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CHNG 1 - PROTEIN
1.1. i cng v protein
1.2 Amino acid
1.2.1 Cu to v phn loi
1.2.2 Tnh cht vt l
1.1. i cng v protein
Protein c bt ngun t proteios
theo ting Hylap c ngha l quan trng
nht.
Protein l cc polymer, phn t lng
ln ch yu gm L- amino acid kt
hp vi nhau bng lin kt peptit to
thnh chui polypeptit.
Protein
Gi tr dinh dng
Quyt nh cht lng khu phn thc n
nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, cu
to xng
Thiu protein dn n suy dinh dng,
chm ln, suy gim min dch, nh hng
xu n chc nng ca cc c quan
1g protein cung cp 4,1 kcal nng lng
Protein
Vai tr trong thc phm
To cu trc gel cho sn phm
Gi kt cu, gi kh, to xp
To bn ca bt trong bia
To hnh khi cho phomai
To mng bao
Protein
Vai tr trong thc phm
Tng tc vi ng to hng v mu
cho sn phm
Kt hp vi polyphenol to hng c
trng cho tr
C nh mi, gi hng
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1.2 Amino acid
Amino acid l cht hu c m phn t
cha t nht mt nhm carboxyl (-COOH)
v t nht mt nhm amin (-NH2)
COO
-
R group
Amino group
Carboxylic group
L-Form Amino Acid Structure

H = Glycine
CH
3
= Alanine
H N
3
+
H
20 20 Amino acids Amino acids
Glycine (G)
Glut amic acid (E) Asparat ic acid (D)
Met hionine (M)
Threonine (T) Serine (S) Glut amine (Q)
Asparagine (N) Trypt ophan (W) Phenylalanine (F)
Cyst eine (C)
Proline (P)
Leucine (L) I soleucine (I ) Valine (V) Alanine (A)
Hist idine (H) Lysine (K)
Tyrosine (Y)
Arginine (R)
Whit e: Hydrophobic, Green: Hydrophilic, Red: Acidic, Blue: Basic
Acid amin khng thay th
Rt quan trng i vi c th
C th khng th t tng hp c
Phi cung cp cho c th bng con
ng thc phm
Isoleucin, methionin, phenylalanin, valin,
leucin, lysin, threonin, Tryptophan cn cho
c th trng thnh
i vi tr nh cn cn thm Arginin,
histidin.
Tn vit tt cc amino acid
Y Tyr Tyrosine
F Phe Phenylalanine
M Met Methionine
I Ile Isoleucine
L Leu Leucine
V Val Valine
P Pro Proline
A Ala Alanine
G Gly Glycine
K hiu Tn vit tt Tn amino acid
Tnh cht vt l
Mu sc v mi v ca amino acid:
- thng khng mu, nhiu loi c v ngt, v ng
ha tan:
- d tan trong nc trong acid v kim long
- kh tan trong alcohol v ether
Hp th tia UV
Tnh hot ng quang hc ca amino acid
Tnh lng tnh ca amino acid tnh phn ly
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Cc amino acid c ng
phn dng L thng c v
ng
Cc amino acid c ng
phn dng D thng c v
ngt
C th ch c th hp thu
c cc amino acid ng
phn dng L m khng hp
thu c cc amino acid
ng phn dng D
* Phn ng vi acid v baz to thnh mui
ng dng: do tnh cht lng tnh nn amino acid l nhng cht
mtt
Phn ng Sorensen (phn ng vi formalin)
ng dng: Bng cch chun vi dung dch kim tiu
chun ngi ta c th xc nh c hm lng amino
acid c trong dung dch phng php chun formol.
* Phn ng vi kim loi nng
ng dng: Phn ng biuret c s dng rng ri
pht hin v nh lng amino acid (phng php so
mu)
Phn ng mu vi ninhydrin
Ninhydrin Ninhydrin kh
Phn ng vi acid v c
ng dng: Cn c vo lng N
2
thot ra c th tnh c hm
lng ca amino acid trong dung dch.
