Khoa Cng ngh thng tin B mn Khoa hc my tnh -------------o0o------------

BO CO THO LUN
Mn hc :Ton ri rc
Ch : Chnh hp v t hp suy rng
---Nhm 2 ----

Cc sinh vin:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Nguyn Th Thanh Dng Bch Tin Nguyn c Trng Nguyn Th Phng Nguyn Th Quyn T Vn Trung Nguyn Xun Trng

Li m u
L thuyt t hp l 1 phn quan trng ca ton ri rc chuyn nghin cu s phn b cc phn t vo cc tp hp.Thng thng cc phn t ny l hu hn v vic phn b chng phi tha mn nhng iu kin nht nh no ty theo yu cu ca bi ton cn nghin cu.Mi cch phn b nh th gi l mt cu hnh t hp.Ch ny c nghin cu vo th k 17,khi nhng cu hi v t hp c a ra trong cc cng trnh nghin cu hay cc tr chi may ri.Lit k,m cc i tng c nhng tnh cht no laf mt phn quan trng ca l thuyt t hp.Chng ta cn phi m cc i tng gii nhiu bi ton khc nhau.Hn na cc k thut m c dng rt nhiu khi tnh xc sut ca cc bin c hay trong nh gi phc tp ca thut ton. Trong bi bo co ny chng ti s trnh by cc ni dung c bn v chnh hp v t hp suy rng cng vi cc vn lin quan . Cui bo co l thut ton lit k tt c cc hon v ca cc k t trong mt xu ( Vi files chng trnh v m ngun i km trong CD). Mc nh ca bi tho lun : Cung cp kin thc c bn v hon v, t hp v chnh hp suy rng Minh ha thut ton lit k cc hon v ca cc k t trong mt xu cho trc. D rt c gng nhng vi thi gian hn ch chc chn bo co ny vn cn rt nhiu thiu st, rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy c v cc bn. Nhm cc sinh vin Thanh, Tin, Trng, Phng, Quyn, Trung, Trng xin cm n!

BO CO THO LUN

Mn hc :Ton ri rc Ch : Chnh hp v t hp suy rng

Cc sinh vin:
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Nguyn Th Thanh Dng Bch Tin Nguyn c Trng Nguyn Th Phng Nguyn Th Quyn T Vn Trung Nguyn Xun Trng

Mc lc
3

1. Li m u 2
2. C s php m . 5 3. Chnh hp .. 13 4. Hon v . 15 5. T hp .. 19 6. Thut ton lit k cc hon v ca cc k t trong xu .. 23

7. Mt s ni dung m rng 24
8. Ti liu tham kho 32

9. Li kt thc .. 33
10. Nhn xt ca gio vin ph trch .... 33

Ni dung
1.C s ca php m 1.1Quy tc cng
Nu mt cng vic c th c thc hin bng mt trong n cch loi tr ln nhau: k1, k2, , kn. Trong thc hin theo cch ki li c ti phng n khc nhau (i=1..n). Khi tng s phng n thc hin cng vic ban u l: t1 + t2 + + tn. V d 1. Gi s cn chn hoc mt cn b hoc mt sinh vin tham gia mt hi ng ca mt trng i hc. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn v i biu ny nu nh c 37 cn b v 63 sinh vin. Gii: Gi vic th nht l chn mt cn b t tp cn b ta c 37 cch. Gi vic th hai l chn mt sinh vin t tp sinh vin ta c 63 cch. V tp cn b v tp sinh vin l ri nhau, theo nguyn l cng ta c tng s cch chn v i biu ny l 37 + 63 = 100 cch chn. V d 2. Mt on vn ng vin gm mn bn sng v bi c c i thi u nc ngoi. S vn ng vin nam l 10 ngi. S vn ng vin thi bn sng k c nam v n l 14 ngi. S n vn ng vin thi bi bng s vn ng vin nam thi bn sng. Hi on c bao nhiu ngi. Gii: Chia on thnh hai tp, tp cc vn ng vin nam v tp cc vn ng vin n. Ta nhn thy tp n li c chia thnh hai: thi bn sng v thi bi. Thay s n thi bi bng s nam thi bn sng, ta c s n bng tng s vn ng vin thi bn sng. T theo nguyn l cng ton on c 14 + 10 = 24 ngi. V d 3. gi tr ca bin k s bng bao nhiu sau khi thc hin on chng trnh sau:
k:= 0 for i1:= 1 to n1 do

k:=k+1 for i2:= 1 to n2 k:=k+1 .......... .......... for im:= 1 to nm k:=k+1

Gii: Coi mi vng for l mt cng vic, do ta c m cng vic T1, T2,.., Tm. Trong Ti thc hin bi ni cch (i= 1, 2,.., m). V cc vng for khng lng nhau hay cc cng vic khng thc hin ng thi nn theo nguyn l cng tng tt c cc cch hon thnh T1, T2,.., Tm l k= n1 + n2 +.. + nm.

