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Tran S Tung

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I. Qui tac em

1. Qui tac cong:
Mot cong viec nao o co the c thc hien theo mot trong hai phng
an A hoac B. Neu phng an A co m cach thc hien, phng an B co n
cach thc hien va khong trung vi bat k cach nao trong phng an A
th cong viec o co m + n cach thc hien.
2. Qui tac nhan:
Mot cong viec nao o co the bao gom hai cong oan A va B. Neu
cong oan A co m cach thc hien va ng vi moi cach o co n
cach thc hien cong oan B th cong viec o co m.n cach thc hien.


Bai 1: T thanh pho A en thanh pho B co 3 con ng, t thanh
pho A en thanh pho C co 2 con ng, t thanh pho B en thanh
pho D co 2 con ng, t thanh pho C en thanh pho D co 3 con
ng. Khong co con ng nao noi thanh pho B vi thanh pho C.
Hoi co tat ca bao nhieu ng i t thanh pho A en thanh pho D?
S: co 12 cach.
Bai 2: Co bao nhieu so t nhien khac nhau nho hn 2.10
8
, chia het cho
3, co the c viet bi cac ch so 0, 1, 2?
S: Co 2.3
7
1 = 4374 1 = 4373 (so)
Bai 3: Vi cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so t
nhien thoa:
a) gom 6 ch so.
b) gom 6 ch so khac nhau.
c) gom 6 ch so khac nhau va chia het cho 2.
S: a) 6
6
b) 6! c) 3.5! = 360
Bai 4: Co 25 oi bong a tham gia tranh cup. C 2 oi phai au vi
nhau 2 tran (i va ve). Hoi co bao nhieu tran au?
S: co 25.24 = 600 tran
Bai 5: Co bao nhieu so palindrom gom 5 ch so (so palindrom la so
ma neu ta viet cac ch so theo th t ngc lai th gia tr cua no
khong thay oi).
S: So can tm co dang: abcba co 9.10.10 = 900 (so)
Bai 6: a/ Mot bo hoa gom co: 5 bong hong trang, 6 bong hong o
va 7 bong hong vang. Hoi co may cach chon lay 1 bong hoa?
b/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3 co the lap c bao nhieu so khac nhau co
nhng ch so khac nhau?
S: a/ 18. b/ 15.
Bai 7: a/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so t
nhien co 5 ch so?
A. TO HP
CHNG II
TO HP XAC SUAT
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
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b/ T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so t
nhien chan co 3 ch so?
c/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co hai ch so ma ca hai ch so eu la
so chan?
d/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 5 ch so, trong o cac ch so cach
eu ch so ng gia th giong nhau?
e/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 6 ch so va chia het cho 5?
S: a/ 3125. b/ 168. c/ 20 d/ 900. e/ 180000.
Bai 8: Mot oi van nghe chuan b c 2 v kch, 3 ieu mua va 6
bai hat. Tai hoi dien, moi oi ch c trnh dien 1 v kch, 1 ieu
mua va 1 bai hat. Hoi oi van nghe tren co bao nhieu cach chon
chng trnh bieu dien, biet rang chat lng cac v kch, ieu mua,
cac bai hat la nh nhau?
S: 36.
Bai 9: Mot ngi co 7 cai ao trong o co 3 ao trang va 5 cai ca
vat trong o co hai ca vat mau vang. Hoi ngi o co bao nhieu
cach chon ao ca vat neu:
a/ Chon ao nao cung c va ca vat nao cung c?
b/ a chon ao trang th khong chon ca vat mau vang?
S: a/ 35. b/ 29.
Bai 10: Cho tap hp A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Co bao nhieu cap sap th t (x, y)
biet rang:
a/ , x A y A e e b/ { , } x y A c c/ , 6 x A y A vax y e e + = .
S: a/ 25. b/ 20. c/ 5 cap.
Bai 11: Cho tap hp A = {1, 2, 3, , n} trong o n la so nguyen dng
ln hn 1. Co bao nhieu cap sap th t (x, y), biet rang:
, , x A y A x y e e > .
S:
( 1)
.
2
n n

Bai 12: Vi 5 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so:
a/ Gom 2 ch so? b/ Gom 2 ch so khac nhau? c/ So
le gom 2 ch so?
d/ So chan gom 2 ch so khac nhau? e/ Gom 5 ch so viet
khong lap lai?
f/ Gom 5 ch so viet khong lap lai chia het cho 5?
S: a/ 25. b/ 20. c/ 15 d/ 8. e/ 120. f/ 24.
Bai 13: T 6 so: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so co 3 ch
so:
a/ Khac nhau?
b/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so ln hn 300?
c/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so chia het cho 5?
d/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so chan?
e/ Khac nhau, trong o co bao nhieu so le?
S: a/ 100. b/ 60. c/ 36 d/ 52. e/ 48.
Bai 14: a/ T cac so: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so le
co 3 ch so khac nhau nho hn 400?
b/ T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so co 3 ch
so khac nhau nam trong khoang (300 , 500).
S: a/ 35. b/ 24.
Bai 15: Mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh chuyen tin va 18 hoc sinh
chuyen toan. Thanh lap mot oan gom hai ngi sao cho co mot hoc
sinh chuyen toan va mot hoc sinh chuyen tin. Hoi co bao nhieu cach
lap mot oan nh tren?
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Bai 16: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 3 ngi an ong va 2 ngi an
ba ngoi tren mot chiec ghe dai sao cho 2 ngi cung phai phai ngoi
gan nhau.
Bai 17: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 8 vien bi o va 8 vien bi en xep
thanh mot day sao cho hai vien bi cung mau khong c gan nhau.
II. Hoan v

1. Giai tha:
n! = 1.2.3n Qui c: 0! = 1
n! = (n1)!n

!
!
n
p
= (p+1).(p+2)n (vi n>p)

!
( )!
n
n p
= (np+1).(np+2)n (vi n>p)
2. Hoan v (khong lap):
Mot tap hp gom n phan t (n > 1). Moi cach sap xep n phan t nay
theo mot th t nao o c goi la mot hoan v cua n phan t.
So cac hoan v cua n phan t la: P
n
= n!
3. Hoan v lap:
Cho k phan t khac nhau: a
1
, a
2
, , a
k
. Mot cach sap xep n phan t
trong o gom n
1
phan t a
1
, n
2
phan t a
2
, , n
k
phan t a
k
(n
1
+n
2
+ + n
k

= n) theo mot th t nao o c goi la mot hoan v lap cap n va
kieu (n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) cua k phan t.
So cac hoan v lap cap n, kieu (n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) cua k phan t la:
P
n
(n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) =
1 2
!
! !... !
k
n
n n n

4. Hoan v vong quanh:
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Mot cach sap xep n phan t cua tap A
thanh mot day kn c goi la mot hoan v vong quanh cua n phan
t.
So cac hoan v vong quanh cua n phan t la: Q
n
= (n 1)!

Bai 1: Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:
A =
6! 1 ( 1)! .( 1)!
. .
( 2)( 3) ( 1)( 4) ( 5)! 5! 12.( 4)!3!
m m m
m m m m m m
( +

(
+

(vi m > 5)
B =
7! 4! 8! 9!
10! 3! 5! 2! 7!
| |

|
\ .
C =
5! ( 1)!
.
( 1) ( 1)! 3!
m
m m m
+
+

S: A = 4(m1)m; B =
2
3
; C = 20
Bai 2: Chng minh rang:
a) P
n
P
n1
= (n1)P
n1
b)
1 2 2 1
( 1) ( 2) ... 2 1
n n n
P n P n P P P

= + + + + +
c)
1 1 1 1
1 ... 3
1! 2! 3! ! n
+ + + + + < d)
2
1 1
! ( 1)! ( 2)!
n
n n n
= +


Bai 3: Giai phng trnh:
! ( 1)! 1
( 1)! 6
x x
x

=
+

S: x = 2; x = 3
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
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Bai 4: Giai bat phng trnh:
1 5 ( 1)! .( 1)!
. 5
2 1 ( 3)! 4! 12( 3).( 4)! 2!
n n n
n n n n n
| | +
s
|
+
\ .
(1)
S: (1)
( 1)
5
6
n n
s n = 4, n = 5, n = 6
Bai 5: Giai cac phng trnh:
a) P
2
.x
2
P
3
.x = 8 b)
1
1
1
6
x x
x
P P
P

=
S: a) x = 1; x = 4 b) x = 2; x = 3
Bai 6: Xet cac so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau lap t cac
ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Hoi trong cac so o co bao nhieu so:
a) Bat au bang ch so 5? b) Khong bat au bang ch so
1?
c) Bat au bang 23? d) Khong bat au bang 345?
S: a) 4! b) 5! 4! c) 3! d) 5! 2!

