BI 1.

CM BIN NHIT Trong tt c cc i lng vt l, nhit l mt trong cc i lng c quan tm nhiu nht v nhit ng vai tr quyt nh n nhiu tnh cht ca vt cht. Nhit c th lm nh hng n cc i lng chu tc dng ca n. Th d nh p sut, th tch ca cht khvv. Bi vy trong cng nghip cng nh i sng hng ngy phi o nhit . Dng c o nhit n gin nht l nhit k s dng hin tng gin n nhit. ch to cc b cm bin nhit ngi ta s dng nhiu nguyn l cm bin khc nhau nh: Phng php quang da trn s phn b ph bc x nhit do dao ng nhit (hiu ng Doppler). Phng php da trn s gin n ca vt rn, cht lng hoc cht kh (vi p sut khng i) hoc da trn tc m.

1.1.1

Phng php in da trn s ph thuc ca cc in tr vo nhit . o c tr s chnh xc ca nhit l vn khng n gin. Nhit l i lng ch c th o gin tip trn c s tnh cht ca vt ph thuc vo nhit . Trc khi o nhit ta cn cp n thang o nhit . 1.1 i cng Thang o nhit . Vic xc nh thang nhit xut pht t cc nh lut nhit ng hc. Thang o nhit tuyt i c xc nh da trn tnh cht ca kh l tng. nh lut Carnot nu r: Hiu sut ca mt ng c nhit thun nghch hot ng gia 2 ngun c nhit 1 v 2 trong mt thang o bt k ch ph thuc vo 1 v 2:

F(1) F( 2 )

Dng ca hm F ch ph thuc vo thang o nhit . Ngc li, vic la chn hm F s quyt nh thang o nhit . t F() = T chng ta s xc nh T nh l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i v hiu sut ca ng c nhit thun nghch s c vit nh sau:

= 1

T1 T2

Trong : T1 v T2 l nhit nhit ng hc tuyt i ca hai ngun.

Thang Kelvin Nm 1664 Robert Hook thit lp im khng l im ng ca nc ct.Thomson (Kelvin) nh vt l Anh, nm 1852 xc nh thang nhit . Thang Kelvin n v l 0K, ngi ta gn cho nhit ca im cn bng ca 3 trng thi nc nc hi mt tr s bng 273,15 0K. Thang Celsius Nm 1742 Andreas Celsius l nh vt l Thy in a ra thang nhit bch phn. Trong thang ny n v o nhit l 0C, mt Celsius bng mt Kelvin. Quan h gia nhit Celsius v nhit Kelvin c xc nh bng biu thc: T(0C) = T(0K) 273,15 Thang Fahrenheit Nm 1706 Fahrenheit nh vt l H Lan a ra thang nhit c im nc tan l 320 v si 2120. n v nhit l Fahrenheit (0F). Quan h gia nhit Celsius v Fahrenheit c cho theo biu thc:

12

} T(0C) = T(0F) 32
T(0F) =

5 9

9 0 T( C) + 32 5

Bng 1.1 Thng s c trng ca mt s thang o nhit khc nhau Nhit im 0 tuyt i Hn hp nc nc Cn bng nc nc hi nc Nc si 1.1.2 Kelvin (0K) 0 273,15 273,16 373,15 Celsius (0C) -273,15 0 0,01 100 Fahrenheit (0F) -459,67 32 32,018 212

Nhit c o v nhit cn o. Nhit o c: Nhit o c nh mt in tr hay mt cp nhit, chnh bng nhit ca cm bin v k hiu l TC. N ph thuc vo nhit mi trng TX v vo s trao i nhit trong . Nhim v ca ngi thc nghim l lm th no gim hiu s TX TC xung nh nht. C hai bin php gim s khc bit gia TX v TC: - Tng trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng o. - Gim trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng bn ngoi. o nhit trong lng vt rn Thng thng cm bin c trang b mt lp v bc bn ngoi. o nhit ca mt vt rn bng cm bin nhit , t b mt ca vt ngi ta khoan mt l nh ng knh bng r v su bng L. L ny dng a cm bin vo su trong cht rn. tng chnh xc ca kt qu phi m bo hai iu kin: - Chiu su ca l khoan phi bng hoc ln hn gp 10 ln ng knh ca n (L 10r). - Gim tr khng nhit gia vt rn v cm bin bng cch gim khong cch gia v cm bin v thnh l khoan. khong cch gia v cm bin v thnh l khoan phi c lp y bng mt vt liu dn nhit tt. 1.2 Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel

1.2.1 in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit

S chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch theo mt hng hnh thnh mt dng in trong kim loi. S chuyn ng ny c th do mt lc c hc hay in trng gy nn v in tch c th l m hay dng dch chuyn vi chiu ngc nhau. dn in ca kim loi rng t l nghch vi nhit hay in tr ca kim loi c h s nhit dng. Trong hnh 1.1 ta c cc c tuyn in tr ca cc kim loi theo nhit . Nh th in tr kim loi c h s nhit in tr dng PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient): in tr kim loi tng khi nhit tng. hiu ng ny c th s dng c trong vic o nhit , h s nhit cn phi ln.iu c ngha l c s thay i in tr kh ln i vi nhit . Ngoi ra cc tnh cht ca kim loi khng c thay i nhiu sau mt thi gian di. H s nhit khng ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v khng b nh hng bi cc ha cht. Gia nhit v in tr thng khng c s tuyn tnh, n c din t bi mt biu thc a cp cao: R(t) = R0 (1 + A.t + B.t2 + C.t3 +)

