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TNG CC MI TRNG

TI LIU K THUT
Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi v gii thiu mt s cng ngh x l
nc thi i vi ngnh Ch bin thu sn,
Dt may, Giy v bt giy

H Ni, 2011

BAN BIN TP
TS. Nguyn Th ng
GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu
PGS.TS. Cao Th H
TS. ng Vn Li
ThS. Nguyn Th Thin Phng
ThS. Thanh Bi
TS. Nguyn Phm H
TS. Nguyn Th Phng Loan
ThS. Phm Th Kiu Oanh

Ti liu ny c mc ch l xy dng hng dn quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca


cng ngh x l nc thi v gii thiu mt s cng ngh x l nc thi c
nh gi thc t ti 3 ngnh (Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, Giy v bt giy) da
trn quan im ca cc chuyn gia v s ng thun, cng bng, khch quan
nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi theo quy trnh k thut nh gi cng ngh x l
nc thi. Cc cng ngh x l nc thi trong Ti liu ny ch mang tnh cht gii
thiu tham kho. Ti liu ny khng c nh l mt ngun qung co cho cc nh
sn xut, ch to, cung cp cng ngh x l nc thi. Cc s liu, kt qu phn tch
trnh by trong Ti liu l chnh xc, tin cy v c gi tr ti thi im tin hnh phn
tch, nh gi.

MC LC
Mc lc ............................................................................................................ i
Danh sch ch vit tt ................................................................................... iii
Danh sch hnh ............................................................................................... v
Danh sch bng............................................................................................. vii
Li ni u
Chng 1 Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc
thi ................................................................................................................. 1
Chng 2 Ngnh cng nghip Ch bin Thy sn .................................. 13
2.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 15
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin thu sn .................................................. 16
2.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi ........................................................ 19
2.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ........................................... 20
2.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Ch bin Thy
sn ......................................................................................................... 20
2.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ................................ 21
2.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c nh gi ph
hp ................................................................................................................ 26
2.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 01 (Cng
ty CBTS 01), cng sut 3.600 m3/ngy m ......................................... 27
2.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 02 (Cng
ty CBTS 02), cng sut 1.200 m3/ngy m ......................................... 34
2.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 03 (Cng
ty CBTS 03), cng sut 400 m3/ngy m ............................................ 43
Chng 3 Ngnh Cng nghip Dt may ................................................... 53
3.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 55
3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ................................................................. 55
3.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi ........................................................ 57
3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ........................................... 58
3.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Dt may .......... 58
3.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ................................ 58

3.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh Dt may c nh gi ph


hp ................................................................................................................ 66
3.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 01 (Cng ty DM
01), cng sut 5.000 m3/ngy m ........................................................ 67
3.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 02 (Cng ty DM
02), cng sut 2.500 m3/ngym ......................................................... 75
3.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 03 (Cng ty DM
03), cng sut 1.000 m3/ngy m ........................................................ 82
Chng 4 Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v bt giy....................... 91
4.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 93
4.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ................................................................. 94
4.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi ........................................................ 96
4.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ........................................... 97
4.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy ............... 97
4.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ................................ 98
4.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v
bt giy c nh gi ph hp ................................................................. 102
4.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin giy v bt giy 01
(Cng ty SXG&BG01), cng sut 3.200 m3/ngy m ...................... 103
4.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty sn xut giy v bt giy 02
(Cng ty SXG&BG 02), cng sut 720 m3/ngy m ........................ 115
4.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty sn xut giy v bt giy 03
(Cng ty SXG&BG 03), cng sut 550 m3/ngy m ........................ 124
Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................... 131
Ph lc ....................................................................................................... 133
Ph lc 1. Mu H s thuyt minh cng ngh ........................................... 133
Ph lc 2. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng .............................. 135
Ph lc 3. Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng ....................................... 136

ii

DANH SCH CH VIT TT


BOD
CBTS
COD
L
DM
DO
V
EGSB
HK
IC
INEST
KCN
KPH
KT
MLTN
MTK
PA
PAC
QCVN
SCR
SCRT
SCRM
SL
SXG&BG
SS
TCVN
THB
TNHH
Tlu
TSS
UASB
VEA
VN
VN
DAF

Nhu cu oxy sinh ha


Ch bin Thy sn
Nhu cu oxy ha hc
i Loan
Dt may
Oxy ha tan
n v
Expanded granular sludge bed
Hng Kng
Internal circulation
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh mi trng
Khu cng nghip
Khng pht hin
Kch thc
Mng li thot nc
My thi kh
Phng n
Poly aluminium chloride
Quy chun Vit Nam
Song chn rc
Song chn rc th
Song chn rc mn
S lng
Sn xut Giy v bt giy
Cht rn l lng
Tiu Chun Vit Nam
Tun hon bn
Trch nhim hu hn
Thi gian lu
Tng cht rn l lng
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
Tng cc Mi trng
Vit Nam
Vit Nam ng
Dissolved air floatation

iii

DANH SCH HNH


Hnh 1.1 S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi ............ 12
Hnh 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam (t nm 2008 2011)
...................................................................................................................... 15
Hnh 2.2 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh ......... 17
Hnh 2.3 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi ............................................. 18
Hnh 2.4 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin tm ng lnh................................. 19
Hnh 2.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng cng
ngh sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l lng ......................................... 20
Hnh 2.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu
trnh ho l kt hp sinh hc hiu kh .......................................................... 20
Hnh 2.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu
trnh sinh hc k kh kt hp hiu kh .......................................................... 21
Hnh 2.8 Cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c khuyn khch
p dng ......................................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.9 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01 ............... 28
Hnh 2.10 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 02 ............. 36
Hnh 2.11 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 03 ............. 45
Hnh 2.12 H thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ca Cng ty CBTS
02, cng sut 1.200 m3/ngym .................................................................. 51
Hnh 3.1 Cc cng on chnh v pht sinh dng thi ca ngnh Dt may . 55
Hnh 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh nhum v hon tt ....................................... 56
Hnh 3.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester
v hn hp cotton/polyester c khuyn khch p dng ............................ 62
Hnh 3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton
c khuyn khch p dng.......................................................................... 65
Hnh 3.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 .................. 69
Hnh 3.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02 .................. 76
Hnh 3.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03 .................. 83
Hnh 3.8 H thng x l nc thi dt may ca Cng ty DM 02, cng sut
2.500 m3/ngym ........................................................................................ 90
Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh Kraft, cc ngun nc thi v tc nhn gy
nhim ............................................................................................................ 94

Hnh 4.2 S cng ngh sn xut giy t bt giy v giy ti ch ........... 95


Hnh 4.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy c khuyn khch p
dng ............................................................................................................ 101
Hnh 4.4 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXBG&BG 01 .... 105
Hnh 4.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi cng ty SXG&BG 02 ............. 116
Hnh 4.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03 ...... 125
Hnh 4.7 H thng x l nc th sn xut giy v bt giy ca Cng ty
SXG&BG 01, cng sut 3.200 m3/ngym .............................................. 130

vi

DANH SCH BNG


Bng 1.1 H thng cc tiu ch nh gi v thang im nh gi s ph hp
ca cng ngh x l nc thi ....................................................................... 6
Bng 1.2 iu kin p dng nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l ...... 10
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn nc thi ch bin thy sn ...................................... 19
Bng 2.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c h
thng x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng ...................................... 26
Bng 2.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 01 .. 27
Bng 2.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc
thi cng ty CBTS 01 ................................................................................... 31
Bng 2.5 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l
nc thi Cng ty CBTS 01 ......................................................................... 32
Bng 2.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x
l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 ............................................................... 33
Bng 2.7 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS
01 .................................................................................................................. 33
Bng 2.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 02 .. 35
Bng 2.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc
thi ................................................................................................................ 40
Bng 2.10 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l
nc thi Cng ty CBTS 02 ......................................................................... 41
Bng 2.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng
x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02.......................................................... 42
Bng 2.12 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS
02 .................................................................................................................. 42
Bng 2.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 03 44
Bng 2.14 Thng s thit k ca cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc
thi ca cng ty CBTS 03 ............................................................................. 48
Bng 2.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc
thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 ............................................................................ 48
Bng 2.16 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng
x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03.......................................................... 49
Bng 2.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 03 ....................................................................................................... 50

vii

Bng 3.1 Ngun gc cht thi v tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh dt


may ............................................................................................................... 56
Bng 3.2 Lng nc tiu th i vi mt s loi vi trong ngnh dt may
...................................................................................................................... 57
Bng 3.3 Thnh phn nc thi Dt nhum ................................................ 57
Bng 3.4 Kt qu nh gi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x l nc thi c
khuyn khch p dng ................................................................................... 66
Bng 3.5 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 01 ..... 68
Bng 3.6 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty DM 01 ...................................................................................... 72
Bng 3.7 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 01 ............................................................................................. 73
Bng 3.8 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x
l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 .................................................................. 74
Bng 3.9 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
03 .................................................................................................................. 74
Bng 3.10 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 02 .... 75
Bng 3.11 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty DM 02 ...................................................................................... 79
Bng 3.12 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 02 ............................................................................................. 79
Bng 3.13 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng
x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02 ............................................................. 80
Bng 3.14 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
02 .................................................................................................................. 81
Bng 3.15 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 03 .... 82
Bng 3.16 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty DM 03 ...................................................................................... 86
Bng 3.17 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 03 ............................................................................................. 87
Bng 3.18 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng
x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03 ............................................................. 88
Bng 3.19 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
03 .................................................................................................................. 88

viii

Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt


giy vi nguyn liu l g v giy thi ......................................................... 97
Bng 4.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c cng
ngh x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng ...................................... 102
Bng 4.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG
01 ................................................................................................................ 104
Bng 4.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca cng ty SXG&BG 01 ........................................................................... 108
Bng 4.5 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng ty
SXG&BG 01 .............................................................................................. 109
Bng 4.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x
l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01 ...................................................... 113
Bng 4.7 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG
01 ................................................................................................................ 113
Bng 4.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02
.................................................................................................................... 115
Bng 4.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 .......................................................................... 119
Bng 4.10 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng
ty SXG&BG 02 .......................................................................................... 120
Bng 4.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu x l ca h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 ....................................... 122
Bng 4.12 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty
SXG&BG 02 .............................................................................................. 122
Bng 4.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG
03 ................................................................................................................ 124
Bng 4.14 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca cng ty SXG&BG 03 ........................................................................... 128
Bng 4.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng
ty SXG&BG 03 .......................................................................................... 128
Bng 4.16 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu x l ca h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03 ....................................... 129
Bng 4.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty
SXG&BG 03 .............................................................................................. 129

