BI 2.

CM BIN TIM CN V MT S LOI

CM BIN XC NH V TR, KHONG CCH KHC

2.1.
Cm bin tim cn (Proximity Sensor)
2.1.1. i cng
2.1.1.1.

c im:

Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc.

Tc p ng nhanh.

u sensor nh, c th lp nhiu ni.

C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.

Cm bin tim cn l mt k thut nhn bit s c mt hay khng c mt ca mt

vt th vi cm bin in t khng cng tc (khng ng chm). Cm bin tim cn c
mt v tr rt quan trng trong thc t. Th d pht hin vt trn dy chuyn robot bt
gi ly; pht hin chai, lon nhm trn bng chuynvv. Tn hiu ng ra ca cm bin
thng dng logic c hoc khng.
2.1.1.2.

Mt s nh ngha

Khong cch pht hin: Khong

cch xa nht t u cm bin n v
tr vt chun m cm bin c th
pht hin c.

Hnh 2.1

Khong cch ci t:

Khong cch cm bin c

th nhn bit vt mt cch n nh
(thng bng 70 80% khong
cch pht hin)

Hnh 2.2

44

 Thi gian p ng:

t1: Thi gian t lc i tng i vng
pht hin ca cm bin n
lc cm bin bo tn hiu
t2: Thi gian t lc i tng chun
i ra khi vng pht hin cho n khi
cm bin ht bo tn hiu

Hnh 2.3

2.1.2. Cm bin tim cn in cm (Inductive Proximity Sensor)

Hnh 2.4 Vi loi cm bin tim cn in cm ca Siemens

Cm bin tim cn in cm c nhiu kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau tng
ng vi cc ng dng khc nhau. Cm bin tim cn in cm c dng pht hin
cc i tng l kim loi (loi cm bin ny khng th pht hin cc i tng c cu to
khng phi l kim loi).

Hnh 2.5

45

2.1.2.1.

Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in cm

Hnh 2.6
Cu trc ca cm bin gm 4 phn chnh:

2.1.2.2.

1 - Cun dy v li ferit
2 - Mch dao ng
3 - Mch pht hin
4 - Mch u ra
Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm

Hnh 2.7 Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin in cm

Cm bin tim cn in cm c thit k to ra mt vng in t trng, Khi mt
vt bng kim loi tin vo khu vc ny, xut hin dng in xoy (dng in cm ng)
trong vt th kim loi ny.
Dng in xoy gy nn s tiu hao nng lng (do in tr ca kim loi), lm nh
hng n bin sng dao ng. n mt tr s no tn hiu ny c ghi nhn.
Mch pht hin s pht hin s thay i tn hiu v tc ng mch ra ln mc ON
(hnh 2.8). Khi i tng ri khi khu vc in trng, s dao ng c ti lp, cm
bin tr li trng thi bnh thng.

46

Hnh 2.8: Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm

2.1.2.3.

Phn loi cm bin tim cn in cm

Cm bin tim cn in cm c th phn lm 2 loi: Shielded (c bo v) v

unshielded (khng c bo v). Loi unshielded thng c tm pht hin ln hn loi
shielded.

Hnh 2.9
Cm bin tim cn in cm loi shielded c 1 vng kim loi bao quanh gip hn ch
vng din t trng vng bn.V tr lp t cm bin c th t ngang bng vi b mt
lm vic.
Cm bin tim cn in cm loi unshielded khng c vng kim loi bao quanh.Khng
th lp t cm bin ngang bng b mt lm vic (bng kim loi). Xung quanh cm bin
phi c 1 vng khng c cha kim loi (vi cm bin loi unshied ca Siemens, kch
thc (hnh 2.11.)

47

Hnh 2.10: Cm bin tim cn in cm loi shielded

Hnh 2.11 Cm bin tim cn in cm loi unshielded

c 2 loi cm bin shield v unshield, nu c 1 b mt kim loi v tr i din
cm bin, khng nh hng n hot ng ca cm bin th b mt kim loi ny phi
cch b mt cm bin 1 khong cch c ln t nht gp 3 ln tm pht hin ca cm
bin.

2.1.2.4.

Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in

cm
+ Kch thc, hnh dng, vt liu li v cun dy.
+ Vt liu v kch thc i tng
+ Nhit mi trng
c im ca i tng (mc tiu) tiu chun: hnh vung, di cnh bng d (ng
knh ca b mt cm bin), dy 1 mm v lm bng thp mm (mild steel).
Nu i tng cn pht hin c kch thc nh hn tiu chun, tm pht hin ca
cm bin s gim xung (do dng in xoy yu i) nhng nu kch thc ln hn kch
thc tiu chun khng c ngha l tm pht hin tng ln.

48

Hnh 2.12: i tng tiu chun

hiu chnh khong cch tm cm bin ph thuc vo vt liu ngi ta s dng
bng 1 v bng 2:
Snew = Sn* h s
Snew: Tm pht hin mi ca cm bin tng ng kch thc v vt liu ca cm bin
Sn: Tm pht hin ca cm bin vi i tng tiu chun
Bng 1
Vt liu

Bng 2
H s 1

Shielded

Unshielded

Thp mm
(mild steel)

1.00

1.00

Thp khng
g (300)

0,70

0,80

ng thau

0,40

Nhm
ng

Kch thc
ca i
tng so
vi kch
thc tiu
chun

H s 2

Shielded

Unshielded

25%

0,56

0,50

0,50

50%

0,83

0,73

0,35

0,45

75%

0,92

0,90

0,30

0,40

100%

1,00

1,00

dy ca i
tng cng l mt
yu t nh hng
n tm pht hin
ca cm bin. i vi
nhng vt liu khng
mang t tnh (khng
cha cht st) nh
ng, nhm, ng
thau chu nh hng
ca hiu ng b
mt. Tm pht hin
ca cm bin tng
ln khi dy i
tng gim.

Hnh 2.13
Ghi ch: H s gip iu chnh tm pht hin ca cm bin

2.1.2.5.

u nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in cm

49

u im

Khng chu nh hng ca m

Khng c b phn chuyn ng.

Khng chu nh hng ca bi bm.

Khng ph thuc vo mu sc.

t ph thuc vo b mt i tng hn so vi cc k thut khc.

Khng c khu vc m (blind zone: cm bin khng pht hin ra i tng mc

d i tng gn cm bin).

Khuyt im

Ch pht hin c i tng l kim loi.

C th chu nh hng bi cc vng in t mnh.

Phm vi hot ng ngn hn so vi cc k thut khc.

2.1.2.6.

Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in cm

Cng nghip du m
(xc nh v tr ca van)

Cng nghip ng gi

Kim tra v tr ca sn phm

Cng ngh m

50

H thng iu khin kim tra v tr

ca cc thanh thp trc khi a vo my hn

Xc nh v tr ca thang my

2.1.3. Cm bin tim cn in dung (Capacitive Proximity Sensor)

Cm bin tim cn in dung ging v kch thc, hnh dng, c s hot ng so
vi cm bin tim cn in cm. im khc bit cn bn gia chng l cm bin tim cn
in dung to ra vng in trng cn cm bin tim cn in cm to ra vng in t

51

trng. Cm bin tim cn in dung c th pht hin i tng c cht liu kim loi
cng nh khng phi kim loi.

Hnh 2.14
2.1.3.1.

Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in dung

Cng ging nh cm bin tim cn in cm, cm bin tim cn loi in dung c 4

phn:

Hnh 2.15

B phn cm bin (cc bn

cc(in cc) cch in)
(hnh 2.16)

Mch dao ng

Mch ghi nhn tn hiu

Mch in ng ra

Hnh 2.16

52

2.1.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

T in gm hai bn cc v cht in
mi gia. Khong cch gia hai in
cc nh hng n kh nng tch tr in
tch ca mt t in (in dung l i
lng c trng cho kh nng tch tr
in tch ca mt t in).

Hnh 2.17
Nguyn tc hot ng ca cm bin tim cn loi in dung da trn s thay i
in dung khi vt th xut hin trong vng in trng. T s thay i ny trng thi
On hay Off ca tn hiu ng ra c xc nh.

Mt bn cc l thnh phn ca cm bin, i tng cn pht hin l bn cc cn li.

Mi quan h gia bin sng dao ng v v tr i tng cm bin tim cn

in dung tri ngc so vi cm bin tim cn in cm.