1.2Quy tc nhn
Gi s mt nhim v no c tch ra hai cng vic. Vic th nht c thc hin bng n1 cch, vic th hai c thc hin bng n2 cch sau khi vic th nht c lm, khi s c n1.n2 cch thc hin nhim v ny. Nguyn l nhn c th c pht biu tng qut bng ngn ng tp hp nh sau: Nu A1, A2,.., Am l nhng tp hp hu hn, khi s phn t ca tch cc cc tp ny bng tch s cc phn t ca mi tp thnh phn. Hay ng thc: N (A1 A2.. Am ) = N (A1) N (A2)... N (Am). Nu A1 = A2 =.. Am th N(Ak) = N(A)k V d 1. Gi tr ca k s bng bao nhiu sau khi ta thc hin on chng trnh sau:
k:=0 for i1 = 1 to n1 for i2 = 1 to n2 for in =1 to nm

k:=k +1

Gii: Gi tr khi to k=0. Mi vng lp kng nhau i qua gi tr ca k c tng ln 1 n v. Gi Ti l vic thi hnh vng lp th i. Khi , s ln vng lp l s cch thc hin cng vic. S cch thc hin cng vic Tj l nj (j=1,2,.., n). Theo qui tc nhn ta vng lp kp c duyt qua n1 +n2 +..+nm ln v chnh l gi tr ca k. V d 2. Ngi ta c th ghi nhn cho nhng chic gh ca mt ging ng bng mt ch ci v sau l mt s nguyn nh hn 100. Bng cch nh vy hi c nhiu nht bao nhiu chic gh c th ghi nhn khc nhau. Gii: C nhiu nht l 26 x 100 = 2600 gh c ghi nhn. V k t gn nhn u tin l mt ch ci vy c 26 cch chn cc ch ci khc nhau ghi k t u tin, tip theo sau l mt s nguyn dng nh hn 100 do vy c 100 cch chn cc s nguyn gn tip sau ca mt nhn. Theo qui tc nhn ta nhn c 26 x 100 = 2600 nhn khc nhau. V d 3. C bao nhiu xu nh phn c di 7. Gii: mt xu nh phn c di 7 gm 7 bt, mi bt c hai cch chn (hoc gi tr 0 hoc gi tr 1), theo qui tc nhn ta c 2.2.2.2.2.2.2 = 27 = 128 xu bt nh phn di 7. V d 4. C bao nhiu hm n nh xc nh t mt tp A c m phn t nhn gi tr trn tp B c n phn t. Gii: Trc tin ta nhn thy, nu m >n th tn ti t nht hai phn t khc nhau ca A cng nhn mt gi tr trn B, nh vy vi m>n th s cc hm n nh t AB l 0. Nu m<=n, khi phn t u tin ca A c n cch chn, phn t th hai c n-1 cch chn,.., phn t th k c n-k+1 cch chn. Theo qui tc nhn ta c n(n-1) (n-2)...(n-m+1) hm n nh t tp A sang tp B. V d 5. Dng ca s in thoi Bc M c qui nh nh sau: s in thoi gm 10 ch s c tch ra thnh mt nhm m vng gm 3 ch s, nhm m chi nhnh gm 3 ch s v nhm m my gm 4 ch s. V nhng nguyn nhn k thut nn c mt s hn ch i vi mt
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s con s. Ta gi s, X biu th mt s c th nhn cc gi tr t 0..9, N l s c th nhn cc ch s t 2..9, Y l cc s c th nhn cc ch s 0 hoc 1. Hi theo hai d n nh s NYX NNX XXXX v NXX NXX XXXX c bao nhiu s in thoi c nh s khc nhau Bc M. Gii: nh s theo d n NYX NNX XXXX c nhiu nht l: 8 x 2 x 10 x 8 x 8 x10 x10 x10 x 10 x 10 x10 = 2 x 83 x 106 = 1 024. 106 nh s theo d n NXX NXX XXXX c nhiu nht l: 8 x 10 x 10 x 8 x 10 x10 x10 x10 x 10 x 10 x10 = 82 x 108 = 64. 108 V d 6. Dng qui tc nhn hy ch ra rng s tp con ca mt tp S hu hn l 2N(S). Gii: Ta lit k cc phn t ca tp S l s1, s2,.., sN(S). Xy dng mt xu bt nh phn di N(S) bt, trong nu bt th i c gi tr 0 th phn t si S, nu bt th i c gi tr 1 th phn t siS (i=1, 2,.., N(S) ). Nh vy, theo nguyn l nhn, s tp con ca tp hp S chnh l s xu bt nh phn c di N(S). Theo v d 3, chng ta c 2N(S) xu bt nh phn di N(S).

1.3. Nguyn l b tr
Khi hai cng vic c th c lm ng thi, ta khng th dng quy tc cng tnh s cch thc hin nhim v gm c hai vic. tnh ng s cch thc hin nhim v ny ta cng s cch lm mi mt trong hai vic ri tr i s cch lm ng thi c hai vic. Ta c th pht biu nguyn l m ny bng ngn ng tp hp. Cho A1, A2 l hai tp hu hn, khi |A1 A2| = |A1| + |A2| |A1 A2|. T vi ba tp hp hu hn A1, A2, A3, ta c:

|A1 A2 A3| = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| |A1 A2| |A2 A3| |A3 A1| + |A1 A2 A3|, v bng quy np, vi k tp hu hn A1, A2, ..., Ak ta c: | A1 A2 ... Ak| = N1 N2 + N3 ... + ( k-1Nk, 1) trong Nm (1 m k) l tng phn t ca tt c cc giao m tp ly t k tp cho, ngha l Nm =
| Ai1 Ai2 1i1 <i2 < <im k ...

... Aim |

By gi ta ng nht tp Am (1 m k) vi tnh cht Am cho trn tp v tr hu hn U no v m xem c bao nhiu phn t ca U sao cho khng tha mn bt k mt tnh cht Am no. Gi N l s cn m, N l s phn t ca U. Ta c:
N

= N | A1 A2 ... Ak| = N N1 + N2 ... + ( kNk, 1)

trong Nm l tng cc phn t ca U tha mn m tnh cht ly t k tnh cht cho. Cng thc ny c gi l nguyn l b tr. N cho php tnh N qua cc Nm trong trng hp cc s ny d tnh ton hn. V d 1: C n l th v n phong b ghi sn a ch. B ngu nhin cc l th vo cc phong b. Hi xc sut xy ra khng mt l th no ng a ch. Gii :Mi phong b c n cch b th vo, nn c tt c n! cch b th. Vn cn li l m s cch b th sao cho khng l th no ng a ch. Gi U l tp hp cc cch b th v Am l tnh cht l th th m b ng a ch. Khi theo cng thc v nguyn l b tr ta c:
N

= n! N1 + N2 ... + ( nNn, 1)

trong Nm (1 m n) l s tt c cc cch b th sao cho c m l th ng a ch. Nhn xt rng, Nm l tng theo mi cch ly m l th t n l, vi mi cch ly m l th, c (n-m)! cch b m l th ny ng a ch, ta nhn c:
m Nm = C n (n - m)! =

n! v k!

