I.

HA TR

1. Ha tr trong hp cht ion Qui tc:

- Ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion c gi l in ha tr

- Tr s in ha tr c xc nh bng in tch ion

V D
VD 1: Xt phn t BaO BaO c to thnh t ion Ba2+ v ion O2Vy Ba c in ha tr v 2+ v O c in ha tr 2VD 2: Xt phn t Al2O3 Al2O3 c to thnh t ion Al3+ v ion O2Vy Al c in ha tr v 3+ v O c in ha tr 2-

Nhn xt:
-Cc nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA c s electron lp ngoi cng tng ng l 1, 2, 3e c th nhng. Nn cc nguyn t c in ha tr tng l 1+, 2+, 3+ - Cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm VIA, VIIA c 6, 7e lp ngoi cng c th nhn thm 2, 1e vo lp ngoi cng nn cc nguyn t c in ha tr tng ng l 2-, 1-

I. HA TR

2. Ha tr trong hp cht cng ha tr - Ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr gi l cng ha tr - Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t c xc nh bng s lin kt m nguyn t ca nguyn t to thnh vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t

Th d: Trong cng thc cu to ca phn t NH3, H N H H - N c 3 lin kt cng ho tr nn nguyn t N c cng ho tr 3 - Mi H c 1 lin kt cng ho tr nn nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1 Ch : xc nh c cng ho tr ca 1 nguyn t trong phn t th ta phi vit c cng thc cu to ca phn t

II. S OXI HA Khi nim:

S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t, nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l lin kt ion

2. Qui tc xc nh.
a. Qui tc 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong cc n cht bng 0. Th d: trong n cht Na,Cu, Zn, O2, H2, N2, th s oxi ho ca Na,Cu, Zn, O, H, N u bng 0

b. Qui tc 2: Trong mt phn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng 0

Th d: Phn t MgO th s oxi ho ca nguyn t Mg v O ln lt l +2 v -2 c. Qui tc 3: S oxi ho ca cc ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion
Th d 1: S oxi ho ca cc nguyn t cc ion K+, Ca2+, Fe3+ Cl-, S2-, ln lt l +1, +2, +3, -1, -2

Th d 2: S oxi ho ca S trong ion SO42-Trong SO42- : x+ 4.(-2) = -2 x= +6

d. Qui tc 4: Trong hu ht cc hp cht - S oxi ho ca H bng +1 tr mt s trng hp nh hirua kim loi (NaH, CaH2). - S oxi ho ca O bng 2, tr trng hp OF2 ,peoxit (H2O2.,K2O2..), supeoxit ( KO2 , NaO2.)

Ch cch vit s oxi ho: s oxi ho c vit bng ch s thng,du t trc v c t trn k hiu nguyn t Th d : Tnh s oxi ho ca N trong amoniac NH3, axt nitr HNO2, anion nitrat NO3- ,anion amoni NH4+ - Trong NH3 : - Trong HNO2 : -Trong NO3- : -Trong NH4+ : x + 3.(+1) = 0 (+1) + x + 2.(-2) = 0 x + 3.(-2) = -1 x+ 4.(+1) = +1 x = -3 x = +3 x =+5 x= -3

Bi 1. Hon thnh bi tp sau:

Cng thc N Cng ha tr ca N la Cl la S la H la in hoa tri cua K la Cl la Al la Cl la S Oxi ha ca N la Cl la S la H la S Oxi hoa cua K la Cl la Al la Cl la

Cl - Cl H-S-H Cng thc KCl AlCl3

AP AN:
Cng thc Cng ha tr ca S Oxi ha ca

N la
Cl la S la H la

3
1 2 1

N la
Cl la S la H la

0
0 -2 +1 +1 -1 +3 -1

Cl - Cl H-S-H

Cng thc KCl

in hoa tri cua K la Cl la

S Oxi hoa cua K la Cl la Al la Cl la

1+

AlCl3

1Al la 3 + Cl la 1 -

Nhm 1: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau: HNO3, KMnO4, H2SO3, K2Cr2O7 , Fe2O3 Nhm 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau: HNO3, HClO4, KMnO4, H2S, AlCl3 Nhm 3: Xc nh cng ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau: H2S, Br2, CO2, CH4, HNO3

Nhm 4: Xc nh in ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau: Fe2O3, CuCl2, MgO, Na2O, AgCl

- Ni dung bi luyn tp - Hon thnh cc bi tp SGK