Hnh 2.18: Hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

53

Hnh 2.19: Sng dao ng mch dao ng

ca cm bin in cm v in dung

Cm bin tim cn loi in dung c th pht hin bt c loi i tng no c

hng s in mi ln hn khng kh. Vt liu cng c hng s in mi cng cao
th cng d c cm bin pht hin. V d nc v khng kh, cm bin tim cn
in dung rt d dng pht hin ra nc (hng s in mi = 80) nhng khng th
nhn ra khng kh (hng s in mi = 1).

i vi cc cht kim loi khc nhau, kh nng pht hin ca cm bin l khng i.
Nhng i vi cc cht khc, th phm vi pht hin ca cm bin i vi tng cht l
khc nhau.

V vy, cm bin tim cn in

dung c th dng pht hin cc
vt liu c hng s in mi cao nh
cht lng d n c cha trong hp
kn (lm bng cht liu c hng s
in mi thp hn nh thy tinh,
plastic). Cn chc chn rng i
tng cm bin pht hin l cht
lng ch khng phi hp cha.

Hnh 2.20

2.1.3.3. Phn loi cm bin tim cn in dung

Cm bin tim cn in dung cng phn thnh 2 loi: shielded (c bo v) v
unshielded (khng c bo v).
Loi shielded c vng kim loi bao quanh gip hng vng in trng v pha
trc v c th t ngang bng vi b mt lm vic.
Loi unshielded khng c vng kim loi bao quanh v khng th t ngang bng vi
b mt lm vic. Xung quanh cm bin phi c 1 vng trng (ging cm bin tim cn
in cm loi unshielded), kch thc vng trng ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin.

54

2.1.3.4. Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim cn in

dung
+ Kch thc ca in cc ca cm
bin.
+ Vt liu v kch thc i tng
+ Nhit mi trng
i tng tiu chun v hng
s in mi
i tng tiu chun c ch
nh ring vi tng loi cm bin
tim cn in dung. Thng thng
cht liu ca i tng tiu chun
c nh ngha l kim loi hoc
nc.
Hnh 2.21
Hnh 2.21 Biu din mi quan h gia kh nng pht hin i tng v hng s in
mi.

2.1.3.5. u im v nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in dung

u im

C th cm nhn vt dn in v khng dn in.

Tnh cht tuyn tnh v nhy khng ty thuc vo vt liu kim loi.

N c th cm nhn c vt th nh, nh.

Vn tc hot ng nhanh.

Tui th cao v n nh cng cao i vi nhit .

Nhc im

B nh hng bi m

Dy ni vi sensor phi ngn in dung dy khng nh hng n b cng

hng ca b dao ng.

2.1.3.6. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

Cng nghip thc phm

o mc cht lng

55

Ch bin g

o mc cht lng

2.1.4. Cm bin tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity sensor)

Cm bin tim cn siu m c th pht hin hu ht cc loi i tng: kim loi
hoc khng phi l kim loi, cht lng hoc cht rn, vt trong hoc m c (nhng vt
c h s phn x sng m thanh ln).

Hnh 2.22: Mt vi loi cm bin tim cn siu m do Siemens sn xut

2.1.4.1. Cu trc cm bin tim cn siu m

Cm bin tim cn siu m c 4 phn chnh:

B phn pht v nhn sng siu m (Transducer / Receiver):

B phn so snh (Comparator)

Mch pht hin (Detector Circuit)

Khi cm bin nhn c sng phn hi, b phn so snh tnh ton khong cch
bng cch so snh thi gian pht, nhn v vn tc m thanh.

Mch in ng ra (Output):

Tn hiu ng ra c th l digital hoc analog. Tn hiu t cm bin digital bo c hay

khng s xut hin i tng trong vng cm nhn ca cm bin. Tn hiu t cm bin
analog cha ng thng tin khong cch ca i tng n cm bin.

56

Hnh 2.23: Cc thnh phn ca cm bin tim cn siu m

2.1.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng cm bin tim cn siu m

K thut cm bin siu m
da trn c im vn tc m
thanh l hng s. Thi gian
sng m thanh i t cm bin
n i tng v quay tr li
lin h trc tip n di
qung ng. V vy cm bin
siu m thng c dng
trong cc ng dng o khong
cch.

Hnh 2.24 Sng m thanh phn hi khi i tng (mc

tiu) l cht rn, cht lng.