13

in tr St

ng

Than

200

400

600

800

Nhit

Hnh 1.1: Cc c tuyn in tr ca cc kim loi theo nhit . - R0: in tr c xc nh mt nhit nht nh. - t2, t3: cc phn t c ch nhiu hay t ty theo yu cu chnh xc ca php o. - A, B, C: cc h s ty theo vt liu kim loi v din t s lin h gia nhit v in tr mt cch r rng. Thng thng c tnh ca nhit in tr c th hin bi ch mt h s a (alpha), n thay th cho h s nhit trung bnh trong thang o (v d t 00C n 1000C.) alpha = (R100 - R0) / 100. R0 (C-1) 1.2.2 Nhit in tr Platin Platin l vt liu cho nhit in tr c dng rng ri trong cng nghip. C 2 tiu chun i vi nhit in tr platin, s khc nhau gia chng nm mc tinh khit ca vt liu. Hu ht cc quc gia s dng tiu chun quc t DIN IEC751-1983 (c sa i ln th nht vo nm 1986, ln th 2 vo nm 1995), USA vn tip tc s dng tiu chun ring. c 2 tiu chun u s dng phng trnh Callendar - Van Dusen: R(t) = R0 (1 + A.t + B.t2 + C[t - 1000C].t3) R0 l tr s in tr nh mc 00C. Standard Alpha R0 ohms/ohm/C ohms H s 200C < t < 0C A = 3.90830x10-3 B = -5.77500x10-7 C = -4.18301x10-12 0C < t < 850C A &B nh trn, ring C = 0.0 t nc c, o, B, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cng ha Czech, an mch, Ai Cp, Phn Lan, Php, c, Israel, , Nht, Ba Lan, Rumania, Nam phi, Th Nh K, Nga, Anh, USA

IEC751 (Pt100)

0.00385055

100

14

SAMA RC-4

0.0039200

98.129

A= 3.97869x10-3 B = -5.86863x10-7 C = -4.16696x10-12

USA

R0 ca nhit in tr Pt 100 l 100, ca Pt 500 l 500, ca Pt 1000 l 1000. Cc loi Pt 500, Pt 1000 c h s nhit ln hn, do nhy ln hn: in tr thay i mnh hn theo nhit . ngoi ra cn c loi Pt 10 c nhy km dng o nhit trn 6000C. Tiu chun IEC751 ch nh ngha 2 ng cp dung sai A, B. Trn thc t xut hin thm loi C v D (xem bng pha di). Cc tiu chun ny cng p dng cho cc loi nhit in tr khc. ng cp dung sai A B C D Dung sai (C) t = (0.15 + 0.002.| t |) t = (0.30 + 0.005. | t |) t = (0.40 + 0.009. | t |) t = (0.60 + 0.0018. | t |)

Theo tiu chun DIN vt liu platin dng lm nhit in tr c pha tp. Do khi b cc tp cht khc thm thu trong qu trnh s dng s thay i tr s in ca n t hn so vi cc platin rng. Nh th c s n nh lu di theo thi gian, thch hp hn trong cng nghip. Trong cng nghip nhit in tr platin thng dng c ng knh 30m (so snh vi ng knh si tc khong 100m). 1.2.3 Nhit in tr nickel Nhit in tr nickel so vi platin r tin hn v c h s nhit ln gn gp hai ln (6,18.10-3 0C-1). Tuy nhin di o ch t -600C n +2500C, v trn 3500C nickel c s thay i v pha. Cm bin nickel 100 thng dng trong cng nghip iu ha nhit phng. R(t) = R0 (1 + A.t +B.t2 +D.t4 +F.t6) A = 5.485x10-3 B = 6.650x10-6 D = 2.805x10-11 F = -2.000x10-17. Vi cc trng hp khng i hi s chnh xc cao ta s dng phng trnh sau: R(t) = R0 (1 + a.t) a = alpha= 0.00672 0C-1 T d dng chuyn i thnh gi tr nhit : t = (Rt / R0 - 1) / a = (Rt / R0 - 1) / 0.00672

Hnh 1.2: ng c tnh cm bin nhit ZNI1000

15

Cm bin nhit ZNI1000 do hng ZETEX Semiconductors sn xut s dng nhit in tr Ni, c thit k c gi tr 1000 ti 00C.

1.2.4 Cch ni dy o
Nhit in tr thay i in tr theo nhit . Vi mt dng in khng thay i qua nhit in tr, ta c in th o c U = R.I. cm bin khng b nng ln qua php o, dng in cn phi nh khong 1mA. Vi Pt 100 0C ta c in th khong 0,1V. in th ny cn c a n my o qua dy o. Ta c 4 k thut ni dy o.

Hnh 1.3 Cch ni dy nhit in tr Tiu chun IEC 751 yu cu dy ni n cng u nhit in tr phi c mu ging nhau ( hoc trng) v dy ni n 2 u phi khc mu. K thut hai dy

Hnh 1.4 Gia nhit in tr v mch in t c ni bi hai dy. Bt c dy dn in no u c in tr, in tr ny ni ni tip vi nhit in tr. Vi hai in tr ca hai dy o, mch in tr s nhn c mt in th cao hn in th cn o. Kt qu ta c ch th nhit k cao hn nhit cn o. Nu khong cch qu xa, in tr dy o c th ln n vi Ohm V d vi dy ng: Din tch mt ct dy o: 0,5mm2 in tr sut: Chiu di: 0,0017mm2m-1 100m

R = 6,8 , vi 6,8 tng ng cho nhit in tr Pt 100 mt thay i nhit l 17 0C. trnh sai s ca php o do in tr ca dy o gy ra, ngi ta b tr in tr ca dy o bng mt mch in nh sau: Mt bin tr b tr c ni vo mt trong hai dy o v nhit in tr c thay th bng mt in tr 100. Mch in t c thit k vi in tr d phng ca dy o l 10 . Ta chnh bin tr sao cho c ch th 00C: Bin tr v in tr ca dy o l 10 .