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-Phn ng biure:
+ NaO
H
+ Cu(OH)
2
Phc hp mui Cu vi biure
c m tmhng
+ Na
+
+ 4H
2
O HN Cu
2(HO -C-NH-CO-NH
2
)
=
NH
NH
CO
-
=NH
CO-NH
NH-CO
NH=CO
-
1.3 Peptide
1.3.1. Lin kt peptid
1.3.2. Tnh cht
1.3.2 Mt s peptide c bit
Peptid
Cu trc
C 2 50 acid amin vi trng lng nh
hn 10.000Dalton.
Ngoi lin kt peptid cn c nhng lin kt
khc nh cu ni disulfur hoc lin kt
hydro to nhng cu trc c bit nh
hormon, khng th
1.3.1. Lin kt peptide
Lin kt peptide l lin kt ha hc c to thnh gia
hai phn t khi nhm carboxyl ca mt phn t phn ng
vi nhm amino ca mt phn t khc, gii phng mt
phn t H
2
O. Phn ng ny l mt phn ng tng hp
thng xy ra gia cc amino acid)
1.4.2. CU TRC CA PROTEIN
1.4.2.1. Cu trc bc 1
Cu trc bc 1 biu th trnh t cc gc amino acid
trong chui polypeptide, cu trc ny c gi vng
bng lin kt peptide (lin kt cng ha tr)
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C s cu trc bc mt ca protein l mch peptid (-
Co - NH -), mch c hnh thnh gia nhm
carboxyl ca amino acid th nht vi nhm quan ca
aci quan tip theo sau khi loi khu i mt phn t
nc.
1.4.2.2.Cu trc bc 2
Cu trc bc 2 ca protein l cu trc l cu trc chu k
ca chui polipeptit.
Nm 1951, Pauling v Corey a ra 2 kiu cu trc
bc 2 chnh ca chui polipeptit l cu trc xon v
cu trc gp np .
Cc kiu xun trong cu trc bc II ca protein
L cu trc mch polypeptid xon cht
li tng t l xo, nhng nhm peptit
(-CO-NH-) v C to thnh phn bn
trong (li) ca xon cn cc mch bn
(nhm R) ca cc gc amino acid quay
ra pha ngoi.
* Cu trc xon :
* Cu trc phin gp np
Trong cu trc phin
gp np cc on
mch polypeptit
thng dui di ra
khng cun xon cht
nh xon .
Cu trc phin gp np ca Fibroin.
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Hnh 1 : V v mt ca cu trc np gp beta (cc
mi tn ch hng chui axit amin)
Cu trc bc ba l dng khng gian ca cu trc bc
hai, lm cho phn t protein c hnh dng gn hn
trong khng gian. S thu gn nh vy gip cho phn t
protein n nh trong mi trng sng.
C s ca cu trc bc ba l lin kt disulfid.
1.4.2.3. Cu trc bc 3
Lin kt disulfid c hnh thnh t hai phn t
cystein nm xa nhau trn mch peptid nhng gn
nhau trong cu trc khng gian do s cun li ca
mch polypeptid, y l lin kt ng ho tr nn rt
bn vng.
Cu trc bc 3
Cu trc bc 3
to nn trung
tm hot ng
ca phn ln cc
loi enzym.
1.4.2.4. Cu trc bc 4
Cu trc Hemoglobin
Kt hp ca cc chui c cu trc bc 3 trong phn t
protein. Nhng phn t protein c cu trc t 2 hay
nhiu chui protein hnh cu, tng tc vi nhau sp
xp trong khng gian to nn cu trc bc 4
Hnh 2 : V d cu trc xon alpha. A: m hnh gin lc,
B: m hnh phn t, C: nhn t nh, D: m hnh khng
gian.
