Ph ng php gi i bi t p hon v gen

ng lc: Ch nht - 05/08/2012 10:00 - Ngi ng bi vit:khanhbang

- Vn dng kin thc linh hot trong vic gii c nhanh cc dng bi tp lin quan n di truyn lien kt khng hon ton : l phn bi tp thng c ra trong cc thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng cao ng v i hc ...

D ng I :

D kin bi cho: -Cho KH ca P. -T l phn tnh kiu hnh th h lai. Yu cu: -Bin lun v vit s lai Cch gi i chung : B c 1 . -Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri ln, v qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn ca hai cp tnh trng *C s l thuyt: -Da vo quy lut di truyn ca G. Mendel xc nh tnh trng tri ln -Nu th h lai xut hin 4 loi kiu hnh v t l phn tinh chung ca hai cp tnh trng khc vi bi ra th s di truyn cc cp tnh trng khng tun theo qui lut phn li c lp v t hp t do v vy ch l quy lut di truyn hon v gen B c 2 . Xc nh tn s hon v gen (f) t suy ra KG ca P v tn s hon v gen *C s l thuyt:Dng phng php phn tch giao t xc nh tn s HVG ( f ) T t l phn tnh th h lai( thng cn c vo t l % kiu hnh mang mt tnh trng tri v mt tnh trng ln) t l giao t lin kt( hoc t l giao t hon v) KG ca c th em lai B c 3 : Lp s lai chng minh Bi t p v n d ng: 1. Tr ng h p HVG x y ra m t bn b ho c m V d 1: Khi cho giao phi gia hai ni rui gim thun chng : Thn xm cnh di vi thn en cnh ngn, F1 thu c ton thn xm cnh di , cho F1 tp giao thu c F2 c t l phn li nh sau: 70% Xm, di 20% en, ngn 5% Xm, ngn 5% en, di

1.Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 ( s hon v ch xy ra rui ci ) Bi gi i : B c1 . -Bi n lu n : +Phn tch t l phn tnh KH ca tng cp tnh trng ring r +Tnh trng : Mnh Xm ( 70% + 5% ): Mnh en ( 20% + 5% ) <=> t l 3: 1( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) Mnh Xm ( A ) tri hon ton so vi mnh en (a ) => P: AA x aa v F1 : Aa x Aa (1) +Tnh trng : Cnh di ( 70% + 5% ): Cnh ngn ( 20% + 5% ) <=> t l : 3: 1( ph hp L phn tnh Mendel) Cnh Di( B ) tri hon ton so Cnh ngn (b ) => P: BB x bb v F1 : Bb x Bb (2) + T (1) v (2) P (AA,BB) x (aa,bb) v F1 l (Aa,Bb) x (Aa,Bb) *Phn tch t l phn tnh KH ca ng thi hai cp tnh trng: ( Xm : en ) x ( Di : Ngn ) = (3: 1 ) x (3: 1 ) = 9:3:3:1 Theo bi ra : Xm, Di : Xm, Ngn : en, di : en, ngn = 70%: 5%: 5%: 20% 9:3:3:1 hai cp tnh trng di truyn tun theo qui lut hon v gen B c2 : F1 en, Ngn ab/ab= 20% = 40% ab x 50% ab Giao t AB = ab = 40% Ab = aB = 10%< 25% l giao t HVG KG ca rui ci F1 AB/ab xy ra hon v gen vi tn s f = 20% +Rui c cho giao t AB = ab =50% KG rui c F1 AB/ab (lin kt gen hon ton ) B c3 : Vit s lai Pt/c : Xm, di x en, Ngn AB/AB x ab/ab Gp : AB ab Xm, di ab F1 x F1 AB x AB ab ab GF1 AB = ab = 40 % AB = ab = 50% Ab = aB = 10 % F2 70% Xm, di 20% en, ngn 5% Xm, ngn 5% en, di 2. Tr ng h p HVG x y ra hai bn b v m V d 2 : F1 100% AB

Cho nhng cy u F1 c cng kiu gen vi kiu hnh hoa tm, ht phn di t th phn. F2thu c t l phn tnh kiu hnh: 50,16% hoa tm, ht phn di : 24,84% hoa tm, ht phn trn : 24,84% hoa , ht phn di : 0,16% hoa , ht phn trn Bin lun v vit s lai t F1 n F2 ( cho bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng ) Bi gi i : B c1 : -Bi n lu n : +F2 xut hin tnh trng hoa , ht phn trn F1 khng thun chng c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen.Vy hoa tm, ht phn di biu hin trong kiu gen d hp l tnh trng tri Qui c: A qui nh hoa tm ; a qui nh hoa B qui nh ht phn di ; b qui nh ht phn trn F1 ( Aa,Bb) x F1 (Aa,Bb) +T l phn tnh kiu hnh F2: 50,16% : 28,84% : 28,84% : 0,16% 9 : 3: 3:1 y l kt qu ca hin tng di truyn hon v gen B c 2 : F2 hoa , ht phn trn ab/ab = 0,16% = 4% ab x 4% ab Hon v gen xy ra c hai bn b m F1 em lai AB = ab = 4% < 25% l giao t HVG Ab = aB = 46%> 25% l giao t bnh thng KG ca F1 l Ab/aB v tn s HVG( f) = 2 x 4% = 8%