Tn s hot ng: Nhn chung, cc cm bin cng nghip hot ng vi tn s 25

khz n 500 Khz. Cc cm bin trong lnh vc y khoa th hot ng vi khong tn s t
5MHz tr ln. Tn s hot ng ca cm bin t l nghch vi khong cch pht hin cm
bin. Vi tn s 50 kHz, phm vi hot ng ca cm bin c th ln ti 10 m hoc hn,
vi tn s 200 kHz th phm vi hot ng cm bin b gii hn mc 1 m.
Vng hot ng: l khu vc gia 2 gii hn khong cch pht hin ln nht v nh
nht
Cm bin tim cn siu m c mt vng nh khng th s dng gn b mt cm bin
gi l khu vc m (blind zone).

Hnh 2.25: Vng hot ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m

Kch thc v vt liu ca i tng cn pht hin quyt nh khong cch pht
hin ln nht (xem hnh 2.26).

57

Hnh 2.26: Khong cch hot ng ln nht ca

cm bin tim cn siu m vi cc i tng khc nhau

2.1.4.3. Cm bin tim cn siu m loi c th iu chnh khong cch pht hin
(Background Suppression)
Mt s dng cm bin ng ra analog cho php iu chnh khong cch pht hin,
chng c th t chi vic pht hin cc i tng sau mt khong cch xc nh. Khong
cch pht hin c th iu chnh bi ngi s dng.
Ngoi ra cm bin khng pht hin i tng d chng di chuyn vo vng hot
ng ca cm bin, ngi ta c th to 1 lp v bng cht liu c kh nng khng phn
x li sng m thanh.
2.1.4.4.

u nhc im ca cm bin tim cn siu m

u im

Khong cch m cm bin c th pht hin vt th ln ti 15m.

Sng phn hi ca cm bin khng ph thuc mu sc ca b mc i tng hay

tnh cht phn x nh sng ca i tng v d b mt knh trong sut, b mt
gm mu nu, b mt plastic mu trng, hay b mt cht liu nhm sng, trng...
l nh nhau.

Tn hiu p ng ca cm bin tim cn siu m analog l t l tuyn tnh vi

khong cch. iu ny c bit l tng cho cc ng dng nh theo theo di cc
mc ca vt cht, mc chuyn ng ca i tng.

Nhc im

Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu i tng c mt din tch b mt ti thiu

(gi tr ny ty thuc vo tng loi cm bin).

Sng phn hi cm bin nhn c c th chu nh hng ca cc sng m

thanh tp m.

58

Cm bin tim cn siu m yu cu mt khong thi gian sau mi ln sng pht

i sn sng nhn sng phn hi. Kt qu thi gian p ng ca cm bin tim
cn siu m nhn chung chm hn cc cm bin khc khong 0,1 s.

Vi cc i tng c mt vt cht thp nh bt hay vi (qun o) rt kh

pht hin vi khong cch ln.

Cm bin tim cn siu m b gii hn khong cch pht hin nh nht.

S thay i ca mi trng nh nhit (vn tc m thanh ph thuc vo nhit

), p sut, s chuyn khng ng u ca khng kh, bi bn bay trong khng
kh gy nh hng n kt qu o.

Nhit b mt ca i tng ca nh hng n phm vi hot ng ca cm

bin. Hi nng ta ra t i tng c nhit cao lm mo dng sng, lm cho
khong cch pht hin ca i tng ngn li v gi tr khong cch khng chnh
xc.

Hnh 2.27: nh hng ca nhit i vi sng phn hi

B mt phng phn hi nng

lng ca sng m thanh tt hn b
mt g gh. Tuy nhin b mt trn
phng li c i hi khc khe v v
tr gc to thnh gia cm bin v
mt phng i tng (xem hnh 2.27
v hnh 2.28).

Hnh 2.28: i tng c b mt g gh khng yu

cu cm bin t v tr chnh xc

59

Hnh 2.29: i tng c b mt phng yu cu cm bin

t v tr to thnh gc phi bng hoc nh hn 30.

2.1.4.5. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn siu m

Pht hin s hin din,
khng hin din ca i
tng trong sut bng thy
tinh.

Dng trong iu khin

mc cht lng.

o khong cch, cao, hay

v tr ca phin g trn dy chuyn

60

Pht hin ngi

Pht hin ng knh

Pht hin dy b t

o mc cht lng

o mc cht lng trong l

Pht hin chiu cao

(c c nh)

61

m chai

Pht hin giy b t

Pht hin xe

Pht hin chiu cao

2.1.5.