Bai 7: Xet cac so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau c lap t
cac so 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Hoi trong cac so o co bao nhieu so:
a/ Bat au bi ch so 9? b/ Khong bat au bi ch so 1?
c/ Bat au bi 19? d/ Khong bat au bi 135?
S: a/ 24. b/ 96. c/ 6 d/ 118.
Bai 8: Vi moi hoan v cua cac so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ta c mot so t
nhien. Tm tong tat ca cac so t nhien co c t cac hoan v cua
7 phan t tren?
S: Vi moi i, j e { } 1,2,3, 4,5,6,7 , so cac so ma ch so j hang th i
la 6!.
Tong tat ca cac so la: (6!1++6!7) + (6!1++6!7).10 ++
(6!1++6!7).10
6
= 6! (1+2++7).(1+10++10
6
)
Bai 9: Tm tong S cua tat ca cac so t nhien, moi so c tao
thanh bi hoan v cua 6 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
S: 279999720.
Bai 10: Tren mot ke sach co 5 quyen sach Toan, 4 quyen sach L, 3
quyen sach Van. Cac quyen sach eu khac nhau. Hoi co bao nhieu
cach sap xep cac quyen sach tren:
a) Mot cach tuy y? b) Theo tng mon?
c) Theo tng mon va sach Toan nam gia?
S: a) P
12
b) 3!(5!4!3!) c) 2!(5!4!3!)
Bai 11: Co 5 hoc sinh nam la A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 va 3 hoc sinh n B1, B2,
B3 c xep ngoi xung quanh mot ban tron. Hoi co bao nhieu cach
sap xep neu:
a) Mot cach tuy y? b) A1 khong ngoi canh B1?
c) Cac hoc sinh n khong ngoi canh nhau?
S: a) Q
8
= 7! b) Q
7
= 6! c) Co 4!5.4.3 cach sap xep
Bai 12: Vi cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so
gom 8 ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat 3 lan, moi ch so khac co
mat ung mot lan?
S:
8! 7
3! 3!

Bai 13: Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 3 ch so khac nhau va khac 0
biet rang tong cua 3 ch so nay bang 9.
S: 18.
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ai so 11
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Bai 14: T cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 thiet lap tat ca cac so co 6
ch so khac nhau. Hoi trong cac so a thiet lap c, co bao nhieu
so ma hai ch so 1 va 6 khong ng canh nhau?
S: 480.
Bai 15: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 5 ban hoc sinh A, B, C, D, E ngoi
vao mot chiec ghe dai sao cho:
a/ Ban C ngoi chnh gia?
b/ Hai ban A va E ngoi hai au ghe?
S: a/ 24. b/ 12.
Bai 16: Mot hoi ngh ban tron co phai oan cua cac nc: My 5
ngi, Nga 5 ngi, Anh 4 ngi, Phap 6 ngi, c 4 ngi. Hoi co
bao nhieu cach sap xep cho moi thanh vien sao cho ngi cung quoc
tch ngoi gan nhau?
S: 143327232000.
Bai 17: Sap xep 10 ngi vao mot day ghe. Co bao nhieu cach sap
xep cho ngoi neu:
a/ Co 5 ngi trong nhom muon ngoi ke nhau?
b/ Co 2 ngi trong nhom khong muon ngoi ke nhau?
S: a/ 86400. b/ 2903040.
Bai 18: Sap xep 6 nam sinh va 4 n sinh vao mot day ghe. Hoi co
bao nhieu cach sap xep cho ngoi neu:
a/ Nam sinh ngoi ke nhau, n sinh ngoi ke nhau?
b/ Ch co n ngoi ke nhau?
S: a/ 34560. b/ 120960.
Bai 19: Co bao nhieu cach sap xep 12 hoc sinh ng thanh 1 hang e
chup anh lu niem, biet rang trong o phai co 5 em nh trc ng
ke nhau?
S: 4838400.
Bai 20: Co 2 e kiem tra toan e chon oi hoc sinh gioi c phat cho
10 hoc sinh khoi 11 va 10 hoc sinh khoi 12. Co bao nhieu cach sap xep
20 hoc sinh tren vao 1 phong thi co 5 day ghe sao cho hai em ngoi canh
nhau co e khac nhau, con cac em ngoi noi uoi nhau co cung mot
e?
S: 26336378880000.
Bai 21: Co 3 vien bi en (khac nhau), 4 vien bi o (khac nhau), 5 vien bi
vang (khac nhau), 6 vien bi xanh (khac nhau). Hoi co bao nhieu cach
sap xep cac vien bi tren thanh mot day sao cho cac vien bi cung
mau canh nhau?
S: 298598400.
Bai 22: Tren gia sach co 30 tap sach. Co the sap xep theo bao
nhieu cach khac nhau e co:
a/ Tap 1 va tap 2 ng canh nhau?
b/ Tap 5 va tap 6 khong ng canh nhau?
S: a/ 2.29!. b/ 28.29!.
Bai 23: Vi 5 ch so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 8
ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat ung 3 lan, ch so 2 co mat
ung 2 lan va moi ch so con lai co mat ung mot lan?
S: 3360.
Bai 24: Vi cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so
gom 8 ch so, trong o ch so 1 co mat 3 lan, moi ch so khac co
mat ung 1 lan.
S: 5880.
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
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Bai 25: Xet nhng so gom 9 ch so, trong o co 5 ch so 1 va 4
ch so con lai la 2, 3, 4, 5. Hoi co bao nhieu so nh the neu:
a/ 5 ch so 1 c xep ke nhau?
b/ Cac ch so c xep tuy y?
S: a/ 120. b/ 3024.






III. Chnh hp

1. Chnh hp (khong lap):
Cho tap hp A gom n phan t. Moi cach sap xep k phan t cua A (1 s
k s n) theo mot th t nao oc goi la mot chnh hp chap k cua
n phan t cua tap A.
So chnh hp chap k cua n phan t:
!
( 1)( 2)...( 1)
( )!
k
n
n
A n n n n k
n k
= + =


- Cong thc tren cung ung cho trng hp k = 0 hoac k = n.
- Khi k = n th
n
n
A = P
n
= n!
2. Chnh hp lap:
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Mot day gom k phan t cua A, trong o
moi phan t co the c lap lai nhieu lan, c sap xep theo mot
th t nhat nh c goi la mot chnh hp lap chap k cua n phan t
cua tap A.
So chnh hp lap chap k cua n phan t:
k k
n
A n =


Bai 1: Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:
A =
2 5
5 10
2 5
7
A A
P P
+ B =
1 2 3 4
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 1 2 3 4
PA P A P A P A PP PP + + +
C =
12 11 10 9
49 49 17 17
10 8
49 17
A A A A
A A
+ +
D =
2 5 4 3 2
5
4 3 2 1
5 5 5 5
P P P P
A
A A A A
| |
+ + +
|
|
\ .