K thut 3 dy:

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Hnh 1.5 T nhit in tr ca dy o c ni thm (h1.2b). Vi cch ni dy ny ta c hai mch o c hnh thnh, mt trong hai mch c dng lm mch chun. Vi k thut 3 dy, sai s cho php o do in tr dy o v s thay i ca n do nhit khng cn na. Tuy nhin 3 dy o cn c cng tr s k thut v c cng mt nhit . K thut 3 dy rt ph bin. K thut 4 dy.

Hnh 1.6 Vi k thut 4 dy ngi ta t kt qu o tt nht. Hai dy c dng cho mt dng in khng i qua nhit in tr. Hai dy khc c dng lm dy o in th trn nhit in tr. Trng hp tng tr ng vo ca mch o rt ln so vi in tr dy o, in tr dy o coi nh khng ng k. in th o c khng b nh hng bi in tr dy o v s thay i ca n do nhit. K thut 2 dy vi b bin i tn hiu o. Ngi ta vn c th dng hai dy o m khng b sai s cho php o vi b bin i tn hiu o. B bin i tn hiu o bin i tn hiu ca cm bin thnh mt dng in chun, tuyn tnh so vi nhit c cng t 4mA 20mA. Dng in nui cho b bin i c ti qua hai dy o vi cng khong 4mA. Vi k thut ny tn hiu c khuch i trc khi truyn ti do khng b nhiu nhiu. 1.2.5 Cc cu trc ca cm bin nhit platin v nickel Nhit in tr vi k thut dy qun. Nhit in tr vi v gm: Si platin c gi cht trong ng gm s vi bt oxit nhm. Di o t -2000C n 8000C. Nhit in tr vi v thy tinh: loi ny c bn c hc v nhy cao. Di o t - 2000C n 4000C, c dng trong mi trng ha cht c n mn ha hc cao. Nhit in tr vi v nha: Gia 2 lp nha polyamid dy platin c ng knh khong 30mm c dn kn. Vi cu trc mng, cm bin ny c dng o nhit b mt cc ng hay cun dy bin th.

17

Di o t -800C n 2300C. Nhit in tr vi k thut mng mng Cu trc cm bin gm mt lp mng mng (platin) t trn nn ceramic hoc thy tinh. Tia lazer c s dng chun ha gi tr in tr ca nhit in tr.

Hnh 1.7: Cu trc nhit in tr kim loi dy qun (v ceramic)

Hnh 1.8: Cu trc nhit in tr kim loi dng mng mng (v ceramic) 1.2.6 Mch ng dng vi nhit in tr platin ADT70 l IC do hng Analog Devices sn xut, cung cp s kt hp l tng vi Pt1000, ta s c di o nhit rng. N cng c th s dng vi Pt100. Trong trng hp c s cch bit, vi nhit in tr paltin k thut mng mng, ADT70 c th o t 500C n 5000C, cn vi nhit in tr platin tt, c th o n 10000C. chnh ca h thng gm ADT70 v nhit in tr platin thang o -200 0C 10000C ph thuc nhiu vo phm cht ca nhit in tr platin. Cc thng s thit b ADT70: Sai s: 10C in p hot ng: 5V hoc 5V Nhit hot ng: -40 n 125 0C (dng 20-lead DIP, SO packages) ng dng: Thit b di ng B iu khin nhit ADT70 c 2 thnh phn chnh: Ngun dng c th iu chnh v b phn khuch i. ngun dng c s dng cung cp cho nhit in tr v in tr tham chiu. B phn khuch i so snh in p trn nhit in tr v in p trn in tr tham chiu, sau a ra tn hiu in p tng ng vi nhit . (ADT70 cn c 1 opamp, 1 ngun p 2,5 V).

Hnh 1.9: S khi ADT70 Di o ca ADT70 ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh ca nhit in tr. V vy, iu quan trng l phi chn la nhit in tr thch hp vi ng dng thc t

18

Hnh 1.10: S hot ng c bn hnh 1.10, mch dng nhit in tr PT1000 v in tr tham chiu 1000 , in tr 49,9 k dc ni vo RGA(chn 11) v RGB (chn 12), chn BIAS (chn 4) c ni vi VREFOUT (chn 3),lc ny s c hng trnh chuyn i nh sau:

Nu nhit in tr Pt c h s alpha=0,00385 0C-1(hay gi tr in tr tng 3,85 /0C), in p ra s c t l nh sau 5mV/0C. H s khuch i thng l 1,30 (vi in tr ni gia RGA v RGB l 49,9 K (gi l RGain). Ta c th thay i h s khuch i theo phng trnh sau: H s khuch i = 1,30.(

49,9k ) RGain

o c nhit di 00C (dng Pt1000) th chn VS phi c cung cp in p t nht l -1V, chn -VS c th ni t khi ta o nhit trn 00C. Cc chn GND Sense (chn 13), DGND (chn 15) v AGND (chn 2) u ni t. ADT70 s ngng hot ng khi chn mc thp, hot ng li khi n mc cao. nu kh6ng s dng chn th nn ni vi ngun VS. t c s chnh xc cao hn gi tr ca ngun dng c th dng bin tr 50 k ni chn NULLA (chn 5) v NULLB (chn 6), im gi ca bin tr ni vi chn +VS (chn 20). Chn Bias (chn 4) c kt ni vi in p tham chiu VREFOUT (chn 3), tuy nhin cng c th s dng 1 ngun in p tham chiu t bn ngoi.

