007,2,1 nn dng o hm l iu d hiu:

2007 0 2007 1 2 2005 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 200
0 6
7
2 0
(x 1) x C x C x ... C x C C + + + + = + +
By gi nu ly o hm th ch c
0 2006
2007
2007C x trong khi trong n 2008 do ta
phi nhn thm x vo ng thc trn ri mi o hm:

2007
2006 2
2007 0 2008 1 2 2006 2006 2 2007
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007
0 1 206 2007
2007 2007 200
00
7 2007
7 2006
x(x 1) x C x C x ... C x C x
(x 1) (2008x 1) 2008C x 2007C x ... 2C x C
C + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
=
=

Thay x = 1 vo ta tm c tng l
2006
2009.2

V d II.1.6: Chng minh ng thc:
a) (H TCKT H Ni 2000):
2 1 1 3
2 3 .. 2 . .
n n n
n n n n
n C C C C x

= + + + +
b) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1
2 3 ... 1 ... 1 2 .2
p n n
n n n n n
C C C p C n C n

+ + + + + + + + = +
Gii:
a) Xt nh thc ( )
0 1 2 2
1 ...
n
n n
n n n n
x C C x C x C x + = + + +
Ly o hm hai v ng thc theo bin x :
( )
2
1
0 1
1 2 ...
n
n n
n n n
n x C C x nC x

+ = + + +
Chn 1 x = ta c:
2 0 1
2 ... .2
n n
n n n
C C C n

= + + +
b) Tng t nh cu a ta nhn x cho 2 v ca ng thc ri ly o hm.
V d II.1.7: Rt gn biu thc sau: ( )
0 1 2
3 4 5 ... 3
n
n n n n
S C C C n C = + + + + +
Gii
Cch 1: Nhn thy rng vi 1 x = th ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
0 0 3
4
0 3
3 '
4 '
3 '
n n
n
n n
n
n n
C C x
C C x
n C C x
+
- =
- =
- +
...
=
..

Suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 3 3 0 1 4 2 5 3 1 3 3 3 2
... . 3 .. 1
n n n n n n n
n
n n n
n
n
C x C x C x n C x x C C x x C x C x x
+ +
+ + + + = + + + + = + (-)


25
25
Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
3
1
n
f x x x = +
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 3
' 3 1 1
n n
f x x x nx x

= + + +
Kt hp vi (-) ( ) ( )
2 0 3 1 2 4 2
' 3 4 5 ... 3
n n
n n n n
f x x C x C C x n x C
+
= + + + + +
Chn 1 x = th: ( )
0 1 2
3 4 5 ... 3
n
n n n n
S C C C n C = + + + + +
( )
1 1
3.2 2 2 6
n n n
n n

= + = +

2. o hm cp 2

Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp c dng 1.2 , 2.3 , , (n-1).n hay (n-1)n, ,
2.3 , 1.2 hay
2 2 2
1 , 2 ,..., n ( khng k du ) tc c dng
k n k
n
k(k 1)C a

hay tng qut
hn
k n k k
n
k(k 1)C a b
th ta c th dng o hm n cp 2 tnh. Xt a thc:

n 0 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 2 n 3 3 3 n n n
n n n n n
3
(a bx) C C a bx C a b C a b x ... x C b x

+ = + + + + +
Khi o hm hai v theo x ta c:
n 1 1 n 1 2 2 3 n 3 3 2 n n n 1
n n
n
n n
2
bn(a bx) C a a b x 3C a b x ... nC b x C b 2

+ + = + + +
o hm ln na:
n 2 2 n 2 2 3 n 3 3 n n n 2
n n
2
n
b n(n 1)(a bx) 2.1C a b 3.2C a b x ... n(n 1)C b x (2)

+ = + + +
n y ta gn nh gii quyt xong V d ton ch vic thay a, b, x bi cc hng s
thch hp na thi.

V d I.2.1: Chng minh rng
S=
2 3 4 n n 2
n n n n
2.1C 3.2C 4.3C ... n(n 1)C n(n 1)2

+ + + + =
D dng thy c VT ca ng thc trn ging gn nh hon ton VP (2) ta ch vic
thay a b x 1 = = = l gii quyt xong bi ton

Ch : y ch l tng cn khi trnh by vo bi kim tra hay bi thi th ta phi ghi r
xt a thc
n
(1 x) + ri o hm 2 ln v thay x = 1 vo mi c trn s im.

Cch khc: Ta vn c th s dng c ng thc
k k 1
n n 1
kC nC

= 2 ln tnh tng trn, c

th:

2 3 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
0 1 2 n 2
n 2 n 2 n 2 n
1
2
n 2 n 2
S n1C n2C n3C ... n(n 1)C
n(n 1)C n(n 1)C n(n 1)C ... n(n 1)C
n(n 1)(1 1) n(n 1)2

= + + + + =
= + + + + =
= + =

Tng t nh trn ta d dng tnh c tng bng cch thay x = -1 v n = 16
2 3 4 15 16
16 16 16 16 16
1.2C 3.4C . 2.3C .. 14.15C 15.16C + +
Hoc ta cng c th s dng
k k 1
n n 1
kC nC

= n gin hn mt cht.
V d I.2.2 Rt gn tng sau
2 1 2008 2 2 2007 2 3 2006 2 2009
2009 2009 2009 2009
1 C 2 2 C 2 3 C 2 ... 2009 C + + + +
Gii