ix

LI NI U
Sau hn 30 nm thc hin qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha,
Vit Nam c cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut v khu cng ngh cao
57/63 tnh thnh, thu ht hng chc ngn d n xy dng nh my vi loi
ngnh ngh v hn 300.000 c s cng nghip bn ngoi cc KCN/KCX. Bn
cnh vic sn xut ra mt khi lng ln sn phm phc v nhu cu trong nc
v xut khu, cc c s cng nghip cng tiu th mt khi lng khng l cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v nng lng, ng thi thi vo mi trng mt
khi lng tng ng cc loi cht thi (lng, kh, rn v bn). Trong nc
thi thng l ngun thi c quan tm nht do chng thung c lu lng
ln, nng cc cht nhim cao, thnh phn nhim kh x l hoc chi ph
x l tn km v to nn khi lng ln sn phm ph ngoi mun. Mc d
s lng cc c s sn xut cng nghip xy dng h thng x l nc thi
tng ln r rt trong nhng nm qua nhng cht lng nc thi sau x l
thng khng t tiu chun x vo ngun tip nhn. Nhiu khi cn vt tiu
chun cho php x thi hng chc ln, gy ra nhim mi trng nghim trng.
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng trn, nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l
vic la chn cng ngh khng ph hp v/hoc xy dng khng ng thit k vn hnh sai quy trnh.
Trong iu kin cng tc bo v mi trng ngy cng c quan tm,
cng tc thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong
lnh vc mi trng ngy cng c sit cht th bt buc cc c s cng nghip
phi thc hin nghim tc cng tc x l nc thi bo v mi trng. Nhm h
tr cho cc c s cng nghip thc hin tt cng tc x l nc thi v cc S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng a phng trong vic h tr doanh nghip trong la
chn cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp gp phn bo v mi trng, Tng cc
Mi trng xy dng v xin trn trng gii thiu cun Ti liu k thut
Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi v gii
thiu mt s cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngnh Ch bin Thu sn,
Dt may, Giy v bt giy .
Ti liu hng dn bao gm cc hai phn (1) hng dn nh gi s ph
hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi, (2) nh gi v xut cng ngh x l
nc thi ph hp ca ngnh Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, Giy v bt giy.
Ban bin tp xin chn thnh cm n cc nh khoa hc, cc nh qun l,
cc chuyn gia ng gp kin cho cun Ti liu ny.
Ban bin tp cng xin chn thnh cm n Ban lnh o cc nh my
h tr chng ti trong qu trnh thc hin nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x
l nc thi.
Trong qu trnh bin son, chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st,
Ban bin tp rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp Ti liu c tip
tc hon thin hn na./.
Ban bin tp

Chng 1

Hng dn nh gi s ph
hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi

Cng ngh ph hp l cng ngh c th p ng cc quy chun/tiu chun


v x thi v thch nghi ca cng ngh i vi iu kin t nhin, kinh t
v x hi. Cng ngh ph hp c th l cng ngh hin i hay n gin.
Nh vy, mt cng ngh ph hp trong bi cnh pht trin bn vng l khi
cng ngh ny c chi ph thp nht (chi ph u t v vn hnh), kh thi v
mt k thut v php l, m bo hiu qu x l nhim v c cng ng
chp nhn (Mara, 1996; Sarmento, 2001; Ujang & Buckley, 2002).
La chn tiu ch nh gi s ph hp cng ngh x l nc thi
Vic chn la cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp c thc hin da trn
vic xem xt, nh gi rt nhiu yu t nh hng khc nhau. Vn c
quan tm hng u trong vic la chn cng ngh l bn cht ng dng cng
ngh chng hn cng ngh x l/ ti ch/ ti s dng, tip theo cc yu
t nh hng bao gm hiu qu, chi ph, cc yu t x hi v th ch cng
c quan tm trong vic la chn cng ngh x l thch hp
(Singhirunnusorn & Stenstrom, 2009)
Nhiu nghin cu trn th gii a ra nhng quan im khc nhau i vi
nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi. Theo Alaerts v cng s
(1990), mt h thng x l cht thi l kh thi nu n c hiu qu v kinh t,
k thut, ng tin cy v c th qun l d dng. Da trn nhng thut ng
chung nh trn, mt vi tiu ch mang tnh kh thi c xc nh nh: (a)
kh thi v mi trng; (b) ng tin cy; c th qun l v t chc v k
thut;(d) ngun chi ph v ti chnh; v (e) c th ng dng theo hng ti
s dng. Mi tiu ch c chia ra thnh cc ch tiu khc nhau, cc ch tiu
ny cn c xem xt trong vic nh gi tnh n nh ca h thng. Boshier
(1993) nghin cu ba trng hp New Zealand trong cng ng phi
quyt nh phng n cng ngh thch hp x l v thi b bn cng
rnh, ng kt lun rng nhng tiu ch hu ch nht nh gi cc phng
n cng ngh khc nhau l: (a) s tham gia v cam kt ca cng ng; (b) s
sn c ca c s h tng k thut nh c sn bi thi b; (c) cc kha
cnh vn ho v mi trng a phng ; (d) cc him ha, ri ro v mi
trng; (e) chi ph; (f) cc kha cnh v k thut. Trong cc trng hp
nghin cu ny, cc yu t v iu kin vn ho mi trng a phng
ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic chn phng php x l. Dummade
(2002) xut nhiu ch th nh gi tnh n nh ca cng ngh ngoi
nhp cho cc nc ang pht trin v phn loi chng thnh s cp v th
cp. Kh nng thch ng ca mt cng ngh vi mi trng v x hi c
xem xt nh ch th s cp, ch th th cp l mt nhm gm bn loi nh
sau: (a) n nh v k thut ; (b) n nh v kinh t; (c) n nh v mi
trng v (d) n nh v chnh tr - x hi. Bng cch nhn dng v xc nh
cc ch th n nh ti mt v tr c th, cng ngh n nh v n nh hn c
th c la chn v c th trnh c s lng ph ti nguyn (Dunmade,
2002). Lettinga (2001) lit k cc vn cn t c ca phng n
cng ngh pht trin n nh v n nh lu di: (a) s dng t ti

nguyn/nng lng hoc c kh nng sn xut ti nguyn/nng lng; (b)


hiu qu x l v s n nh ca h thng; (c) linh ng v mt ng dng
cc quy m khc; (d) n gin trong xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng.
Nghin cu tng quan ti liu cho thy c nhiu im tng t gia cc tiu
ch a ra t cc tc gi khc nhau nh gi tnh kh thi v n nh ca
cng ngh x l cht thi nhng vng min khc nhau. Da vo iu kin
thc t ca Vit Nam, 04 nhm tiu ch v 21 ch tiu c s dng nh
gi v la chn cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp.
Nhm tiu ch k thut lin quan n vn k thut nh thit k, xy
dng, vn hnh v tin cy ca cng ngh. i vi bt k h thng x l
nc thi no, mc tiu quan trng nht l t tiu chun/quy chun mi
trng hay tun th quy nh v mi trng. Ngoi ra, hiu qu x l ca
mi cng trnh n v cng phn nh s ph hp trong thit k, vn hnh
cng trnh n v , ng thi nh hng n hiu qu x l ca ton h
thng. Xt hai h thng x l c chi ph xy dng v vn hnh tng ng
nhau, h thng c hiu qu loi b cht nhim cao hn th s an ton trong
vic tun th quy nh v mi trng hn (Lucas, 2004). tin cy ca h
thng bao gm tin cy i vi kh nng vn hnh v tin cy ca thit
b. tin cy ca h thng c nh gi theo hiu qu x l trong iu
kin bnh thng v trong trng hp s c, tn xut h hng thit b, v nh
hng ca s c h hng thit b n hiu qu x l (Eisenberg v cng s,
2001). Kh nng qun l h thng v mt k thut m Alaerts v cng s
(1990) cp cng c th c xp vo nhm tiu ch ny. Kh nng
qun l h thng lin quan n cc yu t nh tn sut bo dng h thng,
kh nng thay th thit b bng thit b c sn hoc t ch to a phng
v yu t ngun nhn lc c trnh chuyn mn cn thit qun l h
thng (Dunmade, 2002; Lucas, 2004).
Nhm tiu ch v mi trng xt n kh nng bn vng v mt mi trng
nh kh nng ti s dng nc thi ti tiu, kh nng ti s dng sn
phm th cp nh kh thi (biogas) v bn thi hu c (biosolids). Ti cc
nc ang pht trin, nc thi v cc sn phm th cp sau qu trnh x l
c xem nh nhng ngun ti nguyn. Nc thi sau qu trnh x l ph
hp c th s dng ti tiu trong nng nghip do c cha thnh phn
dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng (Kalbermatten v cng s, 1982;
Pickford, 1995; Parr v cng s, 1999). Ngoi ra, mc pht thi vo mi
trng khng kh, t v nc cng c quan tm. Cc pht thi c th l
kh methane t qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh, mi hi t qu trnh x l
sinh hc k kh ln hiu kh (Alaerts v cng s, 1990), hi nc mang mm
bnh pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh v cc pht thi th cp (CO2, CO,
NOx, SOx) t cc thit b s dng nhin liu trong h thng. Ngoi ra, cc
yu t nh tiu th ho cht nhu cu nng lng s dng trong qu trnh vn
hnh v din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng cng c lit k vo
nhm tiu ch ny.