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Hnh 1.11: Mch o s dng k thut 4 dy loi tr nh hng ca in tr dy dn, mch o dng k thut 4 dy c s dng. hnh trn,in tr dy dn t ngun dng n in tr tham chiu v nhit in tr khng lin quan n kt qu o v b phn khuch i ch so snh s khc nhau gi mc in p trn nhit in tr v in tr tham chiu. bn cnh hu nh khng c dng i t Node A, Node C vo b phn khuch i, nh vy s khng c sai s do in tr dy dn gy ra. Mc in p o c cng c th sai do s khc gi in p Node D v Node B (do s khc nhau v in tr dy dn t im ni t n 2 im trn). Bng cch ni ni im Node B v Node D n 2 ng vo ca opamp, ri ni ng ra ca opamp vo im Node D ta s c mc in p nh nhau hai im Node B v Node D. 1.2.7 Mch ng dng vi nhit din tr Ni Zni 1000 vi ZMR500 c dng vi DVM nh l nhit k

Hnh 1.12

20

ZMR 500 l thit b n p dng tnh, c thit k cho nhng trng hp dng tnh c bit thp, c bit l tng cho nhng trng hp i hi mc nng lng thp. Cc thng s ca thit b ZMR 500: Vin = 7 25V Vout = 5 V

I out = 70 A 50mA
Gi tr dng khng i c chn l 6 mA nh trn hnh v (nhng chnh xc l 6,0623 mA) c in p ra l 1V ti 1000C. Bin tr 500 c dng chnh chnh xc gi tr ra l 1V ti 1000C. Thit b DVM o s c sai s 20C trn thang o t -550C ti 1500C. 1.3 Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic

Cm bin nhit vi vt liu silic ang ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng in t. Vi cm bin silic, bn cnh c im tuyn tnh, s chnh xc, ph tn thp, v c th c tch hp trong 1 IC cng vi b phn khuch i v cc yu cu x l tn hiu khc.H thng tr nn nh gn, mc phc tp cao hn v chy nhanh hn. K thut cm bin nhit truyn thng nh cp nhit, nhit in tr c c tuyn khng tuyn tnh v yu cu s iu chnh c th chuyn i chnh xc t gi tr nhit sang i lng in (dng hoc p), ang c thay th dn bi cc cm bin silic vi li im l s nh gn ca mch in tch hp v d s dng. 1.3.1. Nguyn tc

21

Hnh 1.13 th hin cu trc c bn ca mt cm bin. kch thc ca cm bin l 500 x 500 x 200 m. Mt trn ca cm bin l mt lp SiO2 c mt vng hnh trn c m kim loi c ng knh khong 20m, ton b mt y c m kim loi.

Hnh 1.13

Hnh 1.14 biu din mch in tng ng tng trng thay th cho cm bin silic (sn xut theo nguyn tc in tr phn ri (spreading resistance)).S sp xp ny dn n s phn b dng qua tinh th c dng hnh nn, y l ngun gc ca tn gi in tr phn ri(spreading resistance).

Hnh 1.14 in tr in tr cm bin nhit R c xc nh nh sau:

R = / .d
R: in tr cm bin nhit. : in tr sut ca vt liu silic ( l thuc vo nhit ). d: ng knh ca hnh trn vng m kim loi mt trn. Hnh 1.15 th hin loi kt cu th hai ca cm bin. Li im ca kiu kt cu ny l in tr cm bin khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in. Tri li kiu kt cu th nht, dnh cho dng in ln hn v nhit trn 1000C, s thay i in tr ca cm bin nh. Cm bin nhit silic vi nguyn tc in tr phn ri c h s nhit dng nh trng hp cm bin nhit vi vt liu platin hay nickel.

Hnh 1.15: Kt cu gm hai cm bin mc ni tip nhng ngc cc tnh.

1.3.2. c trng k thut c bn ca dng cm bin KTY (hng Philips sn xut) 22

Vi s chnh xc v n nh lu di ca cm bin vi vt liu silic KTY s dng cng ngh in tr phn ri l mt s thay th tt cho cc loi cm bin nhit truyn thng. Cc u im chnh S n nh: Gi thit cm bin lm vic nhit c gi tr bng mt na gi tr nhit hot ng cc i, sau thi gian lm vic t nht l 450000 h (khong 51 nm), hoc sau 1000 h (1,14 nm) hot ng lin tc vi dng nh mc ti gi tr nhit hot ng cc i cm bin silic s cho kt qu o vi sai s nh bng 1. TYPE KTY81-1 KTY82-1 KTY81-2 KTY82-2 KTY83 Sai s tiu biu (K) 0.20 0.20 0.15 Sai s ln nht (K) 0.50 0.80 0.40

Bng 1: Sai s ca cm bin silic (do thi gian s dng) S dng cng ngh silic: Do cm bin c sn xut da trn nn tng cng ngh silic nn gin tip chng ta s hng c li ch t nhng tin b trong lnh vc cng ngh ny, ng thi iu ny cng gin tip mang li nhng nh hng ch cc cho cng ngh ng gi, ni m lun c khuynh hng thu nh. S tuyn tnh Cm bin vi vt liu silic c h s gn nh l hng s trn ton b thang o. c tnh ny l mt iu l tng khai thc, s dng (xem hnh c trng k thut ca KTY81). Nhit hot ng ca cc cm bin silic thng thng b gii hn 150 0C. KTY 84 vi v bc SOD68 v cng ngh ni c bit gia dy dn v chip c th hot ng n nhit 300 0C.