26
26
Vi tng nh V d trn ta xt a thc
2009 0 2009 1 2008 2 2007 2 2006 3 2009 2009
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
3
x C x (2 x) C 2 C 2 2 C 2 x ... C x + = + + + + +
o hm ln 1:
1 2008 2 2007 3 2006 2 2009 2008
2009 2009 2009 2
20
00
08
9
2.2009(2 x) 1C 2 2C 2 x 3C 2 x ... 2009C x + = + + + +
Nu ta tip tc o hm ln na th ch thu c 1.2, 2.3 , do thu c
2 2
2 , 3 ta
phi nhn thm hai v vi x ri mi ly o hm:

2008 1 2008 2 2007 2 2009 2009
2009 2009 2009
2009x(2 x) 1C 2 x 2C 2 x ... 2009C x + = + + +
2008 2007 2 1 2008 2 2 2007 2 2009 2008
2009 2009 2009
2009(2 x) 2009.2008x(2 x) 1 C 2 2 C 2 x ... 2009 C x + + + = + + +

Thay x = 1 ta rt gn c tng trn thnh
2007
2011.2009.3

Tng t khi tnh tng
1 2 n
n n n n
3
2.1C 3.2C 4.3C ... (n 1)nC + + + + + ta cn ch l trc t
hp c mt h s ln hn k trong
k
n
C nn ta phi nhn vi x trc khi o hm 2 ln.

V d I.2.3:(H AN CS Khi A 1998) Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 2
n
f x x n Z = + s s
a) Tnh ( ) '' 1 f
b) Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 4
2.1 3.2 4.3 ... 1 ... 1 1 2
n n n
n n n n n
C C C n nC n nC n n

+ + + + + = +
Gii
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2
' 1 '' 1 1 '' 1 1
n n n
f x n x f x n n x f n x

= + = + = +
b) Ta c: ( ) ( )
0 1
1 2
1
n n
n
k k k k
n n n n
k k
f x x C x C C x C x
= =
= + = = + +

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
'
'' 1
'
2.1 3.2 ... 1 ... 1 1 2
' 1 1 2
;
p
n
k k
n n
k
n
k k
n
k
n
k n
n
k
n n
n n n n
f x C kC x
f x k k C x
f k k C
C C p C n nC n n
= +
=
=
+ + + + + + + = +
=

PCM

T cu b ta thay ( ) ( ) 1 1 n n = + th ta c mt bi ton khc:
b) Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2
2.1 3.2 ... 1 ... 1 1 2
p n n
n n n n
C C n pC n nC n n

+ + + + + + + = +
Vi bi ton ny ta c th gii nh sau:
Xt nh thc: ( )
0 1 2 2
1 ...
n
n n
n n n n
x C C x C x C x + = + + +
Nhn hai v ca ng thc vi #0 x ng thi ly o hm cp 2 hai v theo bin x ta
c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 3.2 ... 1
n n
n n
n n n
n x x C x C x n x nC n n x

+ + = + + + +
Cho 1 x = ta c PCM


27
27
III. S dng tch phn xc nh

Du hiu: tng ca phng php ny l da vo h thc
1 1 1
1 1
b
a
b
k k
a
k
k
x a
x
k
b
dx
k
+ + +
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .

=
}

T y d dng tm c du hiu s dng phng php ny l s hng ca tng c
dng
1 1
1
k k
k
n
b a
C
k
+ +
+
. C th, xt tch phn ( )

n
b
a
I c dx dx = +
}
ta c th tnh bng hai cch.
Tnh trc tip:
1
1 1 ( )
( ) ( )
1
b
n
n
a
b
a
c dx
I c dx d c dx
d d n
+
| | +
= + + =
|
+
\ .
}

Hoc gin tip:
0 0
b b
a
n n
k n k k k k n k k k
n n
k k
a
I C c d x dx C c d x dx

= =
| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
} }

1 1 1
0 0
1 1
b
k k k n n
k n k k k n k k
n n
k k
a
x a
C c d C c d
b
k k
+ + +

= =
(
| | | |
(
= =
| |
+ + (
\ . \ .

Hai cch trn l nh nhau nn t ta c c:
1 1 1
0
1 ( )
1 1
b
k k n n
k n k k
n
k
a
a c dx
C c d
k d n
b
+ + +
=
| | | | +
=
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

Ty V d ton ta chn cc h s a, b, c, d thch hp

V d II.1: CMR
2 3 1 1
0 1 2
2 2 2 3 1
2 ... ( .1)
2 3 1 1
n n
n
n n n n
C C C C III
n n
+ +
+ + + + =
+ +

Gii
Nhn vo t ca phn s d dng tm c hai cn 0, 2 a b = = . Tip tc mt cht ta
chn tip 1 c d = = suy ra pcm
Ch : Khi trnh by bi thi phi ghi r tch phn
2
0
(1 )
n
x dx +
}
ri tnh bng hai cch mi
c trn im.

Cch khc: Ta c th trnh khng dng tch phn bng cch p dng ng thc:
1
1
1 1
k k
n n
C C
k n
+
+
=
+ +
. Vic tnh ton khng nhng n gin hn m cn gim thiu c sai st
khi lm bi:

( )
1
1 2 2 3 3 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 (1 2) 1
( .1) 2 2 2 ... 2
1 1
n
n n
n n n n
VT III C C C C
n n
+
+ +
+ + + +
+
= + + + + =
+ +

thy r s hu ch ca ng thc n gin , ta xt mt V d khc. Tnh tng


28
28

2 2 2 2
0 1 3
...
1 2 3 1
n
n n n n
C C C C
S
n
| | | | | | | |
= + + + +
| | | |
+
\ . \ . \ . \ .

R rng dng tch phn i vi bi ny gn nh l khng th nhng nu p dng ng
thc th li l mt chuyn khc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1
1 1 1 1 2
1
...
( 1)
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n
+
+ + + +
(
= + + + +
(

+

Vic cn li by gi ch l tnh tng trong ngoc vung . C rt nhiu cch tnh nn
chng ta s quay li tng ny trong phn Cc phng php khc .

