1

Chng 1:
GII THIU NGUYN LIU V AXETYLEN
1.1. Gii thiu v nguyn liu.
Kh t nhin l kh nm trong tng cha kh (m kh) v thnh phn ch
yu l metan (c th chim n 97% theo th tch). Kh t nhin l ngun ti
nguyn khng l vi tr lng rt ln (hng trm nghn t m
3
) phn b trn c t
lin v ngoi bin. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra cc m kh t nhin vi tr lng
ln nhiu ni trn th gii nh: Lin X c, M, Trung ng, Bc Phi, Nam M,
Canada, ng Nam , Mehyco, c, Ty Phi, Nht Bn.
Vit Nam pht hin s c mt ca kh t nhin mt s ni nh: Tin
Hi (Thi Bnh), vng trng Nam Cn Sn (Lan Ty, Lan , Hng Ngc) mi
c pht hin c tr lng ln khong 70 t m
3
kh t nhin. Thnh phn kh t
nhin y cha ti 96% CH
4
, 2% C
2
H
6
, 2% cc kh khc.
Qu trnh khai thc v s dng kh t nhin cn gp nhiu kh khn v hn
ch do vn khai thc v vn chuyn phc tp, i hi vn u t ln nhng li
ch ca n em li i vi nn kinh t ni chung v ngnh cng ngh ha hc ni
ring l rt ln. nhn c sn phm ring trong kh t nhin ngi ta nghin
cu v xy dng cc nh my ch bin kh vi nhiu phng php khc nhau v
ty thuc vo m kh (kh nguyn liu ban u) m c nhng cng ngh ph hp
mong em li hiu qu trong qu trnh ch bin cc ha cht thng phm.
c bit nc ta tim nng v kh kh phong ph. Nh vy nc ta c
iu kin pht trin cng ngh du kh trn ton lnh th, khai thc v s dng hp
l ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny. Trong tng lai ngnh cng ngh du kh s l


2

mt ngnh cng nghip pht trin mnh ng gp ng k vo s pht trin ca
nn kinh t ca t nc ta.
Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca kh thin nhin v kh
ng hnh Vit Nam ( % th tch ).
Cc cu t
kh ng
hnh, kh t
nhin
Bch H i Hng Rng Tin Hi
Rng T
Do
CH
4
73,0 77,0 78,0 87,6 84,0
C
2
H
6
12,0 10,0 3,0 3,1 6,0
C
3
H
8
7,0 5,0 2,0 1,2 4,0
C
4
H
10
2,9 3,3 1,0 1,0 2,0
C
5
H
12
2,5 1,2 1,0 0,8 2,0
CO
2
0,7 3,0 2,0 3,0 4,0
N
2
0,5 3,0 2,0 3,0 4,0

Nh vy qua bng 1 ta thy hm lng metan l rt ln trong thnh phn
kh. V vy vic nghin cu tm ra phng php s dng ngun CH
4
di do ny
ch bin ra cc nguyn liu a dng hn cho tng hp hu c ang l ti thu
ht s quan tm ca cc ngnh khoa hc u ngnh, c uy tn trong nc cng nh
trn th gii. Bi metan l mt trong nhng nguyn liu quan trng cho ngnh tng
hp hu c. iu ny c th hin qua s :


3



Trong cc phng php sn xut axetylen t hidrocacbon,phng php nhit
in tn nhiu in nng, nhng tiu hao nhin liu c th gim 50%,nng lng
cung cp cho qu trnh khng ph thuc vo nguyn liu. Cc phng php nhit
phn ch s dng in nng cho cng on iu ch oxy v tch axetylen khi hn
hp sau nhit phn , v vy cng ngh nhit phn kh t nhin sn xut axetylen l
qu trnh c s dng kh ph bin v c hiu qu kinh t cao.



4

1.2. Gii thiu v axetylen.
1.2.1. Tnh cht vt l.
- Trong iu kin thng axetylen l cht kh khng mu, khng c, dng
tinh khit c mi ete yu, c tc dng gy m, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng
kh, nguyn cht c v hi ngt v c c trng bi cc yu t sau :
+ Trng lng ring (00C,760 mmHg) d = 1,17 kg/m3
+ Trng lng phn t M=26,08 kg/kmol
+ Nhit dung ring phn t Cp =0,402 kJ/kg
+ Nhit dung ngng t tnt=-83,80C
+ Nhit ti hn ttn =-35,50C
+ p sut ti hn Ptn=6,04 MPa
+ Nhit thng hoa 21,59 kJ/mol
+ Nhit ha hi 15,21 kJ/mol
+ T trng 0,686 kg/m3
- Tnh cht quan trng khc ca axetylen l kh nng ha tan ca n ln hn
nhiu so vi nhng hydro cacbon khc. iu ny ta p dng hiu qu trong qu
trnh vn chuyn, phn tch, bo qun v lm sch.
- Axetylen l cht d n, tn cha v vn chuyn kh khn nn phi cn thn
v phng i vi ha cht ny. Cc thit b phc v cho ha cht ny cng phi
c cu to v kh nng phng chng chy n cao.



5

+ An ton trong vn chuyn v tn cha: axetylen l mt cht hot ng
ngay trong iu kin thng. Axetylen c gii hn n rng, khi chy ta ra mt
lng nhit ln. Do trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha rt nguy him. Khi
vn chuyn ng ng cng ngn cng tt. Nu di qu axetylen s t n. Nu vn
chuyn bng cc thit b cha th phi trnh va p v mi la. Khi vn chuyn,
ngi ta thng pha thm kh tr, hydro, amoniac vo gim kh nng chy n.
Ngoi ra, trnh xy ra qu trnh n trong sn xut trong hn hp ha du khc
ngi ta c gng lm vic p sut di 2atm (gii hn khng nguy him).
Trng hp phi lm vic trong iu kin p sut cao th ngi ta lm long
axetylen bng nito. Khi nn axetylen ngi ta dng my nn kh c bit, c vn
tc chuyn dch thp, mc nn nh v nhit kh sau mi bc ca my nn
khng qu 100
0
C. Trong qu trnh tnh ton v thit k phi ch ti h s an ton
ca bn, trang thit b bo him.
+ Khi tn cha axetylen c ha lng 3050atm, nhit thng th
cch ny cng rt nguy him. Hin nay thng nn -80
o
C v p sut 1,3atm. Cn
nu tn cha thi gian di th ta cn thm vo 2% axeton hay xylen lm gim
gii hn n trn ca axetylen.
Ngoi ra axetylen l ha cht nguy him n sc khe con ngi v nh
hng ti mi trng sng. Axetylen l 1 cht ngt thng dng. i vi con ngi
ht vo khong 10% C
2
H
2
c th lm say nh, 20% th tch th gy ng c, 30%
th gy ra s khng nhn bit c.





