T s 06: L thuyt Photpho, phn bn v cc hp cht: A.Photpho: 1.

T/c vt l: 2 dng th hnh + Photpho trng: Cht rn, trong sut mu trng hoc vng nht. Cu trc mng tinh th phn t => D nng chy, ko tan trong H2O, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c. Rt c +Photpho : Cu trc polime => Bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi, khng tan trong H2O, ko tan trong dung mi thng thng. Khng pht quang trong bng ti nn ko c. 2.T/c ho hc: a) IU KIN THNG, N CHT PHOTPHO HOT NG MNH HN NITO V P BN HN N. V PHOTPHO TRNG HOT NG HN PHOTPHO . b) Tnh oxi ho: Th hin khi tc dng vi Kim loi Hot ng mnh to mui photphua P + Ca => Ca3P2 ( in kin c nhit ) c) Tnh kh: Tc dng vi phi kim mnh, vi cht oxi ho mnh : O2,KClO3,F,Cl,HNO3,K2Cr2O7, Lu : Vi oxi v phi kim r iu kin xy ra l thiu hay . 3.iu ch: CN: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C => 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO ( Lm lnh thu c photpho trng) B. AxitPhotphoric : H3PO4 CTCT: 1: T/c vt l: L cht rn tinh th trong sut, ko mu, ho nc, d chy ra (nh kem chy), tan trong nc theo bt k t l no 2: T/c ho hc: a)Tnh ax: Th hin y tnh cht ca axit. L axit 3 ln axit, gp bi ton v kim cn xt t l b) Khng c tnh oxi ho nh HNO3 ( C oxh nhng ko nh HNO3, ch trong trc nghim) c) Tc dng bi nhit 2H3PO4 => H4P2O7 + H2O ( 200.C) H4P2O7 => 2HPO3 + H2O (400-500.C) 3.iu ch: a)CN: ax sunfuric c + qung apatit ( Khng thu c tinh khit) 3H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 => 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 b)PTN: P + HNO3 => H3PO4 + NO2 + H2O

C. Mui Photphat 1.T/c vt l : - Tt c mui KL gc H2PO4- u tan - Mui Kim loi kim, NH4+ : HPO4-, PO4-3 u tan - Cn li l t tan hoc khng tan. 2. Nhn bit ion PO4-3 ta dng dung dch AgNO3 => Thu c Ag3PO4 vng nht - Ag3PO4 tan trong HNO3, nn khng dng HNO3 lm thuc th nhn bit gc ny. D. Phn bn ho hc 1. Phan m cung Nito dng ion NH4+, NO3-. nh gi dinh dng phn m = %N (khi lng) 2.Phn ln cung P dng H2PO4-, PO4-3. nh gi dinh dng phn ln =%P2O5 (khi lng) - Phn ln c Supephotphat n Ca(H2PO4)2.2CaSO4 ( Gi l n v iu ch = 1 phn ng) - v Supephotphat kp Ca(H2PO4)2 ( qua 2 bc iu ch, loi i CaSO4 khng cn thit) 3. Phn Kali cung K. nh gi dinh dng phn ln = %K2O (khi lng) p/s: Cch nh nhanh bi hc + nh lu theo cch sau: Photpho : n cht photpho, axit photphoric, mui photphat. 1.t/c vt l 2.t/c ho hc : a) tnh axit(bazo), b) Tnh oxi ho(kh), c) cc tnh cht c bit khc 3,iu ch : CN v PTN(nu c)

Cch c tn hp cht V C:
II. Dng nng cao: ( Khng xt dng qu phc tp, v hp cht phc) 1. Oxit: Nhng oxit m trong phn t c dy (-O-O-) th ta gi l peoxit VD: H2O2 : Hidro peoxit , Na2O2 : Natri peoxit 2. Axit : Trong phn anion axit c cha phn t Oxi gi l oxiaxit, cng thc l HnXmOp a) ( Mui c tng t) Xt m = 1 ( HnXOp) - X k thuc nhm VII m t s OXH cao nht th : Tn axit = axit + tn nguyn t X + ui ic - X k thuc VII, SOXH thp hn SOXH max 2 n v : Tn axit = Axit + Tn nguyn t X + ui - X thuc VII c SOXH max +6 (hay +5 nu ko c +6) : Tn axit = axit + tn nguyn t X+ui ic - X thuc VII c SOXH thp hn SOXH max 2 n v : Tn axit = Axit + Tn nguyn t X + ui - X thuc VII c SOXH +7 th ta thm tin t Pe : Tn axit = axit + pe tn nguyn t X + ui ic Xt m= 2,3,4,. ( HnXmOp)