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1.4.1. Phn loi protein
1.4.1.1 Phn loi da vo hnh dng ca protein
- Protein dng cu
- Protein dng si
9 Protein dng cu
Protein dng cu l loi protein m phn t
ca n thng cun li thnh vng, thnh
bi, gn trn hoc bu dc.
in hnh ca dng protein ny l: albumin,
globulin trong sa, huyt thanh, enzym
pepsin . . Loi ny thng ho tan trong
nc .
9Protein dng si
Protein loi ny vi mch peptid khng
cun r, ch gp np dc chui, nn ni
chung c chiu di r rt.
in hnh ca dng protein ny l: fibroin
t tm, miosin si c, colagen v
elastin da v gn, keratin tc
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
1. Tnh cht vt l
Hnh dng: Protein thng c dng cu (hnh ht hoc hnh
bu dc) hoc dng si
Cc protein hnh cu:
+ T l gia trc di v trc ngn 20
+ Tan trong nc hoc dung dch mui long
v c kh nng hot ng b mt cao
+ Hu ht cc protein c hot tnh
xc tc (enzyme), albumin, globulin, mioglobin, hemoglobin,...
Protein hnh si:
+ T l trc di v trc ngn 20
+ Tng i tr v mt ha hc, ch yu c chc nng c hc:
colagen ca da, xng, sn, gn, rng; keratin ca tc, lng;
fibroin ca t...
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh tan ca protein:
Phn loi:
- Tan trong nc: albumin lng trng trng
- Tan trong dung dch mui long: globulin
- Tan trong ethanol: Prolamin
Cc yu t nh hng:
- Bn cht ca protein
- Bn cht dung mi
- Nng mui trung tnh
- Nhit v pH mi trng
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l
Tnh tan ca protein:
Cc yu t nh hng:
- Bn cht ca protein:
+ Thnh phn v trt t sp xp ca cc aa
+ V tr ca cc nhm a nc v k nc
+ Kh nng kt kp vi nc ca cc nhm phn cc:
Protein
3A
o
)Cc phn t nc lng cc c hp th bi cc nhm
phn cc trn b mt protein to thnh mng nc bao
quanh phn t protein lp v hydrat
+ Nhm COOH ca axit aspartic, axit glutamic,
+ Nhm NH
2
ca lysine
+ Nhm OH ca Serine, Threonine,
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Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh tan ca protein:
Cc yu t nh hng:
- Bn cht dung mi: Dung mi c vai tr lm thay i kh
nng ion ha do lm thay i tnh ha tan ca protein
- Nng mui trung tnh: Mui trung tnh v protein c s
cnh tranh lp v hydrat do ty thuc vo nng mui
trung tnh s nh hng mc ha tan ca protein
- Nhit v pH: Nhit tng trong khong nht nh th
tnh tan ca protein s tng
pH qu axit hoc qu kim s lm gim tnh tan ca protein
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh lng tnh:
+ Axit amin v protein c tnh cht lng tnh: tnh acid +
tnh base
+ pH trung tnh: aa tn ti di dng ion lng cc (1%
dng trung ha)
+ Trng thi ion ha ca cc nhm ny l ty thuc vo pH
ca mi trng
pH = 1 pH = 7 pH = 11
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l
Tnh lng tnh
+ im ng in (pI): ti pH m z
+
+ z
-
= 0
Tn protein pI
Pepsin
Albumin trng
Casein
Gelatin
Globulin sa
Hemoglobin
Trypsin
Prolamin
1,0
4,6
4,7
4,9
5,2
6,8
10,5
12,0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
pH = pI pH > pI pH < pI
- a cation
- Z
+
> Z
-
- a anion
- Z
-
> Z
+
Ti pH ng in protein cn bng
v in tch
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh k nc ca protein:
+ Do c cha cc aa c mch bn khng phn cc
+ Da vo k nc trung bnh ca protein c th bit c