6

Bng 2: ha tan ca axetylen trong mt s dung mi hu c 20
0
C v 1
atm.
Dung mi Cng thc
Th tch axetylen/th
tch dung mi
Metanol CH
3
OH 11,3
Metylaxetat CH
3
COOCH
3
19,5
Axeton CH
3
COCH
3
23
Dimetylfomamid HCON(CH
3
)
2
32

S c mt ca cc hydrocacbon khc t nh hng n ha tan ca
axetylen trong oxy lng. H s phn tn ca axetylen 25
0
C v 0,1MPa l
0,133cm
2
.s
-1
. 0
0
C v 0,1MPa; h s phn tn tng h ca axetylen trong hn hp
ln lt l 0,538 ; 0,188;0,191 cm
2
.s
-1
.
Axetylen b hp th trn than hot tnh silicoxit v zeolit. Cc cht hp ph
ny dng tch axetylen t hn hp kh. Axetylen cng b hp ph trn b mt
kim loi v thy tinh. Dung dch keo ca paradin c th hp ph ti 460mg
C
2
H
2
/1g/Pd.
1.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc.
Axetylen l hydrocacbon khng no c lin kt ba trong phn t, do c
kh nng hot ng ha hc cao. Khi tham gia phn ng ha hc lin kt ba b ph
v to thnh lin kt i hoc cc hp cht bo ha. Do tnh khng no v nng
lng to thnh ln nn axetylen c kh nng phn ng d dng vi nguyn t v


7

hp cht. V vy axetylen c dng lm nguyn liu th cho nhiu qu trnh tng
hp khc nhau. Trong quan trng nht l phn ng cng, th nguyn t H,
polime ha v phn ng ng vng.
Axetylen rt d tham gia phn ng tn cng nucleofin hn vi nhiu cht.
Lin kt phn cc C,H lm axetylen c tnh axit (Pka = 25) nn axetylen d ha tan
trong cc dung mi baz. V tnh axit ny m axetylen d ha tan vi cc dung mi
thng thng do to lin kt hydro vi chng. V vy ngoi cc kh nng tham gia
phn ng cng, trng hp, oxy ha, axetylen cn tham gia phn ng th nguyn t
H bng kim loi v cc polyme ng vng mch thng.
Phn ng cng hp.
- Cng hp vi H2 :
- Tin hnh trn xc tc Pd 1atm v 250 3000C.
Vi xc tc Ni,t
0
:

- Cng hp vi H
2
O :
- Khi c xc tc Hg v H
2
SO
4
70 100
0
C.

- Khi xc tc km v oxit st 360
0
C.

- Cng hp vi ru :
- Khi xc tc KOH v t
0
= 150-160
0
C, P=2-4atm.

+ 2 H
2
HC CH H
3
C CH
3
Ni,t
0
+ H
2
O
HC CH CH
3
CHO H = -38,8 kcal/mol
+ 3H
2
O
HC CH CH
3
COCH
3
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
2
+ ROH HC CH
H
2
C CHOR


8

Vi R l mt nhm ankyl.
- Cng hp vi halogen :
- Cng hp vi mui halogen to hp cht ng thi c ng phn cis
v trans :

- Cng hp vi axit:
Axetylen phn ng cng vi nhiu axit v v, hu c to thnh cc vinyl c
nhiu gi tr.
Cng vi HCl, phn ng c th tin hnh trong pha hi 150
0
C-180
0
C c
xc tc HgCl
2
/C hoc tin hnh trong pha lng dng xc tc CuCl
2
ta thu c
vinylclorua.

Cng hp vi H
2
SO
4
to thnh vinylsunfo :

nhit 80
0
C c CuCl
2
v NH
4
Cl lm xc tc, axetylen tc dng vi HCN
to thnh acrylonitryl.

Axetylen tc dng vi axit hu c khi c xc tc to ra cc ete 180-200
0
C,
phn ng pha hi v xc tc mui axetat ca Cl hoc Zn trn than hot tnh cho ta
vinylaxetat.
HC CH + HgCl
2
C C
HgCl
H
H
Cl
C C
HgCl
H
Cl
H
cis
trans
HC CH + HCl H
2
C CHCl
HC CH + H
2
SO
4
H
2
C CHOSO
3
H
HC CH + HCN H
2
C CHCN


9


Hay to ra cc vinyl ca axit cacboxilic ln hn, khi phn ng tin hnh
trong pha lng v xc tc l Zn hoc Cd.

Phn ng th ca axetylen.
Nguyn t hydro ca C
2
H
2
th hin tnh axit c kh nng tham gia phn ng
th vi kim loi kim, Cu, Ag, Ni, Hg, Co, Zn, to thnh axetylenit kim loi rt
d n.

Axetylen tc dng vi amit kim loi trong andehyt amoniac lng.

Axetylen tc dng vi thnh phn ca cao lanh nh HSiCl
3
thc hin trong
pha lng vi xc tc l Pt, trong hp cht ca Pt to thnh silicon hu c.

Phn ng trng hp ca axetylen.
- Nh hp: nhit 800C thi axetylen qua dung dch bo ha Cu2Cl2 xy
ra phn ng dime ha to ra vinyl axetylen.
HC CH + CH
3
COOH H
2
C CHOCOCH
3
HC CH + RCOOH H
2
C CHOCOR
CuC CCu + H
2
2M + C
2
H
2
M
2
C
2
+ H
2
2Cu + C
2
H
2
HC CH
+ Na
- H
NaC CH
+ Na
- H
NaC CNa
MNH
2
+ C
2
H
2
MC
2
H + NH
3
HC CH + HSiCl
3
H
2
C
C SiCl
3
H


10


- Tam hp: nhit 600
0
C di tc dng ca than hot tnh, axetylen trng
hp to thnh C
6
H
6
.

- a hp: nhit 200300
0
C c bt ng xc tc axetylen trng hp to
thnh Kypren.

Ngoi ra, t C
2
H
2
Reppe tng hp ra 1,3,5,7 xyclooctatetran vi hiu sut 71%.
Nhit phn ng 65100
o
C, p sut 1525atm nng ln t t, xc tc l Ni(CN)
2
.