Nhm tiu ch v kinh t lin quan n vn u t xy dng cng trnh, chi


ph vn hnh v chi ph bo tr - bo dng cng trnh. Chi ph xy dng
cng trnh c s dng so snh nhiu phng n xy dng trong cng
mt khu vc vi iu kin kinh t tng t nhau (Alaerts v cng s, 1990).
Chi ph xy dng bao gm chi ph nguyn vt liu xy dng, cng lao ng,
vn chuyn v mt s chi ph ph tr khc nh in, nc, lng tri, v.v. Chi
ph ny c th c biu din qua sut u t xy dng mt n v din tch,
th tch cng trnh hay mt n v nc thi. Chi ph vn hnh (bao gm chi
ph in, nc, ha cht, nhn cng) v chi ph bo tr v sa cha cng
trnh c th c biu din bng chi ph x l trn mt n v nc thi.
Nhm chi ph x hi lin quan n quan nim v yu t truyn thng trong
vic thit k h thng x l nc thi (Kalbermatten v cng s, 1982). V
d, vic s dng bn septic c ngun gc t phn hm cu trong cc h
thng x l sinh hc cn c cng ng nhn thc v chp nhn. Nhm
tiu ch x hi bao gm mc chp nhn ca cng ng i vi nhng nh
hng do h thng x l nc thi gy ra, chng hn nh mi hi, ting n
v rung do ng c t vn hnh ca h thng x l cht thi (Tsagarakis v
cng s, 2001). Ngoi ra, yu t tc ng n m quan ca khu vc cng c
th c lit k vo nhm tiu ch ny.
Xc nh v lng ha i vi cc nhm tiu ch v ch tiu
Trong bn tiu ch c bn nu (k thut, kinh t, mi trng v x hi),
kt hp vi kin ca cc chuyn gia v cng ngh, Tng cc Mi trng
tng hp v xut cc nhm tiu ch, thang im v cch cho im i
vi cc tiu ch c th khi nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi nh sau:

Nhm cc tiu ch v k thut ng vai tr quan trng nht, hn cc tiu


ch cn li v c lng ha vi s im l A/100 im;

Nhm cc tiu ch v kinh t ng vai tr quan trng th hai v c


lng ha vi s im l B/100 im;

Nhm cc tiu ch v mi trng ng vai tr quan trng th ba v c


lng ha vi s im l C/100 im;

Nhm cc tiu ch v x hi ng vai tr quan trng t nht v c lng


ha vi s im l D/100 im.

Tng gi tr: A + B + C + D = 100 im. Trong 04 nhm tiu ch, cc ch


tiu c th i vi mi nhm tiu ch c gi tr l Ai; Bj; Cp; Dq. Ty thuc
vo iu kin thc t ca tng a phng, Hi ng nh gi cng ngh c
th iu chnh cc gi tr Ai; Bj; Cp; Dq cho ph hp. Trong :
n

Ai
i 1

Bj

j 1

p 1

Cp

Dq
q 1

V d, i vi vic nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi ca cc c s ch


bin thy sn, dt nhum, giy v bt giy trong ti liu ny, A c gi tr l
48 im; B c gi tr l 25 im; C c gi tr l 17 im v D c gi tr l 10
im. Ni dung cc tiu ch, gi tr im s ca Ai; Bj; Cp; Dq, v v d minh
ha c trnh by trong Bng 1.1.
Vic nh gi (cho im) cng ngh x l nc thi theo mi tiu ch v ch
tiu (ti a hoc trong thang im dao ng) ty thuc vo cc c im,
thng s ca h s thuyt minh cng ngh, kho st hin trng v nh gi
kt qu vn hnh thc t ti hin trng ca h thng x l ang hot ng.
Bng 1.1 H thng cc tiu ch nh gi v thang im nh gi s ph hp ca
cng ngh x l nc thi (1)
im s
V d
ti a minh ha

TT

Tiu ch

Tiu ch k thut
Mc tun th cc quy nh v x
thi (QCVN)
C 3 ln ly mu, tt c cc ch tiu
u t quy nh
1/3 ln ly mu, c xc xut t nht
mt ch tiu khng t quy nh
1/3 ln ly mu, c xc xut t nht
hai ch tiu khng t quy nh
C 3 ln ly mu, c xc sut t nht
mt ch tiu khng t quy nh
Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b
cht nhim)
Hiu qu x l t trn 80% (i vi
t nht 5 ch tiu chnh c la chn
ph thuc vo c tnh ca ngnh
cng nghip)
Hiu qu x l t 60-80% (i vi t
nht 5 ch tiu chnh c la chn
ph thuc vo c tnh ca ngnh
cng nghip)
Tui th, bn ca cng trnh,
thit b
Thi gian sa cha ln 5 nm/ln

Thi gian sa cha ln 3 nm/ln


Thi gian sa cha ln 1 nm/ln

(1)

48

A1

15

V d
khong
dao ng

15
11-14 im
1-10 im
0
A2

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
A3

5
5
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

Cn c iu kin thc t ca tng a phng, s lng cc tiu ch, thang im v im s


c th thay i v iu chnh cho ph hp hn

TT
4

im s
V d
ti a minh ha

Tiu ch
T l ni a ha ca h thng my
mc, thit b
Ton b thit b, linh kin c sn
xut v ch to trong nc
50% thit b, linh kin c sn xut
v ch to trong nc
Ton b thit b, linh kin do nc
ngoi sn xut v ch to
Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b
Thit b, linh kin c sn ti a
phng
Thit b, linh kin khng c sn ti
a phng (nhng c Vit Nam)
Thit b, linh kin khng c Vit
Nam (phi nhp khu)
Kh nng thch ng khi tng nng
hoc lu lng nc thi u
vo
Hiu qu x l khng (hoc t) b nh
hng khi nng hoc lu lng
thay i (+/-) 15% so vi thit k
H thng ch c kh nng x l ng
vi lu lng v nng thit k
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy
dng n khi chnh thc a vo s
dng)
Thi gian xy dng, lp t v vn
hnh th mc thp (tn t thi
gian)
Thi gian xy dng, lp t v vn
hnh th mc trung bnh
Thi gian xy dng, lp t v vn
hnh th mc cao (tn nhiu
thi gian)
Mc hin i, t ng ha ca
cng ngh

A4

V d
khong
dao ng

5
5
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

A5

5
5
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
Dao ng
t 0-2im

A6

3
Dao ng
t 0-2im
A7

4
Dao ng
t 2-3 im
Dao ng
t 0-1im
A8

H thng cng ngh c mc t ng


ha cao

H thng cng ngh c mc t ng


ha trung bnh

Dao ng
t 1-2 im

H thng cng ngh c mc t ng


ha thp

Dao ng
t 0-1 im

TT
9

10

im s
V d
ti a minh ha

Tiu ch
Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul
ca cng ngh
C kh nng lp ghp, ci tin modul
v m rng cng ngh
Khng hoc t c kh nng lp ghp
v ci tin, m rng modul cng ngh
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn
hnh h thng x l nc thi cho
n khi cn b vn hnh thnh
tho
Trn 01 thng

A9

2
2
Dao ng
t 0-1 im

A10

3
3
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

Di 01 thng
II
11

Tiu ch kinh t
Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b
(tnh theo sut u t)
Chi ph xy dng v lp t thp
Chi ph xy dng v lp t trung
bnh

25

B1

9
9
Dao ng
t 4-8 im
Dao ng
t 2-4 im

Chi ph xy dng v lp t cao


12

Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m 3


nc thi)

B2

Chi ph vn hnh thp

9
Dao ng
t 4-8 im
Dao ng
t 2-4 im

Chi ph vn hnh trung bnh


Chi ph vn hnh cao
13

Chi ph bo dng, sa cha

III

Chi ph bo dng, sa cha mc


thp
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha mc
trung bnh
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha mc
cao
Tiu ch mi trng
Din tch khng gian s dng ca
h thng
Hiu qu s dng t, khng gian ca
h thng cng ngh mc hp l
Hiu qu s dng t, khng gian ca
h thng cng ngh mc cha
hp l

14

V d
khong
dao ng

B3

7
7
Dao ng
t 3-6 im
Dao ng
t 1-3 im

17

C1

4
4
Dao ng
t 1-3 im

TT
15

16

17

18

IV
19

im s
V d
ti a minh ha

Tiu ch
Nhu cu s dng nguyn liu v
nng lng
Mc s dng ha cht, nng lng
mc thp (s dng t ha cht, nng
lng)
Mc s dng ha cht, nng lng
mc trung bnh
Mc s dng ha cht, nng lng
mc cao
Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th
cp
C thu hi, ti s dng nc thi, kh
thi cho mc ch s dng khc
Khng hoc t c kh nng thu hi,
ti s dng nc thi, kh thi cho
mc ch s dng khc
Mc x l cht thi th cp
C kh nng x l tt cht thi th
cp
t hoc khng c kh nng x l cht
thi th cp
Mc ri ro i vi mi trng
v gii php phng nga, khc
phc khi xy ra s c k thut
C cc gii php phng nga, khc
phc s c nhanh
Khng hoc t c gii php hoc kh
nng phng nga, khc phc s c
chm
Tiu ch v mt x hi
Mc m hc v cm quan ca h
thng

C2

4
4
Dao ng
t 2-3 im
Dao ng
t 1-2 im

C3

3
3
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

C4

3
3
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

C5

3
3
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

10

D1

c thit k v xy dng p, ph
hp vi phi cnh khng gian

Thit k cha p hoc cha ph hp


vi phi cnh khng gian
20

Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu
kin vng, min

V d
khong
dao ng

Dao ng
t 1-2 im
D2

S dng tt trong cc iu kin vng,


min khc nhau (kh hu, thi tit)

Ch s dng tt trong iu kin vng,


min nht nh

Dao ng
t 0-3 im

TT
21

im s
V d
ti a minh ha

Tiu ch
Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn
hnh HTXLNT
Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh h
thng gm k s mi trng v cng
nhn
Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh h
thng gm k s kim nghim v
cng nhn
Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh h
thng ch c cng nhn
TNG S IM