= n!(1

1 1 1 + ... + ( n 1) ), 1! 2 ! n!

m trong C n =

n! m!( n m)!

l t hp chp m ca tp n phn t (s cch chn m

1 1

i tng trong n i tng c cho). T xc sut cn tm l: 1 1! + 2 ! ... + ( n n! . Mt iu l th l xc sut ny dn n e-1 (ngha l cn > 3 ) khi 1) n kh ln. S N trong bi ton ny c gi l s mt th t v c k hiu l Dn. Di y l mt vi gi tr ca Dn, cho ta thy Dn tng nhanh nh th no so vi n: n 2 3 2 4 9 5 44 6 265 7 1854 8 14833 9 133496 10 1334961 11 14684570
1 1

Dn 1

1.4. Nguyn l DIRICHLET. 1.4.1. M u:

Gi s c mt n chim b cu bay vo chung. Nu s chim nhiu hn s ngn chung th t nht trong mt ngn c nhiu hn mt con chim. Nguyn l ny d nhin l c th p dng cho cc i tng khng phi l chim b cu v chung chim.

Mnh (Nguyn l): Nu c k+1 (hoc nhiu hn) vt c t vo

trong k hp th tn ti mt hp c t nht hai vt. Chng minh: Gi s khng c hp no trong k hp cha nhiu hn mt vt. Khi tng s vt c cha trong cc hp nhiu nht l bng k. iu ny tri gi thit l c t nht k + 1 vt. Nguyn l ny thng c gi l nguyn l Dirichlet, mang tn nh ton hc ngi c th k 19. ng thng xuyn s dng nguyn l ny trong cng vic ca mnh. V d 1: 1) Trong bt k mt nhm 367 ngi th no cng c t nht hai ngi c ngy sinh nht ging nhau bi v ch c tt c 366 ngy sinh nht khc nhau. 2) Trong k thi hc sinh gii, im bi thi c nh gi bi mt s nguyn trong khong t 0 n 100. Hi rng t nht c bao nhiu hc sinh d thi cho chc chn tm c hai hc sinh c kt qu thi nh nhau?

Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, s hc sinh cn tm l 102, v ta c 101 kt qu im thi khc nhau. 3) Trong s nhng ngi c mt trn tri t, phi tm c hai ngi c hm rng ging nhau. Nu xem mi hm rng gm 32 ci nh l mt xu nh phn c chiu di 32, trong rng cn ng vi bit 1 v rng mt ng vi bit 0, th c tt c 232 = 4.294.967.296 hm rng khc nhau. Trong khi s ngi trn hnh tinh ny l vt qu 5 t, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet ta c iu cn tm.

1.4.2. Nguyn l Dirichlet tng qut: Mnh : Nu c N vt c t vo trong k hp th s tn ti mt hp

cha t nht ]N/k[ vt. ( y, ]x[ l gi tr ca hm trn ti s thc x, l s nguyn nh nht c gi tr ln hn hoc bng x. Khi nim ny i ngu vi [x] gi tr ca hm sn hay hm phn nguyn ti x l s nguyn ln nht c gi tr nh hn hoc bng x.) Chng minh: Gi s mi hp u cha t hn ]N/k[ vt. Khi tng s vt l k (]
N N [ 1) < k = N. k k

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit l c N vt cn xp. V d 3: 1) Trong 100 ngi, c t nht 9 ngi sinh cng mt thng. Xp nhng ngi sinh cng thng vo mt nhm. C 12 thng tt c. Vy theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti mt nhm c t nht ]100/12[= 9 ngi. 2) C nm loi hc bng khc nhau. Hi rng phi c t nht bao nhiu sinh vin chc chn rng c t ra l 6 ngi cng nhn hc bng nh nhau. Gi N l s sinh vin, khi ]N/5[ = 6 khi v ch khi 5 < N/5 6 hay 25 < N 30. Vy s N cn tm l 26. 3) S m vng cn thit nh nht phi l bao nhiu m bo 25 triu my in thoi trong nc c s in thoi khc nhau, mi s c 9 ch s (gi s s in thoi c dng 0XX - 8XXXXX vi X nhn cc gi tr t 0 n 9). C 107 = 10.000.000 s in thoi khc nhau c dng 0XX - 8XXXXX. V vy theo nguyn l Dirichlet tng qut, trong s 25 triu my in thoi t nht

c ]25.000.000/10.000.000[ = 3 c cng mt s. m bo mi my c mt s cn c t nht 3 m vng.

