V d 1 : tm x , bit x 3 = 2 Hc sinh cha nm c ng thc lun xy ra v (2> 0 ) m vn xt hai trng hp

x-3 >0 v x -3 < 0 v gii hai trng hp tng ng .Cch lm ny cha gn

V d 2 : tm x ,bit 2 x 3 -5 = 1 Nhiu hc sinh cha nhanh chng a v dng c bn gii m xt hai trng
hp ging nh v d 1
x 1 -x = 2 (1) Hc sinh lm nh sau:
V d3 : tm x bit
Nu x-1 0 suy ra x-1 -x =2
Nu x-1<0 suy ra 1-x-x=2
Vi cch gii ny cc em khng xt ti iu kin ca x . C em thc hin (1) suy ra x 1 =x+ 2 x-1= x+2
hoc x-1= -x-2. Trong trng hp ny cc em mc sai lm trng hp khng xt iu kin ca x+2
Nh vy trong cc cch lm trn cc em lm cha kt hp cht ch iu kin hoc lm bi cn cha ngn gn
a, Yu cu hc sinh nm vng cch gii bi ton tm x c bn dng A(x) = B(x) dng ny cn nm vng quy tc b
du ngoc ,chuyn v
A A 0
A = A ;
A 0
b, nh l v tnh cht v gi tr tuyt i . A =
;
A A < 0
c , Du ca nh thc bc nht
NH L: Nh thc bc nht f(x) = ax + b cng du vi h s a khi xln hn nghim v tri du vi h s a khi x nh
hn nghim ca n.
CHNG MINH
t
, ta vit nh thc bc nht f(x) = ax + b nh sau:
Khi x > x0 th x - x0 > 0 nn du ca a(x - x0) trng vi du ca a.
Khi x < x0 th x - x0 > 0 nn du ca a(x - x0) tri vi du ca a.
Kt qu ca nh l trn c tm tt trong bng sau:

Ta gi bng ny l bng xt du nh thc f(x) = ax + b.

1.Mt s dng c bn
1.1 Dng c bn A( x ) = B vi B 0
a, Cch tm phng php gii : ng thc c xy ra khng ? V sao ? Nu ng thc xy ra cn p dng kin
thc no b du gi tr tuyt i ( p dng tnh cht gi tr tuyt i ca hai s i nhau th bng nhau )
b. Phng php gii: Ta ln lt xt A(x) = B hoc A(x) = -B
c.V d
x 1,7 = 2,3
V d 1 : Tm x , bit
ng thc c xy ra v x 1,7 0 v 2,3 0. Cn p dng kin thc no gii , b c du gi tr tuyt i ( p
dng tnh cht gi tr tuyt i ca hai s i nhau th bng nhau )
Bi gii
x 1,7 = 2,3 x-1,7= 2,3 ; hoc x-1,7 = -2,3
+ Xt x-1,7= 2,3 x= 2,3 + 1,7 x= 4
+ Xt x-1,7 = -2,3 x = -2,3 +1,7 x=-0,6
Vy x=4 hoc x=-0,6. T v d n gin ,pht trin a ra v d kh dn
3 1
x + = 0 . Vi bi ny ti t cu hi Lm sao a
V d 2 : ( bi 25b SGK trang 16 tp 1) Tm x bit
4 3
3 1
v dng c bn hc . T hc sinh bin i a v dng x =
4 3
3 1
3 1
3 1
3
1
x+ =0 x =
x - =
Bi gii
hoc x - = 1
4 3
4 3
4 3
4
3