2.1.5.1.

Cu hnh ng ra ca cm bin tim cn

Ng ra dng transitor NPN v transitor PNP

Vi in p DC thp, cm bin c 2 dng cu hnh ng ra ph bin l: kiu NPN

transitor v kiu PNP transitor.

Hnh 2.31: PNP transitor

Hnh 2.30: NPN transitor

Trng hp cm bin loi NPN:
Ti mc gia ng ra A ca cm bin v cc
dng ca ngun in.

Trng hp cm bin loi PNP:

Ti mc gia ng ra A ca cm bin v cc
m ca ngun in.

62

2.1.5.2.

Ng ra dng Transitor FETs

Ng ra dng khc l kiu transitor
FETs cung cp s p ng nhanh, dng
tiu hao rt nh. Dng iu khin thay
i trng thi ch cn c 30 A , Nhng
nhn chung th gi thnh cao hn so vi 2
loi trn
C th kt ni song song ng ra ca
FET nh tip im c kh ca relay (c
in AC v DC).
Dng FET cng sut, tip im ng ra c
th chu c dng n 500 mA

2.1.5.3.

Hnh 2.32: Transitor FETs

Ng ra dng Triac

Cm bin ng ra dng Triac c

thit k c th s dng nh cng tc
cho in AC. Cm bin dng ny cung cp
ng ra c th chu c dng ln, in p
ri thp do thch hp vi vic kt ni vi
cc contactor ln.
Dng tiu hao ca n ln hn so vi
FETs. Gi tr ny vt qu 1mA do 1o n
khng thch hp kt ni vi cc thit b
nh PLC.

Hnh 2.33: Triac

2.1.5.4. Ng ra dng Analog

Cm bin c th cung cp tn hiu
ng ra di dng dng v p tng ng
(hay nghch o s tng ng) vi s pht
hin.

Hnh 2.34:
Trng thi ng ra ca cm bin c th l thng ng (NO) hoc thng m
(NC). V d cm bin loi PNP, trng thi ng ra l Off khi khng c i tng xut hin
th n l thit b loi thng m. Ngc li trng thi ng ra l On khi khng c i tng
xut hin th n l loi thng ng.
Ngoi loi 3 dy, cm bin cn c loi 4 dy v loi 2 dy. Vi loi 4 dy, trong 1
cm bin c c 2 loi ng ra: thng ng v thng m.

63

Hnh 2.35

2.1.6.

Cch kt ni cc cm bin tim cn vi nhau

Trong mt s ng dng i hi phi s dng nhiu hn 1 cm bin. Cc cm bin

c th ni song song hoc mc ni tip. Khi mc ni tip, ng ra ln On khi tt c cc cm
bin u ln On. Cn khi mc ni tip, ch cn 1 trong s cc cm bin ln On th ng ra
ln On.

Loi 2 dy

Cch kt ni ni tip cm bin loi 2 dy

Cch kt ni song song cm bin loi 2 dy

Loi 3 dy NPN v PNP

Cch kt ni song
song cm bin loi 3
dy NPN

64

Cch kt ni ni tip cm bin loi 3 dy

NPN

Cch kt ni ni tip cm bin loi 3 dy

PNP

2.2.

Mt s loi cm bin xc nh v tr, khong cch khc

2.2.1.

Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng bin tr

2.2.1.1.

Cu trc
Gm mt in tr c nh Rn v mt tip xc in c th di chuyn gn vi chuyn
ng cn o gi l con chy. V tr con chy t l vi gi tr in tr ti u ra ca tip xc
im.
Cn c vo hnh dng ca Rn v dng chuyn ng ca con chy ngi ta chia ra 2
loi:
Dch chuyn thng

R (l ) = Rn

Dch chuyn quay

l
L

R = Rn

Hnh 2.36

65

2.2.1.2. c tnh
+ phn gii: thng thng
t c 10 m
+ Tui th ca con chy: 106
ln vi dng xoay v 107 108
vi dng dch chuyn
+ tuyn tnh: gi tr ca t
s R(x)/Rn hai u ca in
tr khng n nh, do
u ng chy hoc cui
ng chy th tuyn tnh
km.
Hnh 2.37: S thay i
ca t s R(x)/Rn ph thuc
vo v tr con chy

Hnh 2.37
2.2.1.3.