1.4.3. Mt s ng dng ca nguyn l Dirichlet.

Trong nhiu ng dng th v ca nguyn l Dirichlet, khi nim vt v hp cn phi c la chn mt cch khn kho. Trong phn nay c vi th d nh vy. V d 4: 1) Trong mt phng hp c n ngi, bao gi cng tm c 2 ngi c s ngi quen trong s nhng ngi d hp l nh nhau. S ngi quen ca mi ngi trong phng hp nhn cc gi tr t 0 n n 1. R rng trong phng khng th ng thi c ngi c s ngi quen l 0 (tc l khng quen ai) v c ngi c s ngi quen l n 1 (tc l quen tt c). V vy theo s lng ngi quen, ta ch c th phn n ngi ra thnh n nhm. Vy theo 1 nguyn l Dirichlet tn tai mt nhm c t nht 2 ngi, tc l lun tm c t nht 2 ngi c s ngi quen l nh nhau. 2) Trong mt thng gm 30 ngy, mt i bng chuyn thi u mi ngy t nht 1 trn nhng chi khng qu 45 trn. Chng minh rng tm c mt giai on gm mt s ngy lin tc no trong thng sao cho trong giai on i chi ng 14 trn. Gi aj l s trn m i chi t ngy u thng n ht ngy j. Khi 1 a1 < a2 < ... < a30 < 45 15 a1+14 < a2+14 < ... < a30+14 < 59. Su mi s nguyn a1, a2, ..., a30, a1+ 14, a2 + 14, ..., a30+14 nm gia 1 v 59. Do theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht 2 trong 60 s ny bng nhau. V vy tn ti i v j sao cho ai = aj + 14 (j < i). iu ny c ngha l t ngy j + 1 n ht ngy i i chi ng 14 trn. 3) Chng t rng trong n + 1 s nguyn dng khng vt qu 2n, tn ti t nht mt s chia ht cho s khc. Ta vit mi s nguyn a1, a2,..., an+1 di dng aj = 2 k j qj trong kj l s nguyn khng m cn qj l s dng l nh hn 2n. V ch c n s nguyn dng l nh hn 2n nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti i v j sao cho q i = qj = q. Khi
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ai= 2 ki q v aj = 2 k j q. V vy, nu ki kj th aj chia ht cho ai cn trong trng hp ngc li ta c ai chia ht cho aj. Th d cui cng trnh by cch p dng nguyn l Dirichlet vo l thuyt t hp m vn quen gi l l thuyt Ramsey, tn ca nh ton hc ngi Anh. Ni chung, l thuyt Ramsey gii quyt nhng bi ton phn chia cc tp con ca mt tp cc phn t. V d 5. Gi s trong mt nhm 6 ngi mi cp hai hoc l bn hoc l th. Chng t rng trong nhm c ba ngi l bn ln nhau hoc c ba ngi l k th ln nhau. Gii: Gi A l mt trong 6 ngi. Trong s 5 ngi ca nhm hoc l c t nht ba ngi l bn ca A hoc c t nht ba ngi l k th ca A, iu ny suy ra t nguyn l Dirichlet tng qut, v ]5/2[ = 3. Trong trng hp u ta gi B, C, D l bn ca A. nu trong ba ngi ny c hai ngi l bn th h cng vi A lp thnh mt b ba ngi bn ln nhau, ngc li, tc l nu trong ba ngi B, C, D khng c ai l bn ai c th chng t h l b ba ngi th ln nhau. Tng t c th chng minh trong trng hp c t nht ba ngi l k th ca A. 2. Chnh hp 2.1 Chnh hp khng lp 2.1.1 Khi nim Cho tp hp A gm n phn t, gi s k l mt s t nhin tha mn 1 k n. Mi cch sp xp k phn t ca tp A thnh mt dy h gi l mt chnh hp khng lp chp k ca n phn t. 2.1.2 Cng thc tnh
k K hiu An l s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ta c:

k An =n(n-1)(n-2)(n-k+1) =

n! ( n k )!

Chng minh: xy dng mt chnh hp khng lp, ta xy dng t thnh phn u tin. Thnh phn ny c n kh nng chn. Mi thnh phn tip theo nhng kh nng chn gim i 1 (v khng c ly lp li). Ti thnh phn th k c n-k + 1 kh nng chn. Theo nguyn l nhn ta c s chnh hp
3

lp k ca tp hp n phn t k hiu l P(n, k) c tnh theo cng thc:

k An =n(n-1)(n-2)(n-k+1) =

n! ( n k )!

2.1.3 Cc v d V d 1. Tm s hm n nh c th xy dng c t tp k phn t sang tp n phn t.

k Gii: S hm n nh t tp k phn t sang tp n phn t chnh l An

V d 2. Gi s c tm vn ng vin chy thi. Ngi v nht s c nhn huy chng vng, ngi v nh nhn huy chng bc, ngi v ba nhn huy chng ng. Hi c bao nhiu cch trao huy chng nu tt c cc kt cc u c th xy ra. Gii: S cch trao huy chng chnh l s chnh hp chp 3 ca tp hp 8 phn t. V th 3 c A8 = 8.7.6 = 336 cch trao huy chng. V d 3. C bao nhiu cch chn 4 cu th khc nhau trong i bng gm 10 cu th tham gia cc trn u n. Gii: C A14 = 10.9.8.7 = 5040 cch chn. 0 2.2 Chnh hp c lp 2.2.1 Khi nim Chnh hp c lp chp k ca n phn t l mt cch sp xp c th t k phn t ca n phn t, mi phn t c th ly lp li. 2.2.2 Cng thc tnh K hiu: A k l s chnh hp lp chp k ca n phn t ta c: A k =nk n n Chng minh: Phn t u tin ca chnh hp lp c th chn c n cch, v tp c n phn t. Phn t th hai ca chnh hp lp c chn t n ca tp v phn t c th c ly lp li, tc l c n cch chn phn t ny. Tng t nh th ta c n cch chn phn t th 3, c n cch chn phn t th k. =>Theo quy tc nhn: A k =nk n 2.2.3 Cc v d: V d 1. Tnh s hm t tp c k phn t vo tp c n phn t.
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Gii: Biu din mi hm bng mt b k thnh phn, trong thnh phn th i l nh ca phn t th i (1<=i<=k). Mi thnh phn c ly ra t mt trong n gi tr. T suy ra s hm l s b k thnh phn ly t n thnh phn bng nk. V d 2. T bng ch ci ting Anh c th to ra c bao nhiu xu c di n. Gii: Bng ch ci ting Anh gm 26 k t [A..Z], s cc xu c di n c chn t 26 ch ci chnh l chnh hp lp n ca 26 phn t v bng 26n. V d 3. Tnh xc xut ly ra lin tip c 3 qu bng ra khi bnh kn cha 5 qu , 7 qu xanh nu sau mi ln ly mt qu bng ra li b n tr li bnh. Gii: S kt cc c li ta ly ra lin tip 3 qu bng l 53 v c 5 qu ta phi ly 3 qu (ch v c hon li). Ton b kt cc c th ly ra ba qu bng bt k trong 12 qu bng l 123. Nh vy, xc sut c th ly ra 3 qu bng lin tip l 53/123.