S: A = 46; B = 2750; C = 1440; D = 42
Bai 2: Chng minh rang:
a/
2 2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1
... , , 2.
n
n
vi n N n
n
A A A

+ + + = e >
b/
1
1 1
.
k k k
n n n
A A k A


= + c/
2 1 2
.
n n n
n k n k n k
A A k A
+ +
+ + +
+ =
Bai 3: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a)
3
20
n
A n = b)
3 2
5
n n
A A + = 2(n + 15) c)
2 2
2
3 42 0.
n n
A A + =
S: a) n = 6 b) n = 3 c) n = 6
Bai 4: Tm n e N sao cho:
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a)
2
4
1 3
210
.
n
n
n
P
A P
+

= b) 2(
3 2
3
n n
A A + ) = P
n+1
c)
2 2
2 6 12
n n n n
P A P A + =
S: a) n = 5 b) n = 4 c) n = 2; 3
Bai 5: Giai cac phng trnh:
a/
10 9 8
9 .
x x x
A A A + = b/
2 2
. 72 6( 2 )
x x x x
P A A P + = +
c/
2 2
2
2 50
x x
A A + = d/
1
1
1
.
72.
y
x x y
x
A P
P
+
+

=
S: a/ x = 11. b/ x = 3; 4. c/ x = 5. d/ x = 8, 7, . y y N s e
Bai 6: Giai cac bat phng trnh:
a)
4
4
15
( 2)! ( 1)!
n
A
n n
+
<
+
b)
4
2
2 1
143
0
4
n
n n
A
P P
+
+
<
S: a) n = 3; 4; 5 b) 2 s n s 36
Bai 7: Tm cac so am trong day so
1 2 3
, , ,... ,
n
x x x x vi:
4
4
2
143
( 1, 2, 3, ...)
4.
n
n
n n
A
x n
P P
+
+
= =
S:
1 1 2 2
63 23
1, ; 2, .
4 8
n x n x = = = =
Bai 8: Mot cuoc khieu vu co 10 nam va 6 n. Ngi ta chon co th
t 3 nam va 3 n e ghep thanh 3 cap. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon?
S: Co
3 3
10 6
. A A cach
Bai 9: Trong khong gian cho 4 iem A, B, C, D. T cac iem tren ta lap cac
vect khac vect khong. Hoi co the co c bao nhieu vect?
S:
2
4
A = 12 vect
Bai 10: Mot lp hoc ch co cac ban oi (2 cho ngoi). Hoi lp nay
co bao nhieu hoc sinh, biet rang ch co the sap xep cho ngoi cho hoc
sinh cua lp nay theo 132 s o khac nhau? (So cho ngoi va u so
hoc sinh)
S:
2
n
A = 132 n = 12
Bai 11: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9, co the lap c bao nhieu so t
nhien gom 5 ch so:
a) Cac ch so khac nhau?
b) Hai ch so ke nhau phai khac nhau?
S: a)
4
9
9.A b) Co 9
5
so
Bai 12: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu:
a) So gom 5 ch so khac nhau?
b) So chan gom 5 ch so khac nhau?
c) So gom 5 ch so khac nhau va phai co mat ch so 5?
S: a) 6.
4
6
A b)
3 3
5 5
6. 3.5 A A +
c) So gom 5 ch so co dang: abcde
- Neu a = 5 th co
4
6
A so
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 28
- Neu a = 5 th a co 5 cach chon. So 5 co the at vao 1 trong cac v tr
b, c, d, e co 4 cach chon v tr cho so 5. 3 v tr con lai co the chon t
5 ch so con lai co
3
5
A cach chon.
Co
4 3
6 5
4.5. A A + = 1560 so
Bai 13: T cac ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9 co the lap bao nhieu bien so xe
gom 3 ch so (tr so 000)?
S:
3
10
1 A = 999
Bai 14: Co bao nhieu so t nhien co 6 ch so vi:
a) Ch so au va ch so cuoi giong nhau?
b) Ch so au va cuoi khac nhau?
c) Hai ch so au giong nhau va hai ch so cuoi giong nhau?
S: a) 9.
4
10
A = 9.10
4
so
b) Co tat ca:
6 5
10 10
A A = 9.10
5
so gom 6 ch so Co 9.10
5
9.10
4
so
c) Co 9.10.10.10 = 9000 so
Bai 15: Co bao nhieu so ien thoai co 6 ch so? Trong o co bao
nhieu so ien thoai co 6 ch so khac nhau?
S: a)
6
10
A = 10
6
b)
6
10
A = 15120
Bai 16: Mot bien so xe gom 2 ch cai ng trc va 4 ch so ng
sau. Cac ch cai c lay t 26 ch cai A, B, C, , Z. Cac ch so
c lay t 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, , 9. Hoi:
a) Co bao nhieu bien so xe trong o co t nhat mot ch cai khac ch
cai O va cac ch so oi mot khac nhau?
b) Co bao nhieu bien so xe co hai ch cai khac nhau va co ung 2
ch so le giong nhau?
S: a) So cach chon 2 ch cai: 26 26 1 = 675 cach
So cach chon 4 ch so:
4
10
A = 5040 cach
So bien so xe: 675 5040 = 3.402.000 so
b) - Ch cai th nhat: co 26 cach chon
Ch cai th hai: co 25 cach chon
- Cac cap so le giong nhau co the la: (1;1), (3;3), (5;5), (7;7), (9;9)
Co 5 cach chon 1 cap so le.
Xep mot cap so le vao 4 v tr co
2
4
C cach
Co 5.
2
4
C cach sap xep cap so le.
- Con lai 2 v tr la cac ch so chan:
Ch so chan th nhat: co 5 cach chon
Ch so chan th hai: co 5 cach chon
Co 26 25 5
2
4
C 5 5 = 487500 cach
Bai 17: a) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 6 ch so khac nhau ma
tong cac ch so o bang 18?
b) Hoi co bao nhieu so le thoa man ieu kien o?
S: Chu y: 18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 8
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6
a) 3 5 5! b) 192 + 384 + 192 = 768 so
Bai 18: T 20 hoc sinh can chon ra mot ban ai dien lp gom 1 lp
trng, 1 lp pho va 1 th ky. Hoi co may cach chon?
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 29
S: 6840.
Bai 19: Huan luyen vien mot oi bong muon chon 5 cau thu e a
qua luan lu 11 met. Co bao nhieu cach chon neu:
a/ Ca 11 cau thu co kha nang nh nhau? (ke ca thu mon).
b/ Co 3 cau thu b chan thng va nhat thiet phai bo tr cau thu A
a qua so 1 va cau thu B a qua so 4.
S: a/ 55440. b/ 120.
Bai 20: Mot ngi muon xep at mot so pho tng vao mot day 6
cho trong tren mot ke trang tr. Co bao nhieu cach sap xep neu:
a/ Ngi o co 6 pho tng khac nhau?
b/ Ngi o co 4 pho tng khac nhau?
c/ Ngi o co 8 pho tng khac nhau?
S: a/ 6!. b/ 360. c/ 20160.
Bai 21: Vi 6 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 co the lap c bao nhieu so co 5
ch so khac nhau va thoa:
a/ So chan. b/ Bat au bang so 24. c/ Bat au bang so
345.
d/ Bat au bang so 1? T o suy ra cac so khong bat au bang so
1?
S: a/ 312. b/ 24. c/ 6. d/ 120 ; 480.
Bai 22: Cho tap hp X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Co the lap c bao nhieu
so n gom 5 ch so khac nhau oi mot lay t X trong moi trng hp
sau:
a/ n la so chan?
b/ Mot trong ba ch so au tien phai bang 1?
(HQG TP.HCM, 99, khoi D, t 2)
S: a/ 3000. b/ 2280.
Bai 23: a/ T 5 ch so 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom
4 ch so khac nhau va chia het cho 3.
b/ T 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 co the lap c bao nhieu so
khac nhau sao cho trong cac ch so o co mat so 0 va so 1.
(HVCN Bu chnh Vien thong, 1999)
c/ T 8 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 6
ch so khac nhau trong o nhat thiet phai co mat ch so 4.
S: a/ 18. b/ 42000. c/ 13320.
Bai 24: a/ Tnh tong cua tat ca cac so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac
nhau oi mot c tao thanh t 6 ch so 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8.
b/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 4 ch so khac nhau c tao thanh
t 5 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Tnh tong cua cac so nay.
S: a/ 37332960. b/ 96 ; 259980.
Bai 25: a/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau va chia
het cho 10 (ch so hang van khac 0).
(H a Nang, 2000, khoi A, t 1)
b/ Cho 10 ch so 0, 1, 2, ..., 9. Co bao nhieu so le co 6 ch so khac
nhau nho hn 600000 xay dng t 10 ch so a cho.
(H Y khoa Ha Noi, 1997)
S: a/ 3024. b/ 36960.






ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 30









IV. To hp

1. To hp (khong lap):
Cho tap A gom n phan t. Moi tap con gom k (1 s k s n) phan t cua A
c goi la mot to hp chap k cua n phan t.
So cac to hp chap k cua n phan t:
!
!( )!
k
n
n
C
k n k
=


- Qui c:
0
n
C = 1
Tnh chat:

0
1
1 1
1
1
1
n
n n
k n k
n n
k k k
n n n
k k
n n
C C
C C
C C C
n k
C C
k

= =
=
= +
+
=

2. To hp lap:
Cho tap A =
{ }
1 2
; ;...;
n
a a a va so t nhien k bat k. Mot to hp lap chap k
cua n phan t la mot hp gom k phan t, trong o moi phan t la
mot trong n phan t cua A.
So to hp lap chap k cua n phan t:
1
1 1
k k m
n n k n k
C C C

+ +
= =
3. Phan biet chnh hp va to hp:
- Chnh hp va to hp lien he nhau bi cong thc: !
k k
n n
A k C =
- Chnh hp: co th t. To hp: khong co th t.
Nhng bai toan ma ket qua phu thuoc vao v tr cac phan t >
chnh hp
Ngc lai, la to hp.
- Cach lay k phan t t tap n phan t (k s n):
+ Khong th t, khong hoan lai:
k
n
C
+ Co th t, khong hoan lai:
k
n
A
+ Co th t, co hoan lai:
k
n
A


Dang 1: Tnh gia tr bieu thc to hp
Bai 1: Tnh: A =
23 13 7
25 15 10
3 C C C B =
4 3 4 2
7 7 8 3
5 6 6
2
10 10 11
1
1
C C C A
P
C C C
+ +
+
+ +

S: A = 165, B = 4
Bai 2: Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 31
S =
2 3
. .
n n n
n n n
C C C P =
8 9 10
2 15 15 15
10
17
2
.
n
k
n n k
P C C C
A P C
+

+ +
+
Q =
2
1
1 1 1
2 ... ...
k n
n n n
n
k n
n n n
C C C
C k n
C C C

+ + + + +
S: S =
3
(3 )!
( !)
n
n
P = (n+1)(n+2) + 1 Q =
( 1)
2
n n+

Dang 2: Chng minh ang thc to hp
Bai 1: Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a) . .
k p k p k
n n k n p
C C C C

= (k s p s n) b)
1
1
r r
n n
n
C C
r

=
Bai 2: Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a)
1 1 1
2
2
m m m m
n n n n
C C C C
+ +
+
+ + = b)
1 2 3
3
3 3
k k k k k
n n n n n
C C C C C

+
+ + + = (3 s k s n)
S: S dung tnh chat:
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C

+
+ =
Bai 3: Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a)
1 2 3 4
4
4 6 4
k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C k

+
+ + + + = (4 s k s n)
b)
1
1
1
p p
n n
n
C C
p

+
+
= c)
2
2
( 1) ( 1)
k k
n n
k k C n n C

= ( 2 < k < n)
Bai 4: Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a)
0 1 1 0
. . ... .
p p p p
r q r q r q r q
C C C C C C C

+
+ + + = b)
0 2 1 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
n n n n
C C C C + + + =
c)
0 2 4 2 1 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...
p p p
p p p p p p p
C C C C C C C c

+ + + + = + + + =
d)
1 2 3
1
1 ... ( 1) ( 1)
p p p p
n n n n n
C C C C C

+ + + =
S: a) S dung khai trien: (1+x)
r
.(1+x)
q
= (1+x)
r+q
. So sanh he so cua x
p

2 ve.
b) S dung cau a) vi p = q = r = n
c) S dung (x+y)
2p
va (xy)
2p

d) S dung
1
1 1
r r r
n n n
C C C


= + , vi r le th nhan 2 ve vi 1.

Dang 3 : Chng minh bat ang thc to hp
Bai 1: Chng minh rang:
2
2
1 1
.
2 1 2
n
n
n
C
n
<
+
( n e N, n > 1)
HD: Bien oi ve trai:
2
2 2
1 (2 )! 1.3.5...(2 1)
.
2.4.6...(2 )
2 2 . ! !
n
n
n n
n n
C
n
n n

= =
Vay ta phai chng minh:
1.3.5...(2 1) 1
2.4.6...(2 )
2 1
n
n
n

<
+

Ta co:
2 2
2 2
2 1 ( 2 1) ( 2 1) 2 1
2
2 1
4 4 1
k k k k
k
k
k k

= < =
+


Cho k lan lt t 1, 2, , n. Roi nhan cac BT ve theo ve, ta c pcm.
Bai 2: Chng minh rang:
2
2 2 2
. ( )
n n n
n k n k n
C C C
+
s (vi k, n e N, 0 s k s n)
HD: - at u
k
=
2 2
.
n n
n k n k
C C
+
(k = 0;1;;n)
Ta chng minh: u
k
> u
k+1
(*)
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 32
That vay, (*)
2 2 2 1 2 1
. .
n n n n
n k n k n k n k
C C C C
+ + +
> n + 2nk > 0
ieu nay luon luon ung pcm.

Dang 4: Tm gia tr ln nhat, nho nhat cua bieu thc to hp
Bai 1: a) Chng minh:
1 k k
n n
C C

< vi n = 2m, k s m. T o suy ra


m
n
C
la ln nhat.
b) Chng minh:
1 k k
n n
C C

< vi n = 2m + 1, k s m.
T o suy ra
1
;
m m
n n
C C
+
la ln nhat.
HD: a) Theo tnh chat:
1
1
.
k k
n n
n k
C C
k

+
=
1
1
1
k
n
k
n
C
n
k
C

+
=
Vi k s m 2k s n
1
1 1
n
k
+
>
1 k k
n n
C C

>
V
k n k
n n
C C

= nen
k
n
C ln nhat.
b) Tng t
Bai 2: Cho n > 2, p e [1; n]. Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat
cua
p
n
C .
HD: V
p n p
n n
C C

= nen ta chi can xet 1 s p s
2
n

Ta co:
1 p p
n n
C C

>
1
1
p
n
p
n
C
n p
p
C

+
= > 1 p <
1
2
n+

Vay
p
n
C nho nhat khi p = 1 hoac p = n 1, ng vi
1 1 n
n n
C C

= = n

p
n
C ln nhat khi p =
1
2
n
(neu n le) hoac p =
2
n
(neu n chan)
Bai 3: Vi gia tr nao cua p th
p
n
C ln nhat.
HD: Ta co:
1
1 1
1
p
m
p
m
C
m p m
p p
C

+ +
= = . T so nay giam khi p tang.
-
1 p p
m m
C C

>
1
1
m p
p
+
> , do o: p s
1
2
m+

- Neu m chan: m = 2k p s k +
1
2

e
1 p p
m m
C C

> ta phai co: p s k +
1
2
, v p, k e N nen chon p = k
- Neu m le: m = 2k + 1 p s k + 1, ta se co:

1
1
p
m
p
m
C
C

= khi p = k + 1
1
2 1
(2 1)!
( 1)! !
p k
m k
k
C C
k k
+
+
+
= =
+

* Ap dung bai toan nay ta co the giai nhieu bai toan khac. V du:
Co 25 hoc sinh. Muon lap thanh nhng nhom gom p hoc sinh. Tm gia
tr cua p e c so cach chia nhom la ln nhat? Tm so cach chia
nhom o.
* V co 25 hoc sinh, chon p em nen so nhom co the lap la
25
p
C .
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 33
Theo tren, ta co m = 25 (le) vi k = 12 do o
25
p
C ln nhat khi p = k + 1 =
13.
Vay p = 13, khi o: so nhom toi a co the lap:
13
25
C = 5200300.