D3

V d
khong
dao ng

3
3
Dao ng
t 1-2 im
Dao ng
t 0- 1 im

100

100

Kt qu nh gi cui cng (im s cui cng) s c thc hin theo


phng php tnh im Olympia, ngha l s loi tr im s ca chuyn gia
cho im cao nht v chuyn gia cho im thp nht. Sau , ly im s
trung bnh ca tt c cc chuyn gia nh gi ( tr kt qu ca cc chuyn
gia cho im cao nht v thp nht).
Mc ch ca vic nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi l la
chn c cc cng ngh khuyn khch c p dng trong iu kin Vit
Nam. V vy, iu kin bt buc p dng l ch tiu v mc tun th
quy chun Vit Nam v x thi vo ngun tip nhn, thuc tiu ch k
thut, phi c s im t nht l 10 im ( 10). Vic phn loi, xc nh s
ph hp ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi (cng ngh khuyn khch p
dng, c th p dng hoc khng nn p dng) c p dng theo cc iu
kin c trnh by trong Bng 1.2.
Bng 1.2 iu kin p dng nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
1. iu kin bt buc:
2. Tng im:

Tiu ch I.1 10
Tng im 50
50 Tng im 70
Tng im 70

Khng nn p dng
C th p dng
Khuyn khch p dng

La chn ngnh cng nghip nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x


l nc thi
Ba (03) trong s cc ngnh cng nghip mang li li ch kinh t cao v to
nn nhiu cng n vic lm (1) Ch bin Thy sn, (2) Dt may v (3) Giy
v bt giy. Tuy nhin hot ng nhiu nm qua cho thy, cc ngnh ny
cng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng bi nc thi khng c x l
hay x l cha t quy chun/tiu chun. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tnh
trng trn, nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l vic la chn cng ngh khng
ph hp. Do nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi i vi
ba ngnh cng nghip Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, v Giy v bt giy

10

c la chn. Vic nh gi c thc hin da vo h thng tiu ch


c a ra trong bng 1.1. Kt qu nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x
l nc thi i vi ba ngnh cng nghip c la chn v xut cng
ngh x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng trong iu kin Vit Nam c
trnh by trong phn hai ca ti liu ny.
Yu cu cn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi
Cc t chc /c nhn c nhu cu nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
- C t nht mt h thng x l nc thi ang hot ng;
- Thuyt minh cng ngh (Mu ti Ph lc 1);
- Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng (Mu ti Ph lc 2);
- Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng (Mu ti Ph lc 3);
- Hi ng chuyn gia nh gi cng ngh.
Quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi l hot ng
xem xt h s, kho st hin trng, nh gi ti hin trng, v kt qu
nh gi hin trng ca hi ng nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi.
t vn cho ngi s dng xem xt, la chn cng ngh x l nc thi
ph hp, cc a phng c th p dng cc bc nh gi sau:
a) T chc/c nhn ngh nh gi, lp H s cng ngh (bao gm: Thuyt
minh cng ngh; Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng) v gi H
s ti C quan nh gi cng ngh.
b) C quan nh gi cng ngh thnh lp v t chc hp Hi ng nh gi
xem xt Thuyt minh cng ngh v ni dung, k hoch nh gi hin
trng (iu chnh ni dung v k hoch, nu cn).
c) T chc/c nhn ngh nh gi phi hp n v nh gi hin trng
thc hin Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng.
d) n v nh gi hin trng phi hp vi t chc/c nhn ngh nh
gi xy dng Bo co nh gi kt qu hin trng v gi ti C quan
nh gi cng ngh
) C quan nh gi cng ngh t chc hp Hi ng nh gi ton b
Thuyt minh cng ngh, Bo co nh gi kt qu hin trng theo cc
tiu ch ra v xc nh mc ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc
thi.
S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi c trnh by
trong Hnh 1.1.

11

T chc, c nhn
H s cng ngh
C quan t chc
nh gi cng ngh
t yu cu
Thnh lp v hp Hi ng nh gi

Xem xt h s cng ngh

Kho st thc t (nu cn)

iu chnh ni dung, k hoch nh gi


hin trng (nu cn)

Gim st nh gi
hin trng (nu cn)

C quan nh gi
hin trng thc hin

Bo co kt qu
nh gi hin trng
Hi
ng nh
giassessment
theo tiu ch
e results
of site
C quan t chc
nh gi cng ngh
t
Cng ngh ph hp

Hnh 1.1 S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi

12

Chng 2

Ngnh cng nghip


Ch bin Thy sn

2.1 Gii thiu chung


Vit Nam l mt trong 10 nc xut khu thy sn hng u trn th gii,
ngnh thy sn hin ti chim 4% GDP, 8% xut khu v 9% lc lng lao
ng (khong 3,4 triu ngi) ca c nc. Nhm hng ch o trong xut
khu thy sn ca Vit Nam l c tra, c basa, tm v cc ng vt thn
mm nh mc, bch tuc, nghu, s, Trong vng 20 nm qua ngnh thy
sn lun duy tr tc tng trng n tng t 10-20% (INEST, 2009). Biu
th hin kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam t nm 2008 n
2011c trnh by trong Hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam (t nm 2008 2011)

Tuy nhin, ngnh Ch bin Thy sn cng l mt trong nhng ngnh gy


nhim nghim trng n mi trng. nh hng ca ngnh ch bin thy
sn n mi trng c s khc nhau ng k, khng ch ph thuc vo loi
hnh ch bin, m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh quy m sn xut,
sn phm, nguyn liu u vo, ma v, trnh cng ngh sn xut, trnh
t chc qun l sn xut, trong yu t k thut, cng ngh v t
chc qun l sn xut c nh hng quyt nh n vn bo v mi
trng ca tng doanh nghip.
Mt s tc ng c trng ca ngnh Ch bin Thu sn gy nh hng n
mi trng c th k n nh sau:
- nhim khng kh: mi hi pht sinh t vic lu tr cc ph thi trong
qu trnh sn xut, kh thi t cc my pht in d phng. Trong cc
ngun nhim khng kh, mi l vn chnh i vi cc nh my ch
bin thy sn.
- Cht thi rn pht sinh ch yu t qu trnh ch bin bao gm cc loi
u v tm, v nghu, da/mai mc, ni tng mc v c,....
- Nc thi sn xut trong ch bin thy sn chim 85-90% tng lng
nc thi, ch yu t cc cng on: ra trong x l nguyn liu, ch

15

bin, hon tt sn phm, v sinh nh xng v dng c, thit b, v nc


thi sinh hot.
Trong cc ngun pht sinh nhim, nc thi l ngun gy nhim nghim
trng n mi trng bi pht sinh th tch nc thi ln vi nng
nhim cao nu khng c x l thch hp.
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin thu sn
Cng ngh ch bin ca mi nh my khc nhau, ty theo loi nguyn liu,
mt hng sn xut, v yu cu cht lng ca sn phm. Nhng nh my ln
thng sn xut mt mt hng nh nh my ch bin c tra, c basa hay tm
ng lnh, a s cc nh my ny u c ngun nguyn liu c nh. Cc
mt hng tng hp hoc cc sn phm gi tr gia tng thng thch hp vi
cc nh my va v nh. Cc c s sn xut v ch bin thy sn c th n
gin hoc phc tp hn mt s cng on nhng nhn chung vn ging
nhau v cng ngh sn xut. Mt s quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v
basa fillet ng lnh, tm v sn phm gia tng c trnh by di y.
Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin c tra v fillet ng lnh
Quy trnh sn xut bao gm nhiu cng on khc nhau, v qua nhiu cng
on ra nn lng nc thi pht sinh trong qa trnh sn xut rt ln.
Nguyn liu sau khi c tip nhn qua cng on ra s b loi b cc
tp cht bm bn ngoi. Sau nguyn liu c chuyn sang cng on s
ch, ti y c c ct u, b vy, mang, ni tng v c ra nhiu ln
na. Nguyn liu sau khi ra s c mui sau c phn c v xc
nh ng trng lng, sp xp vo khun v ng gi. Sn phm sau khi
ng gi theo bng chuyn chuyn qua khu vc cp ng v bo qun. Quy
trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh c m t chi tit
trong Hnh 2.2.

16

Nguyn liu
Ngm 1

Ct tit
Ngm 2-Ngm 3

Fillet - Cn
Ra 1

Lng da - Cn
Ra 2
Sa c/Chnh hnh
Ra 3
Kim tra Cn
To hnh hon chnh
Ra 4
Quay bng

Phn loi - Cn
Ra 5
Xp khun
ng IQF
Cp ng
Ti ng
Tch khun
Cn
ng gi
Thnh phm

Hnh 2.2 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh
17

Cng ngh ch bin Surimi


Thut ng surimi ca Nht Bn l mt cch ni thng dng c dng
gi tt tn ca cc sn phm gi cua hoc cc sn phm c bit khc. Surimi
cn c gi l ch c, l mt loi protein trung tnh, c ch bin qua
nhiu cng on ra, nghin v nh hnh li cu trc.
Cc protein trung tnh c lm sch v trn vi cht to ng; sau em
i cp ng, n s hnh thnh th gel cng v n hi. Tnh to gel, tnh gi
nc v to nh tng to nn cu trc lm nguyn liu cho vic sn xut
Kamaboko. Surimi c xut khu v bn vi s lng ln trn khp cc th
trng Chu u. T nhng nm 80, cc nc Ty u, M, Canada, cng
sn xut c surimi nhm cung cp nhu cu ti ch v khc phc vn
qun l ngun c trn th gii, trnh c hin tng ngun c ngy mt cn
kit Nht Bn. Vit nam cng c nhiu nh my sn xut surimi nhng
ch yu phc v cho nhu cu xut khu. Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi
c m t trong Hnh 2.3.
Nguyn liu

X l

Nghin p

Ra

p nh hnh

Phi trn cc
ph gia

Kh nc

Lc

Vo khun

Cp ng

Thnh phm

Hnh 2.3 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi

Cng ngh ch bin tm ng lnh


i vi quy trnh ch bin tm cng on ra tm v ngm tm to ra nc
dch tm v nc thi c thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim cao. Trong
qu trnh ch bin tm, mt s cng ty s dng dung dch tripolyphotphat
ngm tm v sau dung dch ny c thi b v th nc thi thng c
nng photpho cao. Ngoi ra, theo yu cu sn xut qu trnh v sinh thit
b v khu vc sn xut cng pht sinh mt lng ln nc thi cha cc cht
kh trng. Ring qu trnh lt v, ngt u tm to nn mt lng cht thi
rn ln v c kch thc nh, kh thu gom. Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin
tm c m t nh trong Hnh 2.4.