3. Hon v
3.1 Hon v ( Khng lp) 3.1.1 hi nim Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp n phn t ny thnh mt dy (khng kn gm n phn t ) gi l mt hon v ca tp hp A. 3.1.2 Cng thc tnh K hiu Pn l s cc hon v ca n phn t ta c: Pn = n! Chng minh: Ta chng minh cng thc ny da trn nguyn l nhn. Xt cng vic xy dng mt hon v ca n vt ban u. Cng vic ny c chia thnh cc bc sau: - Bc 1: Chn vt ng u: c n cch chn (n vt u c th ng u) - Bc 2: Chn vt ng th hai: c n-1 cch chn (do chn vt ng u nn by gi ta ch cn n-1 vt ) -
3

- Bc n: Chn vt cn li cui cng: ch c 1 cch duy nht. Nh vy theo nguyn l nhn, s cch xy dng hon v, cng chnh l s cc hon v ca n vt ban u l n.(n-1)2.1 = n!. 3.1.3 Cc v d V d 1. C 6 ngi xp thnh hng chp nh. Hi c th b tr chp c bao nhiu kiu khc nhau. Gii: Mi kiu nh l mt hon v ca 6 ngi. Do c 6! = 720 kiu nh khc nhau c th chp. V d 2. Cn b tr thc hin n chng trnh trn mt my tnh. Hi c bao nhiu cch b tr khc nhau. Gii: S chng trnh c nh s t 1, 2,.., n. Nh vy, s chng trnh cn thc hin trn mt my tnh l s hon v ca 1, 2,.., n. V d 3. Mt thng nhn i bn hng ti tm thnh ph. Ch ta c th bt u hnh trnh ca mnh ti mt thnh ph no nhng phi qua 7 thnh ph kia theo bt k th t no m ch ta mun. Hi c bao nhiu l trnh khc nhau m ch ta c th i. Gii: V thnh ph xut pht c xc nh. Do vy thng nhn c th chn tu 7 thnh ph cn li hnh trnh. Nh vy, tt c s hnh trnh ca thng nhn c th i qua l 7! = 5040 cch. 3.2 Hon v c lp 3.2.1 Khi nim Cho s phn t khc nhau a1, a2,, as Mt chnh hp c lp chp m ca s phn t cho, trong c k1 phn t a1, k2 phn t a2, , ks phn t as c gi l mt hon v lp cp m (m= k1+k2++ ka) v c kiu (k1, k2,,ks ) ca s phn t. 3.2.2 Cng thc tnh Cm(k1, k2,,ks )=

m! k 1!k 2 !.. k s !

Chng minh: u tin, nu xem nh n phn t l khc nhau, ta c m! hon v. Tuy nhin do c k1 phn t a1 ging nhau, nn ng vi mt hon v ban u, nu ta hon v k1 phn t ny (c k1! hon v nh vy) ta vn c hon v . Chnh v vy thc cht k1! hon v k i u n y c h l m t h o n v d o

s hon v thc s khc nhau nu c k1 phn t a1 l

m! tip k 1!

theo ta li c k2 phn t a2 khc nhau ln s hon v thc s khc nhau by gi l

m! , .. C tip tc nh vy cho n phn t as ta s c cng thc cn k 1! k 2 !

chng minh. 3.2.3 Cc v d V d: Bao nhiu cch chn 22 cu th tham d i tuyn bng Vit Nam t danh sch 30 cu th c ? Bao nhiu cch chn ra mt danh sch c th t 11 cu th thi u ? Li gii: +C P(22, 11) cch chn danh sch c th t 11 cu th t 22 cu th trong i. +C C(30, 22) cch chn ra 22 cu th t danh sch c 30 cu th. V d: T bng ch ci ting Anh c th to ra bao nhiu chui c di n ? Li gii: 26n (dng quy tc nhn) Nhn xt: y c s tng t nh chnh hp (c th t), nhng cho php s lp li ca cc ch ci. S cc chnh hp lp chp r t tp n phn t bng nr V d: C bao nhiu chui khc nhau bng cch sp xp li cc ch ci SUCCESS ? Li gii: Khng th l hon v ca 7 ch ci v. c s lp li. 3 ch S, 2 ch C, 1 ch U, 1 ch E C C(7, 3) cch chn ch cho 3 ch ci S. C C(4, 2) cch chn ch cho 2 ch ci C. C C(2, 1) cch chn ch cho 1 ch U. C C(1, 1) cch chn ch cho 1 ch E. Theo quy tc nhn ta c s chui l: C(7, 3)C(4, 2)C(2, 1)C(1, 1) = 420 3.2.4 Nhng hon v c bit