Cc loi bin tr

Gi tr in tr Rn t 1k n 100k, i khi ln n hng M. Ty tng trng hp

c th chnh xc ca in tr l 20%, 10% v i khi t ti 5%. Trn thc t khng
cn i hi chnh xc cao v tn hiu o ch ph thuc vo t s R(x)/Rn. C nhiu loi
bin tr, ty theo tng ng dng m ngi ta chn loi bin tr thch hp.

Bin tr dy kim loi

Loi bin tr ny c th dng vi dng in kh cao. N c h s nhit thp, t

ting n cho mch in t v tr s in tr khng b tri theo thi gian v do nh hng
ca kh hu. Nhc im l phn gii thp.

Bin tr vi lp polymer

Lp in tr c cu to bi mt loi sn hu c trn vi mui than v bt graphit.

Lp in t loi ny rt trn phng, kh b mi mn. Tuy nhin n c h s nhit kh
ln (3001000ppm/K). Do n nh ca n so vi bin tr dy kim loi nhit cao
km.

Bin tr vi oxit kim loi thy tinh (cermet)

Loi in tr ny c ti nhit kh cao 800 900 0C, cho nn rt cng. Tuy

nhin b mt nhm, khng thch hp cho s dch chuyn con chy nhiu ln. Bin tr loi
ny thch hp cho vic chnh in p trong cc mch in t.

Bin tr vi mng mng kim loi.

Vi phng php phun ph hay phun bi catot ngi ta c th to mt lp kim loi

thc phng trn mt nn thy tinh. Vt liu c th l hp kim Ni/Cr hay oxit kim loi Ta2O5.
Mng mng kim loi c b dy khong 1 m.
Trong cc loi bin tr trn ch c loi bin tr vi lp polymer l thch hp hn c
cho cng vic nh v v tnh khong cch. Vi b mt trn lng v t b mi mn, loi bin
tr ny c th chu ng c rt nhiu ln dch chuyn ca con chy m c tnh k
thut khng b thay i. Loi cm bin ny c dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc nh: K

66

thut xe hi, nh v trong mt h thng o c v ngay c tnh h s gc cho vic iu

chnh ng c bc, v vi cch ny s thay i gc c chuyn i v nc. dy
ca lp polymer khong t 10 20 m v chu ng c nhit n 1500C. Vt liu
ch to cc con chy l hp kim ca cc kim loi qu nh: Pd, Pt, Au v Ag. Vi cc hp
kim ny s hnh thnh cc lp dn in km do nh hng ca kh hu khng xy ra. Do
vy gia con chy v mng polymer lun lun c s tip xc in rt tt. Cc lp polymer
ny c ch to vi phng php in la tht thn trng trong iu kin sch khng c
bi. Sau c lm cng li qua s nung nng nhit 1500C n 2500C. Lp
polymer c th chu ng c 107 ln dch chuyn ca con chy m in tr gia con
chy v lp polymer khng h gia tng.

2.2.2. Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng t cm

2.2.2.1. Cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin t cm
Cu trc n gin ca mt cm bin t cm dng o khong cch, o gc gm
mt cun dy v mt li st dch chuyn.
Nguyn l hot ng
i lng vo lm thay i t cm v tng tr ca cm bin cng thay i
theo.
ng sc i qua 3 vng, trong st (lFe, AFe), trong khng kh bn trong cun dy
(l,A) v trong vng bn ngoi cun dy (Sa, la).

L=

N2
Rm

Trong :
N: s vng dy ca cun dy.
Rm: in tr t ca cun dy.
in tr t ca cun dy vi
li st:

Rm =

Hnh 2.38:

l
l Fe
l
+
+ a
0 r AFe 0 A 0 Aa
Trong :

+ r ca st rt ln (khong 103 n 104) cho nn coi s thay i ca phn in

tr t trong st khi li st di chuyn coi nh khng ng k.
+ Din tch Aa trong khng kh bn ngoi cun dy rt ln hoc c th bc cun
dy bng v st mm v hu nh tt c cc ng sc u chy vo y vi in tr t
coi nh rt nh.
Do t R0 =

Rm =

L=

l Fe
l
+ a v b qua R0
0 r AFe 0 Aa

0 A

N 2 N 2 0 A k
=
=
Rm
l
l

Nh th t cm cng ln khi li st cng nm su bn trong cun dy.