Phn ng oxi ha ca axetylen.
- Phn ng vi dung dch KMnO
4
:
2 2 4 2 2
3 8 3 8 2 2 C H KMnO KOOC COOK MnO KOH H O + + + +

- Phn ng t chy:

2 2 2 2 2
2 5 4 2 C H O CO H O + +





HC CH 2 H
2
C
C C CH
H
HC CH 3
C
6
H
6
HC CH n
(CH)
2n


11

1.2.3. ng dng ca axetylen
Axetylen c nhiu ng dng trong cuc sng v trong cng nghip, n ng
vai tr quan trng trong tng hp hu c.

Ngoi ra axetylen cn dng thp sng, hn ct kim loi, chim 30% lng
axetylen sn xut ra. Axetylen cn c mt s ng dng quan trng khc nh: sn
xut lm nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip ha sinh, ha polymer v sn xut
dc phm



12

Chng 2:
C A CH TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT
AXETYLEN

2.1. C s ha l ca qu trnh phn hy hydrocacbon sn xut
axetylen.
2.1.1. C s nhit ng lc hc ca qu trnh nhit phn
hydrocacbon.
Qu trnh phn hy hydrocacbon nhit cao thnh axetylen bao gm
nhiu phn ng thun nghch. Vi nguyn liu l hydrocacbon nh (kh t nhin v
kh ng hnh), qu trnh nhit phn c th c cc phn ng sau:
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

2CH
4
C
2
H
4
+ 2H
2

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

C
3
H
8
C
2
H
4
+ CH
4

C
3
H
8
C
3
H
6
+ H
2

C
3
H
8
1,5CH
2
+ 2,5H
2

C
4
H
10
C
2
H
4
+ C
2
H
6

C
4
H
10
C
4
H
8
+ H
2



13

C
4
H
10
2C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

C
2
H
4
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

C
3
H
6
1,5C
2
H
2
+ 1,5H
2
Cc phn ng ny u l cc phn ng thu nhit in hnh v l phn ng
tng th tch. Qu trnh thc hin nhit cao v thi gian ngn do cc tnh cht
nhit ng ca cc hydrocacbon. Trn hnh 2.1 biu din nng lng t do Gibbs
ca cc hydrocacbon ph thuc vo nhit , qu trnh sn xut axetylen t metan
i hi thc hin nhit cao hn qu trnh sn xut t cc hydrocacbon nng
hn.
ng cong cn bng ca phn ng nhit phn metan ph thuc vo nhit c
miu t trn hnh 2.2 cho thy axetylen bt u c to thnh nhit cao hn
1000 K (730
0
C). Nh vy qu trnh i hi phi thc hin nhit cao v cn
phi cung cp nng lng kh ln.
Hnh 2.2. ng cong cn bng ca phn ng nhit phn metan ph thuc vo
nhit .


14

Tuy nhin ngay c nhit cao axetylen vn km bn hn cc cu t to
nn axetylen tc l km bn hn C v H
2
nh trn hnh 2.1. S chnh lch nhit
gia axetylen vi C v H
2
tn ti ti 4200 K:
C
2
H
2
2C
(R)
+ H
2(K )
; -AG
298
= -209,3 kJ/mol.
Nh vy, chnh axetylen to thnh cng b phn hy nu iu kin phn ng
thch hp cho qu trnh to mui cacbon.Qu trnh to mui xy ra mnh lit
khong nhit 12001600
0
C, ngha l vng nhit phn ng. hn ch qu
trnh to mui phi gim nhanh nhit hn hp kh phn ng bng cch phun
nc hoc phun du, gi l trnh ti bng nc hoc bng du.
Ngi ta thy rng, vi phn ng phn hy axetylen, p sut khng nh
hng m yu t chnh nh hng n phn ng l nhit v thi gian phn ng.
Nhit cng cao, thi gian phn ng cng di, s phn hy axetylen cng tng,
hm lng axetylen thu c cng thp.
C ch ca qu trnh.
Qu trnh nhit phn hydrocacbon nhit cao xy ra theo cc phn ng
thun nghch sau:
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2
AH
298
= 376 kJ/mol.
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
AH
298
= 311 kJ/mol.
Cc phn ng trn l phn ng thu nhit, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
thun nhit 10001300
0
C. Thc t t vn tc phn ng ln, qu trnh
cn thc hin nhit cao hn, c th 1500 1600
0
C vi CH
4
, cn i vi cc
hydrocacbon lng qu trnh thc hin 1200
0
C.


15



Phn ng xy ra theo c ch chui gc:
CH
4
:CH
2
+ H
2

:CH
2
+ CH
4
C
2
H
6

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2

C
2
H
4
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

C
2
H
2
2C + H
2
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy s to thnh axetylen tin hnh qua
giai on trung gian to thnh CH
3
:CH
2
:CH. Qu trnh phn hy metan c c ch
chui gc nh sau:
2CH
4
- 2H
2CH
3
- 2H
2 CH
2
- 2H
2 CH
CH
3
CH
3
- 2H
CH
2
- 2H
CH
2
CH
CH

Cc gc :CH c th trng hp:
n(CH) C
n
H
2n

n(CH) C
n
H
n-m
+ 0,5mH
2
Trong hn hp sn xut kh thu c ngoi nhng parafin v olefin thp cn
c mt lng khng ln benzene, hydrocacbon, nhm axetylen metyl axetylen


16

CH
3
-CCH cng nh vinyl axetylen CH
2
=CH-CCH v diaxetylen CHC-
CCH,
2.1.2. ng hc qu trnh nhit phn axetylen t nguyn liu.
Hiu sut axetylen trong qu trnh nhit phn hydrocacbon c xc nh
bng ng hc tin hnh phn ng: tc to thnh axetylen cn phi cao hn tc
phn ng phn hy n thnh cc cht n gin. V th t c hiu sut cao
vi sn phm chnh l axetylen cn phi hn ch cc phn ng khng mong mun
bng cch lm lnh nhanh sn phm phn ng (qu trnh ti).
Qu trnh phn hy tng hp cht ring bit ca hn hp hydrocacbon kh
c gi thuyt nh sau: Qu trnh phn hy metan l phn ng bc 1,tc ca
n c th c thit lp theo phng trnh sau, tha mn cho n 1500
0
C:
( )
1 2
2
1
1
ln t t = = k
C
C
hay KC
dr
dc

y nng C
1
v C
2
l nng ca metan vo v ra khi vng phn ng
(tnh bng phn mol);
t
2
- t
2
l thi gian phn ng (giy).
Hng s tc phn ng ph thuc vo nhit theo phng trnh :
17, 352 25, 700
lg 11,864 lg 11, 230 k v k
T T
= =
Phng trnh th hai nghim ng vi qu trnh phn hy metan trong
khong nhit , p sut v nng rng hn.
Nu nhit phn metan 650 700
0
C v thi gian tip xc ln hn 0,25 giy
th ch yu nhn c hydro, metan v sn phm lng. Khi nhit cao hn