 Mt hon v "i ch" phn t th nht vi phn t th nht, phn t th hai vi phn t th hai,..., ngha l trn thc t khng i ch cc phn t, c gi l php hon v ng nht. Nu c mt hon v P, chng ta c th m t mt hon v P1, lm mt tc dng ca vic p dng php P. Ngha l, p dng php P ri n P1 cho kt qu ging nh p dng php hon v ng nht. Chng ta lun c mt hon v nh vy v mt hon v l mt php song nh. Hon v nh vy c gi l hon v nghch o. Chng ta c th nh ngha tch ca hai hon v. Nu chng ta c hai hon v, P v Q, kt qa ca vic p dng P ri n Q s ging nh vic p dng mt hon v R no . Lu rng R c th chnh l P hoc Q. Tch ca P v Q c nh ngha bng hon v R. Chi tit hn, c th c nhm i xng v nhm hon v. Mt hon v chn l mt hon v c th biu din di dng tch ca mt s chn cc php chuyn v, nh vy hon v ng nht l mt hon v chn bi v n bng (1 2)(1 2). Mt hon v l l mt hon v c th biu din di dng tch ca mt s l cc php chuyn v. C th chng t rng mi hon v hoc l chn, hoc l l v khng th c c hai tnh cht ny. Chng ta cng c th biu din hon v di dng ma trn - ma trn kt qa c gi l ma trn hon v. 3.2.5 Hon v ca tp hp c cc phn t ging nhau. Trong bi ton m, mt s phn t c th ging nhau. Khi cn phi cn thn, trnh m chng hn mt ln. Ta xt th d sau. V d :C th nhn c bao nhiu xu khc nhau bng cch sp xp li cc ch ci ca t SUCCESS? V mt s ch ci ca t SUCCESS l nh nhau nn cu tr li khng phi l s hon v ca 7 ch ci c. T ny cha 3 ch S, 2 ch C, 1 ch U v 1 ch E. xc nh s xu khc nhau c th to ra c ta nhn thy c C(7,3) cch chn 3 ch cho 3 ch S, cn li 4 ch trng. C C(4,2) cch chn 2 ch cho 2 ch C, cn li 2 ch trng. C th t ch U bng C(2,1) cch v C(1,1) cch t ch E vo xu. Theo nguyn l nhn, s cc xu khc nhau c th to c l:
3 2 1 C 7 . C 4 . C 1 . C1 = 2

7! 4 ! 2!1! 7! = = 420. 3! 2 ! 1! 1! . . . 3! 4! 2! 2 ! 1! 1! 1! 0! . . . . . . .

Mnh : S hon v ca n phn t trong c n 1 phn t nh nhau thuc loi 1, n2 phn t nh nhau thuc loi 2, ..., v nk phn t nh nhau thuc loi k, bng
3

n! . n1!. n 2 !.... n k !
n Chng minh. xc nh s hon v trc tin chng ta nhn thy c C n1 cch
n2 gi n1 ch cho n1 phn t loi 1, cn li n - n1 ch trng. Sau c C n n1 cch t

n2 phn t loi 2 vo hon v, cn li n - n1 - n2 ch trng. Tip tc t cc phn t

nk loi 3, loi 4,..., loi k - 1vo ch trng trong hon v. Cui cng c C nn1 ... nk 1

cch t nk phn t loi k vo hon v. Theo quy tc nhn tt c cc hon v c th l:

n k 2 C n1 . C n n1 .... C n n1 ... nk 1 =
n n

n! . n1!. n 2 !.... n k !

4. T hp
4.1 T hp khng lp 4.1.1 Khi nim Cho tp A gm n phn t, k l mt s nguyn tha mn 1 k n. Mi tp hp cn gm k phn t ca tp A c gi l mt t hp chp k ca tp A gm n phn t. ( Ta cng c th nh ngha theo cch khc: T hp chp k ca n phn t l mt cch chn khng phn bit th t k phn t ly t tp n phn t cho, mi phn t khng c ly lp li). V d: T tp A={1,2,3} ta c cc t hp chp 2 ca A l (1,2), (1,3), (2,3) 4.1.2 Cng thc tnh
k K hiu C n l s t hp chp k ca n phn t, ta c

k Cn =

n! k!( n k )!

Chng minh: Ta d thy rng s khc nhau gia t hp v chnh hp ch l vn c xt n hay khng xt n th t ca cc phn t c chn. i vi t hp, ta khng xt n yu t th t iu c ngha nu hon v k phn t c chn mt cch ty th t hp ca chng ban u cng khng thay i. Do ta c cng thc:
k Cn =

n! k k! An

k => C n =

n! k!( n k )!

4.1.3 Cc v d: V d 1. Trong 1 lp hc c 20 HS nam v 15 HS n. Thy gio cn 4HS nam v 3 HS n i tham gia chin dch "Ma h xanh" ca on. Hi c bao nhiu cch? Gii: Ta c cch chn 4 HS nam trong s 20 HS nam v c cch chn 3 HS n trong s 15 HS n. Theo quy tc nhn, s cch chn cn tm l: 4845.455=2204475 cch chn V d 2. Lp c 70 sinh vin, trong c 40 nam v 30 n, hi c bao nhiu cch chn ngu nhin 10 sinh vin nam v 10 sinh vin n i d i hi sinh vin ca trng? Gii: S cch chn 10 sinh vin nam trong s 40 sinh vin nam ca lp l mt 1 0 t hp chp 10 ca 40 => c C 40 cch chn 10 sinh vin nam trong s 40 sinh vin nam ca lp S cch chn 10 sinh vin n trong s 30 sinh vin n ca lp l mt t hp 10 chp 10 ca 30 => c C 30 cch chn 10 sinh vin nam trong s 30 sinh vin n ca lp
10 10 Vy theo quy tc nhn, c C 40 C 30 cch chn 20 sinh vin theo yu cu.