18

Nguyn liu

Tip nhn

Ra ln 1

S ch

ng IQF

Ra ln 3

Ngm

Ra ln 2

M bng, ti
ng

Bao PE, vo
hp

R kim loi

ng thng

Thnh phm
Hnh 2.4 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin tm ng lnh

2.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi


Trong qu trnh ch bin thy sn, s khc bit trong nguyn liu th v sn
phm cui lin quan n s khc nhau trong qu trnh sn xut, dn n tiu
th nc khc nhau (c da trn: 5-7 m3/tn sn phm; tm ng lnh: 4-6
m3/tn sn phm; surimi: 20-25 m3/tn sn phm; thu sn ng lnh hn
hp: 4-6 m3/tn sn phm). Mc nhim ca nc thi t qu trnh ch
bin thu sn (CBTS) thay i rt ln ph thuc vo nguyn liu th (tm,
c, c mc, bch tuc, cua, nghiu, s), sn phm, thay i theo ma v, v
thm ch ngay trong ngy lm vic. Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s loi
hnh ch bin thy sn c trnh by trong Bng 2.1.
Bng 2. 1 Thnh phn nc thi ch bin thy sn
Nng
Ch tiu

n v

Tm
ng lnh

C da trn
(tra-basa)

pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Ntng
Ptng
Du v m

mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

6,5 - 9
100- 300
800- 2.000
500-1.500
50 - 200
10-120
-

6,5 - 7
500-1.200
800- 2.500
500-1.500
100-300
50-100
250-830

Thy sn
ng lnh
hn hp
5,5-9
50-194
694-2.070
391-1.539
30-100
3-50
2.4-100

Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2009

Da vo Bng 2.1 cho thy thnh phn nc thi pht sinh t ch bin thu
sn c nng COD, BOD5, cht rn l lng, tng nit v photpho cao.
Nc thi c kh nng phn thy sinh hc cao th hin qua t l BOD/COD,
t l ny thng dao ng t 0,6 n 0,9. c bit i vi nc thi pht
sinh t ch bin c da trn c nng du v m rt cao t 250 n 830
mg/L. Nng photpho trong nc thi ch bin tm rt cao c th ln n
trn 120 mg/L.

19

2.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut


2.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Ch bin Thy sn
Kho st 120 nh my ch bin thu sn trong c nc, cng ngh x l
nc thi ang c p dng i vi ngnh ch bin thy sn bao gm cng
ngh lc ym kh kt hp h sinh hc, cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bn hot
tnh l lng hay kt hp k kh v hiu kh; hay qu trnh ha l (keo t/to
bng hay tuyn ni kt hp keo t) kt hp vi qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh.
i vi cc nh my ch bin c da trn, nc thi thng c hm lng m
cao v th trong quy trnh cng ngh thng c thm bc tin x l nhm
mc ch loi b m v vn m trong nc thi trc khi i vo cng trnh
x l sinh hc. Hin nay, hu ht cc nh ch bin thy sn p dng ch yu
l cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh l lng. Mt s s dy
chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c trnh by trong
Hnh 2.5, 2.6 v 2.7.
Nc thi

Ngn thu gom

Song chn rc

B kh trng

B lng

Ngun tip nhn

B cha bn

B iu ha

B bn hot tnh hiu kh

Tun hon bn

Bn thi
Hnh 2.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng cng ngh sinh
hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l lng
Mng tch du & m

My tch rc

Thit b lc rc tinh

B tip nhn

B iu ha

B to bng

B tuyn ni

B sinh hc BHTDB

B sinh hc BHTLL

B Anoxic

B lng

B trung gian

B lc p lc

Ngun tip nhn

B kh trng

Nc thi

Hnh 2.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu trnh ho


l kt hp sinh hc hiu kh

20

Song chn rc

Ngn thu gom

B iu ha

B kh trng

B lng

B sinh hc hiu kh

B k kh

Ngun tip nhn

B cha bn

Nc thi

Tun hon bn

Bn thi
Hnh 2.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu trnh sinh
hc k kh kt hp hiu kh

2.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut


Thnh phn nc thi pht sinh t ngnh cng nghip ch bin thy sn c
cha ch yu l cc hp cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc, hp
cht nit, v photpho cao. V th, phng php x l sinh hc c p dng
rt c hiu qu x l nc thi t ch bin thy sn. Cc phng php
sinh hc thng c p dng: (1) kt hp c hai qu trnh k kh v hiu
kh nh cm b UASB v b bn hot tnh l lng hiu kh (activated sludge)
v b thiu kh (b anoxic); (2) x l sinh hc hiu kh nh cm b bn hot
tnh l lng hiu kh (activated sludge) v b thiu kh (b anoxic); (3)
mng oxy ha. Ty thuc vo ngun tip nhn nc thi QCVN 11:2008,
ct B hay Ct A, hay quy nh ca KCN i vi cc nh my ch bin thy
sn nm trong KCN m h thng x l nc thi khng cn hoc cn phi c
cc bc tin x l hay qu trnh x l bc ba.
Mt c im cn phi quan tm i vi x l nc thi ch bin thy sn l
hm lng du & m rt cao, c bit l cc doanh nghip ch bin c da
trn. y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s khng hiu qu
ca cc cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau nu nng du & m khng
c loi b trit . Do , cng on tch du m l bc rt quan trng
i vi ton h thng x l. Cc cng ngh c p dng trong bc tin x
l bao gm: (1) mng tch m v b tuyn ni p lc kh ho tan; (2) kt
hp qu trnh keo t/to bng v tuyn ni p lc kh ho tan; (3) tuyn ni
siu nng kt hp keo t. i vi qu trnh x l bc ba, cc phng php
p dng bao gm: (1) kh trng; (2) lc p lc v kh trng; (3) keo t/to
bng v kh trng.
i vi cng ngh ch bin tm, nng photpho trong nc thi thng rt
cao nn trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l, s kt hp gia qu trnh keo
t/to bng v sinh hc (k kh, hiu kh v thiu kh) c p dng rt c
hiu qu. Qu trnh keo t/to bng c p dng nh bc ban u loi

21

b cc hp cht photpho, v mt phn cht hu c trong nc thi lm gim


tr ngi cho qu trnh sinh hc pha sau. Cc qu trnh sinh hc s x l cc
cht hu c (BOD5) t quy chun cho php.
Bn pht sinh t h thng x l c th ti s dng lm compost.
La chn phng php x l ph thuc vo nhiu yu t quy chun/tiu
chun u ra, thnh phn, lu lng ca nc thi, v gi thnh x l.
Nhng cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ph hp c khuyn
khch la chn p dng c trnh by trong Hnh 2.8.

22

Tin x l
Nc thai

Nc thai
(NT1)

SCRM

SCRT
Be tach m

Ho thu gom

Be ieu hoa

X l bc 1: Cm x l ha l, tch du m v SS

PA 1:

Chat
keo tu

Polymer

Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)

NT1

Bun lang
Be keo tu

PA 2:

Chat
keo tu

Be tao bong

Be cha bun

Be lang

Polymer

NT1
Nc thai
sau tuyen noi (NT2)

Be tuyen noi sieu nong/


Be tuyen noi
Be keo tu
May nen kh Bon tao ap

23

X l bc 2: cm x l sinh hc (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT ct B)

PA 1:
Tai
s dung

Kh CH4

Bnh hap
thu kh

NT2

MTK

Be sinh hoc k kh
(UASB)
Be trung gian

PA 2:
NT2

Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(bun hoat tnh l lng/ dnh bam)

THB

Bun lang
Be lang

Be anoxic

Be cha bun

MTK

Nc
sau lang (NT3)

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(bun hoat tnh l lng/dnh bam)

Be anoxic

Be lang

Bun lang

Be
cha bun

PA 3:
Vung thieu kh
Nc
sau lang (NT3)

NT2
Vung hieu kh

THB

Mng oxi hoa

Be lang

24

Bun lang

Be
cha bun

X l bc 3: Cm x l ha l (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT loi A)

PA 1:

Polymer

Chat
keo tu

NaOCL

Nc thai
sau x ly

NT3
Be trung gian

Be keo tu

Bun lang

Be tao bong
Be lang

Be
cha bun

Be tiep xuc

NaOCL

PA2:
NT3

Ghi chu:
ng nc

Be trung gian

Be loc ap lc

Be tiep xuc

Hnh 2.8 Cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c khuyn khch p dng

25

Nc thai
sau x ly

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

2.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c nh gi


ph hp
Tng cc Mi trng tin hnh kho st 120 nh my ch bin thy sn
trn c nc, 11 nh my c la chn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh
x l nc thi. Da vo h thng cc tiu ch v thang im nh gi s
ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi 03 cng ngh x l nc thi vi
tng s im ln hn 70 c la chn l cng ngh c th khuyn khch p
dng. Vic cho im theo tiu ch v ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c thc
hin qua h s thuyt minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc t,
kt qu phn tch ca ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng. Kt qu nh
gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty ch bin thy sn c h thng x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng
S
TT
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
11
12
13
III
14
15
16
17

Tiu ch/ Ni dung


Tiu ch v mt k thut
Mc tun th cc quy nh v nc thi
(TCVN/QCVN)
Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b cht
nhim)
Tui th, bn ca cng ngh, thit b
T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh, thit
b
Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b
Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng / lu lng
nc thi
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng n
khi chnh thc a vo s dng)
Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng ngh
Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng ngh
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h thng
nc thi cho n mc cn b vn hnh thnh
tho
Tiu ch v mt kinh t
Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b
Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m3 nc thi)
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v nguyn
liu)
Tiu ch v mt mi trng
Din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng
Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng lng
Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th cp
Mc x l cht thi th cp

26

CBTS
01
37

CBTS
02
36

CBTS
03
30

15

12

12

3
1

3
1

1
1

18
7
7

19
8
8

22
8
9

10
2
2
2
2

12
3
2
2
3

11
3
2
2
1

S
TT
18
IV
19
20
21

Tiu ch/ Ni dung

CBTS
01

CBTS
02

CBTS
03

7
3
2

8
3
3

8
2
3

72

75

71

Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii php


phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s c k thut
Tiu ch v mt x hi
Mc m hc v cm quan ca h thng
Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng, min
Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn hnh ca h
thng
Tng s

H s cng ngh ca 03 cng ty ch bin thy sn c im s cao nht c


trnh by chi tit phn di y. bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca cc
cng ty thy sn c m ho.
2.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 01 (Cng
ty CBTS 01), cng sut 3.600 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: C tra fillet ng lnh
Cng sut ca nh my: 180 tn nguyn liu/ngy
Nguyn liu: C tra
Nc thi pht sinh: 20 m3/tn sn phm (3.600 m3/ngy)
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thi gian xy dng: thng 03 nm 2008
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 10 nm 2008
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 2.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 01
Ch tiu

n v

pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Ntng
Ptng
Du v m
Coliform

mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
MPN/100mL

Nng
u vo
2.400
1.400
520
90
66,7
21 x 104

Hiu qu
x l (%)
98
98
97
96
85
99

QCVN 11:2008,
Ct A
6-9
50
50
30
30
10
3.000

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr.