Tr li phn tch phn, vi vic thay a, b, c, d bng cch hng s thch hp ta c th ch
ra cc V d ton phc tp hn, chng hn khi 2, 3, 1, 1 a b c d = = = = ta c:
2 2 3 3 2010 2010
2 3 2009
2009 2009
1
2009 2009
2 3 2 2 2 3
..
3 3
.
1 2 3 2010
C C C C
+ +
+ =
2010
1 4
2010

V d II.2: Tnh
2 3 4 2
0 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2
...
2 3 4
1
2
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n
+
+ + +

+
+

Gii
Mi s hng ca tng c dng
2
2
2
1
k
k
n
C
k
+
+
nn ta ngh ngay n dng tch phn. Nhng

mu ca h s li l 2 k + so vi trong du hiu trn l 1 k + . Do ta phi thay tch
phn (1 )
n
b
a
x dx +
}
bng tch phn khc. y ta chn (1 )
n
b
a
I x x dx = +
}
. D dng tm c
cn trn l 2, cn di l 1. Th li:
2 2
1
1
2
0
1
1
0 0
2 1
2
k n n n
k k k k k
n n n
k k k
dx I C x dx C x C
k
+
+ +
= = =
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .

}

}

Vic cn li by gi ch l i tnh trc tip I:
( )
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
1 1
1
(1 )
( 1 1)(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
2 1
n
n
n n n
x
x
I x x dx x x dx
n n
+
+
+
| |
+
+
( | = + + = + + =

|
+ +
\ .
} }

Vi tng ta xt tng sau:
0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 ( 1)
...
2 4 6 8 2 2
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C
n
+ + +
+

Mu ca h s trc t hp gi y khng cn mu mc na m nhy cc 2, 4, 6, ,
2n + 2 v mi s hng c dng
2 2
k
n
C
k +
nn s hng ban u ca n trc khi ly
nguyn hm l
2 1 k k
n
C x
+
hay
( )
2
.
k
k
n
C x x n y phn no ta on ra c tch phn ban
u l
2
(1 )
n
x x dx +
}
. Nhng nh vy th du tr u ra ? Tinh mt cht ta sa li
c:
2
) (1
n
x x x d
}
. Vic thay cn n gin hn, y ta chn cn trn l 1, cn di l
0. Th li t cht:


29
29
2 2 1 2 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
0
1
0
( 1)
(1 ( 1) ( 1)
2 2
)
k k n n n
n k k k k k k n
n n
k k k
C
x x C x dx C x dx x
k
d
+ +
= = =
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .

} } }

Phn cn li ca V d ton l tnh tch phn :
1
2 1
2 2 2
1 1
0 0 0
)
)
1 1 (1
(1 (1
2 2 1
) (1 )
n
n n
dx d x
x
x x x
n
+
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
} }

Vi vic thay i tch phn ta c th lm ra ti t cc tng khc phc tp hn ^^!. V d
3 2
3 2 3
0
2
0
1 1
(1 ) (2 ) ) , , ( 1)(1 ...
n n n
x dx x dx x x dx x x
+
} } }

V d II.3: Rt gn:
( )
1
1 2
1
1 1
... ; (1 )
2 3 1
n
n
n n n
S C C C n Z
n
+
= + + s e
+

Gii
Xt: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 ... 1
n n
n n
n n n
f x x C x C x C x = = + + +
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 2 2 2
0 0
1
1
1 2
0
1 1 ... 1
1 1
1 ...
1 2 3 1
n
n
n
n n n
n n
n
n n n
x dx C x C x C x
x C C C
n n
+
= + + +
(

= + + + (
+ +
(

} }

( )
1
1 2
1
...
2 3 1 1
n
n n n
n
C C n
C
n n
+
+ + =
+ +

V d II.4: Chng minh rng: ( )
2
1
1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1
1 2
1 ...
3 2
n
n
n n n n
C C C
n n
C

+ + + = + + +
Gii
Ta c: ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
2 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
1 1 0
n
n
n
k
k k
n
n n
k
k k k
k k
x C
C
x
x x x
x x
=
= =

= = = =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
0 0
1
1 1
1
1
0 0
0 0
1
1 1
1
0 1
0
0
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
n n
k k
k k
n
k k
n n
k k
k k
n
k k
k
k n n
k
k
n
k k
k k
n n
k k
n n
k k
x C x
x dx C x dx
x
x
C
k k
C C
k k

= =

= =
+
= =
= =
=
=
(
(
= (
(
+
(

=
+

} }

( )
2
1
1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 1 ...
1 3 2 2
n
n
n n n n
n
C C C C
n
+ + + = + + + PCM.


30
30
IV. Cng c s phc
tng ca phng php ny l da tnh cht c bit ca i:
4 4 1 4 2 4 3
, 1 , , 1
k k k k
i i i i i i
+ + +
= = = = vi k N e
T , ta xt a thc

2 3
0 1 2 3
... ( )
n
n
f x a a x a x x a x a = + + + + +
t
4 4 1 4
0 1 2 3
2 4 3
, , ,
i i
i k i k i k i k
i i
S a S a S a S a
= = + = + = +
= = = =

. Ta c:
0 2
0 2
1 3
0 2 1 3
0 2 1 3
0 2
1
1 3
3
(1) (
(1) ( 1)
2
) ( )
(1) ( 1)
( 1) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ( ))
( ( ))
f f
S S
S S S
f f
S S
f S S S S
f i S S S S i
S S Re f i
S
f S
S Im f i
+
+ =
+ + +