17

800900
0
C s to etylen l chnh v 1 lng rt nh axetylen. Bt u t 1000
0
C,
axetylen tr thnh cu t chnh, cn etylen khng c hoc c vi lng khng
ng k. Phng trnh tc phn hy etan nh sau :
6 2
6 2
H C
H C
C k
dT
dC
=

Gi tr hng s tc k cc nhit khc nhau xem bng di y
Thi gian tip xc (giy) Thi gian tip xc
(giy)
* 750
0
C v 1atm
0,38
2,9
13,10
* 1700
0
C v 0,07 atm
0,28.10
-3
0,41.10
-3
0,88.10
-3


1,74
0,50
0,13

7800
9550
5850

Etylen 600
0
C cha phn hy to thnh axetylen.Bt u t 800
0
C th
axetylen l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn hy etylen. Khi tng nhit , tc
phn hy etylen v mc chuyn ha thnh axetylen tng ln. Khi nhit
cao hn 1000
0
C, vi thi gian tip xc c mili giy s to thnh mt lng mui
cacbon ng k. Gim p sut v pha long hn hp phn ng s lm chm tc
phn hy v polyme ha etylen, nng cao hiu sut axetylen.



18


Nhit phn propan xy ra theo phng trnh bc 1:
8 3
8 3
.
H C
H C
C k
dT
dC
=

V gi tr hng s tc c tnh theo phng trnh :
RT 3 , 2
300 , 63
46 , 13 k lg =

Ph hp vi cc s liu thc nghim i vi nhit trn 700
0
C.
S phn hy propan xy ra theo 2 hng c bn :
C
3
H
8
C
2
H
4
+ CH
4

C
3
H
8
C
3
H
6
+ H
2
Propylen c to thnh trong iu kin phn ng cng b phn hy thnh
etylen v metan. Nhit qu trnh c nh hng r rt n thnh phn sn phm:
600700
0
C ngi ta nhn c etylen v propylen vi t l 1:1, nhit cao
hn 1000
0
C nhn c axetylen vi hiu sut ln do phn hy etylen v propylen.
Nh vy axetylen nhn c khi nhit phn propan l do qu trnh phn hy cc
sn phm bc nht nh etylen v propylen.
Thay i p sut t 1 n 7 atm t nh hng n thnh phn ca sn phm
cui khi nhit phn parafin.Ch khi p sut hn p sut kh quyn, thnh phn sn
phm bt u ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ban u ca parafin.V th khi
nhit phn metan, etan, propan, iu kin n nhn axetylen vi hiu sut cao l p
sut ring phn ca hydrocacbon nh, nhit cao v thi gian phn ng rt ngn.


19

Qu trnh nhit phn butan cng xy ra trong iu kin tng t nh nhit
phn propan. Cc sn phm phn hy n-butan l: butan-1, butan-2,hydro,
metan,etan v propylen. Khi tng nhit sn phm ch yu ca qu trnh nhit
phn l axetylen v etylen.
Trong cng nghip nguyn liu c s dng ch yu l hn hp cc
hydrocacbon nh: phn on etan-propan, propan-propylen hay butan-
butylenng hc nhit phn cc hn hp hydrocacbon nh vy cha c
nghin cu y , tuy nhin c th thy rng s phn hy hydrocacbon no c
trong hn hp s b nh hng khi c mt cc hydrocacbon khc.
2.2. La chn nguyn liu sn xut axetylen.
Nguyn liu sn xut axetylen c th s dng cc hydrocacbon dng
kh hoc lng hoc hn hp ca chng. Tuy nhin thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn
liu l mt yu t quan trng quyt nh n hiu sut cc sn phm chnh ca qu
trnh (axetylen v etylen,). Kt qu tt nht nhn c khi nhit phn n- parafin,
ng thi nhit phn ng ph thuc trc tip vo khi lng nguyn t ca
hydrocacbon nguyn liu. V d:
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
; AH
298
= +89,97 kcal/mol.
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2
;

AH
298
= +71,4 kcal/mol.
2C
3
H
8
3C
2
H
2
+ 5H
2
;

AH
298
= +70,9 kcal/mol.
C
4
H
10
2C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
;

AH
298
= +69,3 kcal/mol.
Nh vy t cc phng trnh phn ng cho thy phn ng to axetylen t
metan n butan c kh nng xy ra, trong nhit phn metan tn nhiu nng
lng hn c.Nhit phn izo- parafin v naphta cho hiu sut cao.


20

Nguyn liu km hiu qu nht l hyrocacbon thm, khi phn hy lng
axetylen nhn c khng ng k m to nhiu cc v nha.
Thnh phn ca nguyn liu xc nh nhit v p sut ca qu trnh.Khi
lng phn t ca hyrocacbon nguyn liu cng ln, bn nhit cng thp nn
nhit phn ng thch hp cng gim xung.
Mtan nhit phn nhit cao nht thng l 1400
0
C v thi gian lu ca
n trong vng phn ng nh nht (nh hn 0,01 giy). Qu trnh chuyn ha mtan
p sut d 0,1 n 0,2 atm xy ra ti su phn hy l 30% v nng
axetylen trong kh t c vo khong 10% theo th tch.
Etan l nguyn liu tin li sn xut axetylen. Nu nhit phn nhit
va phi, n l nguyn liu tt nht nhn etylen, nhit cao hiu sut
axetylen t nguyn liu l etan cng rt ln. Vi iu kin qu trnh thc hin
nhit 1400
0
C v p sut 0,065 atm, thi gian tip xc 0,05 giy, hiu sut
axetylen t cc i 17% th tch.
Propan v butan cng nh cc parafin nng hn cng c s dng sn
xut axetylen, ng thi nhn etylen v cc olefin khc. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th
dng c xng hay phn on keroxen lm nguyn liu. Khi tng t trng ca
nguyn liu , hiu sut tng cng cc hyrocacbon khng no (axetylen, etylen, )
c tng nhng hiu sut nha v cc cng tng ln ng k.
Trong qu trnh nhit phn, ch nhit l yu t c bn xc nh hiu sut
cc sn phm. iu khin ch nhit, ngn nga s to mui cacbon v to
nha trong l phn ng, ngi ta thng pha thm hi nc vo. nh gi hiu
sut axetylen trong qu trnh nhit phn, ngi ta dng 2 i lng: chuyn ha
tng cng (cn gi l h s nhit phn tng cng ) v chuyn ha n axetylen