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 01 (2009)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01 c
trnh by trong Hnh 2.9.

27

Al2(SO4)3

Polymer

MTK

Nc thai
SCRM
SCRT

Ho thu gom

Be tach m

Be keo tu

Be ieu hoa

Be tuyen noi sieu nong


May
nen kh

NaOCL

Bon
tao ap

Vung thieu kh

Nc thai au ra

Vung hieu kh
THB

Be tiep xuc

Be lang

Ghi chu:

Mng oxi hoa

Polymer

ng nc

MTK

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

Bun a tach nc
May ep bun

Hnh 2.9 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01

28

Be cha bun

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut c dn qua SCR th dng xch
c kch thc cc khe 5 mm, ti y cc cht thi rn nh vy, xng, u c
c gi li v chuyn vo gi cha rc, rc ti y c cng nhn thu gom
thng xuyn khi y. Lng cht thi rn ny c ti s dng lm thc n
cho c hoc gia sc. Sau , nc thi c tp trung v h thu gom lu
trong khong 9 pht, ri c bm qua SCR mn c kch thc 1mm, cc
loi cht thi rn nh xng, d, vy, tht c v mt phn m c gi li v
c thu gom v khu vc lu tr cht thi rn tp trung ca nh my. Nc
thi t song chn rc mn t chy vo b tch m loi b cc thnh phn
du m nh c kh nng t ni trong nc thi, thi gian lu trong b tch
m l 11 pht. Nc thi sau tch m c dn sang b iu ha bng cch
t chy. Lp m c ni trn b mt c thanh gt vng t ng gt v
mng thu m v c thu gom tp trung ti s dng lm thc n chn nui.
Nc thi trong b iu ha c khuy trn hon ton nh h thng my
thi kh v phn phi kh vi thi gian lu 7 gi.
T b iu ha, nc thi c bm n h thng x l ha l bao gm b
keo t v b tuyn ni siu nng nhm to iu kin tt cho qu trnh tuyn
ni cc cht kh lng nh nh m c. Nc thi c ha trn vi phn
nhm trn ng ng trc khi vo b keo t. Polymer c chm vo b
keo t v c khuy trn bng c kh (cnh khuy) nhm tng kch thc
ca bng cn. T b keo t nuc thi c bm vo thit b to p v theo
ch t chy qua b tuyn ni siu nng, cc bng cn c kt dnh to
thnh cc ht cn c kch thc ln s lng xung y b, cc bt kh mn li
cun v kt dnh cc bng cn nh ni ln b mt. Vng trn b mt c
thit b gt bt b mt gt vo ng ng trung tm cng vi cn lng y b
c a vo b cha bn. B tuyn ni siu nng kt hp keo t tch
phn ln lng m c sau khi qua b tch m trng lc v SS cng nh
photpho trc khi vo mng xy ha.
Mng oxy ha lm vic trong ch lm thong ko di vi bn hot tnh
l lng trong nc thi chuyn ng tun hon lin tc trong mng. Hm
lng bn trong mng oxy ha tun hon duy tr t 4.000-6.000 mg/L.
Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) c cung cp bi thit b cp kh b mt.
Hm lng DO trong vng hiu kh trn 2,2 mg/L din ra qu trnh oxy ha
hiu kh cc cht hu c v nitrate ha. Trong vng thiu kh hm lng DO
thp hn t 0,5-0,8 mg/L din ra qu trnh kh nitrate. Nh vy, ti mng
oxy nc thi di chuyn vng quanh b theo chiu quay ca my sc kh b
mt, v vy khng cn bm tun hon bn hot tnh t vng hiu kh v vng
thiu kh m vn m bo qu trnh kh nit.
Hn hp bn (vi sinh vt) v nc thi sau khi tri qua thi gian x l
trong mng oxi ha c dn qua b lng nhm tin hnh tch bn ra khi
nc thi bng phng php lng trng lc trong thi gian 4 gi. Nc thi

29

sau khi tch bn c dn qua b kh trng. Bn c tun hon li mng


oxy ha nhm duy tr nng bn nht nh trong b, phn bn d c
bm v b cha bn. Nc thi sau x l bng phng php x l sinh hc
qua cng on x l cui cng l kh trng nc trc khi x vo ngun
tip nhn. Nc thi c ha trn vi dung dch NaOCl bng thy lc vi
s dng vch ngn m bo hiu qu xo trn. Thi gian lu theo tnh
ton l 25 pht, coliform u ra t tiu chun QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT, ct
A.
Theo nh k, bn t b tuyn ni siu nng v b lng c bm v b
cha bn. B cha bn c cp kh nhm tin hnh qu trnh phn hy bn
trong iu kin hiu kh. Phn nc thi trong b cha bn c dn v b
tip nhn x l li. Theo nh k, bn t b cha bn c bm vo my
p bn nhm tin hnh qu trnh tch nc sau cng. Nc sau p bn c
dn v h thu gom.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi
u im:
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 kt hp cc qu trnh x l
c hc, ha l v sinh hc l hon ton hp l. H thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty CBTS 01 c nhng u im sau y:
- Cng on x l chnh ca cng ngh l mng oxy ha vi u im l
x l cc hp cht hu c, nit v photpho vi hiu qu cao. Hiu qu x
l t BOD5 98% (11 mg O2/L), cc hp cht nit, photpho c gim
ng k, v qun l vn hnh khng phc tp.
- Lng bn d pht sinh t cng on x l sinh hc p dng mng oxy
ha thp, gim chi ph x l bn.
- Qu trnh tuyn ni siu nng kt hp keo t c p dng ti nh my
t hiu qu cao hn 90% i vi vic tch trit du v m, SS trc
khi vo mng oxy ha lm gim ng k s c i vi cng trnh sinh
hc v gim mt phn ti lng cht hu c i vi cng trnh x l sinh
hc.
Nhc im:
- Thi gian lu nc ti mng oxy ha ln (27 gi) nn tiu th nng
lng cho thi kh cao. Din tch xy dng ln (dung tch ca mng oxy
ha ln hn 3 ln so vi cng trnh bn hot tnh l lng nn chim nhiu
din tch t dn n chi ph u t cao.
- H thng s dng nhiu ho cht, tn nhiu in nng cho cc thit b
my mc (chi ph in nng chim 77% chi ph vn hnh), do chi ph
vn hnh kh cao (3.600 VN/m3 nc thi).

30

- Cng tc quan trc cht lng nc thi ti cng ty CBTS 01 kh th


ng do nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc
thi.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 01
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 tng i hon chnh, tuy
nhin h thng vn cn phi khc phc mt s nhc im ca cng trnh x
l c hc, bao gm song chn rc th v thit b lc rc tinh.
- Song chn rc (SCR) th: kch thc l ca SCR nh trong iu kin
nhit thp m c b ng li v lm bt cc khe, dn n nc thi b
trn ra ngoi. Da vo kch thc ca cht rn, SCR dng chy ngang vi
kch thc khe l 25-30 mm kt hp thit b co cn c ngh p
dng. Vt liu ch to l thp khng r.
- Song chn rc (SCR) mn: Tng t nh trn vi SCR mn, kch thc
khe chn 2,5-5 mm.thay v s dng 1 mm nh hin nay
- u t mt phng th nghim mini xc nh ti u liu lng ha cht
v cc thng s ti u cho cc qu trnh vn hnh h thng sinh hc.
c tnh k thut ca h thng x l nc thi
Bng 2.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc thi cng
ty CBTS 01
Kch thc
Th tch
(m)
(m3)
H thu gom
7,5 x 3 x 3
68
B tch du v m
8,5 x 2 x 4,7
80
B iu ha
27,1 x 8,5 x 4,5
1.085
B keo t
2,5 x 2,5 x 3
19
B tuyn ni siu nng
4,5 x 0,9
14
Mng oxi ha
47 x 12 x 3,5
1.974
B lng
12 x 12 x 4
576
B kh trng
10 x 3,1 x 2
62
B cha bn
12 x 8,5 x 3
306
Nh iu hnh
5,2 x 4
Nh kho
5,2 x 4
Khu vc ha cht v my thi kh 12 x 8
Tng thi gian x l ca c h thng theo tnh ton l 38,6 gi;
Tng din tch s dng l 1.900 m2.
Cng trnh n v

SL
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
01
01
01
01
01

Tlu
(pht)
9
11
415
0,13
8
1.620
230
25
-

Ghi ch: Cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr nh iu hnh v nh


kho c xy dng bng gch v khu vc ha cht v my thi kh c xy dng bng thp.