Dang 5 : Giai phng trnh, bat phng trnh co cha to hp
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a)
4
3 4
1
24
23
n
n
n n
A
A C

+
=

b)
4 5 6
1 1 1
x x x
C C C
= c)
1 2 3 10
... 1023
x x x x
x x x x
C C C C

+ + + + =
S: a) n = 5 b) x = 2 c) x = 10
Bai 2: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a)
4 2 10
10 10
x x
x x
C C
+
+ +
= b)
2 2 1
4 3 3
. . 0
x
x C x C C + = c)
2 2
2
101
x
x x
A C

+ =
d)
3 3
8 6
5
x
x x
C A
+
+ +
= e)
1 2 3 2
6 6 9 14
x x x
C C C x + + =
S: a) x = 14 b) x = 3 c) x = 10 d) x = 17 e) x = 7
Bai 3: Giai cac bat phng trnh:
a)
3
1
4
3
1
1
14
n
n
n
C
P
A

+
< b)
2 5
3
60
( )!
k n
n
P
A
n k
+ +
+
s

c)
4 3 2
1 1 2
5
0
4
n n n
C C A

<
S: a) k: n > 3, n
2
+ n 42 > 0 n > 6
b)
( 5)( 4)( 1) 0
k n
n n n k
s

+ + + s


- Xet vi n > 4: bpt vo nghiem
- Xet n e {0,1,2,3} ta c cac nghiem la: (0;0), (1;0), (1;1), (2;2), (3,3)
c) k: n > 5, n
2
9n 22 < 0 n = 6; 7; 8; 9; 10
Bai 4: Giai cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh:
a/
2 3
1 1
2 7( 1)
x
x x
C C x

+
+ = b/
3 2
14 .
x
x x
A C x

+ =
c/
5
5
2
336.
x
x
x
A
C

= d/
2
28
2 4
24
225
.
52
x
x
C
C

=
e/
4 3 2
1 1 2
5
0.
4
n n n
C C A

< f/
3
1
4
3
1
1
14
n
n
n
C
P
A

+
< .
g/
2 2
1
2 3 30.
x x
C A
+
+ < h/
2 2 3
2
1 6
10.
2
x x x
A A C
x
s +
S: a/ x = 5. b/ x = 5. c/ x = 8. d/ x = 7.
e/ 5 10, . n n N s s e f/ 6, . x n N > e g/ x = 2. h/ x = 3, x = 4.
Bai 5: Giai cac he phng trnh:
a)
1
1
126
720
x
y y x
y
x
x
A
C
P
P

+
+

+ =

b)
1 1
1
: : 6: 5: 2
y y y
x x x
C C C
+
+
= c)
1
1
0
4 5 0
y y
x x
y y
x x
C C
C C
+


S: a)
5
7
x
y
=

b)
8
3
x
y
=

c)
17
8
x
y
=


Bai 6: Giai cac phng trnh va he bat phng trnh:
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 34
a/
2 5 90
5 2 80
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C

+ =

+ =

b/
2
1
:
3
1
:
24
x x
y y
x x
y y
C C
C A
+

c/
3 1
lg(3 ) lg 1
3 6
x x
C C
x y


S: a/ x = 5, y = 2. b/ x = 4, y = 8. c/ 3 6; , . x x y Z
+
s s e
Bai 7: Tm so t nhien k sao cho
1 2
14 14 14
, ,
k k k
C C C
+ +
lap thanh mot cap so
cong.
S: k = 4; 8.

Dang 6: Tm so to hp trong cac bai toan so hoc
Bai 1: Cho 10 cau hoi, trong o co 4 cau ly thuyet va 6 bai tap.
Ngi ta cau tao thanh cac e thi. Biet rang trong moi e thi phai gom
3 cau hoi, trong o nhat thiet phai co t nhat 1 cau ly thuyet va 1 bai
tap. Hoi co the tao ra bao nhieu e thi?
S: - e gom 2 cau ly thuyet va 1 bai tap:
2 1
4 6
. 36 C C =
- e gom 1 cau ly thuyet va 2 bai tap:
1 2
4 6
. 60 C C =
Vay co: 36 + 60 = 96 e thi.
Bai 2: Mot lp hoc co 40 hoc sinh, trong o gom 25 nam va 15 n.
Giao vien chu nhiem muon chon mot ban can s lp gom 4 em. Hoi
co bao nhieu cach chon, neu:
a) Gom 4 hoc sinh tuy y. b) Co 1 nam va 3 n. c) Co 2
nam va 2 n.
d) Co t nhat 1 nam. e) Co t nhat 1 nam va 1 n.
S: a)
4
40
C b)
1 3
25 15
. C C c)
2 2
25 15
. C C d)
1 3 2 2 3 1 4
25 15 25 15 25 15 25
. . . C C C C C C C + + +
e)
4 4 4
40 25 15
C C C
Bai 3: Cho 5 iem trong mat phang va khong co 3 iem nao thang
hang. Hoi co bao nhieu vect tao thanh t 5 iem ay? Co bao nhieu
oan thang tao thanh t 5 iem ay?
S: 20 ; 10.
Bai 4: Co 5 tem th khac nhau va 6 b th cung khac nhau. Ngi ta
muon chon t o ra 3 tem th, 3 b th va dan 3 tem th ay len 3 b th a
chon. Mot b th ch dan 1 tem th. Hoi co bao nhieu cach lam nh vay?
S: 1200.
Bai 5: Mot tui cha 6 vien bi trang va 5 vien bi xanh. Lay ra 4 vien bi
t tui o, co bao nhieu cach lay c:
a/ 4 vien bi cung mau? b/ 2 vien bi trang, 2 vien bi xanh?
S: a/ 20. b/ 150.
Bai 6: T 20 ngi, chon ra mot oan ai bieu gom 1 trng oan, 1
pho oan, 1 th ky va 3 uy vien. Hoi co may cach chon?
S: 4651200.
Bai 7: T 5 bong hong vang, 3 bong hong trang va 4 bong hong o
(cac bong hoa xem nh oi mot khac nhau), ngi ta muon chon ra mot
bo hoa gom 7 bong, hoi co bao nhieu cach chon bo hoa trong o:
a/ Co ung 1 bong hong o?
b/ Co t nhat 3 bong hong vang va t nhat 3 bong hong o?
S: a/ 112 b/ 150.
Bai 8: T 8 so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 10
ch so c chon t 8 ch so tren, trong o ch so 6 co mat ung 3
lan, ch so khac co mat ung 1 lan.
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 35
S: 544320. (HVCNBCVT, Tp.HCM, 1999)
Bai 9: T tap X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} co the lap c bao nhieu so:
a/ Chan gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot va ch so ng au
la ch so 2?
b/ Gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot sao cho 5 ch so o co
ung 3 ch so chan va 2 ch so le?
S: a/ 360. b/ 2448. (H Can Th, 2001)
Bai 10: a/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 6 ch so oi mot khac nhau
(ch so au tien phai khac 0), trong o co mat ch so 0 nhng khong
co ch so 1).
b/ Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so, biet rang ch so 2 co
mat ung 2 lan, ch so 3 co mat ung 3 lan va cac ch so con lai
co mat khong qua mot lan.
S: a/ 33600 b/ 11340. (H QG, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 11: Ngi ta viet cac so co 6 ch so bang cac ch so 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 nh sau: Trong moi so c viet co mot ch so xuat hien hai lan con
cac ch so con lai xuat hien mot lan. Hoi co bao nhieu so nh vay?
S: 1800. (H S pham Vinh, 1998)
Bai 12: T mot tap the 14 ngi gom 6 nam va 8 n trong o co An
va Bnh, ngi ta muon chon mot to cong tac gom co 6 ngi. Tm so
cach chon trong moi trng hp sau:
a/ Trong to phai co ca nam lan n?
b/ Trong to co 1 to trng, 5 to vien hn na An va Bnh khong ong
thi co mat trong to?
S: a/ 2974. b/ 15048. (H Kinh te, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 13: Mot oan tau co 3 toa ch khac. Toa I, II, III. Tren san ga co 4
khach chuan b i tau. Biet moi toa co t nhat 4 cho trong. Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho 4 v khach len 3 toa.
b/ Co bao nhieu cach sap xep cho 4 v khach len tau co 1 toa co 3
trong 4 v khach noi tren.
S: a/ 99. b/ 24. (H Luat Ha Noi, 1999)
Bai 14: Trong so 16 hoc sinh co 3 hoc sinh gioi, 5 kha, 8 trung bnh. Co
bao nhieu cach chia so hoc sinh o thanh hai to, moi to 8 hoc sinh sao
cho moi to eu co hoc sinh gioi va moi to co t nhat hai hoc sinh kha.
S: 3780. (HVKT Quan s, 2001)



Dang 7: Tm so to hp trong cac bai toan hnh hoc
Bai 1: Trong mat phang cho n ng thang cat nhau tng oi mot, nhng
khong co 3 ng nao ong quy. Hoi co bao nhieu giao iem? Co bao
nhieu tam giac c tao thanh?
S: - So giao iem:
2
( 1)
2
n
n n
C