Bc3:
Lp s lai F1 ( Hoa tm, ht phn di ) Ab aB GF1 Ab = aB = 46 % AB = ab = 4 % x F1 ( Hoa tm, ht phn di )

x Ab aB Ab = aB = 46 % AB = ab = 4 %

50,16% hoa tm, ht phn di ; 24,84% hoa tm, ht phn trn 24,84% hoa , ht phn di ; 0,16% hoa , ht phn trn 3- Tr ng h p hon v gen i km v i cc quy lu t di truy n khc ( di truyn gii tnh, tng tc gen, lien kt vi gii tnh) a) HVG i km vi DT lien kt vi gii tnh Cc cp gen nm trn NST thng c hon v gen , cp NST gii tnh lien kt vi cc gen khc . V d: Bi khng cho bit tnh c ,ci phn li th h lai F2

Cch gi i: Da vo t l phn tnh ca kiu hnh xc nh y l quy lut di truyn hon v gen ( v t l khc phn li c lp ) sau da vo cp tinh trng c lin quan n gii tnh xc nh t l phn li kiu gen ca P v xc nh gen lien kt trn X hay Y Xc nh tnh tri ln da vo cp phn li ca cp tnh trng thng Tnh tn s hon v gen Vit s php lai theo kiu gen v tn s HVG xc nh b) Hon v gen i km tng tc gen v c lai phn tch V d: Cho F1 lai phn tch c th h lai gm : 21 cy qu trn, hoa tm 54. trn,. trng 129... di, tm 96 di,... trng Cho bit hoa tm tri hn hoa trng . Hy bin lun v vit s lai Cch gi i: Bin lun: qu trn/ qu di = 1:3 trong php lai phn tch th y l quy lut DT tng tc v kiu gen ca php lai v hnh dng qu l : AaBb aabb cho: AaBb(trn), Aabb, aaBb, aabb(di ) Xc nh gen t: nu A l gen t, cp gen aa khng lm nhim v t B quy nh qu trn, b quy nh qu di th aaBb quy nh qu trn cn AABb,Aabb,aabb quy nh qu di - Xt tnh trng : Hoa tm/Hoa trng = 1:1 y l t l ca php lai phn tch 1 cp gen ,tng ng vi s lai : Dd dd :cho 1Dd : 1dd,suy ra F1 gm 3 cp gen d hp . Nu 3 cp gen d hp nm trn 3 cp NST khc nhau th kt qu phn li KH khc bi ra nh vy phi c hin tng cp gen Dd lien kt vi 1 trong 2 cp gen ca kiu gen tng tc AaBb Theo bi ta c cy qu trn, hoa tm = 21/54+21+129+96 =00,7 =7% y l t hp ca giao t 7% ABD 100% abd ,nh vy giai t ABD = 7% l GT do TC v KG lin kt l d hp cho: Bd/Bd. Tn s HVG =7% 4= 28% Vit s lai: + Trng hp 1: AaBd aabd bD bd + Trng hp 2 : Ad Bd ad bb aD ad -Kt lun c 2 php lai u cho kt qu nh nhau
D ngII :

D kin bi cho: - KH ca P v cho bit trc KG ca F1 hoc khng cho bit trc KH ca P v kiu gen cu F1

-T l % 1 loi KH th h con lai F2 nhng khng phi l mang c hai tnh trng ln (aa,bb), m thng mang mt tnh trng tri v mt tnh trng ln(A-,bb hoc aa,B-) Yu cu: -Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2

Cch gi i chung : B c 1 . -Bin lun xc nh tnh trng tri, ln v xc nh qui lut di truyn chi phi hai cp tnh trng (thc hin tng t nh bc 1 ca dng I ) B c 2 . -Xc nh tn s HVG KG ca F1 KG caP *C s l thuyt:Dng ph ng php l p ph ng trnh xc nh t n s HVG ( f ) Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x Ab = aB = y x + y = 0,5(1) + Da vo t l KH mang 1 tnh trng tri, 1 tnh trng ln (A-bb; aaB-) = m % lp phng trnh y2 + 2xy = m % (2) ri gii h phng trnh(1) & (2) chn n ph hp t suy ra tn s HVG v kiu gen ca P v F1 B c3 . -Lp s lai kim chng: 1. Tr ng h p 1: cho bi t KH c a P v bi t tr c KG c a F 1