3 1
13
= x =
4 3
12
3
1
5
+ Xt x - = - x =
4
3
12
13
5
Vy x =
hoc x =
12
12
V d 3 Tm x ,bit 3 9 2 x -17 =16 9 2 x = 11
Bi gii
3 9 2 x -17 = 16 3 9 2 x = 33 9 2 x = 11 9-2x =11 hoc 9-2x = -11
+ Xt 9-2x
=11 -2x = 2 x= -1
+ Xt 9-2x = -11 -2x = - 20 x= 10
Vy x= -1 hoc x= 10
1.2 Dng c bn A(x) = B(x) ( trong biu thc B (x) c ch bin x
a, Cch tm phng php gii: Cng t cu hi gi m nh trn , hc sinh thy c ng thc khng xy ra
khi B(x) <0. Vy cn p dng kin thc no c th da vo dng c bn suy lun tm ra cch gii bi ton trn
khng ? C th tm ra my cch ?
b, Phng php gii
A(x) = B(x)
Cch 1 : ( Da vo tnh cht )
Vi iu kin B(x) 0 ta c A(x) = B(x) hoc A(x) = - B(x) sau gii hai trng hp vi iu kin B(x) 0
Cch 2 : Da vo nh ngha xt cc qu trnh ca bin ca biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i A(x) = B(x)
+Xt A(x) 0 x? Ta c A(x) = B(x) ( gii tm x tho mn A(x) 0 )
+ Xt A(x) < 0 x? Ta c A(x) = - B(x) ( gii tm x tho mn A(x) < 0)
+ Kt lun : x =?
Lu : Qua hai dng trn ti cho hc sinh phn bit r s ging nhau ( u cha mt du gi tr tuyt i ) v khc
nhau ( A(x) =m 0 dng c bit ca dng hai
Nhn mnh cho hc sinh thy r c phng php gii loi ng thc cha mt du gi tr tuyt i , l a v
dng A =B (Nu B 0 l dng c bit,cn B<0 th ng thc khng xy ra . Nu B l biu thc c cha bin l
dng hai v gii bng cch 1 ) hoc ta i xt cc trng hp xy ra i vi biu thc trong gi tr tuyt i
c, V d
V d 1 Tm x ,bit : 8 2 x = x- 2
Cch 1 : Vi x-2 0 x 2 ta c 8-2x = x-2 hoc 8-2x = -( x-2 )
10
+ Nu 8-2x = x-2 -3x = -10 x=
(Tho mn)
3
10
+ Nu 8 - 2x = -( x-2) 8- 2x = -x +2 x= 6 (Tho mn). Vy x=
hoc x= 6
3
10
Cch 2 :+ Xt 8-2x 0 x 4 ta c 8-2x = x-2 x=
(Tho mn)
3
10
+ Xt 8-2x <0 x> 4 ta c -(8-2x) = x-2 x= 6(Tho mn). Vy x=
hoc x= 6
3
V d 2 Tm x ,bit x 3 -x = 5
+ Xt x -

Cch 1 : x 3 -x = 5 x 3 = x+5
Vi x+5 0 x -5 ta c x-3 = x+5 hoc x-3 =-( x+5)
+ Nu x-3 = x+5 0x = 8 ( loi )
x-3 = -x-5 2x= -2 x=-1 ( Tho mn). Vy x= -1
+ Nu x-3 =-( x+5)
Cch 2 : x 3 -x = 5
3 ta c x-3 -x= 5 0x= 8 ( loi )
+ Xt x-3 0 x

+ Xt x-3<0 x< 3 ta c -(x-3) -x = 5 -x+3 -x=5 2x= -2 x=-1 ( Tho mn). Vy x= -1

1.3 Dng A( x ) + B ( x ) =0
a, Cch tm phng php gii Vi dng ny ti yu cu hc sinh nhc li kin thc v c im ca gi tr tuyt
i ca mt s ( gi tr tuyt i ca mt s l mt s khng m ) . Vy tng ca hai s khng m bng khng khi no ?
( c hai s u bng khng ) . Vy bi ny tng trn bng khng khi no ? ( A(x) =0 v B(x)=0 ) >T ta tm x tho
mn hai iu kin : A(x) =0 v B(x)=0
b, Phng php gii Tm x tho mn hai iu kin : A(x) =0 v B(x)=0
c, V d Tm x , bit
2
1, x + 2 + x + 2 x =0
2
2, x + x + ( x + 1)( x 2 ) =0
Bi gii
x + 2 + x 2 + 2 x =0 x + 2 =0 v x 2 + 2 x =0
1,

+ Xt x + 2 =0 x+2=0

x=-2 (1)

2
+ Xt x + 2 x =0 x2 +2x=0 x(x+2) =0 x=0 hoc x+2 =0 x=-2 (2) Kt hp (1)v (2) x=-2

2,

x 2 + x + ( x + 1)( x 2 ) =0 x 2 + x =0 v ( x + 1)( x 2 ) =0

2
+ Xt x + x =0 x2 + x=0 x(x+1) =0 x=0 hoc x+1 =0 x=-1 (1)