+ =
= + +

= +
=

0
1
2
3
(1) ( 1) 2Re( ( ))
(1)
4
(1) ( 1) 2Im( ( ))
(2)
4
(1) ( 1) 2Re( ( ))
(3)
4
(1) ( 1) 2Im( ( ))
(4)
4
f f f i
S
f f f i
S
f f f i
S
f f f i
S
+ +
=

Vi Re( ( )), Im( ( )) f i f i ln lt l phn thc v phn o ca ( ) f i
.
V d IV.1: Rt gn
0 2 4 4
1 4 4 4 4
...
n
n n n n
T C C C C + + = .
Gii
R rng
1 0 2
S S S = trong a thc
4
( ) (1 )
n
f x x = + . Mt khc ta c
0 2 1 3
) ( ( ) ( ) S f i i S S S = + nn cng vic by gi ch l i tnh ( ) f i v phn thc ca n
chnh l tng
1
T cn tm: ( )
2
2
4 2
( ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 4 ( 1)
n
n
n n n
f i i i i ( = + = + = =

.
Ta cng c th s dng (1), (3) ta tm ra trn gii nhng mt cng gii li h
phng trnh 4 n v nh th th tht l git rui m li dng n dao m tru ^^!
Tng t ta tnh c tng
1 3 5 4 1
4 4 4 4
... 0
n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + =
V d IV.2: Tnh
1 3 8 1
2 8 8 8
3 ... (8 1 1 )
n
n n n
T C n C C

+ =
Gii
Trc tin ta phi dng o hm c c h s ng trc t hp. Xt a thc:
8 8
8 0 8 1 1
8
1 0
'( ) 8 ( ( ) (1 ) 1 )
n n
n k k n k k
n n n
k k
f x n x f x x C C x kC x

= =
= + = + + = =



31
31
Li nhn vi x ta c
8
8 1
0
( ) 8 (1 )
n
n k k
n
k
g x nx x kC x
=
= + =

Nhn thy
2
T chnh l phn o ca ( ) g i :
8 1
( ) 8 (1 ) 4 .16 4 .16
n n n
g i ni i n n i
= + = +
Do
2
4 .16
n
n T =
Tng t ta dng o hm 2 ln tnh tng
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8
8 8 8 8
2 4 6 ... (8 )
n
n n n n
C C C n C + :

8 8 8
8 0 8 1 1 8 1
8 8 8 8
1 1 1
8 8
8 2 2 1 8 2 2
8 8
1 1
(1 ) 8 (1 )
(1 8 ) 8 (1 ) (1
8 (1 )
8 8 ) ( ( ) ) 1
n n n
n k k n k k n k k
n n n n
k k k
n n
n k k n k k
n n
k k
x C C x kC x nx x kC x
nx k C x nx x nx k C x
n
n f x
x
x

= = =

= =
+ = + = + =
+ = + + =
=
+
+

Tng cn tnh l phn thc ca
8 2 1 2 2
( ) 8 (1 ) (1 8 ) 16 128 .16
n n n
f i ni i ni n n i

= + + = +

V. Mt s phng php khc
V d V.1:(HQG TP.HCM, 1997) Cho
0
, ,
m k n
k m n Z
s e s
.
Chng minh:
0 1 1
. . ... .
k k k m m k
n m n m n m m n
C C C C C C C

+
+ + + =
Gii
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
0 1
0 1 1
0 1
1 ...
1 ... ...
1 ...
m
m
n
n n k k n
n n n n
m
m
m m m
n
m m n
m m n m n
n
n
C C C
C C C C
C C C
x x x
x x x x
x x x
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ = + + +
+ = + + + + +
+ = + + +

Suy ra h s
k
x trong ( ) ( ) 1 . 1
m n
x x + + l:
0 1 1
. . ...
k k m k m
m n n n m n
C C C C C C

+ + +
V h s
k
x trong ( ) 1
m n
x
+
+ l
k
m n
C
+

ng nht thc: ( ) ( ) 1 . 1
m n
x x + + =( ) 1
m n
x
+
+
Ta c: ( )
0 1 1
. . ... .
m
k k k m k m
m n m n n m n
C C C C C C CM C P

+
= + + +
V d V.2: Cho
0
,
k n
k n Z
s s
. Chng minh:
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 0
2 !
... !
!.
k k n k n
n n n n n n
n
C C C C C C
n k n k
+
+ + + =
+

Gii
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 1 1
1 1 1 , 0
n
n n
n
x x x
x x
| |
+ + = +
|
\ .

( )
( )
0 1 0 1
0 1
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
... ...
1
...
n n n
n n n n n n
n n n
n
n n
n
C C C C C C
C
x x
x x
x C x
x
C
| |
+ + + + + +
|
\ .
+ + +



32
32
ng nht thc hai v ng thc vi nhau ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
1
2
0 1
2 !
... !
!.
k k n k n n k
n n n n n n n
n
C C C C C C C
n k n k
+ +
+
= + + =
+

Vi 0 k = ta c c bi ton p sau:

V d V.3:(B Tuyn Sinh ) Rt gn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 0 1
1
...
n
n n n n
S C C C C = + + + +
Gii
Cch 1: Tng t nh V d V.2 xt trong trng hp m k n = =

0 1 1 0
2
. . ... .
n
n n n
n n n
n n n n
C C C C C C C
= + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1
2 2
2
...
n
n n n n
C C C C + + + +
Cch 2: Xt ng nht thc ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1
n n n
x x x + + = +
( ) ( )( )
( )
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2
0 1 1 2 2 1 1 0
1 ... ...
... ( ) ( )
n n
n n n n n n n
n n
n
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n n n
n
VT C C x C x C x C C x C x C x
C C C C C C C C C C x M x Sx M x