67

Khi li st c dch chuyn t v tr l0 ra bn ngoi cun dy 1 on l t

cm gim i t L1=

k
k
thnh L2=
l
l + l

Vy L phi tuyn theo l, tnh c nh hng s thay i ca t tr qua li st, v

gim bt mc phi tuyn ngi ta dng cu trc cm bin li chm vi sai.
2.2.2.2. Cm bin t cm vi li chm vi sai
Cu trc:
Gm hai cun dy
cch bit, mt li st
c t bn trong
hai cun dy. Khi li
st
c
dch
chuyn, t cm ca
1 cun dy gim v
cun khc dy tng.

Hnh: 2.39

Vi cu trc i xng ng trc, cm bin ny c th dng o khong cch.

Vi cu trc vnh khn v xoay, n c dng o gc.
o khong cch, c hai cun dy c t trong na cu o.

X 1 = L1 =

k
(l + l )

X 2 = L2 =

k
(l l )

2X (X1 + X 2 )
jX 1
( X1 X 2 )
R
= VS 1
= VS
V0 = VS

2( X 1 + X 2 )
j ( X 1 + X 2 ) 2R
2( X 1 + X 2 )

k
k

V
V
V0 = S l + l l l = S l
k
2 k
2l
+
l + l l l
Nh vy Vo t l vi l .

2.2.2.3. Cm bin t cm o khong cch ngn

Vng t trng c khp kn bi 1 thanh
t nm ngang. Cc ng sc ca t trng i
ngang qua 2 ln khong cch x, li di chuyn v
ng dy.
Vi A l din tch mt ct ngang ca li ta c
in tr t.

Rm = RG + R A + RC
Rm =

lC
lA
2x
+
+
0 A 0 r A 0 r A

Hnh 2.40: Cu trc cm bin

68

t R0 =

lC
lA
+
0 r A 0 r A
Rm =

2x
2
+ R0 = K .x + R0 vi K =
0 A
0 A

N2
R0
L0
N2
N2
L=
=
=
=
Rm Kx + Ro x. K
+ 1 1 + x
R0
Nh vy L phi tuyn theo x.

Loi vi sai

L1 =

L01
1 + (l x )

L2 =

L02
1 + (l + x)

Vi cch o ny nhy tng ln 2 ln v

phi tuyn gim i ng k.

Hnh 2.41: Cu trc cm

bin vi sai

2.2.3. Xc nh v tr v khong cch bng cm bin in dung

2.2.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng:
Cm bin in dung da trn tc ng tng h gia 2 in cc to thnh t
in. in dung ca n thay i di tc ng ca i lng vo.
in dung s ph thuc vo tit din, khong cch 2 bn cc v in mi gia 2
bn cc C(x) = f (A,d, ).
Vi trng hp n gin t in
phng:

C=

0 r A
a

A: din tch bn cc
a: khong cch gia 2 bn cc.
0: hng s in mi chn khng.
(0 = 8,85.10-12 F/m)
r: hng s in mi.

69

Hnh 2.42
Cm bin c c trng bi nhy:
+ nhy in dung: Sc = C / x
+ nhy in khng: Sz = Z / x
2.2.3.2.

S thay i khong cch ca hai bn cc

in dung ca t in t l nghch vi khong cch bn cc. Khi khong cch b i
in dung ln hn v ngc li.
Xt t in phng:
nhy Sc= C / x = dC/da =

0 r A
C
=
2
a
a

dC
da
=
C
a

Nh vy s thay i tng i ca in dung t l

vi s thay i tng i ca khong cch.
Khi a tng 1 khong a , in dung gim t C 0 = 0 r

A
a0

Hnh 2.43

A
n C = 0 r
.
a 0 + a
Khi t in nm cu:

X2 =

1 (a 0 + a)
=
C
0 r A

X1 =

a0
1
=
C 0 r A

in th cu ch t l tuyn tnh gn ng vi s thay i khong cch bn cc:

Uc =

U0
U
a
0 a
2 2a 0 + a 4a 0

S khng tuyn tnh mt i trong trng hp vi t vi sai (2 t in vi bn cc

chung nm gia). Khi bn cc gia di chuyn 1 on a , in dung 1 t gim 1 t
tng.