21

(cn gi l h s nhit phn hu ch). Ngoi ra c trng cho qu trnh ngi ta
cn dng i lng su phn hy nguyn liu ban u n cc cht n gin
(cacbon, hyro). Thng thng ngi ta phn on su phn hy theo t trng
ca cc kh sn phm v n l i lng t l nghch vi su phn hy.
Nguyn liu sn xut axetylen t kh t nhin khi a t ngoi m vo
c kh v loi b lu hunh, CO
2
v tp cht thng qua h thng x l ca
cc nh my x l kh v.v
23 hn tch nh gi cc cng ngh sn xut axetylen t kh thin
nhin.
sn xut axetylen ngi ta dng phn ng nhit phn hyrocacbon
nhit cao. Ty theo cch cp nhit thc hin phn ng nhit phn
hyrocacbon thnh axetylen m ngi ta chia thnh nhm cc phng php sau:
- Qu trnh nhit in.
- Qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton.
2.3.1. Qu trnh nhit in.
Bn cht ca qu trnh l s phng in trong mi trng hyrocacbon kh,
s xy ra s t nng cc b hn hp kh v ct mch cc phn t ca n thnh cc
gc t do, ti hp cc gc t do ny dn ti hnh thnh axetylen v cc ng ng
ca n, mui cacbon, hyro v cc hyrocacbon cao hn.
Qu trnh nhit in c nhng u im sau:
- Ngun nng lng cp cho qu trnh khng ph thuc vo nguyn liu
hyrocacbon.


22

- Tiu hao hyrocacbon c th gim 50%.
- Vi iu kin nng lng in c sn v r th s dng qu trnh ny kinh t hn.
Nm 1962, hng Dupont (M) pht minh ra loi l h quang vi cc in
cc ng trc sn xut axetylen t hyrocacbon kh vi nng sut 25 tn C
2
H
2
nm. Sau ny, phng php ngy cng hon thin, ngi ta a thm vo hn hp
phn ng sau khi ra khi vng tia la in mt lng nguyn liu mi, nh th
nhit ca hn hp kh gim t 1500 1600
0
C xung 8001000
0
C. S dng
nhit lng ca kh phn ng giai on ny ca qu trnh nng cao c hiu
sut axetylen v etylen trn mt n v in nng tiu hao. Qu trnh 2 giai on
c cc hng Chemishe Werke Huls v Dupont p dng trong cng nghip.
Sau ny qu trnh nhit in sn xut axetylen bng dng plasma nhit
thp ca hyro hay argon. iu cho php gim c 20 30% tiu hao in
nng trn mt n v axetylen thng phm .
Nguyn liu ca qu trnh l hyrocacbon kh, lng hoc rn, c th s dng
than.Cu trc l h quang v s tinh ch sn phm thch hp cho cc loi
nguyn liu hyrocacbon khc nhau.Vi nguyn liu l hydrocacbon kh, ch c
th s dng qu trnh mt giai on cho h quang tip xc trc tip vi dng kh.
Cn vi nguyn liu lng hoc rn, c th s dng qu trnh mt giai on hoc hai
giai on. u tin hydro c t nng trong l t, sau nguyn liu lng hoc
rn c phun vo dng plasma hydro.
Hnh 2.6 m t hai kiu l h quang.Trong c hai qu trnh nhit phn c to
thnh hydro nn c hai qu trnh mt giai on v hai giai on, h quang chy
trong mi trng hydro.


23

Qu trnh nhit in c thc hin trong thit b phn ng dng mt chiu
vi cng sut 8200 k. in p to h quang l 7000 V, cng dng in l
1150A, h s cos = 0,7 0,75. Chiu di ca bung h quang c th ti 1m.Cc
in cc c lm lnh bng nc. Tt c cc phn ca thit b phn ng c ch
to bng thp.

Hnh 2.6. L h quang in ca Huls vi nguyn liu l kh, lng hoc rn.
Nguyn liu l kh hydrocacbon c a vo bung trn theo hng tip
tuyn vi thnh bung, do to nn dng xoy chuyn ng xung ant. Nhit
trung bnh ca dng kh l 1600
0
C. H quang in do tc dng chuyn ng
quay ca dng kh m cng quay trn chuyn ng xung ant pha di. Khi
cc im chm ca h quang vo thnh in cc lun lun thay i, iu cho
php trnh c s t chy in cc.
Khi nhit ca hn hp kh gim xung 800
0
C, ngi ta phun nc vo
ti sn phm kh, nhanh chng h nhit xung cn khong 180200
0
C.
nhit ny dng xyclon c th tch khong 60% mui. Sau ra bng nc


24

(hoc du) tch ht cn mui v nha, ri a i ch bin thu hi axetylen,
etylen
Trn hnh 2.7 biu din hiu sut axetylen, etylen v nng lng yu cu cho
cc hydrocacbon trong qu trnh khng ti trong nhng iu kin xc nh.
Metan c nng lng yu cu ring (SER) cao nht v cho hiu sut axetylen cao
nht, hiu sut etylen thp nht. i vi cc hydrocacbon c mch cacbon cng
ln, nng lng yu cu ring v hiu sut axetylen gim xung tng ng vi
s gim nhit cp vo to ra axetylen t cc hydrocacbon khc nhau.
Hnh 2.7. Hiu sut axetylen, etylen trong qu trnh khng ti.
Nhit phn c qu trnh ti thc cht l mt qu trnh nhit phn c iu
khin.Loi v lng hydrocacbon s dng ti s b c th rt a dng. Hnh
2.8 m t c trng hiu sut sn phm vi tc ti khc nhau trong trng
hp metan l nguyn liu v propan l cht ti. Hiu sut axetylen v hydro
khng chu nh hng ca tc ti, trong khi etylen c im cc i sau
gim xung khi thi gian ti qu ngn. i vi propan hiu sut c tng v t l
C
3
: C
2
nh hn 0,25.