ng ca dch thu phn, v tr ca protein mng l trong hay
ngoi mng
+ k nc trung bnh ca protein c th c tnh da vo
thnh phn aa ca n
+ Mc ng ca dch thy phn c th c tnh theo cng
thc:
n, s gc aa
G
o
, nng lng chuyn
ri t do
+ Nu Go > 5,85 kJ/gc ng, < 5,43 kJ/gc khng ng
+ Casein = 6,71; Colagen = 5,38; Isolat u tng = 6,44
G
o
(mch bn)
G
o
=
n
1
n
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh cht dung dch keo v s kt ta protein:
+ Khi ha tan, protein to thnh dung dch keo
+ bn ca dung dich keo ph thuc vo:
- s tch in ca phn t protein
- mc hydrat ha
- nhit
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
Tnh cht dung dch keo v s kt ta protein:
+ Thay i cc yu t ny kt ta protein
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
Protein
kt ta
pH = pI, mui trung ha, dung mi hu
c, t
o
+ Kt ta protein:
-Thun nghch protein b mt lp
hydrat bao quanh
ng dng cc yu t kt ta protein
Thu nhn ch phm protein enzyme:
mui trung ha (NH4)2SO4, dung mi hu c-
Loi b protein khi dung dch, lm
ngng phn ng enzyme
- Khng thun nghch bin tnh protein
sau khi loi b yu t gy kt ta, protein
khng tr li trng thi keo bn.
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Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
S bin tnh ca protein:
Khi nim: Di tc ng ca cc tc nhn vt l (tia cc tm,
sng siu m, khuy c hc,...), hoc ha hc (axit, kim, mui
kim loi nng,...) protein s b bin i cu trc khng gian
(bc II, III, IV) v mt i tnh cht t nhin ban u S
bin tnh ca protein
Tnh cht ca protein sau khi b bin tnh:
+ ha tan gim
+ kh nng gia nc gim
+ mt hot tnh sinh hc
+ tng nhy i vi s tn cng
ca proteinase
+ tng nht ni ti
+ mt kh nng kt tinh
Bin tnh c th l thun nghch hoc bt thun nghch
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
S bin tnh ca protein:
Tc nhn bin tnh:
+ Nhit :
- L tc nhn bin tnh thng gp nht
- Lm cho phn t protein b gin mch
- Vn tc bin tnh ph thuc rt mnh vo nhit
- S bin tnh ca protein thng ph thuc vo bn cht v
nng protein, hot nc, pH, lc ion, v bn cht ca
cc ion
- Cc protein khi trng thi kh thng bn vi bin tnh
nhit hn
- Ngoi nhit cao, nhit thp cng lm bin tnh nhiu
protein
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
S bin tnh ca protein:
Tc nhn bin tnh:
+ X l c hc:
- Cc x l c hc nh nho trn hoc cn bt m to ra cc lc
ct s lm bin tnh protein
- ng tc ko lp i lp li cng lm bin tnh protein do ph
hy cu trc xon
+ Cc bc x:
- Bc x cc tm thng b hp th bi cc gc aa thm (Trp,
Phe, Tyr) bin i hnh th, t cc cu disulfua
- Bc x v cc tia ion ha bin i hnh th, oxy ha mt
s aa, ph hy cu ng ha tr, ion ha,... ti t hp v
trng hp protein
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
S bin tnh ca protein:
Tc nhn bin tnh:
+ pH cc tr:
- Phn ln protein b bin tnh pH qu cao hoc qu thp
- Do to ra lc y tnh in gia cc nhm b ion ha gin
mch
+ Kim loi:
- Kim loi kim (Na, K) ch tc ng mt cch hn ch, kim th
c tc ng mnh hn
+ Dung mi hu c:
- Phn ln cc dung mi hu c u l tc nhn bin tnh protein
- Lm bin i hng s in mi ca mi trng lm bin i
lc tnh in vn lm bn phn t protein
- Cc dung mi hu c khng cc c th xm nhp vo vng k
nc, ph hy cc tng tc k nc bin tnh protein