Hnh 1.16 c trng k thut ca KTY81

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c im ca sn phm Tn sn phm KTY81-1 KTY81-2 KTY82-1 KTY82-2 KTY83-1 KTY84-1 R25 () 1000 2 000 1000 2000 1000 1000 (R100) R 1% ti 5% 1% ti 5% 1% ti 5% 1% ti 5% 1% ti 5% 3% ti 5% Thang o (C) 55 ti 150 55 ti 150 55 ti 150 55 ti 150 55 ti 175 40 ti 300 Dng IC SOD70 SOD70 SOT23 SOT23 SOD68 (DO-34) SOD68 (DO-34)

i vi loi KTY 83, ta c phng trnh ton hc biu din mi quan h gia in tr v nhit nh sau: RT l in tr ti nhit T Rref l in tr ti Tref (1000C vi loi KTY 84, 250C vi cc loi cm bin cn li) A,B l cc h s. Vi KTY 81/82/84: Tl l nhit m dc ca ng cong bt u gim. Nu T <Tl th h s C= 0 C, D l cc h s. Loi cm bin KTY81-1 KTY81-2 KTY82-1 KTY82-2 KTY83 KTY84 A (K1) 7.874 10-3 7.874 10
3

B (K2) 1.874 105 1.874 10

5

C(1) (KD) 3.42 108 1.096 10

6

D 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.6

TI (C) 100 100 100 100 250

7.874 103 7.874 103 7.635 103 6.12 10

3

1.874 105 1.874 105 1.731 105 1.1 10

5

3.42 108 1.096 106 3.14 10

8

Ch : Vi loi cm bin KTY 83/84 khi lp t cn ch n cc tnh, u c vch mu (xem hnh ph di) cn ni vo cc m (do chng c kiu kt cu th 1 nh hnh 1.13). KTY 81/82 s dng kiu kt cu th 2 (hnh 1.15) nn khng cn quan tm n cc tnh. Hnh nh thc t cc loi cm bin

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Hnh 1.16

Hnh 1.17

Hnh 1.18 1.3.3. Mch in tiu biu vi KTY81 hoc KTY82

25

Hnh 1.19 cho ta mt mch in in hnh c thit k cho cm bin KTY 81-110 hoc KTY 82-110 (nhit o t 00C n 1000C). in tr R1, R2, cm bin v cc nhnh in tr R3, bin tr P1 v R4 to thnh mt mch cu.

Hnh 1.19: Mch o nhit s dng KTY81-110 Gi tr R1 v R2 c chn sao cho gi tr dng in qua cm bin gn bng 1mA v tuyn tnh ha cm bin trong di nhit cn o. in p ng ra thay i tuyn tnh t 0,2 VS 0,6 VS (VS= 5 V th Vout thay i t 1V n 3V). Ta iu chnh P1 Vout=1V ti 00C, ti 1000C iu chnh P2 Vout= 3V. Vi mch in ny vic iu chnh P2 khng nh hng n vic chnh zero. 1.4 IC cm bin nhit . Nhiu cng ty trn th gii ch to IC bn dn o v hiu chnh nhit . IC cm bin nhit l mch tch hp nhn tn hiu nhit chuyn thnh tn hiu di dng in p hoc tn hiu dng in. Da vo cc c tnh rt nhy cm ca cc bn dn vi nhit , to ra in p hoc dng in t l thun vi nhit tuyt i C, F, K hay ty loi. o tn hiu in ta bit c nhit cn o. Tm o nhit gii hn t -550C n 1500C, chnh xc t 10C n 20C ty theo tng loi. S tch cc ca nhit s to ra in tch t do v cc l trng trong cht bn dn bng s ph v cc phn t, bt cc electron thanh dng t do di chuyn qua cc vng cu trc mng tinh th, to s xut hin cc l trng nhit lm cho t l in t t do v cc l trng tng ln theo qui lut hm s m vi nhit . Kt qu ca hin tng ny l di mc in p thun, dng thun ca mi ni p n trong diode hay transistor s tng theo hm s m theo nhit . Trong mch t hp, cm bin nhit thng l in p ca lp chuyn tip pn trong mt transitor loi bipolar. Texinstruments c STP 35 A/B/C; National Semiconductor LM 35/4.5/50 1.1 Cm bin nhit LM 35/ 34 ca National Semiconductor Hu ht cc cm bin nhit ph bin u kh s dng. Chng hn cp nhit ngu c mc ng ra thp v yu cu b nhit, thermistor th khng tuyn tnh. Thm vo ng ra ca cc loi cm bin ny khng tuyn tnh tng ng vi bt k thang chia nhit no. Cc khi cm bin tch hp c ch to khc phc c nhng nhc im . Nhng ng ra ca chng quan h vi thang chia Kelvin hn l Celsius v Fahrenheit.

Loi LM35: Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensor. Vi loi LM35 ta c in p ng ra t l trc tip vi thang nhit Celsius (thang bch phn). Nh th mt mch in b tr im zero ca thang Kelvin (thang nhit tuyt i) khng cn cn thit nh mt s IC cm bin nhit khc. c im: in p hot ng: VS= 4V ti 30V

26

in p ng ra tuyn tnh: 10mV/0C Thang o: -550C n1500C vi LM 35/35A, -400C n1100C vi LM 35C/35CA 00C n1000C vi LM 35D S t nung nng rt nh: 0,08 0C (trong mi trng khng kh) Mc khng tuyn tnh ch 1/40C Cch kt ni Thang o:+20C n1500C VS= 4V ti 30V

Hnh 1.20 Thang o: -550C n1500C R1 = VS/50 A VS= 4V ti 30V VOUT= 1500 mV ti +1500C = +250 mV ti +250C = -550 mV ti -550C