4.2 T hp c lp 4.2.1 Khi nim Cho t hp A gm n phn t khc nhau, A={ a1,a2,,an}, m l mt s t nhin bt k. Mt t hp c lp chp m ca n phn t cho l mt tp hp cha m phn t, trong mi phn th l mt trong n phn t cho. V d: Cho A={2,3} cc t hp lp chp 3 ca A l (2,2,3), (2,3,3), (2,2,2), (3,3,3). 4.2.2 Cng thc tnh
m K hiu C m l s t hp c lp chp m ca n phn t ta c: C m = C m +n 1 n n

Chng minh :

Mi t hp lp chp k ca mt tp hp l mt cch chn khng c th t k phn t c th lp li ca phn t cho.Nh vy mt t hp lp kiu ny l mt dy khng k th t gm k thnh phn ly t tp n phn t.Do c th k>n Mi t hp lp chp k t tp n phn t c th biu din bng mt dy n-1 thanh ng v k ngi sao.Ta dng n-1 thanh ng phn cch cc ngn.Ngn th i cha thm mt ngi sao mi ln khi phn t th i ca tp xut hin trong tp hp.Chng hn,t hp lp chp 6 ca 4 phn t c biu th bi: **| *| |*** M t t hp cha ng hai phn t th nht,mt phn t th hai,khng c phn t th ba v 3 phn t th t ca tp hp Mi dy n-1 thanh v k ngi sao ng vi mt xu nh phn di n+k-1 vi k s 1.Do s cc dy n-1 thanh ng v k ngi sao chnh l s t hp chp k t tp n+k-1 phn t. 4.2.3 Cc v d: V d 1.C bao nhiu cch chn 5 t giy bc t mt kt ng tin gm nhng t 1000, 2000, 5000, 10.000, 20.000, 50.000, 100.000.Gi s th t m cc t tin c chn l khng quan trng,cc t tin cng loi l khng phn bit v mi loi c t nht 5 t. Gii: V ta khng k ti th t chn t tin v v ta chn ng 5 ln,mi ln ly mt t 1 trong 7 loi tin nn mi cch chn 5 t giy bc ny chnh l mt t hp lp chp 5 t 7 phn t.Do s cn tm l C57+5-1 =462. V d 2 . Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh sau: x1 + x2 + x3 = 10. Gii: i vi bi ton ny, nu t x1 l s bnh c cho vo hp 1, x2 l s bnh c cho vo hp 2 v x3 l s bnh c cho vo hp 3 th bi ton trn tr thnh c bao nhiu cch cho 10 ci bnh ging nhau vo trong 3 ci hp khc nhau v kt qu cn tm l V d 3. Mt ngi M c 4 a con. Mt ngy n, ngi M c 20 ci ko v mun chia cho 4 a con sao cho mi a c t nht 2 ci ko. Hi c bao nhiu cch chia nh vy?. R rng l cch t vn y cng ging nh vic ta cho 20 ci bnh
3

ging nhau vo trong 4 ci hp khc nhau sao cho mi ci hp c t nht 2 ci bnh. R rng l ta khng th p dng ngay cng thc bit v nu nh vy th s c rt nhiu trng hp s c hp c t hn 2 bnh (thm ch l c th khng c ci bnh no). gii quyt trng hp ny, ta s cho vo mi hp hai ci bnh trc, sau mi chia 12 ci bnh cn li mt cch t do vo 4 ci hp, nh vy s cch chia tha mn yu cu ban u l: cch.

Chng trnh ci t bi ton lit k cc hon v khc nhau ca thut ton trong chui S cho trc:
3

program hoanvilap; uses crt; var s:string; sign:array[1..255] of Boolean;{Dung de danh dau} b:array[1..255] of char;{Dung de luu tam cac hoan vi cho viet ra man hinh} n:byte;{ Luu chieu dai cua xau} counter: longint;{ Dung de dem so hoan vi} Function ok(k:byte):boolean;{ Kiem tra xem co phan tu nao giong phan tu dang xet va co vi tri xuat dung truoc phan tu dang xet trong xau hay khong} var j:byte; begin ok:=true; for j:=1 to k-1 do if (s[k]=s[j]) and (not sign[j]) then begin ok:=false; break; end; end; Procedure confirm;{Xac nhan hoan vi moi va viet ra man hinh} var i:byte; begin inc(counter); write(' '); for i:=1 to n do write(b[i]); writeln; end; procedure try(i:byte); var j:byte; begin for j:=1 to n do {Tap de cu} if (not(sign[j])) and (ok(j)) {Hai dieu kien de chap nhan s[j]} then begin sign[j]:=true;{Danh dau da su dung} b[i]:=s[j]; if i=n then confirm else try(i+1); sign[j]:=false;{Tra lai trang thai chua duoc su dung} end; end; 3

procedure start;{Bat dau chuong trinh} begin writeln; writeln; writeln(' CHUONG TRINH LIET KE CAC HOAN VI CUA CAC KI TU TRONG CHUOI'); writeln; writeln(' Mon hoc: Toan Roi Rac'); writeln; writeln(' Nhom II'); writeln; writeln; write(' Type a string:'); readln(s); {Nhap vao xau ki tu} writeln; writeln(' List:'); writeln; writeln(' ***********'); n:=length(s); counter:=0; fillchar(sign,sizeof(sign),0); fillchar(b,sizeof(b),0); writeln; end; (*============================= Main ========================*) Begin clrscr; start; try(1); readln; End.