thm tin t di, tri, tetra vo trc nguyn t X cn thm ui ic nu X c s oxi ha cao v khi X c s oxi ha thp. VD: H4P2O7: axit diphotphoric , H2P4O7: axit tetraphotphor b) b) Cc trng hp khc ( Mui c tng t) - axit c dy oxi (-O-O-) th c thm tin t peoxo trc tn nguyn t X.( Ch mang tnh cht c thm) VD: H4P2O8: axit peoxo diphotphoric , HNO4: axit peoxo nitric - Nu trong phn t oxi axit c mt, hai hay ba nguyn t S thay th cc nguyn t O th thm tin t tio, ditio, tritio vo trc nguyn t X.( Ch mang tnh cht c thm) - Nu X trong phn t oxi axit c s oxi ha thp hn s oxi ha ca X trong axit c hu t l th ta thm tin t hipo trc X. ( Ci ny cn ) VD: HClO2 : Axit clor => HClO : Axit hipoclor VD2: HNO2: axit nitr => HNO: axit hiponitr. Bi tp :c tn cc hp cht hu c sau: HCl HN3 H2SO4 H2MnO4 HClO4 H2B4O7 H3PO3 HF HCN H3PO4 HClO3 HIO4 H2S2P5 HNO2 HBr H2CO3 HNO2 H2MnO3 H4P2O7 H2P4O7 HNO HI H2SiO3 H2SO3 HClO2 H2S2O7 HClO H2S HNO3 H3PO3 HMnO4 H2S3O10 H3PO2

CC DNG BI TP V PHOTPHO VA HP CHT CA PHOTPHO Loi 1: P2O3 tc dng vi dung dch kim Bi 0: Cho 33 gam P2O3 vo 300 ml NaOH 3M cho ti khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, tnh nng CM dungdch thu c? Loi 2: P2O5tc dng vi dung dch kim Bi 1: 14,2 gam P2O5 tc dng vi 200 ml KOH 1M. Tnh nng mol/l dung dch sau phn ng ? Bi 2: 14,2 gam P2O5tc dng vi 300 ml NaOH 2M. Tnh nng mol/l dung dch sau phn ng ? Bi 3: 14,2 gam P2O5 tc dng vi 200 ml KOH 1,5M. Tnh nng mol/l dung dch sau phn ng? Bi 4: 14,2 gam P2O5 tc dng vi 100 gam dung dch NaOH 10%. Tnh nng C% dung dch sau phn ng ? Bi 5: 14,2 gam P2O5tc dng vi 100g dung dch Ca(OH)2 11,1%. Tnh nng C% dung dch sau phn ng ? Bi 6: t chy hon ton 3,1g P ri chia lm 2 phn bng nhau: - Phn 1: Hon tan trong 500g nc thu c dung dch B. Tnh % ca dung dch B -Phn 2: + 400ml NaOH 0,3M sau c cn thu c bao nhiu gam rn Bi 7: a. Cho 21,3g P2O5 vo dung dch cha 16g NaOH, th tch dd sau l 400ml. Xc nh CM ca mui to thnh trong dung dch thu c b) thm 44g NaOH vo dung dch cha 39,2g H3PO4 c cn dung dch. Xc nh khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng .

Bi 8: t chy hon ton 6,8g hp cht photpho thu c 14,2g P2O5 v 5,4 g H2O. Cho sn phm vo 50g dung dch NaOH 32% a) Xc nh cng thc hp cht b) C% dung dch mui thu c sau phn ng Bi 9: ung nng hn hp Ca v P . Ho tan sn phm thu c vo dung dch HCl d thu c 28l kh KC. t chy hon ton kh ny thnh P2O5. Lng oxit thu c tc dng vi dung dch kim to thnh 142g Na2HPO4. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp u Bi 10: Cho 12,4 g P tc dng hon ton vi oxi. Sau cho ton b lng P2O5 ho tan hon ton vo 80ml dung dch NaOH 25%(d=1,28). Tnh C% dung dch mui sau phn ng Bi 11: t chy P trong oxi ri ho tan sn phm vo 500ml dd H3PO4 85% (d=1,7). Nng dung dch axit tng ln 7,6%. Tnh khi lng P t chy. Loi 3: H3PO4tc dng vi dung dch kim Bi 12: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M, tnh CMdung dch thu c ? Bi 13: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M, tnh CMdung dch thu c ? Bi 14: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, tnh CMdung dch thu c Bi 15: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M, tnh CM dung dch thu c Bi 16: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1,2M, tnhCM dung dch thu c ? Bi 17: Cho 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,1M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,75M, tnh CMdung dch thu c Bi 18: Cho 100g dung dch H3PO 4 9,8% tc dng vi 100g dung dch Ca(OH)2 11,1%, tnh C% dung dch thu c Bi 19: Cho 100 ml dd NaOH 1 M tc dng vi 50 ml dd H3PO4 1 M, dd mui thu c c nng mol l ? Khung in p n : Cu 1:

Cu 2

Cu 3

Cu 4

Cu 5:

Cu 6

Cu 7

Cu 8

Cu 9

Cu 10

Cu 11

Cu 12

Cu 13

Cu 14

Cu 15

Cu 16

Cu 17

Cu 18

Cu 19

Cu 20

Cu 21