25

Cc hydrocacbon cn li vi t l nh sau: etan 100, propan 75, n-butan 72,
izo-butan 24, 1-buten 53.


Hnh 2.8. th hiu sut sn phm ca qu trnh c ti s b.
V nhit ca kh sau khi ti s b trn 1200
0
C nn ngi ta dng mt
h thng ti bng du thu hi khong 80% nhit bng cch trao i nhit
dng hi. Hn hp du mui cacbon to thnh c th bin i tip thnh sunfua
v cc du m cao cp khng tro.S trn hnh 2.8 biu din qu trnh nhit in
c s dng h thng ti bng du ca Huls.
2.3.2. Qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton.
Trong qu trnh ny mt phn nguyn liu c t chy n nhit phn
ng v cp nhit cho phn ng.Cc nguyn liu c cha cacbon nh metan, etan,


26

LNG, LPG, naphta, gazoil, ngay c than hoc cc c th s dng sn xut
axetylen bng nhm cc phng php nhit phn ny.
Trong qu trnh oxy khng hon ton, nguyn liu c trn vi oxy, sau
khi gia nhit s b c a vo l phn ng. Hn hp sau phn ng c lm
ngui nhanh (qu trnh ti) bng nc hoc du. Ti bng nc n gin d
thc hin, ti bng du hiu qu hn. Ngi ta c th s dng cc hydrocacbon
lng lm ngui, nh c th tng lng etylen v axetylen c to thnh
trong khong nhit 1500 1800
0
C. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh hai
bc.
Cu trc l t rt quan trng, cn m bo cc yu cu cng ngh.Thi
gian lu trong vng phn ng phi rt ngn.Hn hp phn ng phi c phn b
ng u.Tc dng kh phi c nh trong qu trnh phn ng t hiu sut
phn ng cao, trnh hin tng chy kch n v to cc.
Tiu biu cho phng php ny l cng ngh ca BASF sn xut axetylen
t kh thin nhin c thc hin t nm 1950. Cho n nm 1983 tng sn
lng axetylen trn ton th gii c sn xut theo cng ngh ny vo khong
400.000 tnnm. Hu ht u s dng phng php ti bng nc, ch c mt
nh my c s dng phng php ti bng du.
Hn hp oxy v hydrocacbon c trn trc theo t l xc nh. Ban u
l qu trnh chy mt phn nguyn liu v ngay sau l qu trnh oxy ha khng
hon ton hydrocacbon. Trong phng php ny chuyn ha hydrocacbon
khng ph thuc vo tc kh a vo m ch cn khng ch thi gian lu trong
tng phn ng nh hn nhiu so vi thi gian phn hy trung bnh ca
axetylen.Gia nhit s b nguyn liu phn ng n nhit cao nht c th t
c trc khi a vo l phn ng s gim c tiu hao oxy v hydrocacbon


27

nguyn liu. ng thi cng to ra tc lan truyn ngn la cao hn v lu
lng dng ln hn trong l phn ng.
Hnh 2.10 v 2.11 m t cc s cng ngh sn xut axetylen bng
phng php nhit phn oxy ha khng hon ton s dng qu trnh ti bng
nc v ti bng du.

1. Thit b gia nhit. 4. Thit b lc in.
2. Thit b phn ng. 5. Thit b thu hi mui.
3. Thp lm lnh. 6. Thit b lm lnh.
Hnh 2.10. S cng ngh sn xut axetylen vi qu trnh ti bng nc.
Trong cng ngh c ti bng nc, nguyn liu kh oxy v metan c a
qua thit b gia nhit 1 t nhit cn thit khong 600700
0
C, sau c a
vo thit b phn ng 2, ti y xy ra qu trnh oxy ha to axetylen. Hn hp sau
phn ng c lm lnh nhanh bng nc n nhit 8090
0
C, sau hn hp


28

c a qua thp lm lnh 3 tip tc lm lnh, tch mui cacbon v bi c
hc. Thit b lc in 4 lp sau cho php tch trit hn mui cacbon v bi
c hc. Kh sch nhn c t nh ct lm lnh c nhit 30
0
C c a qua
my nn sang b phn tinh ch thu sn phm axetylen. Mui cacbon c thu hi
nh b phn lng gn 5 v c a sang l t. Thit b lm lnh 6 c tc dng
lm lnh nc v bm vn chuyn tun hon lng nc a vo ti hn hp
sau phn ng. u im ca cng ngh theo s ny l c th thu c axetylen
vi hiu sut cao v c lm sch trit mui cacbon. Tuy nhin cn phi bm
mt lng ln nc ti sn phm phn ng, khng tn dng c nhit ca
phn ng.
Trong s trn hnh 2.11 ngi ta khc phc nhc im ca s trn
bng cch tn dng nhit ca phn ng nhit phn cn du. Tng t nh s
trn, ban u kh nguyn liu c gia nhit n nhit 600 700
0
C trong thit
b gia nhit 1, sau c dn vo thit b phn ng 2, hn hp sau phn ng
c ti bng cch phun cn du n nhit 200 250
0
C, lng du cha
chy ht c lng y thp v c bm tr li nh h thng bm mng. Hn
hp kh sau phn ng cng vi cc sn phm phn hy ca du l cc hydrocacbon
thm (benzene toluen xylen BTX) c a qua trao i nhit lm sch khi
mui cacbon ti thp trao i nhit 3. Thp trao i nhit c 3 phn, phn di
cng hn hp kh trao nhit vi du, phn gia trao i nhit tip tc v c
tch cc hp cht vng ngng t, phn trn cng trao i nhit vi hydrocacbon
thm nh (BTX). Sn phm kh i ra t trn nh thp l hn hp ca axetylen,
cacbonic, BTX,c nhit 80
0
C c a sang thit b lm lnh cui 7
tchBTX. Kh kh sn phm nhn c t nh thp c nhit 30
0
C a sang
my nn 4. Phn cha BTX thu c y thp c a sang thit b lng gn 6


29

thu BTX, cn nng hn c a sang thit b cc ha 5 lm vic nhit
khong 500
0
C.


1. Thit b un nng. 5. Thit b cc ha.
2. Thit b phn ng. 6. Lng gn.
3. Thp trao i nhit. 7. Thit b lm lnh cui.
4. Bm nn.
Hnh 2.11. S cng ngh sn xut axetylen vi qu trnh ti bng du.
u im ca s cng ngh ny l tn dng nhit ca phn ng phn
hy cn du, sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cn du ch yu l BTX.