Hnh 1.21 Loi LM 34 LM 34 ging nh LM 35 nhng c thit k cho thang o Fahrenheit t -50 n +300 0F, chnh xc 0,40F. LM 34 c ng ra 10mV/0F. in p hot ng: 5 ti 20 V DC. Tr khng ng ra LM34 thp v c im ng ra tuyn tnh lm cho gi tr c ra hay iu khin mch in d dng. 1.2 Cm bin nhit AD 590 ca Analog Devices Cm bin AD 590 (Analog Devices) c thit k lm cm bin nhit c tng tr ng ra kh ln (10 M ). Vi mch c cn bng bi nh sn xut, khin cho dng mA ra tng ng vi chun nhit tuyt i K. in p lm vic cng nh cng tt trnh hin tng t gia nhit. Khi cp in p thay i, dng in thay i rt t. Thang o: -550C ti 1500C in p hot ng: 4 ti 30 VDC Dng in ra t l: 1 A/0K

27

1.3

Mch ng dng Mch o nhit bng LM35

1K

R5 1,8K

1K

1K 1K 8,2K 2,2K 10K

10K

Hnh 1.22 Mch ng dng LM35 vi thit b khuch i m thanh Trong mch ng dng ny, nhit IC khuch i m thanh (IC1) l i lng c quan tm. LM35 v IC1 c s gn kt v nhit. Tn hiu ng ra ca b so snh s xung mc thp nu nhit vt qu gii hn (thng s ny c chn bng R1, R2 v in p tham chiu). H thng c thit k qut hot ng khi nhit vt qu khong gi tr 800C v tt qut khi nhit h xung di 600C.

Hnh 1.23

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1.5 Nhit in tr NTC NTC (Negative Temperature Conficient) l nhit in tr bn dn c h s nhit in tr m: gi tr in tr gim khi nhit tng. NTC gim t 3 n 5, 5 % / 1 . 1.5.1. Cu to NTC l hn hp a tinh th ca nhiu oxit gm c nung chy nhit cao (10000C 14000C) nh Fe2O3, Zn2TiO4, MgCr2O4, TiO2 hay NiO v CO vi Li 2O. c cc NTC c nhng c trng k thut n nh vi thi gian di, n cn c x l vi nhng phng php c bit sau khi ch to. 1.5.2. c tnh cm bin nhit NTC ng c tnh nhit in tr ca NTC m s A34-2/30: 5, 5 kW nhit mi trng 20

RNTC C. RNTC 400 W nhit mi trng 100 C.

Hnh 1.25 c tnh dng/p ca NTC c tnh dng/p ca NTC cung cp nhiu thng tin hn c c tnh in tr nhit . c tnh ny cng dng c, c trong trng hp dng qua NTC lm nhit ca n cao hn nhit mi trng.

Hnh 1.26 c tuyn ny cng c gi l c tuyn tnh ca NTC, in p ri trn NTC ch c ghi nhn khi t c trng thi cn bng gia in nng cung cp v ngun nhit (thng ly mi trng nhit 25 C, trong iu kin lng gi). c tuyn trn chia lm 3 vng:

29

Vng bt u c tuyn (gii hn vng ny l khu vc 10 mW): nng lng in cung cp cho NTC khng ng k, lng nhit sinh ra do dng in khng ng k. Trong vng ny, in tr ca NTC xc nh ch do nhit mi trng. nhy dng k nu s dng NTC lm cm bin nhit trong vng ny. Vng 2: Do s tng dng, nhit ca NTC tng cao hn nhit mi trng. Do t lm nng, in tr ca NTC gim ng k. mt gi tr dng cho sn, p tng ti a.

Vng 3 Nu dng vn tng thm, in p ri s tr nn b. cui ng c tuyn in tr ca NTC gn nh do nng lng in chuyn i, ch c mt t l do tc ng bi nhit mi trng. Mt s thng s ca NTC R20 hay R25: in tr ngui hay in tr biu kin l gi tr nhit ca NTC 200C hoc 250C (tuy nhin sai s t 5% n 25%. Tmin, Tmax: gii hn nhit hot ng ca NTC. Pmax cng sut ln nht cho php chuyn i ra nhit trong NTC

SCK Series

TCF Series

TTF Series 1.5.3.

TSM series

Hnh 1.27: Mt s cm bin NTC do cng ty Thinking Electronic Industrial sn xut ng dng NTC c nhiu ng dng, chia lm 2 loi: B chnh, o lng v lm b tr. B chnh v o lng Trong o lng v tc ng b, cn trnh hin tng t sinh nhit do dng qua NTC ln. Nh vy NTC hot ng ch yu trong vng tuyn tnh, nh m t trc y. Trong vng ny in tr ca NTC c xc nh bng nhit mi trng. Phm vi ch yu ca NTC trong lnh vc ny l o nhit , kim tra, iu khin, tuy nhin NTC cng c dng b tnh ph thuc nhit ca in tr, nhm n nh nhit cho cc mch in t dng bn dn

30

 Lm b tr NTC c tnh cht tr, khi dng in qua n ln n ni in tr gim nhiu do qu trnh t ta nhit.Ti cng ln th in tr NTC cng gim mnh. Nhit in tr NTC to tc dng tr nhm trit dng nh trong mch n chiu sng loi c tim, mch ng c cng sut nh, mch t tim cc bng in t, mch c tnh dung khng (t).

Hnh 1.28 Mch ng dng vi NTC o mc cht lng Hot ng ca cm bin da trn s khc nhau v kh nng lm mt ca cht lng v khng kh hoc hi nc trn cht lng. Khi NTC c nhng trong cht lng, n c lm mt nhanh chng. in p ri trn NTC tng ln. Do hiu ng ny NTC c th pht hin c s tn ti hay khng ca cht lng mt v tr.