=
- So tam giac:
3
( 1)( 2)
6
n
n n n
C

=
Bai 2: Cho 10 iem trong khong gian, trong o khong co 3 iem nao thang
hang.
a) Co bao nhieu ng thang i qua tng cap iem?
b) Co bao nhieu vect noi tng cap iem?
c) Co bao nhieu tam giac co nh la 3 trong 10 iem tren?
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 36
d) Neu trong 10 iem tren khong co 4 iem nao ong phang, th co bao
nhieu t dien c tao thanh?
S: a)
2
10
C b)
2
10
A c)
3
10
C d)
4
10
C
Bai 3: Cho a giac loi co n canh (n > 4)
a) Tm n e a giac co so ng cheo bang so canh?
b) Gia s 3 ng cheo cung i qua 1 nh th khong ong qui. Hay tnh
so giao iem (khong phai la nh) cua cac ng cheo ay?
S: a)
2
n
C n n = n = 5
b) Giao iem cua 2 ng cheo cua 1 a giac loi (khong phai la nh)
chnh la giao iem cua 2 ng cheo mot t giac ma 4 nh cua no
la 4 nh cua a giac. Vay so giao iem phai tm bang so t giac
vi 4 nh thuoc n nh cua a giac:
4
n
C
Bai 4: Cho mot a giac loi co n-canh ( , 3) n b e > .
a/ Tm so ng cheo cua a giac. Hay ch ra 1 a giac co so canh
bang so ng cheo?
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac co nh trung vi nh cua a giac?
c/ Co bao nhieu giao iem gia cac ng cheo?
S: a/
( 3)
; 5.
2
n n
n

= b/
( 2)( 1)
.
6
n n n
c/
( 1)( 2)( 3)
24
n n n n
.
Bai 5: Tm so giao iem toi a cua:
a/ 10 ng thang phan biet? b/ 10 ng tron phan biet?
c/ 10 ng thang va 10 ng tron tren?
S: a/ 45. b/ 90. c/ 335.
Bai 6: Cho hai ng thang song song (d1), (d2). Tren (d1) lay 17 iem phan
biet, tren (d2) lay 20 iem phan biet. Tnh so tam giac co cac nh la
3 iem trong so 37 iem a chon tren (d1) va (d2).
S: 5950. (H SP Quy Nhn, 1997)
Bai 7: Cho mat phang cho a giac eu H co 20 canh. Xet cac tam giac co
ba nh c lay t cac nh cua H.
a/ Co tat ca bao nhieu tam giac nh vay? Co bao nhieu tam giac co
ung hai canh la canh cua H?
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac co ung mot canh la canh cua H? Co bao
nhieu tam giac khong co canh nao la canh cua H?
S: a/ 1140; 20. b/ 320 ; 80. (HVNH, 2000, khoi D)
Bai 8: Co 10 iem A, B, C, ... tren mat phang trong o khong co 3 iem
nao thang hang.
a/ Noi chung lai ta c bao nhieu ng thang? Trong o co bao nhieu
ng khong i qua A hay B?
b/ Co bao nhieu tam giac nh bi cac iem tren? Bao nhieu tam giac
cha iem A? Bao nhieu tam giac cha canh AB?
S: a/ 45; 28. b/ 120 ; 36 ; 8.
Bai 9: Co p iem trong mat phang trong o co q iem thang hang, so
con lai khong co 3 iem nao thang hang. Noi p iem o lai vi nhau.
Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu ng thang? b/ Chung tao ra bao nhieu tam
giac?
S: a/
1
( 1) ( 1) 2;
2
p p q q + . b/
1
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
6
p p p q q q .
Bai 10: Cho p iem trong khong gian trong o co q iem ong phang,
so con lai khong co 4 iem nao ong phang. Dng tat ca cac mat
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 37
phang cha 3 trong p iem o. Hoi:
a/ Co bao nhieu mat phang khac nhau? b/ Chung tao ra bao
nhieu t dien?
S: a/
3 3
1.
p q
C C + b/
4 4
.
p q
C C
Bai 11: Cho p iem trong o co q iem cung nam tren 1 ng tron,
ngoai ra khong co 4 iem nao ong phang. Hoi co bao nhieu:
a/ ng tron, moi ng i qua ba iem?
b/ T dien vi cac nh thuoc p iem o?
S: a/
3 3
1.
p q
C C + b/
4 4
.
p q
C C








V. Nh thc Newton


1. Cong thc khai trien nh thc Newton: Vi moi neN va vi moi cap
so a, b ta co:
0
( )
n
n k n k k
n
k
a b C a b

=
+ =


2. Tnh chat:
1) So cac so hang cua khai trien bang n + 1
2) Tong cac so mu cua a va b trong moi so hang bang n
3) So hang tong quat (th k+1) co dang: T
k+1
=
k n k k
n
C a b

( k =0, 1, 2, , n)
4) Cac he so cua cac cap so hang cach eu so hang au va cuoi
th bang nhau:
k n k
n n
C C

=
5)
0
1
n
n n
C C = = ,
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C

+
+ =
* Nhan xet: Neu trong khai trien nh thc Newton, ta gan cho a va b
nhng gia tr ac biet th ta se thu c nhng cong thc ac biet.
Chang han:
(1+x)
n
=
0 1 1
...
n n n
n n n
C x C x C

+ + +
0 1
... 2
n n
n n n
C C C + + + =
(x1)
n
=
0 1 1
... ( 1)
n n n n
n n n
C x C x C

+ +
0 1
... ( 1) 0
n n
n n n
C C C + + =




Dang 1: Xac nh cac he so trong khai trien nh thc Newton

Bai 1: Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien cua nh thc:
a)
10
4
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
b)
12
2
4
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
c)
5
3
2
1
x
x
| |

|
\ .
d)
6
2
1
x
x
| |

|
\ .

S: a) 45 b) 495 c) 10 d) 15
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 38

Bai 2: a/ Tm he so cua
12 13
x y trong khai trien
25
(2 3 ) . x y +
b/ Tm cac so hang gia cua khai trien
3 15
( ) . x xy
S: a)
13 12 13
25
3 .2 . . C b)
31 7 29 8
8 9
6435 . , 6435 . . T x y T x y = =
Bai 3: Trong khai trien (x + y + z)
n
, tm so hang cha x
k
.y
m
(k,m <n)
S: Trc het tm tat ca so hang cha x
k
.
Ta co: (x + y + z)
n
=
( ) ( )
... ...
n n k
k k
n
x y z C x y z

(
+ + = + + +


ma (y + z)
nk
= ... ...
m m n k m
n k
C y z

+ +
so hang cha x
k
y
m
la: .
k m k m n k m
n n k
C C x y z


Bai 4: Khai trien va rut gon cac n thc ong dang a thc:
9 10 14
( ) (1 ) (1 ) ... (1 ) P x x x x = + + + + + +
ta se c a thc:
2 14
0 1 2 14
( ) ... . P x a a x a x a x = + + + + Hay xac nh he so
a
9
?
S:
9
3003. a =
Bai 5: Cho a thc
2 3 20
( ) (1 ) 2(1 ) 3(1 ) ... 20(1 ) P x x x x x = + + + + + + + +
c viet di dang:
2 20
0 1 2 20
( ) ... . P x a a x a x a x = + + + +
Tm he so a
15
?
S:
15
400995. a =
Bai 6: Khai trien
80 2 80
0 1 2 80
( ) ( 2) ... . P x x a a x a x a x = = + + + + Tm he so a
78
?
S:
78
12640. a =
Bai 7: Khai trien
50 2 50
0 1 2 50
( ) (3 ) ... . P x x a a x a x a x = + = + + + +
a/ Tnh he so a
46
? b/ Tnh tong
0 1 2 50
... . S a a a a = + + + +
S: a/ a
46
= 18654300 b/
50
4 . S=
Bai 8: a) Tm so hang khong cha can thc trong khai trien cua nh thc:
( )
5
3
3 2 +
b) Tm so mu n cua bieu thc
3
1
12
n
b
| |
+
|
\ .
. Biet t so gia cac he so
cua so hang th 5 va th 3 trong khai trien cua nh thc o la 7:2. Tm
so hang th 6?
S: a)
2
5
.3.2 60 C =
b) n = 9 T
6
=
( )
5
4
5
9
3 3 2 2
1 126
. C b
b b b
| |
| =
|
\ .