V d1
Khi lai th ng thun chng thn cao, ht trng vi th ng thn thp, ht vng . F1 thu c ton cy thn cao, ht vng. Cho cc cy F1 t th phn vi nhau F2 thu c 18400 cy bao gm 4 kiu hnh, trong c 4416 cy thn cao, ht trng .( Bit rng mi tnh trng do mt gen qui nh) Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 Bi gi i : B c1 . -P thun chng hai cp tnh trng em lai F1 ng tnh trng thn cao, ht vng ( ph hp L ng tnh Men del ) tnh trng thn cao(A ) l tri hon ton so vi thn thp(a); ht vng (B ) l tri hon ton so vi ht trng (b) v kiu gen F1(Aa, Bb)

GF1

Ab = aB = 40 % AB = ab = 10 %

Ab = aB = 40 % AB = ab = 10 %

F2

51% cao, vng; 24% cao, trng; 24% thp, vng; 1% thp, trng

2. Tr ng h p2: ch a cho bi t KH c a P v ch a bi t c KG c a F1 V d 2 : em giao phn gia b m u thun chng khc nhau v hai cp gen tng phn thu c F1 ng lot cy cao, chn sm. F2 c 4 kiu hnh trong kiu hnh cy cao, chn mun chim 12,75% Bin lun v vit s lai t P n F2 ( cho bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng ) Bi gi i : B c1 : -P thun chng hai cp tnh trng tng phn em lai F1 ng tnh trng cy cao, chn sm( ph hp nh lut ng tnh Melen ) cao, chn sm tri so vi thp, chn mun

+qui c

A: cao a: thp B: chn sm b: chn mun +F1 c kiu gen d hp hai cp gen (Aa,Bb) -T l phn tnh kiu hnh F2 cy cao, chn mun ( A-;bb) = 12,75% khc 3/16, khc 1/4 => qui lut di truyn chi phi s di truyn hai cp tnh trng l qui lut di truyn hon v gen B c2 : -Gi t l giao t ca F1 AB = ab = x Ab = aB = y Ta c y2 + 2xy = 0,1275(1) x + y = 1/2 (2) gii h phng trnh (1) & (2) ta c +x = 0,35 > 0,25 ( giao t lin kt) ; +y = 0,15 < 0,25 (giao t hon v gen)

F2

62.25% cao, chn sm; 12.75% cao, chn mun; 12.75% thp, chn sm; 12.25% thp, chn mun

Dng III : D kin bi cho: -Cp tnh trng tri, ln hon ton
-S t bo tri qua gim phn to giao t ,v s t bo xy ra hon v gen -Cc giao t u tham gia vo qu trnh th tinh Yu cu: -Xc nh t l kiu hnh th h lai Cch gi i chung : B c1 :Xc nh tn s hon v gen *C s l thuyt: -1 t bo sinh giao t c qua gim phn to 4 giao t c u tham gia th tinh -Nu 1 t bo sinh giao t xy ra HVG mt cp alen s cho hai loi giao t : giao t lin kt = giao t HVG=1/2 -Tn s HVG(p) = (s giao t HV/ tng s giao t to thnh) x 100% B c2 :Xc nh t l KH th h lai: -Da vo d kin bi bin lun xc nh KG ca P -Lp s lai t l phn tnh KH th h lai Bi t p v n d ng : V d: Cy u lai F1 mang kiu hnh hoa tm- ht phn di tng ng vi s c mt ca hai cp gen d hp trn NST tng ng. Gi s c 1000 t bo sinh giao t tri qua gim phn pht sinh ht phn, trong c 100 t bo xy ra hon v gen. Cy F1 c dng lm trong php lai phn tch cho th h lai.Tnh t l % cc loi kiu hnh th h lai.Bit rng tt c ht phn sinh ra u tham gia th tinh v hoa tm tri hon ton so vi hoa , ht phn di tri hon ton so vi ht phn trn Bi gi i : 1.Xc nh tn s Hon v gen: - S ht phn c hnh thnh t 1000 t bo sinh ht phn l: 4.1000 = 4000 - Nu 1 t bo sinh ht phn xy ra hon v gen s cho hai loi giao t vi t l mi loi giao t l: +giao t lin kt = giao t hon v gen = 1/2 V vy t 100 t bo sinh ht phn xy ra hon v gen th s ht phn xy ra hon v gen l: 4x100/2= 200 Vy tn s hon v gen l: p = 200/4000x 100% = 5% 2.Xc nh t l phn tnh KH th h lai(F2) : -Bin lun xc nh KG ca F1

+Qui c A: hoa tm B: ht phn di

a: hoa b: ht phn trn