= + + + + + + + + =
= + + + + + + = +

Trong ( ) M x l a thc khng cha
n
x . Do S cng chnh l h s ca
n
x trong
(1) VP nn
2
n
n
S C =
Tng qut hn vi vic tm h s ca
p
x trong ng nht thc (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
n m n m
x x x
+
+ + = +
ta c c h thc sau:
1 1 2 2
... ...
p p p p q q p p
n n m n m n m m n m
C C C C C C C C C

+
+ + + + + + =

Cch 3: Xt cng vic sau: Chn t n nam v n n ra mt nhm c n ngi.
C hai hng gii:
- Xt trng hp chn k nam v n k n:
( )
2
k n k k
n n n
C C C
= .Do k c th nhn cc gi tr
t 1 n n v theo quy tc cng ta c S chnh l tt c s cch chn lm cng vic trn.
- Mt khc ta cng c th chn trc tip n ngi t hai nhm nam v n sau khi ghp
chung hai nhm li vi nhau, do :
2
n
n
S C = . Tng t ta xt V d ton mnh hn.

V d V.4:( 2- TH&TT-2008)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 2
1 2 3
2
2 3 ...
n
n n n n
C S C C n C + + + + = , vi n l
s t nhin l
Gii
Cch 1: Ta c:
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 ...
2 2
n n
n n
n n n n n
n n
S C n C C C n C
+
| |
| | | |
+ | | | |
|
= + + + + +
| |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
\ .

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 2
...
n
n n n
C C C n n
= + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 1
...
n n
n n n
C C C n n
+
= + + + +


33
33
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
2 ...
n
n
n n n
S C n n C C
(
= + + + +
(

Mt khc ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2
0 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 ... ...
n
n
n n n n
n n n n
x C C x C x C x + = + + + + +
h s ca
2
(*)
n n
n
x l C
Trong khi : ( )
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 ... ...
n
n n n n
n n n n n n
x C x C x C C C C x
+ = + + + = + + +
h s ca
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 1
(**)
n
n n
n
n
x l C C C + +.... +
T
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
2
(*) (**) 1 ...
n n n
n n
n
C C C v C n
(
= + + +
(

( )
2
2
n
n n
n
S C PCM =
Cch 2: Ta c:
0 1 2 2 3 3
( ) (1 ) ... (1)
n n n
n n n n n
f x x C C x C x C x C x = + = + + + +
1 1 2 3 2 1
2 3 .. '( ( ) . ) 1
n n n
n n n n
f x n x C C x C x nC x

= + + + + = +
1 1 2 2 3 3
'( ) (1 ) 2 3 ...
n n n
n n n n
xf x nx x C x C x x C x nC
= + = + + + +
Thay x bng
1
x
vo ng thc trn ta c
( )
1
1 2 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 ... 2
n
n
n n n n n
n
C C C nC
x x x x x x
| |
+ = + + + +
|
\ .

Nhn v theo v ( ) 1 v ( ) 2
( )
1
1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 (1 ) 2 3 ...
n
n n n n
n n n n n n n n n
x C xC C x C C x C nC x C M x
x x x x x x
| |
+ + = + + + + +
|
\ .

Trong ( ) M x l a thc khng cha s hng t do. Khai trin v tm h s ca s hng
t do trong a thc ( )
1
1 1
1 1
n
n
x
x x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
ta tm c
2 2 1
n
n
nC S

=
Cch 3: Xt cng vic chn t n nam v n n ra mt nhm c n ngi v c mt i
trng l nam.
Xt trng hp chn ra k nam v n k n, sau chn t k nam ra mt ngi lm i
trng th s cch l
( )
2
k n k k
n n n
kC C k C
= . Do k c th nhn cc gi tr t 1 n n v theo
quy tc cng ta c s cch chn i chnh l
2
S .
Mt khc, ta cng c th chn mt trong n nam lm i trng trc, ri chn mi chn
1 n ngi khc sau khi ghp hai nhm thnh mt. Do
1
2 2
n
n
nC S

=

V d V.5: Cho
0 ,
,
k n
k n Z
s
. Chng minh:
1
1 1 1
0
...
n n
k k k n k n
C C C C
+ + + + +
+ + + =
Gii
Xt a thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 ... 1
k k k n
P x x x x
+ +
= + + + + + +


34
34
Nhn thy h s
k
x trong a thc trn l:
0 1
1
...
n
k k k n
C C C
+ +
+ + +
Mt khc: ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
k n
k k n
x x
x x
P x
x x
+
+ +
(
+ +
+ +

= =
C h s
k
x :
1
1 1 k n n
k n
k
C C
+
+ + + +
=
ng nht thc ta c:
1
1 1 1
0
... PCM
n n
k k k n k n
C C C C
+ + + + +
+ + + =

Bi Tp p Dng
Bi tp1. Chng minh rng
a)
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
C C C C 9 7 ... . 7 . 2 . 7 . 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 0
= + + + +

b)
n
n n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
C C C C C C ... ) 1 ( ... 3 3
1 0 1 1 3
+ + = + +

c)
1 n 1 2 n 2 3 n 3 n n 1
n n n n
C 3 2C 3 3C 3 ... nC n4

+ + + + = ( H Lut- 2001)
d)
0 1 2 1 2
2
...
3 4 4
( 2) 2
3 ( 1)( 2)( 3)
n n
n n n n
C C C C
n n n
n n
n
+
+ + + + =
+ +
+
+
+

e)
0 1 2 1
2
...
3 6 9 3( 1) (
1
3 1)
n
n n n n
n
C C C C
n n
+ + + + =
+ +

f) ( )
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 ... 1 2
n n
n n n
C C n C n n