+ Xt ( x + 1)( x 2 ) =0 ( x+1)(x-2) =0 x+1=0 hoc x-2 =0 x=-1 hoc x=2 (2)

Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c x= -1
Lu : dng ny ti lu cho hc sinh phi ghi kt lun gi tr tm c th gi tr phi tho mn hai ng
thc A( x ) =0 v B ( x ) =0

2 Dng m rng : A( x ) = B ( x ) hay A( x ) - B ( x ) =0

a, Cch tm phng php gii Trc ht ti t vn hc sinh thy y l dng c bit ( v ng thc lun
xy ra v c hai v u khng m) , t cc em tm ti hng gii .
Cn p dng kin thc no v gi tr tuyt i b c u gi tr tuyt i v cn tm ra phng php gii ngn
gn . C hai cch gii : Xt cc trng hp xy ra ca A(x) v B(x) (da vo nh ngha )v cch gii da vo tnh cht
2 s i nhau c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau suy ra ngay A(x) =B(x) ; A(x) =-B(x) ( v y c hai v u khng m
do A( x ) 0 v B ( x ) 0). hc sinh la chn cch gii nhanh ,gn ,hp l cc em c thc tm ti trong gii
ton v ghi nh c
b, Phng php gii
Cch 1 : Xt cc trng hp xy ra ca A(x) v B(x) ph gi t tuyt i
Cch 2 : da vo tnh cht 2 s i nhau c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau ta tm x tho mn mt trong hai iu kin A(x)
=B(x) hoc A(x) =-B(x)
C, V d
V d 1 : Tm x ,bit x + 4 = 2 x 1 x+4 = 2x-1 hoc x+4 =-(2x-1)
+ Xt x+4 = 2x-1 x=5
+ Xt x+4 =-(2x-1) x+4 = -2x +1 x=-1 . Vy x=5 hoc x=-1
x2 + x+4 =8
V d 2: Tm x , bit
Bc 1 : Lp bng xt du :
Trc ht cn xc nh nghim ca nh thc :
x-2=0 x=2 v x+4 =0 x=-4
Trn bng xt du xp theo th t gi tr ca x phi t nh n ln .
X
-4
2
x-2
0
+
X+4

+
-

+
3

Bc 2: Da vo bng xt du cc trng hp xy ra theo cc khong gi tr ca bin .Khi xt cc trng hp xy ra

khng c b qua iu kin A=0 m kt hp vi iu kin A >0 ( v d -4 x<2)
C th : Da vo bng xt du ta c cc trng hp sau :
+ Nu x<-4 ta c x-2<0 v x+4 <0 nn x 2 = 2-x v x + 4 = -x-4
ng thc tr thnh 2-x -x-4 = 8 -2x = 10 x=-5 ( tho mn x< -4)
+ Nu -4 x<2 ta c x 2 = 2-x v x + 4 = x+4
ng thc tr thnh 2-x +x+ 4 = 8 => 0x= 2 (vl )
+ Nu x 2 ta c x 2 =x-2 v x + 4 = x+4
ng thc tr thnh x-2 + x+4 =8 2x= 6; x=3 (tho mn x 2 ) Vy x=-5 ; x=3
Lu : Qua hai cch gii trn ti cho hc sinh so snh thy c li th trong mi cch gii . cch gii hai thao
tc gii s nhanh hn ,d dng xt du trong cc khong gi tr hn , nht l cc dng cha 3 ; 4 du gi tr tuyt i (
nn thc la chn cch gii)
x 1 3 x 3 + 5 x 6 = 8 (1)
V d 3 : Tm x ,bit
Nu gii bng cch 1 s phi xt nhiu trng hp xy ra ,di v mt nhiu thi gian . Cn gii bng cch hai (lp
bng xt du ).
x
1
3
6
x-1
+
+
+
0
x-3
+
0
+
x-6
0
+