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l:
S bin tnh ca protein:
Tc nhn bin tnh:
+ Cc tc nhn khc:
- Hp cht hu c nh Urea, thiurea, guanidin,...ph hy cc
lin kt hydro, cc cu disulfua bin tnh protein
- Cc cht hot ng b mt
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
2. Tnh cht ha l
Kh nng hp th tia t ngoi:
Dung dch protein c kh nng hp th nh sng t ngoi:
180-220nm v 250-300nm
+ Bc sng 180 220nm: Vng hp th ca lin kt peptide
trong phn t protein
- Cc i hp th: 190nm
- Thc t: 220 240nm
+ Bc sng 250 300nm: Vng hp th ca cc axit amin
thm (Phe, Tyr, Trp)
- Cc i hp th: 280nm
) ng dng xc nh lng protein tinh sch hoc
trong cc phn on nhn c trong sc k ct tinh
sch protein
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Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Tch cht thu phn:
Cc lin kt peptide b phn ct gii phng ra cc axit amin v cc
on peptide ngn hn
Tc nhn:
- Ha hc: axit, base
- Enzyme: proteinase
ng dng:
- Lm mm tht
- Sn xut nc mm, nc tng
- Sn xut bia, Phomat
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Cc phn ng c trng ca protein
+ Phn ng ca lin kt peptide (phn ng Biure)
+ Phn ng c trng ca mt hay mt s gc axit amin trong
phn t protein
+ Phn ng ca nhm -amin t do u N ca chui
polypeptide
Phn ng Biure:
- Xy ra vi cht c cha t 2 lin kt peptide tr ln
- Trong mi trng kim mnh, lin kt peptide phn ng vi
CuSO
4
to thnh phc cht mu tm hoc tm , hp th cc
i 540nm
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phn ng vi thuc th Folin-Ciocalteu (phng php Lowry):
- y l phng php ci tin ca phng php Biure
- Thuc th FolinCiocalteu c cha axit phosphomolybdic v
axit phosphotungstic
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc
Phn ng vi thuc th Folin-Ciocalteu (phng php
Lowry)
- Cc cht ny c vai tr:
+ tng nhy phn ng Biure
+ phn ng vi gc Tyr, Trp phc cht mu
Phc cht mu c mu xanh da tri v hp th cc i
750nm
nhy cao: 1 g/ml
- Cc cht nh hng:
+ tng cng mu: phenol, purin, pyrimidin, axit uric, SH,
Ion,...
+ gim cng mu: ethanol, ete > 5%, aceton, Ba(OH)
2
,
HClO
4,
phng php ny cho kt qu chnh xc khi protein c tinh
sch t nhiu
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phn ng vi Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (phng php
Bradford):
- Hp th cc i bc sng 595nm
- Nhy hn phng php Lowry 4 ln
- Khng ph thuc vo thnh phn axit amin ca protein
- t b nh hng ca cc cht thng gp trong t bo nh mui,...
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Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phn ng vi Ninhydrin:
- Dng nh tnh v nh lng axit amin
- Tt c cc -axit amin ca protein u phn ng vi
Ninhydrin xanh tm
nh lng axit amin:
-o mu
-o th tch kh CO
2
,
NH
3
to thnh
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phn ng ca nhm -amin vi formaldehyde:
- Dng nh gi mc thy phn protein
Dn xut metilen
- Chun nhm carboxyl bng kimtnh s nhm amin
NH
3
+
O N = CH
2
R C H + HC R C H + H
2
O
COO

H COOH
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
4. Cc tnh cht cng ngh
Kh nng to gel ca protein
- Rt nhiu thc phm nh gi la, phomat, bnh m,...l nhng
sn phm c kt cu b khung t gel protein
- Gel protein l gi?