31

Bng 2.5 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi


Cng ty CBTS 01
Hng mc
H thu gom
Bm vn chuyn
Thit b lc rc
dng xch ko
B iu ha
My lc rc tinh
My thi kh
Bm vn chuyn
a phn phi kh
B tuyn ni siu
nng - DAF
Bm tun hon
My nn kh
B phn ng 1
B phn ng 2
Mng oxi ha

Thng s k thut
Q = 150 m3/h; H = 10 m
Khe h KT = 5 mm;
Q = 300 m3/h
Khe h: 1 mm;
Q = 250 m3/h
Q = 8 m3/pht;
H=5m
Q = 75 m3/h; H = 10 m
D = 4,2 m;
H = 1,1 m
Q = 20 m3/h; H = 50- 60 m
Q = 750 l/pht
V = 70 vng/pht
V = 30 vng/pht

My sc kh b mt
B lng 2
H thng gt bn
V = 4 vng/pht
Bm bn tun hon Q = 20 25 m3/h; H = 10m
Bm bn d
Q = 50 m3/h; H = 10 m
B cha bn
Bm bn n my
Q = 4 m3/h; H = 2-3 bar
p bn
My p bn
Q = 4 m3/h
H thng nh lng ha cht
nh lng phn
Bm nh lng
Q = 200 l/h; H = 5 6 bar
Motor khuy
V = 70 vng/pht
nh lng
polymer Anion
Bm nh lng
Q = 200 l/h; H = 5-6 bar
Motor khuy
V = 70 vng/pht
nh lng Javen
Bm nh lng
Q = 150 l/h; H = 5-6 bar
nh lng polymer p bn
Bm nh lng
Q = 150 l/h; H = 5-6 bar
Motor khuy
V = 70 vng/pht
ng h o lu
Q = 0 180 m3/h
lng

32

SL

Xut x

Ci

Nht

Ci

Vit Nam

Ci

Ci

Nht

3
1

Ci
B

Nht
M

4
1
1
1

Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

VN
Singapore
Singapore

Ci

Malaysia/
c

2
6
2

Ci
Ci
Ci

Singapore

Ci

VN

2
1

Ci
Ci

1
1

Ci
Ci

Singapore

Ci

2
1

Ci
Ci

an Mch/
Anh

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 1.500 (m3/ngy) - Thit k: 3.600 (m3/ngy)
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: 1.690.848 (kWh)
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l nc
thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01
Ch tiu
pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Amoni
Cl2 d
Ptng
Coliform*

n v
mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
MPN/
100mL

7,6-7,7
4-5
20-32
11-27
8-13
0,05-0,50
4-10

Hiu
qu x
l (%)
99
99
99
41-86
65-87

QCVN
11:2008
Ct A
69
50
30
10
1
-

360 -2900

100

3.000

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

7 -7,1
742-795
1960-2320
1803-2158
22-63
0,01-0,02
23-41
6x105-1,2x106

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr, *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 01 (2009)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.7 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01
Loi
Cht tr keo t
Cht keo t
Cht kh trng

Ha cht
Polimer anion
Polimer cation
Al2 (SO4)3 .18 H2O
NaOCl 10%

Liu lng s dng (kg/ngy)


1,5
1
60
90

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 05 nhn vin trong c 02 nhn vin qun
l v 03 nhn vin vn hnh.

33

Tn sut bo tr

Hng ngy

Hng thng

Hng nm

- Kim tra cng v in p dng cp.


- Kim tra hin tng chy du nht ca my thi kh v
my nn kh.
- Kim tra mc du bi trn ca my thi kh, my nn kh,
cc motor, xch ca my co bn, my co vng ni.
- Kim tra ting n khi chy my thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra nhit ca my thi kh.
- Kim tra ng ht, ng y ca bm nh lng.
- Kim tra ha cht cn li trong bn cha.
- Kim tra sit cht ca bulon v ming tra nht ca my
thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra kn mng loci ca ng ht.
- Kim tra sc cng ca dy curoa.
- Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.
- Thay dy coroa.
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u y.

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 23.000.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 3.600 VN/m3 nc thi
2.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 02 (Cng
ty CBTS 02), cng sut 1.200 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: (1) Sn phm t c basa, c tra: c basa nguyn con, c basa
ct khoanh, fil c basa v c tra, u c basa; (2) Sn phm gi tr gia
tng: c bu nhi basa, basa ct si tm bt, basa cun l chanh, basa
cun rau ci, basa kho t, basa mui s t, cho basa, ch basa th l, ch
m basa,
Cng sut ca nh my: 70 tn nguyn liu/ngy
Nguyn liu: C basa v c tra
Nc thi pht sinh:11,4 m3/tn sn phm (800 m3/ngy)
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thi gian xy dng: nm 2005 (Nm 2008, ci to nng cp t h thng c
c cng sut 500 m3/ngy m ln 1.200 m3/ngy m)
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 7 nm 2009 (Cng ty CBTS 02 a vo s
dng h thng x l nc thi mi c nng cp t h thng c)

34

Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k


Bng 2.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 02
Ch tiu
pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Ntng
Ptng

n v
mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L

Nng
u vo
6,6
700
1.634
1.250
119
104

Hiu qu x
l (%)
93
97
98
87
96

TCVN 5945:2005
Ct A
6-9
50
50
30
15
4

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 02(2009)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 02 c
trnh by trong Hnh 2.10.

35

MTK

Phen nhomPolymer

Nc thai
SCRM
SCRT

Be tach dau va m

Be keo tu

Be ieu hoa

Ho thu gom

Be tuyen noi
sieu nong
May
nen kh

Bon
tao ap

MTK

NaOCL

Nc thai
au ra

Be sinh hoc Be sinh hoc hieu kh


hieu kh (BHTDB)
(BHTLL)
Be tiep xuc

Be loc ap lc

Be trung gian

THB

Be lang

Polymer

Ghi chu:

Be
tron bun

ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

Bun a tach nc
May ep bun

Hnh 2.10 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 02

36

Be nen bun

Be anoxic

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi c dn vo mng tch m c t thit b lc rc th, nhm
gi li cc cht thi rn c trong nc thi nh xng, da, c vn. Cc cht
thi rn b gi li ti thit b lc rc c ly nh k ti s dng (bn
cho cc nh my ch bin bt c) hoc b.
Sau , nc thi t chy vo b tip nhn. T y nc thi c bm
chm bm ln thit b lc rc tinh tch cc cht thi rn c kch thc
nh trc khi t chy xung b iu ho. B iu ha c nhim v iu ha
lu lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi trc khi a vo cc
cng trnh n v pha sau. Thit b thi kh cp kh vo b nhm xo trn
trnh hin tng phn hu k kh v gii phng mt lng chlorine d pht
sinh t cng tc v sinh nh xng.
Nc thi t b iu ho c bm ln b keo t, ng thi tin hnh chm
phn nhm v polymer nhm thc hin qu trnh keo t/to bng. Sau
nc thi t chy qua h thng tuyn ni siu nng, ti y hn hp kh v
nc thi c ha trn to thnh cc bt kh mn di p sut kh quyn,
cc bt kh tch ra khi nc ng thi ko theo cc vng du ni v mt s
cn l lng. Lng du m c tch khi nc thi nh thit b gt t ng
c dn v bn cha vng ni x l nh cht thi rn hoc lm thc n
gia sc. B tuyn ni siu nng kt hp qu trnh tuyn ni v keo t t
hiu qu loi b SS v du m rt cao (c th t > 90%), hiu qu loi b
photpho ca ton h thng cng c ci thin nh cng trnh ny.
Tip theo, nc thi c dn qua cng trnh x l sinh hc tip theo l b
thiu kh. Trong mi trng thiu kh, nitrate trong nc thi c chuyn
ha thnh nit t do, tuy nhin nc thi thy sn u vo c nng nitrate
rt thp. Ngoi ra, trong mi trng thiu kh vi sinh vt c kh nng hp
ph photpho cao hn mc bnh thng do photpho lc ny khng nhng ch
cn cho vic tng hp, duy tr t bo v vn chuyn nng lng m cn c
vi khun d tr trong t bo s dng cc giai on hot ng tip theo.
T b thiu kh, nc thi c dn sang b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng.
y l cng trnh trnh chnh x l cc cht hu c mt cch trit . Oxy
c cung cp lin tc cho vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng. Trong iu kin
thi kh lin tc ny, qun th vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trng thi l lng
(bn hot tnh) phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh cc
hp cht v c n gin nh CO2 v nc.
Sau khi qua b bn hot tnh, nc thi c dn sang cng trnh x l sinh
hc th 3 l b sinh hc hiu kh (bn hot tnh dnh bm). B ny c chc
nng x l hon thin cc hp cht nit, photpho cn li trong nc thi.
Trong b c lp t vt liu lc bng nha PVC t ngp trong nc, lp
vt liu ny c rng v din tch tip xc ln gi vai tr lm gi th cho vi
sinh vt dnh bm. Nc thi c phn phi t di ln tip xc vi mng
vi sinh vt, ti y cc hp cht hu c, nit (qu trnh kh nitrate) c loi

37

b bi lp mng vi sinh vt ny. Sau mt thi gian, chiu dy lp mng vi


sinh vt dy ln ngn cn oxy ca khng kh khng khuch tn vo cc lp
bn trong. Do khng c oxy, vi khun ym kh pht trin to ra sn phm
phn hy ym kh cui cng l CH4 v CO2 lm trc lp mng ra khi vt
cng ri b nc cun tri. Trn b mt vt liu li hnh thnh lp mng mi,
hin tng ny c lp i lp li tun hon v nc thi c kh BOD5 v
cc cht dinh dng trit .
Nc thi sau khi ra khi b bn hot tnh dnh bm chy trn qua b lng.
Ti y, xy ra qu trnh lng tch pha v gi li phn bn (vi sinh vt). Bn
sau khi lng c bm tun hon v b hiu kh nhm duy tr nng vi
sinh vt trong b. Phn bn d c bm v b cha bn sau c tch
nc bng my p bn. Trong qu trnh tch nc, polymer c b sung
to iu kin cho qu trnh tch nc ca bn c thc hin d dng hn.
Phn nc trong sau khi qua b lng theo mng trn t chy xung b trung
gian. Nc thi t b trung gian c bm cao p bm ln b lc p lc
nhm loi b trit phn cn l lng cn li trong nc thi. Sau , nc
thi c dn vo b kh trng loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh trc khi thi
ra ngun tip nhn. Nc thi sau khi c x l bi h thng t QCVN
11:2008, Ct A v c x ra mi trng hay ti s dng.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi:
u im:
c im ca nc thi ch bin thy sn vi nng SS, COD, BOD5 v
du m cao, do phng php x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02 kt
hp cc qu trnh x l c hc, ha l v sinh hc l hon ton hp l. Trong
, cng trnh chnh l cm b thiu kh - b bn hot tnh hiu kh dnh
bm. Trong h thng x l nc thi, cng on tch du m ng vai tr
ht sc quan trng. Cm tch du m ca h thng bao gm mng tch du
m v b tuyn ni siu nng vi p lc kh ha tan kt hp keo t. B tuyn
ni siu nng l im mi ca h thng x l vi chiu cao mc nc ca b
tuyn ni ch 1,1 m. Hiu sut ca b tuyn ni siu nng cao hn b tuyn
ni kh ha tan thng thng. Vi cng ngh ny, h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty CBTS 02 c nhng u im ni bt sau y:
- Cng ngh c thit k m bo t quy chun/tiu chun x thi ngun
loi A. Nc sau x l c s dng ti cy.
- Hiu qu x l cao i vi cc ch tiu quan trng ca nc thi thy sn,
trong hiu qu x l SS > 98%, BOD5 t 96-98%, hiu qu x l du
m gn nh 100%, nit t 47-70% v photpho t 76-94%.
- Chi ph vn hnh thp 2.500 VN/m3 nc thi so vi cc cng ngh x
l nc thi tng ng (v hiu qu v quy nh x thi).