+ Nu x<1 th (1)
1-x +3x-9 +30 -5x =8
x=14/3 (loi)
+ Nu 1 x<3 th (1) x-1 +3x-9 +30 -5x =8 x=6 (loi)
+ Nu 3 x<6 th (1) x-1 -3x+9 +30 -5x =8 x=30/7 (tho mn )
+ Nu x 6 th (1) x-1 -3x +9 +5x -30 =8 x=10 (tho mn )
Vy x= 30/7 ; x=10
Tuy nhin vi cch hai s d mc sai st v du trong khi lp bng ,nn khi xt du cc biu thc trong du gi tr
tuyt i cn phi ht sc lu v tun theo ng quy tc lp bng . Mt iu cn lu cho hc sinh l kt hp
trng hp trong khi xt cc trng hp xy ra tho mn biu thc 0(tI a ra v d c th khc phc cho
hc sinh ).
V d 4 : Tm x bit x 4 + x 9 = 5 . Lp bng xt du
x
4
9
x-4
x-9

0
-

+
-

+
0
+ Xt cc trng hp xy ra , trong vi x 9 th ng thc tr thnh x-4 + x-9 =5
x=9 tho mn x 9 , nh vy nu khng kt hp vi x=9 x-9=0 m ch xt t x>9
x-9>0 th s b qua mt gi tr x=9
T nhng dng c bn a ra cc dng bi tp m rng khc v loi ton ny: dng lng du ,dng cha t ba du
gi tr tuyt i tr ln.
+ Xt 4 x<9 ta c x-4 +9-x =5 0x=0 tho mn vi mi x sao cho 4 x<9
+ Xt x<4 ta c 4-x+9-x =5 x=4 (loi). Vy 4 x 9
3.phng php gii v cch tm phng php gii
phng php gii : tm x trong ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i
Phng php 1 : Nu A =B ( B 0) th suy ra A=B hoc A=-B khng cn xt ti iu kin ca bin x
Phng php 2 :S dng tnh cht A = A v A 0 gii dng A = A V A( x )

= B ( x ) , A( x ) =B(x)
4

Phng php 3 : Xt khong gi tr ca bin ( da vo nh ngha ) b du gi tr tuyt i , thng gii vi

dng A( x ) =B(x) hay A( x ) = B ( x ) +C
Cch tm ti phng php gii : Ct li ca vic gii bi ton tm x trong ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i
l cch b du gi tr tuyt i .
+ Trc ht dng bi ri vo dng c bit khng ? ( c a v dng c bit c khng). Nu l dng c bit A
=B ( B 0) hay A = B th p dng tnh cht gi tr tuyt i (gii bng phng php 1 nu ) khng cn xt ti iu
kin ca bin .
+ Khi xc nh c dng c th ngh cch no lm nhanh hn .gn hn th la chn
Ta bit, hai phng php kh du gi tr tuyt i cho cc phng trnh dng | ax + b | = cx + d v |ax + b | = | cx + d | .
Ngoi ra, gii cc phng trnh (bt phng trnh) cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i, ta c th kh du gi tr tuyt i bng
cch xt du nh thc ax + b. C th l, chia tp xc nh ca phng trnh (bt phng trnh) thnh nhiu khong (na khong,
on) khc nhau, trn cc khong (na khong, on) ta gii cc phng trnh khng cha gi tr tuyt i.
Gii phng trnh:| x - 1 | + | 2x - 4 | = 3.

(1)

Theo nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ta c:

Lp bng kh du gi tr tuyt i chung cho: | x - 1 | , | 2x - 4 | v phng trnh (1):

Trn khong (-; 1), ta c: (1)

-3x + 5 = 3

(loi). Trn na khong [2; +), ta c: (1)

(tmk: x < 1). Trn na khong [1;2), ta c: (1)

3x - 5 = 3

-x + 3 = 3

x=0

(tmk: x 2). Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim l:

v
CH : Khi gii phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i bng phng php lp bng nh trn, ta cn lu rng: Tp
nghim ca phng trnh ban u l hp ca cc tp nghim trn tng khong. y cng l iu cn ch khi gii mt bt
phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i.

Gii bt phng trnh | - 2x + 1 | + x - 3 < 5. Theo nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ta c:

T ta c bng kh du gi tr tuyt i sau:

Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l hp ca hai khong:

CH : Bng cch p dng tnh cht ca gi tr tuyt i ta c th d dng gii cc bt phng trnh dng |f(x)| a v |
f(x)| a vi a > 0 cho. Vi a > 0 ta c:
5