30

Nhc im ca s ny l axetylen nhn c c tinh khit khng
cao so vi phng php ti bng nc, hiu sut sn phm khng cao v lm
lnh khng trit .
Cng ngh nhit phn metan sn xut axetylen c hiu qu v kinh t
hn phng php nhit in nn c s dng rng ri hn trong cng nghip.
Kt lun : Do tnh hiu qu v kinh t cao nn chng ta s dng phng
php iu ch axetylen bng phng php oxi ha khng hon ton vi qu trnh
ti bng nc.














31




Chng 3:
XUT QU TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT AXETYLEN
T KH T NHIN
3.1. in un a chn dy chuyn cng ngh
T cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut trn ta chn quy trnh cng ngh sn
xut Axetylen bng phng php oxy ha khng hon ton.
3.1.1. Cm phn ng oy ha
Trong dy chuyn cng ngh, nh nht nhng quan trng nht l l phn
ng. Trong qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton nguyn liu c gia nhit s b
(i vi metan khong 600
0
C) c trn hn hp tht nhanh vi oxy ti bung
trn.Khi hn hp phn ng c a vo bung phn ng, s bt la xy ra trong
khong thi gian vi mili giy ty thuc vo nguyn liu hydrocacbon v qu trnh
gia nhit s b.Cc hydrocacbon cao hn s c gia nhit s b nhit thp
hn so vi metan. trnh s thi ngc li ca hn hp kh gia bung trn v
tng phn ng, ngi ta s dng thit b khuch tn l mt ng ni t bung trn
ti l t.V thnh ng nhn v lun lun c dng kh u n i qua cc l nh
ca l t nn thc t khng xy ra s chuyn ng ngc li ca hn hp kh.L
t gm nhng tm thp c lm ngui bng nc v c rt nhiu khe nh
dng kh i qua. Tc dng kh lun lun ln hn tc lan truyn ngn la v


32

vy ngn la bn di l t khng th t ngc tr li thit b khuch tn. Pha
di l t c ng ng b sung thm oxy cho hn hp phn ng. Trong iu
kin khng thun li ngn la c th xut hin pha trn l t.Trong trng hp
ny phi ngt ngay dng oxy v thi nit vo.Nit dp tt s chy kch n trc
khi gy ra s c cho thit b.
Hn hp kh c nhit cao trong vng phn ng trong khong thi gian vi
mili giy, sau s i qua vng ti, ti c phun nc lm mt tc thi n
vi nc 80
0
C.

Hnh : Cm phn ng oxi ha
3.1.2. Cm hp th v nh hp etyen
Sau khi sn xut axetylen t nguyn liu l cc hydrocacbon bng cc cng
ngh ni trn, hn hp kh sn xut c cha trn 30 hp cht, trong c H
2
, CO,
CO
2
, CH
4
, cc olefin (etylen, propylen, ), cc ng ng ca axetylen, cc hp
cht thm (BTX). Nng axetylen trong kh sn phm c t 7 n 10% mol.


33

tch axetylen t hn hp kh sn phm, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php khc
nhau: hp th bng dung mi chn lc (dimetyl formamid, N-metyl pyrolydon),
bng cc dung mi nhit thp (methanol, amniac, keroxen, axeton, ), hp
th bng than hot tnh, Hn 70% s dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip s dng
dung mi chn lc.
Trong dy chuyn ny ta chn cch hp th bng dung mi chn lc N-
metyl pyrolydon. Trong qu trnh hp th phn t, nguyn t, hoc ion kh hay
lng khuych tn ti b mt ca cht rn, b ht vo b mt ny v gi y bi
lc lin kt phn t yu. Cht lng, kh b ht vo pha rn gi l cht b hp ph.
Vt liu rn c gi l cht hp ph. Mi thp hp th th thng i km vi mt
thp nh hp th nhm tun hon v ti s dng dung mi gim chi ph vn
hnh.

Hnh S nguyn l chung qu trnh hp th v nh hp th kh



34

S nguyn l qu trnh hp th v nh hp th p dng trong ch bin du
kh c m t trong hnh. Theo s nguyn l ny, hn hp kh (cha cc cht
cn phi tch ra) c a vo pha di thp hp th. Thp hp th c cu to
hon ton nh thp chng ct ngoi tr khng c bnh ngng t v thit b gia
nhit y. Kh a vo thp t pha di, dung mi c a vo t nh thp. Ti
y, qu trnh tip xc pha din ra, mt s cu t trong pha kh s c hp th
chn lc sang pha lng ri i v i xung y thp. Pha lng sau c a sang
thit b nh hp th. Kh c loi b tp cht i ra nh thp hp th. Phng
php nh hp th thng thng c p dng l phng php tng nhit ca
dung mi. Ty theo tnh cht ca kh hp th v ch hot ng thp nh hp th
m cu t hp th s thot ra dng kh nh thp hoc ti sinh dng lng
nh thp. Dung mi hp th tch ra y thp nh hp th, c lm mt ri cho
quay tr li thp hp th hon thnh mt chu trnh khp kn.
Thit b hp ph tng i n gin bao gm cc ct hp ph v h thng
van cch ly iu khin dng chy qua thit b khi chuyn t ch hot ng
bnh thng sang ch ti sinh. Cc ct hp ph l cc bnh tr trn, bn trong
lp cc lp m cha cht hp ph. Chiu cao ca lp m c tnh ton m
bo hiu qu hp ph v ph hp vi chu k ti sinh.
Hu ht cc thit b hp th hot ng p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn
v nhit tng ng nhit mi trng. Ch hot ng ny cho php
gim thiu c s bc chuyn khi v lu lng dng ca dung mi v do cho
php gim c th tch thit b khi x l cng mt lu lng dng kh nh nhau.
Tri li vi qu trnh hp th, qu trnh nh hp th hot ng p sut thp v
nhit cao gim s bc chuyn khi v khi lng tc nhn nh hp th. Cc
cht s dng lm tc nhn nh hp th thng s dng l khng kh, hi nc,
kh tr v kh hydrocacbon.