+ + + = + ( 1-TH&TT- 2008)
Bi tp 2. Tnh cc tng sau:
a)
1 2 3 4 5 26 27 29
30 30 30 30 30
28
C 3.2 5.2 C ... 27.2 C 29.2 C C + + + + +
b)
2 n 2 2 3 n 3 3 n 4 4 n n n
n n
4
n n
2.1C 3 2 3.2C 3 2 4.3C 3 2 ... ( 1) n(n 1)C 2

+ + +
c)
1 2
0
... ( 1)
2 3 1
n
n n n n
n
C C C
C
n
+ +
+

d)
0 2 1 3 2 1
1 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)
2 2 2 ... 2
2 3 1 1
n n
n n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
+

+ + + + =
+ +

e)
2 4 2002
2003 2003 2003 200
0
3
1 1 1
...
3 5 1
S C C C C
n
= + +
+
( 4 TH&TT- 2004)
Bi Tp 3:(TTH- 8- Thy Nguyn Tt Thu) t ( )
1
2 1
6
1 3
k
k k
k n
T C
+
+
= . Chng
minh:
3
1
0
n
k
k
T
=
=

Bi Tp 4:(TTH- 7- Thy Nguyn Tt Thu) Tnh Tng
1 3 2 5 3 7 1004 2009
2010 2010 2010 2007 2010
3 3 3 ... 3 P C C C C C = + +

Bi Tp 5: Cho khai trin
2 10 2 20
0 1 2 20
( .. ) . 3 1 x x a x x a a x a = + + + + + + . Tnh tng
a.
1 0 4 8 20
... a a a a T = + + + + b.
2 1 5 9 17
... a a a a T = + + + +
c.
3 0 1 4 5 16 17
... a a T a a a a + + + + + = + d.
4 2 6 7 1 19 3 8
... a T a a a a a + + + =



35
35

D. P DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH BT NG THC V
MT S BI TON S HC
V d D.1: (HQG TPHCM) Cho 2 n Z s e . Chng minh rng:
0 1
2 1
.
1
...
n
n
n
n n n
C C C
n
| |
s
|
\ .

Gii
Ta c: ( )
2 2 0 0 1
0
1 1 ...
n
n
n k n n
n n n n n
k
k
x C C C x C C x x x
=
+ = = + + +

Cho 1 x = ta c:
0
0
2 0 0 1
0
2 1 ... 1
n n
n n k n
n n n n n n
k k
k
C C C C C C
= =
= + = + + =

p dng BT Cauchy vi n s
2 1 1 2
2 ... 2 ...
n n n
n n n n
n
n n
C C C C C n C = + + >
2 1 0 1
2 1
. ... ... PC
1
M
n
n
n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
n
| |
s
|

.
=
\

V d D.2:(H Y Dc TPHCM- 1998) Cho:
0
,
k n
k n Z
s s
. Chng minh rng:

( )
2
2 2 2
.
n n n
n k n k n
C C C
+
s
Gii
Vi 0 , k n k Z s s e
Ta t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2 ! 2 !
.
! ! ! !
2 1 ! 2 1 !
.
! 1 ! 1 !
.
k
n n
k n k n k
k
n k n k
n n k n n k
n k n k
n n k k
a
n n
a C C
a
+
+
+
=

+ +
=
+ +
.

chng minh BT trn ta cn chng minh dy
k
a gim bng cch chng minh
1 k k
a a
+
> .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 ! 2 ! 2 1 ! 2 1 !
. .
! ! ! ! ! 1 ! 1 !
2 2 1
1 1 ng
1 1
n k n k n k n k
n n k n n k n n k n n k
n k n k n n
n k n k n k n k
+ + +
>
+ + +
+ +
> + > +
+ + + +

1 k k
a a
+
> dy
k
a gim
0 1 0 1
...
k k k
a a a a a a
+
> > > > >
( )
2
2 2 2
.
n n n
n k n k n
C C C
+
s
V d D.3: Chng minh vi v n 2 n N e > th:
( ) ( )
1 2 3
1
2 3 ... !
n
n n n n
C C C nC n
n
+ + + + < 1


36
36
Gii
Xt khai trin:
0 1 2 2 3 3
(1 ) ...
n n n
n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x + = + + + +
Ly o hm hai v theo bin x ta c:
1 1 2 3 1 2
(1 ) 2 3 ...
n n n
n n n n
n x C C x C x nC x

+ = + + +
Chn
1 1 2 3
1 2 2 3 ...
n n
n n n n
x n C C C nC
= = + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
1 .2 ! 2 ! 2
n n
n n n
n

< <
Vic cn li l ta i chng minh ( ) 2 lun ng , 2 n N n e >
Cch 1: Ta c:
1
! 1.2.3.4.... 2.2.2....2 2
n
n n

= > > ( 1 n s)
1
2 !
n
n
< ( ) 2 ng hay chng ta c th dng quy np chng minh.

Cch 2: Chng minh bng quy np
- Vi
1 3 1
3 ! 2 2 4
n
n n

= > 3! = 6 > = (ng)
- Gi s ( ) 2 ng vi n k = vi
1
3 2
k
k k

> ! >
Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 ! 1 2 1 ! 2.2 2 v 3 1 4
k k k
k k k k k k

+ > + + > = > + >
Vy theo nguyn l quy np ta c:
1
! 2 3
n
n n
> , > T kt qu ny ta c th p dng

gii mt s bi ton phn Bi tp p dng
Vy do ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1
2 2 3 ... ! PCM
n
n n n n
C C C nC n
n
+ + + + <

V d D.4:(H AN- 2000)
a) Cho 3 n Z s e . Chng minh rng: ( )
1
1
n
n
n n
+
> +
b)
1 1 1
1 ... 3
1! 2! ! n
+ + + + <
c) Cho 2 n Z s e . Chng minh rng:
1
2 1 3
n
n
| |
< + <
|
\ .

d) m n > vi mi s nguyn dng , m n .Chng minh:
1 1
1 1
m n
m n
| | | |
+ > +
| |
\ . \ .