X1 =

1 (a 0 a)
=
C
0 r A

X2 =

1 (a 0 + a )
=
C
0 r A

Hai t ny c t phn na cu, ta c in th cu t l tuyn tnh vi s thay

i khong cch a .

Uc =
2.2.3.3.

U0
a
2a 0

S thay i din tch bn cc

70

Din tch hiu dng bn cc ca mt t in c th

thay i c khi bn cc nm cc v tr chnh nhau.
Bn cc c chiu di l0, chiu rng b0 v khong
cch a0 ta c in dung cc i ca t in.

C0 = 0 r

b0 l 0
a0
Hnh 2.44

Khi 2 bn cc ch i din nhau 1 chiu di l, in dung s gim i t C0 thnh C:

C = 0 r

b0 l C 0
=
l
a0
l0

Nh vy in dung C t l vi l
2.2.3.4.

S thay i kch thc in mi

Cc lp in mi khc nhau
T in vi 2 lp in mi r1 v r 2 c dy a1
v a2, hai lp in mi ny lp y khong trng gia 2
in cc vi dy a0=a1+a2. cu trc trn c th coi
nh 2 t in mc ni tip nhau.
in dung C tng ng ca 2 t in c tnh
nh sau:

a
1
1
1
1 a

=
+
=
+ 2
C C1 C 2 0 A r1 r 2

0 A
C =
a1
a

+ 2
r1 r 2

Hnh 2.45

Nu tr s in mi r1 = 1 (khng kh) in dung C c tnh nh sau:

C=

0 A
0 A
=
a
a
a1 + 2
a0 a2 + 2
r2
r2

Nh vy tr s in dung C t l vi hng s in mi v b dy a2 ca lp in
mi th 2. nu c c 1 trong 2 thng s ny c th tnh c thng s cn li thng
qua vic o gi tr in dung. Phng php ny c ng dng o b dy m khng
cn ng chm khi bit hng s in mi ca i tng (cc mng mng nh giy,
nha)

in mi nm trong t in vi su khc nhau

in dung tng ng ca 2 t in c tnh nh
sau:
C=C1+C2

C=

0 r1b (l 0 l )
a0

0 r 2 b0 l 0 b0
=
[ r1 ( l 0 l ) + r 2 l ]
a0
a0

0 b0 l 0
(in dung ca t in khi ton b
a0
in mi l khng kh, r1 = 1 ).
Vi C o =

71

Hnh 2.46

C C C 0 l 0 l r 2 l
C r 2 1
=
=
+
1
=
l
C0
C0
l0
l0
C0
l0
Nh vy s thay i tng i C / C 0 ca t in t l
vi l / l 0 .
ng dng
Phng php ny dng o mc vt liu ca cht lng khng dn in. T in
vi 2 bn cc c t bn trong mi trng cn kim sot. in dung o c l thc
o cho mc vt liu.

2.5. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 1

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm IW2008-BRKG/IW5039
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in cm IW-2008BRKG/IW5039
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

72

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2.6. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 2

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm
IV5020 IVE3020-BPKG
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in cm IV5020
IVE3020-BPKG
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

73

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2.7. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 3

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm
IYB3000 8BNOG / IY5015
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in cm IYB3000
8BNOG / IY5015
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

74

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2.8. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in cm 4

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in cm
IF5639 / IFK3002-BPKG / MS
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in cm IF5639 /
IFK3002-BPKG / MS
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

75

2.9. Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in dung 1

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in dung
KIE3015-FPKG
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in dung KIE3015FPKG
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

76

2.10.Thc hnh vi cm bin tim cn in dung 2

Mc ch - Yu cu
Kho st cm bin tim cn in dung KD2050-BB0A
Thit b
Cm bin tim cn in dung KD-2050BB0A
Ti: Relay s dng in p 1 chiu.

Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc:________________________________________________________________
Cng ty sn xut:___________________________________________________________
M s sn xut sn phm:____________________________________________________
in p hot ng: __________________________________________________________
Dng in:_________________________________________________________________
c tnh hot ng:__________________________________________________________
Khong cch tc ng:_______________________________________________________
Tiu chun cch in:________________________________________________________
S ni cm bin

Nhng ghi ch khi thc hnh

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

77