Hnh 1.29

31

 B iu khin nhit NTC c s dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng iu khin nhit . Bng cch s dng mt nhit in tr trong mch so snh c bn, khi nhit vt mc ci t, ng ra s chuyn trng thi t off sang on.

Hnh 1.30 B nhit

Hnh 1.31 Nhiu cht bn dn v IC cn c s b nhit c s hot ng n nh trn di nhit rng. Bn thn chng c h s nhit dng cho nn NTC c bit thch hp vi vai tr b nhit. R le thi gian dng NTC Rle thi gian hin nay t chnh xc cao, bng cch dng phn t RC v cng tc in t. Tuy nhin khi khng cn chnh xc cao, c th dng NTC theo 2 mch in c bn sau y. Mch A l rle thi gian ng chm. Sau khi ni ngun vi S1, dng qua cun dy rle, nhng b gii hn v in tr ngui ca NTC ln, sau 1 thi gian do qu trnh t gia nhit v dng qua n, in tr NTC gim, tng dng, khin rle tc ng. Mch B l rle thi gian m chm. Khi ng S2, dng qua nhit in tr, bt u qu trnh t gia nhit. in p ri qua RS tng, sau 1 thi gian rle khng cn dng duy tr, b ngt. Thi gian tr ty thuc mi trng ta nhit ca NTC.

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Hnh 1.32 1.6 Nhit in tr PTC Nhit in tr PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficent) l loi nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr dng (gi tr in tr tng khi nhit tng). Trong mt khong nhit nht nh PTC c h s nhit R rt cao. 1.6.1. Cu to Vt liu ch to PTC gm hn hp barium carbonate v mt vi oxit kim loi khc c p v nung. Nhiu tnh cht v in khc nhau c th t c bng cch gia gim cc hp cht trn khc nhau v nguyn vt liu v bng cch gia nhit theo nhiu phng php khc nhau. Sau khi gia nhit nung kt cc mi ni c thnh hnh trong thermistors sau trong qu trnh sn xut cc dy ni dn ra ngoi c thm vo. Nhit in tr PTC thng thng c ph bn ngoi mt lp v c cu to nh vcni chng li nh hng ca mi trng khng kh. 1.6.2. c tnh cm bin PTC ng c tnh in tr nhit ca PTC chia lm 3 vng + Vng nhit thp: ging nh nhit in tr NTC c h s nhit m. + Vng h s nhit tng chm (TA, TN): Sau mt vi khong nhit t c th bt u nhit in tr bin i sang tnh cht dng bt u t im TA. Gi tr ca nhit in tr PTC im TA c xem nh l in tr khi im. RA l gi tr in tr thp nht m PTC th hin. + Vng lm vic (TN < T< TUPPER): Sau khi t c gi tr nhit danh nh TN, gi tr in tr ca nhit in tr PTC bng nhin gia tng theo dc thng ng thc t th gp vi chc ln khi so snh v dc on ny vi on trc. Vng dc ng ny chnh l di in tr lm vic ca nhit in tr PTC. Hng v ng c tuyn im nhit dn cao hn, vng lm vic ca nhit in tr PTC b gii hn bi vng nhit trn Tupper vi in tr vng trn Rupper. Khi Tupper b vt qua, s gia tng in tr s t v cng t hn na cho n t c gi tr in tr t t. V tip theo sau ng c tnh vng ny s l im c tnh cht in tr m. Vng ny thng khng c c ch ra trong c tnh bi v n nm ngoi vng lm vic ca nhit in ca PTC.

Hnh 1.33

33

ng c tnh dng p cho nhng loi ring l khc c cho bi nh sn xut thng khng theo h trc to tuyn tnh m li s dng h trc log. Tnh cht dng v dng v p ca nhit in tr PTC cng c hnh dng ging nh l tnh cht ca nhit in tr NTC y (hnh bn)

Hnh 1.34 Mt s thng s c trng ca PTC: TNOM (TN): nhit danh nh. Ti gi tr nhit RN =2*RA R: h s nhit nhit in tr PTC. TUPPER: nhit gii hn vng lm vic. R25: in tr ca PTC khi mi trng nhit 250C

KRG Series

KSH Series

Hnh 1.35: Mt s cm bin PTC do cng ty Thinking Electronic Industrial sn xut

34

PD Series 1.6.3.

PP Series

Hnh 1.35: Mt s cm bin PTC do cng ty Thinking Electronic Industrial sn xut ng dng Nhit in tr PTC lm vic nh cm bin c nhy cao. ng dng tnh cht gi tr in tr tng: khi ng bng n hunh quang, mch bo v qu ti Mch ng dng vi PTC Nhit in tr PTC c mc trong mt cu o ca mch so snh (xem hnh 1.36). Ti nhit bnh thng RPTC<RS, in p ng ra mc thp. khi s tng nhit vt ngng xut hin, PTC b nung nng nn RPTC>RS nn in p ng ra VO ln mc cao (xem hnh 1.37).

Hnh 1.36: Mch so snh

35

Hnh 1.37: c tuyn ca Vo

Mch bo v ng c PTC c dng pht hin s tng nhit bt thng trong ng c bng cch o trc tip. cm bin nhit c gn chm trong cun stator (cho ng c h p), tn hiu c x l nh mt thit b iu khin dn n tc ng CB.

Hnh 1.38 Thit b iu khin KLIXON 40/41/42AA series Thit b c s dng kt hp vi cm bin nhit PTC, chng tng thch vi loi cm bin Klixon BA series. Nu nhit trng thi bnh thng ca cun dy ng c thp in tr cm bin gim xung mc cn thit Reset. Thit b s t ng reset nu thit b khng c ci t reset bng tay.