Gii
a) Ta c:
( )
0 1 2
2
1
1 1 1 1
1 ...
1 1 1 1 2
2 1 1 1 ...
2! 3!
1 1 2 1 1 1
1 1 .... 1 ...
!
1
1
!
n
n n n n n
n
n
n
n C C C C
n n n n
n n n
k
k n n n n n
n n
+
| |
> + = + + + +
|
\ .
| | | || |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
| || | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ .\
> +
. \ . \ .
( ) 2 1
2 1
1 .... 1
2 1 ... 1
n
n
n n
n

| | | |

| | |
\ . \ .
< + + + =
so



37
37
b) Ta c:
( )
1
1 2
1!
1 1
1
2! 2
1 1 1
2! 2 3
1 1 1 1
4! 3.4 3 4
1 1 1 1
5! 4.5 4 5
1 1 1 1
! 1
1
n
n n n
n
+ =
< =
< =
< =
Cng v theo v
1 1 1 1
1 ... 3 3 PCM
1! 2! ! n n
+ + + + < <
c) Xt khai trin:
0 1 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 2 ... 2
n n
n n n n n n n n
n
C C C C C C
n n n n n n
| |
+ = + + + + = + + + >
|
\ .

M:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 ... 1
!
2
! ! !
k
n
n n n k
n
C k n
k n k k
+
= = s s

1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 .... 1
! !
k
n k
k
C
n k n n n k
| || | | |
= <
| | |
\ .\ . \ .

p dng kt qu cu ) b
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 ... 3
2! 3! !
n
n n
| |
< + < + + + + <
|
\ .

Vy:
1
2 1 3
n
n
| |
< + <
|
\ .

d) Xt khai trin:
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
0 1 2
2 1
2 3
1
1 1 1 1 1
1 ...
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 ...
2! 3!
1 ....2 1 ....1
1 1
1 ! !
1 1
n
n n
n
n n n n
n n
C C C C
n n n n n
n n n n n
n
n n n
n n n n
n n n n
| | | |
+ = + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

= + + + + +

+ +
= + ( )
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 ... 1 1 .... 1 *
2! 3! !
n
n n n n n n n
| | | || | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | | | |
\ . \ .\ . \ . \ . \ .

Tng t ta c:
1
1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
2! 1 3! 1 1
n
n n n n
+
| | | | | | | |
+ = + + + + +
| | | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ . \ .

1 1 2
1 1 .... 1
! 1 1 1
n
n n n n
| || | | |
+ +
| | |
+ + +
\ .\ . \ .



38
38

( )
( )
1 1 2 1
1 1 .... 1 1 **
1 ! 1 1 1 1
n n
n n n n n
| | | | | || |
+
| | | |
+ + + +
\ . \ . \ .\ .

So snh gia ( ) ( ) * v ** suy ra:
1 1
1 1
m n
m n
| | | |
+ > +
| |
\ . \ .

V d D. 5(TH&TT) Cho
* *
, 3 N N m n e e s Chng minh rng:
2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
...
2
m m m n
n
C C C m
+
+ +
+ + + <

Gii
Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1 ! ! 1 ! 1 !
1997 2
!
1
! 2 !
k
i k
k i k i
k k
i k i k C i
+
+
+ +
( = + +
=

+ +

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1 ! ! 1 ! 1 !
2
! ! 2 !
1 1 ! 1 ! 2 2 !
! 1 !
1
!
2
k
i k
k m k m
i k k
m k m k m
m m k m k
m m k m k
C
+
+
+ +
( = + +

+ +
(
+ +
= (
+ ( +
(

=

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 1 2 1
1
1 0 1
1
2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
. PCM
2 2 2
k m m k
m k m
k k
m
k k
k m k m
m
m
m m
m m m
C C
C C C C
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
= +
(
=
(

(
= <
(

V d D. 6: Chng minh rng:
a) lim 1
n
n
n
+
=
b) Nu 0 m > th lim lim 2
n n
n n
m n
+ +
= =
Gii
t 1 0 ( 2)
n
m n n = > >
( )
( )
2 2 2
0
1
1
2
k
n
k k
n n
k
n n
n m C m C m m
=
= + = > =

( )
2
1 2
0 1
2 1
2
1 1
1
n
n
n n
n m m n
n
n
n
> < = s
< s +

Mt khc:
2
lim 1 1 lim 1 PCM
1
n
x x
n
n
+ +
| |
+ = =
|
|
\ .

S dng kt qu cu ) a kt hp vi nguyn l kp ta suy ra c cu ) b


39
39
V d D.7: Cho
*
1 1 x
n N

s s
. Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) 1 1 2

n n
n
x x + + s
Gii
t: ( )
0
0
1 0
2 .
1 0
n
k k
n
n n k n n n n n
n n n
k
a x
C a b C a C b a b b
b x
a

=
= + >
= = > + = +
= >
+

( ) ( ) 1 1 2
n n
n
x x + + s
V d D.8: Cho , 0 a b > . Chng minh rng: , 1
2 2
n
n n
a b a b
b Z
+ + | |
> s e
|
\ .