Bai 9: Trong khai trien cua nh thc:
21
3
3
a b
b a
| |
+ |
|
\ .
, tm cac so hang cha
a, b vi luy tha giong nhau?
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 39
S: Ta co: T
k+1
=
21
3
21
3
. .
k k
k
a b
C
b a

| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
=
21 21
3 6 2 6
21
. .
k k k k
k
C a b




21 21
3 6 2 6
k k k k
= k = 9. Vay so hang can tm la: T
10
=
5 5
9
2 2
21
. . C a b
Bai 10: a/ Tm so hang th 6 cua khai trien
15
1
. x
x
| |

|
\ .

b/ Tm so hang cha a
7
trong khai trien
12
3 2
3 2
.
64 3
a a
| |
+
|
\ .

c/ Tm so hang gia cua khai trien
10
3
5
1
. x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

d/ Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien cua nh thc:
12
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
.
e/ Tm hang t oc lap vi x trong khai trien
16
3
1
. x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

S: a/
5
6 15
. T C = b/
7 30
924 .2 . a

c/
15 30 15
16 30
. . . T C x y =
d/ 495. e/ 1820.
Bai 11: So hang nao cha x vi so mu t nhien trong khai trien sau:
a/
10 4
( ) . x x + b/
13
3
1
. x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

S: a/
2 6 7 10 10
10 10 10
, , . C x C x C x b/
0 13 3 9 6 5 9
13 13 13 13
, , , . C x C x C x C x
Bai 12: a/ Tm so hang cua khai trien
9 3
( 3 2) + la mot so nguyen.
b/ Tm so hang hu t cua khai trien
6
( 3 15) .
c/ Xac nh cac so hang hu t cua khai trien
36 5 3
( 3 7) . +
d/ Co bao nhieu hang t nguyen cua khai trien
124 4
( 3 5) . +
S: a/
4 10
4536, 8. T T = = b/
1 3 5 7
27, 2005, 10125, 3375. T T T T = = = =
c/
7 22 37
, , . T T T d/ 32 so hang
Bai 13: a/ Tm so hang th ba cua khai trien
13
1
n
a
a
a

| |
+
|
|
\ .
neu
3 2
: 4:1.
n n
C C =
b/ Trong khai trien (1 )
n
x + theo luy tha tang cua x, cho biet :
3 5
4 6
4
40
3
T T
T T
=

.
Tm n va x?
S: a/
13 51
3
14, 91 . n T a = = b/
1
6, .
2
n x = =
Bai 14: a/ Xac nh he so th nhat, th hai, th ba trong khai trien
ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 40
3
2
1
.
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

b/ Cho biet tong cua 3 he so tren la 11. Tm he so cua x
2
.
S: a/
0 1 2
( 1)
1, , .
2
n n n
n n
C C n C

= = = b/
2
4
4, 6. n C = =
Bai 15: a/ Trong khai trien
4
1
n
a a
a
| |
+
|
\ .
cho biet hieu so gia he so cua
hang t th ba va th hai la 44. Tm n.
b/ Cho biet trong khai trien
2
1
,
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
tong cac he so cua cac hang t
th nhat, th hai, th ba la 46. Tm hang t khon g cha x.
c/ Cho biet tong cua 3 he so cua 3 so hang au tien trong khai trien
2
2
3
n
x
| |

|
\ .
la 97. Tm hang t cua khai trien cha x
4
.
S: a/ n = 11 b/ n = 9 ; 84. c/ n = 8; 1120x
4
.







Dang 2 : Ap dung khai trien nh thc Newton e chng minh ang thc
to hp

Bai 1: Tnh cac tong sau:
a/
0 1 2
1
... .
n
n n n n
S C C C C = + + + + b/
0 2 4
2
...
n n n
S C C C = + + +
c/
1 3 5
3
...
n n n
S C C C = + + + d/
0 1 2 2
4
2 2 ... 2 ... 2 .
k k n n
n n n n n
S C C C C C = + + + + + +
e/
0 2 2 4 4
5
2 2 ...
n
n n
S C C C = + + +
S: a/ 2
n
. b/ 2
n-1
. c/ 2
n-1
. d/ 3
n
. e/
3 ( 1)
2
n n
+
.
Bai 2: Biet tong tat ca cac he so cua khai trien th thc (x
2
+ 1)
n
bang
1024, hay tm he so a (a la so t nhien) cua so hang ax
12
trong khai
trien o.
S: a = 210. (HV hanh chnh QG, 2000)
Bai 3: Tnh tong sau:
a/
6 7 8 9 10 11
1 11 11 11 11 11 11
. S C C C C C C = + + + + + (HQG Ha Noi, 97, Khoi D)
b/
16 0 15 1 14 2 16
2 16 16 16 16
3 3 3 ... . S C C C C = + + (HBK Ha Noi, 98)
S: a/ 1024. b/ 2
16
.
Bai 4: Chng minh cac he thc sau:
a/
0 2 4 2 1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...
n n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C C

+ ++ + + = ++ ++ + +
Tong he so chan bang tong he so le co ung khong?
b/
1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 10. 10 . 10 . ... 10 10 81 .
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + =
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 41
c/
0 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 ... 3 2 .(2 1)
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + + = + (H Hang Hai, 2001)
Bai 5: Dung ang thc (1 ) .(1 ) (1 )
m n m n
x x x
+
+ + = + , chng minh rang:
a/
0 1 1 2 2
. . . ... . , .
k k k m k m k
m n m n m n m n m n
C C C C C C C C C m k n

+
+ + + + = s s
(He thc Van der mon de (Van ec mon)).
b/
0 2 1 2 2 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) .
n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + + =
c/
0 1 1 2 2
(2 )!
. . . ... .
( )!( )!
k k k n k n
n n n n n n n n
n
C C C C C C C C
n k n k
+ +
+ + + + =
+

Bai 6: Tnh gia tr cac bieu thc:
A =
2 0 2 2 2 0 2
2 2 2
2 2 ... 2
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + + B =
2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 ... 2
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + +
S : Ta co : (2x+1)
2n
=
( )
2
2
2
0
. 2
n k
n
k
n
k
C x

. Thay x = 1 ta c A + B = 3
2n
= 9
n

Mat khac, (2x1)
2n
=
( ) ( )
2
2
2
0
. 2 . 1
n
n k k
k
n
k
C x

=

. Thay x = 1 ta c A B = 1
T o suy ra: A =
( )
1
9 1
2
n
+ , B =
( )
1
9 1
2
n

Bai 7: Chng minh cac ang thc sau:
a)
0 1 2 2
6 6 ... 6 7
n n n
n n n n
C C C C + + + + = b)
17 0 1 16 1 17 17 17
17 17 17
3 4 .3 . ... 4 7 C C C + + + =
S: a) Khai trien (1+x)
n
=
0 1 2 2
...
n n
n n n n
C C x C x C x + + + + ; thay x = 6
b) Khai trien (3x+4)
17
; thay x = 1

Dang 3: Toan chia het
Neu a chia cho b co so d la r th a = bq + r
nen a
n
= (bq + r)
n
= b
n
q
n
+ nb
n1
q
n1
r + + nbqr
n1
+ r
n

Do o a
n
va r
n
co cung so d khi chia cho b. Tc la: a
n
r
n
(mod b)
Vay neu a r (mod b) th a
n
r
n
(mod b)

V du 1: Chng minh rang vi n e Z
+
, ta co:
a) 4
n
+ 15n 1 9 b) 16
n
15n 1 225
HD: a) Ta co 4
n
= (3+1)
n
= 3
n
+ n.3
n1
+ + 3n + 1 3n + 1 (mod 9)
(v 3
k
9 , k > 2)
4
n
+ 15n 1 3n + 1 + 15n 1 (mod 9) = 18n (mod 9)
Vay 4
n
+ 15n 1 9
b) 16
n
= (1 + 15)
n
= 1 + n.15 +
2
( 1)
.15
2
n n
+ + n.15
n1
+ 15
n

1 + 15n (mod 15
2
)
Do o: 16
n
15n 1 1 + 15n 15n 1 0 (mod 225)
Vay 16
n
15n 1 225
V du 2: Chng minh rang vi n e Z
+
, ta co: 2
6n+1
+ 3
6n+1
+ 5
6n
+ 1 7
HD: 2
6n+1
+ 3
6n+1
+ 5
6n+1
+ 1 = 2(2
6
)
n
+ 3(3
6
)
n
+ (5
6
)
n
+ 1
= 2.64
n
+ 3.729
n
+ 15625
n
+ 1
= 2[(7.9 + 1)
n
1] + 3[(7.104 + 1)
n
1] + [(7.2232 + 1)
n
1] + 7
Do o vi moi so t nhien p va q th:
(7p+1)
q
1 = [(7p+1)1].[(7p+1)
q1
+ + (7p+1) + 1]
nen bieu thc a cho luon chia het cho 7.

ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 42

























I. Bien co va xac suat

1. Bien co
- Khong gian mau O: la tap cac ket qua co the xay ra cua mot phep
th.
- Bien co A: la tap cac ket qua cua phep th lam xay ra A. A c O.
- Bien co khong: C - Bien co chac chan: O
- Bien co oi cua A: \ A A = O
- Hp hai bien co: A B - Giao hai bien co: A B (hoac A.B)
- Hai bien co xung khac: A B = C
- Hai bien co oc lap: neu viec xay ra bien co nay khong anh
hng en viec xay ra bien co kia.
2. Xac suat
- Xac suat cua bien co: P(A) =
( )
( )
n A
n O

- 0 s P(A) s 1; P(O) = 1; P(C) = 0
- Qui tac cong: Neu A B = C th P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
M rong: A, B bat k: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A.B)
- P( A) = 1 P(A)
- Qui tac nhan: Neu A, B oc lap th P(A.B) = P(A). P(B)


Bai 1: Gieo mot con suc sac can oi ong chat hai lan. Tnh xac
B. XAC
SUAT
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 43
suat cua bien co:
a) Tong hai mat xuat hien bang 8.
b) Tch hai mat xuat hien la so le.
c) Tch hai mat xuat hien la so chan.
S: a) n(O) = 36. n(A) = 5 P(A) =
5
36
b)
1
4
c)
3
4

Bai 2: Mot lp hoc co 25 hoc sinh, trong o co 15 em hoc kha mon
Toan, 16 em hoc kha mon Van.
a) Tnh xac suat e chon c 2 em hoc kha ca 2 mon.
b) Tnh xac suat e chon c 3 em hoc kha mon Toan nhng khong
kha mon Van.
S: a) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) n(AB) = 15 +15 25 = 17 P(AB)
2
7
25
C
b)
3
8
25
C

Bai 3: Gieo hai con suc sac can oi ong chat. Tnh xac suat cua
bien co:
a) Tong hai mat xuat hien bang 7.
b) Cac mat xuat hien co so cham bang nhau.
S: a)
1
6
b)
1
6

Bai 4: Mot bnh ng 5 vien bi xanh va 3 vien bi o ch khac nhau ve mau.
Lay ngau nhien mot vien bi, roi lay tiep mot vien na. Tnh xac suat
cua bien co lan th hai c mot vien bi xanh.
S:
5
8

Bai 5: Mot bnh ng 5 vien bi xanh va 3 vien bi o ch khac nhau ve
mau. Lay ngau nhien 4 vien bi. Tnh xac suat e c t nhat 3 vien bi
xanh.
S:
1
2

Bai 6: Hai ngi i san oc lap vi nhau va cung ban mot con thu.
Xac suat ban trung cua ngi th nhat la
3
5
, cua ngi th hai la
1
2
.
Tnh xac suat e con thu b ban trung.
S:
4
5

Bai 7: Gieo ngau nhien mot con suc sac can oi ong chat hai lan.
Tnh xac suat cua cac bien co sau:
a) Lan th nhat xuat hien mat 6 cham.
b) Lan th hai xuat hien mat 6 cham.
c) t nhat mot lan xuat hien mat 6 cham.
d) Khong lan nao xuat hien mat 6 cham.
S: a)
1
6
b)
1
6
c)
11
36
d)
25
36

Bai 8: Gieo ong thi bon ong xu can oi ong chat. Tnh xac suat
cua bien co:
a) Ca 4 ong xu eu nga.
b) Co ung 3 ong xu lat nga.
c) Co t nhat hai ong xu lat nga.
S: a)
1
16
b)
1
4
c)
11
16

ai so 11 Tran S Tung
Trang 44
Bai 9: Mot hop bong en co 12 bong, trong o co 7 bong tot. Lay
ngau nhien 3 bong.Tnh xac suat e lay c:
a) t nhat 2 bong tot b) t nhat 1 bong tot.
Bai 10: Mot lp hoc gom 20 hoc sinh trong o co 6 hoc sinh gioi Toan,
5 hoc sinh gioi Van va 4 hoc sinh gioi ca 2 mon. GVCN chon ra 2 em. Tnh
xac suat e 2 em o la hoc sinh gioi.
Bai 11: Mot hop co 20 qua cau giong nhau, trong o co 12 qua cau
trang va 8 qua cau en. Lay ngau nhien 3 qua. Tnh xac suat e trong
3 qua chon ra co t nhat mot qua mau en.
Bai 12: Mot to co 6 hoc sinh nam va 4 hoc sinh n. GVCN chon ra 2 em
i thi van nghe. Tnh xac suat e 2 em o khac phai.
Bai 13: Mot lp co 30 hoc sinh, trong o co 8 em gioi, 15 em kha va 7
em trung bnh. Chon ngau nhien 3 em i d ai hoi. Tnh xac suat e :
a) Ca 3 em eu la hoc sinh gioi b) Co t nhat 1 hoc sinh
gioi
c) Khong co hoc sinh trung bnh.
Bai 14: Cho 7 so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Goi X la tap hp cac so gom hai ch
so khac nhau lay t 7 so tren. Lay ngau nhien 1 so thuoc X. Tnh xac
suat e:
a) So o la so le.
b) So o chia het cho 5
c) So o chia het cho 9.


II. Bien ngau nhien ri rac

1. Bien ngau nhien ri rac
- X = {x
1
, x
2
, ,x
n
}
- P(X=x
k
) = p
k
p
1
+ p
2
+ + p
n
= 1
2. K vong (gia tr trung bnh)
- = E(X) =
1
n
i i
i
x p
=


3. Phng sai va o lech chuan
- V(X) =
2
1
( )
n
i i
i
x p
=

=
2 2
1
n
i i
i
x p
=

- o(X) = ( ) V X


Bai 1: Hai cau thu bong a sut phat en. Moi ngi a mot lan
vi xac suat lam ban cua ngi th nhat la 0,8. Tnh xac suat lam
ban cua ngi th hai, biet rang xac suat e ca hai ngi cung lam
ban la 0,56 va xac suat e b thung li t nhat mot lan la 0,94.
Bai 2: Mot cap v chong co 3 ngi con. Goi X la so lan sinh con
trai. Lap bang phan phoi xac suat cua bien ngau nhien X.
Bai 3: Mot hop ng 6 vien bi xanh va 4 vien bi o. Chon ngau nhien
3 vien bi. Goi X la so lan lay c bi o. Lap bang phan phoi cua
bien ngau nhien X.
Bai 4: Cho bang phan phoi xac suat cua bien ngau nhien X:

X 1 2 3
P 0,3 0,5 0,2
Tm ky vong, phng sai va o lech chuan cua X.
Bai 5: Mot hop ng 5 vien bi o va 3 vien bi xanh. Lay ngau nhien 3
Tran S Tung
ai so 11
Trang 45
vien. Goi X la so bi o lay ra. Tnh ky vong, phng sai va o lech
chuan cua X.
Bai 6: Hai xa thu oc lap cung ban vao 1 bia. Moi ngi ban 1 vien
an. Xac suat e xa thu th nhat ban trung bia la 0,7. Xac suat e
xa thu th hai ban trung bia la 0,8. Goi X la so an ban trung bia. Tnh
ky vong, phng sai cua X.

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