Mt s ni dung m rng:
I. Cc m rng v giai tha: Khi nim giai tha: Trong ton hc, giai tha l mt ton t mt ngi trn tp hp cc s t nhin. Cho n l mt s t nhin dng, "n giai tha", k hiu n! l tch ca n s t nhin dng u tin:
3

n! = n.(n-1).(n-2)....4.3.2.1 c bit, vi n = 0, ngi ta quy c n! = 1. K hiu n! c dng ln u bi Christian Kramp vo nm 1808. nh ngha quy Ta c th nh ngha quy (quy np) n! nh sau: 1. 0! = 1
2. (n + 1)! =n! (n + 1) vi n> 0

Cc khi nim tng t a.Giai tha nguyn t (primorial) Giai tha nguyn t ca s t nhin n2, k hiu n# l tch ca tt cc cc s nguyn t khng vt qu n. V d: 2#= 2 3#=2.3=6 4#=2.3=6 5#=2.3.5=30 6#=2.3.5=30 7#=2.3.5.7=210

b. Giai tha kp C th coi n! l tch n phn t u ca cp s cng vi phn t u bng 1 v cng sai bng 1. M rng vi cng sai bng 2 ta c: Giai tha kp l tch n phn t u ca cp s cng vi phn t u 1 v cng sai l 2.

V d: 8!! = 2 4 6 8 = 384 9!! = 1 3 5 7 9 = 945. Dy cc giai tha kp u tin l: n 012345 6 7 8 9 10

n!! 1 1 2 3 8 15 48 105 384 945 3840 nh ngha trn c th m rng cho cc s nguyn m nh sau:

Cc giai tha kp nguyn m l u tin vi n= -1, -3, -5, -7,...l: 1, -1, 1/3, -1/15 ... Mt vi ng thc vi giai tha kp:
3

- n!=n!!(n-1)!!
-

(2n)!!=2nn! (2n+1)!!=

Cng nn phn bit n!! vi (n!)!. c. Giai tha bi Ta c th tip tc m rng vi cc giai tha bi ba (n!!!),bi bn (n!!!!) .... Tng qut, giai tha bi k k hiu l n!(k), c nh ngha quy nh sau:

d. Siu giai tha (superfactorial). Siu giai tha l tch ca n giai tha u tin. sf(n)= 1!2!3!....(n-2)!(n-1)!n! ( Neil Sloane v Simon Plouffe nh ngha siu giai tha (nm 1995)) Chng hn, siu giai tha ca 4 l

Tng qut
3

Sf(n)=

!=

n-k+1

= 1n.2n-2.3n-2...(n-1)2.n1

Cc siu giai tha u tin bt u t (n = 0) l: 1, 1, 2, 12, 288, 34560, 24883200, ... Bn mu:OEIS II.

H s nh thc

nh l 1: Cho n,k l cc s nguyn dng, vi n k, khi : Ckn+1`= Ck-1n + Ckn (Hng ng thc Pascal) Chng minh: Gi s T l mt tp c n+1 phn t, gi a l mt phn t bt k ca T; S=T\{a}. Khi Ckn+1 l s cc tp con c k phn t ca tp T, hoc l cha phn t a cng vi k-1 phn t ca S, hoc l cha k phn t ca S m khng cha a. V c Ck-1n tp con cha k-1 phn t ca S v Ckn tp con cha k phn t ca tp S. Do vy, Ckn+1= Ck-1+ Ckn. Khai trin ta c hng ng thc Pascal hay tam gic Pascal:

C00 C01 C02 C03 C04 C14 C13 C24

3

C11 C12 C23 C34 C22 C33 C44

C05

C15

C25

C35

C45

C55

1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 10 3 6 10 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1

Hng ng thc Pascal ch ra rng khiu cng hai h s nh thc lin k trong tam gic s nhn c h s nh thc ca hng tip theo gia. nh l 2: Cho n s nguyn dng, khi
k

=2n

Chng minh: Mt tp hp n phn t c tt c 2n tp con khc nhau (1). Mt khc ta thy, mi tp con c hoc khng c phn t no hoc 1 phn t, hoc 2 phn t,..., hoc n phn t. S tp con c 0 phn t l S tp con c 2 phn t l
3

.................. S tp con c n phn t l Do ta c tt c c

k n k n

tp con ca tp n phn t. Kt hp vi (1) ta

=2n

nh l 3: Cho x,y l hai bin v n l mt s nguyn dng khi : (x+y)n=

k n-k k n

x y

(n2)

Chng minh: Ta chng minh h thc ny bng suy lun t hp. Cc s hng trong khai trin ca (x+y)n s c dng xn-kyk vi k=0,1,2...n. nhn c s hng dng xn-kyk ta chn x t n-k tng (x+y) v c Cn-kn cch chn nh vy, khi y c chn t k tng cn li. Do h s ca xn-kyk l Cnk n

= Ckn. H qu: Khi x=y=1 ta c

k

= 2n

Khi x=1, y=-1, ta c

k n

(-1)k= 0.

V d 1: tm khai trin ca biu thc (x+y)4 (x+y)4= C04x4+ C14x3y+ C24x2y2+ C34xy3+ C44y4
3

(x+y)4= x4+ 4x3y+ 6x2y2+ 4xy3+ y4 V d 2: Tnh h s ca x12y13 trong khai trin ca (x+y)25 C1325=

= 5200 00

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Gio trnh ton ri rc-B mn khoa hc my tnh. 2. Ton ri rc:Nguyn T Thnh. 3. Thut ton ri rc v ng dng trong tin hc:Rozen. 4. Ton ri rc Nguyn Ngc Trung H S Phm TP HCM 5. Ton ri rc Nguyn Duy Phng HV Bu Chnh Vin Thng 6. Mng Internet.

Li kt thc
Tuy c hon thin trong thi gian ngn nhng bo trnh by chi tit nhng ni dung c bn v m rng v l thuyt t hp cng nh cc vn v t hp v chnh hp suy rng cng vi cc v d c th cho mi ni dung cng vi l thut ton c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. Thn i cm n s theo di v gp ca thy c v cc bn! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nhn xt ca gio vin ph trch :