Khi cc phn t protein b bin tnh tp hp li thnh mt mng
li khng gian c trt t s to gel
- Cc nt mng li c th c to ra do tng tc gia cc
nhm k nc. Tng tc ny thng c n nh v tng
cng khi tng nhit , lm cho cc mch polypeptide xt li
gn nhau hn khi gel tr nn cng hn
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
4. Cc tnh cht cng ngh:
Kh nng to gel ca protein (tip)
- Cc nt li c th c to ra do cc lin kt hydro gia cc
gc aa vi nhau. Lin kt hydro l lin kt yu to ra
linh ng nht nh gia cc phn t vi nhau lm cho gel
c c mt do nht nh
- Cc nt li c th c to ra do cc lin kt tnh in, lin
kt cu ni gia cc nhm tch in ngc du, hoc do cc
lin kt gia cc nhm tch in cng du qua cc ion a ha
tr
- Cc nt li c th c tao nn do cc lin kt disulfua gel
rt chc v bn
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
4. Cc tnh cht cng ngh:
Kh nng to gel ca protein (tip)
iu kin to gel:
- Nhit : nhit thp to nhiu lin kt hydro gel bn hn
- Axit ha hoc kim ha nh pH pI gel to thnh chc hn
- Cc cht ng to gel nh cc polysaccharide lm cu ni gia cc
ht gel c cng v n hi cao hn
Kh nng to bt nho
Cc protein (gliadin v glutenin) ca gluten bt m c kh nng to
hnh v c bit l kh nng to bt nho c tnh c kt, do, v gi
kh. Do , khi gia nhit s hnh thnh cu trc xp cho bnh m
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
4. Cc tnh cht cng ngh:
Kh nng to mng
- Protein nh gelatin cn c kh nng to mng
- Mng gelatin to ra l do cc lin kt hydro nn c tnh thun
nghch: khi nhit > 30
o
C th tan chy, khi ngui th ti
lp li
Kh nng to bt
- Bt thc phm l h phn tn ca cc bng bt trong mt pha
lin tc l cht lng hoc cht na rn: bt bia, bnh m,...
- Cc bng bt thng cha khng kh hoc kh CO2 v c p
sut ln hn p sut ngoi. Mng bng bt rt mng rt d
nt v v.
- Khi protein c hp th vo b mt lin pha s to ra mt
mng n hi v khng thm kh c kh nng bo v bng bt
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12
Mt s tnh cht quan trng ca protein
4. Cc tnh cht cng ngh:
Kh nng c nh mi:
- Protein c kh nng hp ph l ha hc cc cht c mi thng
qua tng tc Van der Waals, lin kt ng ha tr, hoc lin
kt tnh in C kh nng c nh c mi
- Cc hp cht bay hi c cc nh ru thng c nh vo
protein bng lin kt hydro. Cc cht bay hi khi lng phn
t thp li c nh vo cc gc aa khng cc qua tng tc k
nc
Bin tnh protein l s thay i thun nghch hay
khng thun nghch cu trc khng gian ban u
ca protein nhng khng lm bin i cc lin kt
ha tr trong phn t (tr lin kt disulfide)
Mc ch:
To dng v kt cu thch hp
Lmcho TP c khu v v hp dn
Lmcho TP c cht lng v sinh, cht lng cmquan
v gi tr dinh dng cao.
Lmcho TP thch hp vi bo qun
Lmtng mt hng sn phm
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
Bin tnh protein l do cc tc nhn l hc, ha hc
hay enzym tc ng ln protein lm thay i mt
phn cu trc phn t do cc tnh cht ca n
cng thay i theo.
Ty thuc vo nguyn nhn gy bin tnh m phn
thnh 3 loi:
Bin hnh bng phng php vt l
Bin hnh bng tc nhn ha hc
Bin hnh bng enzyme
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
SU BIN TNH CUA PROTEIN
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
Bin hnh bng phng php vt l
Gia cng c hc:
Nghin nhuyn thnh dng bt
Khuy trn
Nho trn to thnh mng li protein
Gia cng nhit
Gia nhit va phi lmmt hot tnh enzyme
trong rau qu trc khi ng hp, protein d dng
tiu ha.