Hnh 1.39

36

S kt ni cm bin vi b iu khin Loi 40AA, 42AA Series

Loi 41AA Series

37

1.7 Thc hnh vi cm bin nhit Platin Pt 100, Pt100 v ADT70

Yu cu mc ch - Kho st cm bin nhit Pt100, Pt1000 Thit b - Cm bin Pt100 v Pt1000 IC ADT70 Thc hin - Lp t mch o nhit s dng nhit in tr Pt100, Pt1000 vi IC ADT 70

Hnh 1.40: S chn ADT 70 Pt 1000

Vout =

Lp mch nh hnh 1.41. o gi tr in p ng ra (chn VOUT IA v im ni mass) Tnh gi tr nhit mi trng ca phng th nghim: t =

Hnh 1.41: Pt1000 v ADT 70

38

Pt 100

Lp mch nh hnh 1.41, nhng cn lu thay gi tr in tr RG=4,99 k nh hnh 1.42. Thay din tr tham chiu 1000 bng in tr 100

- Vic thay RG gip gi t l din p ng ra v nhit nh khi dng Pt 1000 o gi tr in p ng ra (chn V OUT IA Hnh 1.41: ADT70 v Pt100 v im ni mass) Vout = - Tnh gi tr nhit mi trng ca phng th nghim: t=

1.8 Thc hnh vi cm bin LM 35

Yu cu mc ch Kho st IC LM 35. Thit b IC LM 35, in tr. Diod 1N914, diod zener. Mili vn k

Thc hin Vi IC LM35 in p ng ra t l trc tip vi thang o Celsius.Thc t IC LM35 c 4 dng nh sau: S chn ca IC LM35

LM35DM

LM35H, LM35AH, LM35CH, LM35CAH or LM35DH

LM35CZ, LM35CAZ or LM35DZ

LM35DT

39

Rp mch nh hnh 1.43 (thang o:+2 0C n1500C) -S dng Milivn k o gi tr in p Vout. Vout = Tnh nhit t = a cm bin n gn ngun nhit theo di s thay i ca Vout.

Hnh 1.43

Rp mch nh hnh 1.44 (thang o: -550C n1500C) - Gi tr R1 c chn ty thuc vo Vs, R1= -VS/50 A

S dng milivn k o gi tr in p Vout. Vout = Tnh nhit t = a cm bin n gn ngun nhit theo di s thay i ca Vout. Rp mch nh hnh 1.45 (thang o: -550C n1500C) - S dng milivn k o gi tr in p Vout. Vout = Nhit t = - a cm bin n gn ngun nhit theo di s thay i ca Vout.

Hnh 1.44

Hnh 1.45 Rp mch nh hnh 1.46 - Ch trong mch ny gi tr in p ra t l vi nhit thang Fahrenheit. - S dng milivn k o gi tr in p Vout. Vout = Nhit t = a cm bin n gn ngun nhit theo di s thay i ca Vout.

Hnh 1.46

40

1.9 Thc hnh vi cm bin nhit in tr NTC

Yu cu mc ch Ly ng c tnh tnh ca mt in tr NTC, R = f( ) v I = f(U). S thay i in tr xy ra do t lm nng (ti tng).

K hiu ca nhit in tr NTC.

Thit b Nhit in tr NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient), Vn k, miliAmpe k. Thc hin Ghi ch S thay i in tr c th to ra qua vic thay i nhit ca mi trng xung quanh hoc qua vic t nng cng nh lm lnh tu theo ti in khc nhau. ng c tnh ca in tr NTC l ng biu din hm s m; n ph thuc vo vt liu s dng, dng cu to cng nh s thay i nhit . B qua s thay i in tr do mi trng v trong phng th nghim khng c dng c ny. - Lp th nghim theo mch bn di, o dng in qua in tr NTC theo cc in p cho trong bng di y. chnh c trng thi nhit n nh khi thay i in p, cc php o c thc hin ln lt theo khong cch v thi gian l 30 s.

- xy dng c tnh R = f( ) cn i hi cc gi tr in tr ca in tr NTC c xc nh t cc gi tr dng in o v cc in p cho trc bng Bng gi tr U(V) I(m A) R (k ) 5 10 15 20 25 28

41

1.10

Thc hnh vi cm bin nghit in tr PTC

Yu cu mc ch Ly c tnh ca in tr PTC, R = f( ) v I = f(U). c tnh R = f( ) c to ra qua vic t lm nng (tng in p t vo n).

K hiu nhit in tr PTC

Thit b - Nhit in tr PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) - Vn k, miliAmpe k. Thc hin Ghi ch S thay i in tr c th c to ra qua vic thay i nhit mi trng xung quanh hoc qua vic t lm nng cng nh lm lnh tu theo ti in khc nhau.B qua s thay i ca in tr do mi trng xung quanh v phng th nghim khng c dng c ny. V c tnh ca mt in tr PTC khng ch ph thuc vo nhit ca n, m cng ph thuc mt t vo ln ca in p t vo n, do trong cc bi th nghim sau b qua trng hp ph thuc vo in p.

42

- Lp th nghim theo mch hnh bn v o dng in qua in tr PTC theo cc in p cho trong bng.

- c th chnh c trng thi in tr n nh khi thay i in p, cc php o dng in c thc hin ln lt theo khong cch v thi gian l 30s. - xy dng c c tnh R = f( ) cn i hi cc gi tr in tr ca in tr PTC c xc nh t cc gi tr dng in o v cc in p cho trc (bng). Bng gi tr U(V) I(m A) R () 1 2 4 5 6 10 12 16 20 24

43