35

Trong quy trnh tch kh axetylen, ta s dng h thng thp hp th i
nhm mc ch hp th hon ton tp cht t c nng sut cao hn.
3.1.3. Cm tch












36




3.2. La chn thit b
321 hit b chnh(Thp phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton)

322 hit b ph
3.2.2.1. hit b gia nhit


37

Sau khi kh c x l s b ti nh my ch bin kh, dng kh s
c a qua thit b gia nhit ln n khong 600
0
C
3.2.2.2. hp hp th
Dng kh ra khi thit b phn ng c nn n 10 atm v sau
c a vo thp hp th s b,thp
3.2.2.3. hp nh hp th
3.2.2.4. B phn tch
- Thp chn khng
- Thp tch chn khng
- Thp ra
- Thp ngng t
- My nn
3.3. Thng s cng ngh
Trong thp phn ng oxi ho:
- Kh c gia nhit s b ti 600
0
C.
- Nhit trong bung phn ng khong 1500
0
C
Trong thp hp th:
- p sut s 4MPa.
- Nhit trung bnh 40 .50
0
C.
Trong thit b nh hp th:
- p sut 0,7 n 1,4 MPa.
- Nhit nh thp: 4050
0
C.


38

- Nhit y thp khng qu 280310
0
C.


3.4. Thuyt minh s cng ngh.
u tin ,nguyn liu c gia nhit sau c a vo nh thit b, tc
nhn phn ng c gia nhit s b (i vi metan khong 600
0
C) c trn
hn hp tht nhanh vi oxy ti bung trn.Khi hn hp phn ng c a vo
bung phn ng, s bt la xy ra trong khong thi gian vi mili giy ty thuc
vo nguyn liu hydrocacbon v qu trnh gia nhit s b.Cc hydrocacbon cao
hn s c gia nhit s b nhit thp hn so vi metan. trnh s thi
ngc li ca hn hp kh gia bung trn v tng phn ng, ngi ta s dng
thit b khuch tn l mt ng ni t bung trn ti l t.V thnh ng nhn v
lun lun c dng kh u n i qua cc l nh ca l t nn thc t khng xy
ra s chuyn ng ngc li ca hn hp kh.L t gm nhng tm thp c
lm ngui bng nc v c rt nhiu khe nh dng kh i qua. Tc dng kh
lun lun ln hn tc lan truyn ngn la v vy ngn la bn di l t
khng th t ngc tr li thit b khuch tn. Pha di l t c ng ng b
sung thm oxy cho hn hp phn ng. Trong iu kin khng thun li ngn la
c th xut hin pha trn l t.Trong trng hp ny phi ngt ngay dng oxy v
thi nit vo.Nit dp tt s chy kch n trc khi gy ra s c cho thit b.

Khi sn xut axetylen t nguyn liu l cc hydrocac bon bng cc cng
ngh ni trn, hn hp kh sn xut c cha trn 30 hp cht, trong c H
2
, CO,
CO
2
, CH
4
, cc olefin (etylen, propylen, ), cc ng ng ca axetylen, cc hp


39

cht thm (BTX). Nng axetylen trong kh sn phm c t 7 n 10% mol.
tch axetylen t hn hp kh sn phm, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php khc
nhau: hp th bng dung mi chn lc (dimetyl formamid, N-metyl pyrolydon),
bng cc dung mi nhit thp (methanol, amniac, keroxen, axeton, ), hp
th bng than hot tnh, Hn 70% s dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip s dng
dung mi chn lc.
S nguyn l tch axetylen t nhit phn bng dung mi N-metyl
pyrolidon (NMP) xem trn hnh3.13. Hn hp kh sau khi nhit phn a sang
cng on hp th bng NMP c tch thnh 3 dng:
1. Sn phm axetylen thng phm, hm lng axetylen c th trn
99% mol.
2. Kh tng hp th ch yu cha CO v H
2
.
3. Cc ng ng cao hn ca axetylen (metyl axetylen, vinyl
axetylen, diaxetylen,) v cc hp cht thm. Dng kh ny s c pha long
bng mt phn dng kh tng hp v l do an ton v c s dng lm nhin liu.
Kh nhit phn sau khi nn ti 10 atm c a vo thp hp th s b, ti
y dng kh tip xc vi mt lng nh cht hp th tch hu ht cc hp cht
thm, C
4
v cc ng ng ca axetylen tr vinyl axetylen. Trong thp hp th
chnh 4, hn hp kh c tip xc vi lng ln dung mi N-metyl pyrolidon
(NMP), dung mi hp th ton b axetylen, cc ng ng, CO
2
, cn trn nh
thp s nhn c kh tng hp th cha ch yu H
2
v CO.
Dung dch NMP sau khi hp th t cc thp hp th c tch kh qua nhiu
bc, p sut gim v nhit tng qua tng bc.Thp nh hp th 5 lm vic
iu kin p sut v nhit cao hn mi trng mt cht.Trong thp ny, dung
dch ti t trn xung tip xc vi dng kh i t nh thp nh hp th 6 c


40

thi ngc chiu t di ln.T kh nh thp 5 cha CO
2
c tun hon tr li
trn vi kh nhit phn. Axetylen thnh phm nhn c t gia thp 5 c nng
98,4% mol. Dung dch NMP sau c tch kh qua hai bc tip theo trong
thp 6 nhit 110 n 120
0
C: ban u p sut kh quyn ( phn trn), bc
th hai p sut thp hn p sut kh quyn (khong 0,2 atm) phn di ca
thp. Vinyl axetylen, metyl axetylen v nc d c ly ra t gia thp a sang
thp tch chn khng 7. Hm lng nc trong dung mi c khng ch bng
tc si trong thp. T thp y chn khng 6, vic tch kh hon thnh, v
dung mi c lm lnh v tun hon v thp hp th chnh 4.
Mt lng nh dung mi t thp hp th s b 2 c nh hp th cng vi
kh tng hp th thu hi axetylen ha tan ti thp 3. Kh i t nh thp 3 tun
hon v my nn 1, cn dung mi sau c tch kh trong thp tch chn khng
7. T nh thp tch 7 cha axetylen cao, nc v mt t hi NMP. Trong thp 8,
NMP c thu hi bng nc ti t nh thp, s c trn vo dng dung mi
t y thp 5. Kh c lm lnh bng tip xc trc tip trong thp ngng t 9 vi
nc t chu trnh lnh, s c ngng t hu ht hi nc. Cc axetylen cao c
a sang lm nhin liu cho l t.
Sn phm axetylen th c hm lng 98,4%, trong ch yu cn
propadien, metyl axetylen v N
2
. c tinh khit cao hn, ti 99,7%, cn phi
ra bng axit sunfuric v dung dch natri hydroxit.