Khi gia nhit thnh trng (110 115
0
C): lmphn
hy cc gc cytein hnh thnh H
2
S ln cc sn phm
tht, c sa ng hp c mi c trng
Nhit thp (lnh ng): tng lk protein protein
gimlk protein nc gy bin tnh protein
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
Bin hnh bng tc nhn ha hc
S thay i pH ca mi trng nh hng n
kh nng ha tan ca protein
Cc dung mi hu c lmthay i hng s in
mi v ha tan ca protein lmbin tnh
protein. Dng kt ta protein 8%
proteinca u nnh b gel ha bi dung dch
ethanol 20%
Cc phn ng ha hc: acyl ha, alkyl ha gc
amin, ester ha gc COOH, thy phn lin kt
peptidlmthay i tnh cht chc nng ca
protein
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Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
Bin hnh bng enzyme
Thy phn protein (endopeptidase,
exopeptidase) tng kh nng nh ha, kh
nng to bt ca protein, lm ng t protein,
lmmmtht, ha tan protein ca c (nc
mn).
Phn ng dephosphoryl ha: tng ha tan
ca phosphoprotein khi c mt ion Ca
2+
Phn ng plastein ha: gn cc on peptid vi
nhau to mt polypeptid di hn.
Sn phm ng dng
Bin tnh protein to gel trong sn xut surimi t tht c
(Surimi l dng tht c xay nh, c x l loi
b protein ha tan, m, cht mu ri trn vi cht
ph gia, sau c bao gi, cp ng v bo qun
ng)
Bin tnh Protein to gel trong sn xut mt s sn phm
t u tng
Bin tnh protein trong sn xut thc phm
9 Lp protein n gin
Albumin
C trong lng trng trng, huyt, sa, dch t bo.
Albumin ho tan trong nc v cc dung dch mui.
Albumin ng khi un nhng cc nhit khc nhau: albumin
trng 56
0
C, albumin huyt thanh 67
0
C, albumin sa 72
0
C.
Albumin ca ng vt khi thu phn cho 19 acid amin (ch yu
l: leucin, acid glutamic, acid aspartic, lysin, cn cc acid amin
nh methionin, tryptophan... s lng t hn)
Trng lng phn t ca albumin khong 12 .000 - 60.000
dalton, im ng in nmtrong khong pH 4,6 - 4,7.
Globulin
C nhiu trong lng trng trng, huyt thanh, ht cc cy h u.
Globulin kh tan hoc hon ton khng tan trong nc, nhng
tan trong cc dung dch ca mui trung tnh, kim, acid (NaCl,
KCl, Na
2
SO
4
).
Globulin cha khong 14-19 acid amin quan trng nh: leucin,
lysin, glutamic, treonin.
Trng lng phn t ca globulin khong 90.000 - 1.500.000
dalton, im ng in nmtrong khong pH 5,0-7,5.
9 Lp protein n gin
* Prolamin
Prolamin c nhiu cc ht ho tho la, go, ng .
Ho tan trong cn 70% v khng tan trong nc v
dung dch mui.
9 Lp protein n gin
Casein
Casein l tn ca mt nhm
protein ch yu trong sa.
Casein c mt trong tt c
cc sa ng vt, bao gm
c sa ngi. Trong sa
b casein chim gn 80%
tng s protein hay khong
26 g cho 1 lt sa.
Cu to mt micelle casein.
Ch thch : A: di-micelle; B
: chui b mt; C: Phosphat
canxi; D: -casein; E: nhm
phosphat
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14
9 Lp protein n gin
Gluten
Glutelin c cc loi ht khc nhau, hm lng t t 1
- 3%,
c tnh ca glutelin l ch ho tan trong kim long 0,2 -
2,0%.
Gluten l cht chit xut t bt la m bng cch n
gin l tch ra khi cc thnh phn khc cu bt (v d:
tinh bt...) di tc ng ca nc.
Glutein ch yu c to t gliadine v glutenin (chim
t 85 n 95% tng lng protein c trong gluten), nh
c hai loi protein ny m gluten c nhng kh nng n
hi v mmdo.
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