Gii
Ta c:
( )( ) ( ) 0
i n i n i n n n i n i i i i
a b a b a b a b i n b a

> + + + s + s
Mt khc ta c khai trin: ( )
0 0
. .
n
n k n k
n n
k k k k
n n
k k
a b C b C a b a
=
+ = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 . .
n n
n k n k n n
n n
k k k k
n n
k
n
k
C a b b a a b b a b C a
= =

= + = + s + 2 +

2 2
n
n n
a b a b + +
| |
>
|
\ .

V d D.9: Chng minh rng
a) Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
2000 2000
1001 1001 1 1001 1
(
+
(

l s t nhin chia ht
cho 11.
b) ( )
0 1 1
1 1
3 ... 1 , 3
3 3
n
n
n n n n
C C C n Z
(
+ + s e
(

Gii
a) Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2000 2000 1999
0 1 2000 2000
2000 2000 2000
1001 1001 1001 x C C x C x + = + +
- Vi
( ) ( ) ( )
2000 2000 1999
0 1 2000
2000 2000 2000
1 1001 1 1001 1001 ... x C C C = + = + + +
- Vi
( ) ( ) ( )
2000 2000 1999
0 1 2000
2000 2000 2000
1 1001 1 1001 1001 ... x C C C = = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2000 2000
1 3 1999 1999
2000 2000 2000
2000 2000
1001 1 1001 1 2 1001 .1001 ... 1001
2 1001.
2 1001 1001 1 1001 1 2002 11.182 11 PCM
C C C
X X N
+ = + + +
= e
+ = =

b) Ta c:
( )
( )
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 ... 1 3 1 1 ...
3 3 3 3
1 2
3 1 3 2 8, 3
3 3
n
n n n n n
n n n n n n n n
n n
n n n
C C C C C C
n n Z
( ( | | | |
+ + = + + +
| | ( (
\ . \ .
| | | |
= = = > e
| |
\ . \ .



40
40
V d ID. 10
a) Cho 2 p s l s nguyn t. Chng minh rng: , 1, 2,..., 1
k
p
p C k p =
b) ( nh l Fermat nh) , 2 n N p e > l s nguyn t. Ta lun c
p
n n p
Gii
a) Vi 1, 2,..., 1 k p e v P l s nguyn t. Ta c:
( )
( )( ) ( ) 1 2 ... 1
!
! ! 1.2.3.....
k
p
p p p p k
p
C q
k p k k
+
= = =
V p l s nguyn t nn khng chia

ht cho k .
Mt khc ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 ... 1 1.2....
k
p
C p p p p N k k ( +
e
.
k k
p p
p q C p C =
b) t
p
n
a n n =
- Vi
1
1 1 1 0
p p
n
a n n P n a = = = =
- Gi s
n
a ng vi n k =
n
a P
- Vi 1 n k = + : Xt
( )
0 1 1 2 2 1
1
1 1 2 2 1
1 1 ... 1
... 1
p
p p p p p p
k k p p p p
p p p p
p p p
k k C k C k C k C k k
C k C k C k k
a a

+

= + = + + + +
= + + +

p dng kt qu cu ) , 1, 2,..., 1
k
p
a p k p C =
1
1
k k
k
k
a a p
a p
a p
+
+

Vy theo nguyn l nguyn np cho ta
p
n n p

Bi Tp ng Dng
Bi 1: Cho 3 n Z s e Tnh
a) ( ) lim , 0 2
!
n
n
a
a
n
+
s s b) ( ) lim ,
!
n
n
a
a R
n
+
e
Bi 2: Cho ( ) 0,1 , a m n m n Z > s < e . Chng minh
a) ( ) ( ) 1 1
m n
n m + < + b)
2001 2001 2001
1998 1999 2000 + <
Bi 3:
*
n N e . Chng minh rng:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1!2! 2!3! ... ! 1 !
2 !
1! ... !
n
n
n n
n
n n
+ + + +
>
Bi 4: Cho
1 2
1 2
...
, ,..., 0
1
n
n
S a a a
a a a
n Z
= + + +
>
s e
Chng minh rng:

( )( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 1 ... 1 1 ...
1! 2! !
n
n
S S S
a a a
n
+ + + s + + + +
Bi 5: Chng minh rng:
( )
2 3 1999
200 2000 2000
2.1 3.2 ... 2000.1 399800 999 0 2 Z C C n C + + s + e


41
41
MC LC
LI M U.2
A. L THUYT..3
B. CC BI TON V H S NH THC...4
C. P DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH H THC V TNH
TNG T HP.20
D. P DNG NH THC NEWTON CHNG MINH BT NG THC V
MT S BI TON S HC36

________________________________________________________________________

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Phng php gii ton i S T Hp V Giang Giai
2. i S T Hp- Nguyn Ph Khnh
3. Tp Ch Ton Hc V Tui Tr
4. Cc thi HSG- Olimpic
5. Cc Din n Ton hc nh: nguyentatthu.violet.vn- k2pi.violet.vn- maths.vn-
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Nh Thc NEWTON V ng Dng

Thn Tng Tp Th Lp 11B2 Trng THPT L Hng Phong ( 2008 2009)

th ta chn gi tr ca x a = thch hp.

th ta ly tch phn xc nh trn | | ; a b thch

> > >

. Vic cn li ch l kho lo chn a,b

th ta c th dng o hm n cp 2 tnh. Xt a thc:

= 2 ln tnh tng trn, c

. C th, xt tch phn ( )

nn ta ngh ngay n dng tch phn. Nhng

. Chng minh rng:

< ( ) 2 ng hay chng ta c th dng quy np chng minh.

> , > T kt qu ny ta c th p dng

. Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) 1 1 2

V p l s nguyn t nn khng chia

Chng minh rng:

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