38

- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b va phi: 5.000.000 VN/m3


nc thi.
- Din tch t xy dng kh thp (0,38 m2/m3 nc thi).
Nhc im
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph u t xy dng - lp t
thit b, chi ph vn hnh v mc s dng t, h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty CBTS 02 vn c mt s nhc im sau:
- B thiu kh c t trc b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng nhng
khng c dng tun hon nc t b hiu kh v b thiu kh nn hiu
qu x l nit ca b thiu kh rt thp.
- Do nc thnh phn nc thi dao ng rt ln nn b iu ha c thi
gian lu nc 6 gi l kh thp, do lm gim kh nng iu ha nng
nc thi. ng thi trong trng hp cc cng trnh x l gp s c
cn phi dng hot ng th vi thi gian lu nc, b iu ha kh c
th p ng c nhu cu lu nc thi ca nh my trong mt ngy hot
ng bnh thng.
- B lc p lc c thit k d phng trong trng hp b lng lm vic
khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin rt kh nhn bit khi no b lng lm vic
khng hiu qu.
- V mt vn hnh, h thng c qun l v vn hnh (kim nhim) bi
cn b k thut ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, v thiu chuyn mn v cng
ngh x l nc thi nn trong cng tc vn hnh vn cn hn ch, c
bit l theo di v khc phc cc s c vi sinh.
- Nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc thi.
Tn sut quan trc h thng l 2 nm/ln, m bo tun th quy nh v
mi trng, tuy nhin tn sut nh vy l l qu t theo di s n nh
ca h thng.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 02
Da vo kt qu nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi thy sn ti nh my
CBTS 02, cng ngh x l nc thi c xut mt s thay i di y:
- Cm x l sinh hc vn s dng kt hp qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh
v qu trnh thiu kh. Vic ci to cm x l sinh hc c th c thc
hin theo hng thay i chc nng ca b thiu kh thnh b bn hot
tnh hiu kh. Nh vy h thng s s dng qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu
kh 2 bc vi tng thi gian lu nc gn 12 gi, v c tip ni bi b
bn hot tnh dnh bm (thc hin qu trnh kh nitrate).

39

- Ngoi ra, nh my cn cho cc cn b vn hnh tham gia cc kho o


to v vn hnh h thng x l nc thi hoc tuyn cn b m nhim
cng tc qun l h thng x l nc thi c chuyn mn v mi trng.
c tnh k thut ca h thng x l
Bng 2.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc thi
Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)

Th tch
(m3)

SL

Tlu (pht)

Mng tch du v m

2,0 x 1,0 x 1,0

01

H thu gom

2,5 x 2,0 x 1,6

01

9,6

B iu ha

11,2 x 6,5 x 4,1

299

01

360

B keo t

1,5 x 1,0 x 2,4

01

4,3

3,8 x 2,5

11

01

14

B thiu kh

6,5 x 5,4 x 4,0

140

01

169

B bn hot tnh hiu kh

16,8 x 6,5 x 4,1

448

01

537

B bn hot tnh hiu kh


dnh bm

6,5 x 6,5 x 4,0

169

01

203

10,0 x 4,0

314

01

203

B trung gian

2,9 x 1,.9 x 2,7

15

01

18

B lc p lc

3,0 x 2,0; vlc=10m/h

14

01

18

B tip xc

6,5 x 2,0 x 4,5

59

01

70

B nn bn

6,5 x 2,0 x 4,5

59

01

Nh t my p bn

10,0 x 2,5 x 2,8

01

Nh iu hnh

10,8 x 3,0 x 4,0

01

Cng trnh n v

B tuyn ni siu nng

B lng sinh hc

Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh: 30 gi


Tng din tch s dng: 450 m2
Ghi ch: Cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, b lc p lc c
cu to bng thp, nh iu hnh c xy dng bng gch, nh t my p bn c mi che
bng tn

40

Bng 2.10 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi


Cng ty CBTS 02
Tn thit b

SL

H thu gom
My tch rc th
Bm nc thi chm

01
02

Thit b lc rc tinh

01

Thng s k thut

Q = 60 m3/h; H = 7 m
Q = 50 - 60 m3/h;
Khe h: 2 mm

Xut
x

Nm
sn
xut

VN
G8/EU

2006
2006

VN

2006

G8/EU

2006

M
G8/EU

2006
2006

VN
L
VN

2006
2006
2006

L
VN
VN
G8/EU

2006
2006
2006
2006

G8/EU

2006

G8/EU

2006

M
VN

2006
2006

B iu ha
My thi kh b iu ha

02

Q = 2,3 m3/pht;
H = 4,5 m
D = 120 mm
Q = 50 m3/h; H = 8 m

H thng a phn phi kh


01
Bm nc thi chm
02
B keo t
Thit b trn tnh
01 Q = 50 m3/h
Motor khuy
01
Cnh khuy
B tuyn ni
My nn kh
01
Bn to p
01 DxL=1.000x1.600 mm
Thit b gt du t ng
01
Bm tun hon to p
02 Q = 30 m3/h; H = 40 m
B Unoxic
My khuy trn chm
01 H (su) = 4 m
B sinh hc hiu kh (BHTLL - BHTDB)
Q = 9,12 m3/pht;
My thi kh
03
H = 4,5 m
H thng a phn phi kh
01 D = 270 mm
H thng vt liu dnh bm
01 Nha PVC
B lng bn sinh hc
My gt bn b lng

01

KT khung gt: 10 m

G8/EU
VN

2006

Mng rng ca
ng lng trung tm
Bm tun hon
B lc p lc
Bm cao p
B nn bn
Bm bn
My p bn
H thng pha ha cht
Bn cha ha cht
Bm nh lng
T iu khin

01
01
02

SUS304
RxH=1.500x1.600 mm
Q = 30 m3/h; H = 7 m

VN
VN
G8/EU

2006
2006
2006

02

Q = 50 m3/h; H = 40 m

G8/EU

2006

01
01

Q = 5 m3/h; H = 8 m
Q = 4 m3/h

G8/EU
L

2006
2006

03
03
01

V = 1000 L
Q = 200 lt/pht

VN
G8/EU
HQ

2006
2006
2006

41

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 1.000 (m3/ngy) - Thit k: 1.200 (m3/ngy)
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: 845 (kWh/ngy)
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 2.11.
Bng 2.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l
nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02
n v

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

pH

7,1-7,1

7,6-7,7

6-9

SS

mg/L

456-494

4-8

98-99

COD

mgO2/L

1.600-1.775

20-32

98-99

50

BOD5

mgO2/L

1.491-1.728

11-30

98-99

30

Amoni

mg/L

24,7-35,9

8-25

28-48

10

Clo d

mg/L

KPH-0,01

KPH-0,07

Ptng

mg/L

27,5-52,3

3-10

64-94

360-2.600

100

3.000

Ch tiu

Coliform*

Hiu qu QCVN 11:2008


x l (%)
Ct A

MPN/
100mL

1,5 x 10
- 2,4 x 106

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr; * QCVN 24:2009, ct A.


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 02 (2009).

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.12 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02
Loi

Ha cht

Liu lng s dng (kg/nm)

Cht tr keo t

Polimer

1.080

Ha cht keo t

Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O

77.760

Ha cht kh trng

NaOCl

6.480

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 07 nhn vin trong c 03 nhn vin c


trnh cao ng c cng ty t vn thit k, chuyn giao cng ngh o
to.

42

Tn sut bo tr

My bm

Hng ngy

- Ngun in cung cp c bnh thng khng


- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l hay khng
- ng c my bm c b chy hay khng

Hng tun

o cch in ca bm.

Hng thng

Kim tra nhy ca bm va o lu lng bm


v iu chnh li bng van

Hng qu

Kim tra tng th my nh: cch in, dng


lm vic, lu lng, cng sut my thc t.

Hng nm

Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.

Hng ngy

- Kim tra mc du v kim tra my khi c ting


ku hay rung ng l

Hng tun
My thi
kh

Hng thng

Hng qu
Hng nm

- Lm sch b lc u ht v cc b phn bn
ngoi my thi kh.
- Th van an ton bng tay
- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh
- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit.
- Thay du nht.
- Kim tra ng h p lc
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu
m) u y
- Thay dy coroa v van 1 chiu cao su u
y

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 6.000.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 2.030 VN/m3 nc thi.
2.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 03 (Cng
ty CBTS 03), cng sut 400 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
- Sn phm: cc loi thy sn ch bin
- Cng sut ca nh my: 2500 tn/nm
- Nguyn liu: cc loi thy sn
- Nc thi pht sinh: 50 m3/tn sn phm (400 m3/ngy)

43

B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi


Thi gian vn hnh: thng 8 nm 2008.
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 2.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 03
n v

Nng
u vo

Hiu qu x
l (%)

TCVN 5945:2005
Ct B

pH

6,9

5,5-9

SS

mg/L

240

58

100

COD

mgO2/L

1860

96

80

BOD5

mgO2/L

1610

97

50

Ptng

mg/L

85

93

Ntng

mg/L

115

74

30

Ch tiu

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 03 (2009)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 03 c
trnh by trong Hnh 2.11.

44

PAC

NaOH
MTK

Nc thai

MB

SCRM

SCRT
Ho thu gom

Be tach dau va m

Be trung gian

Be ieu hoa

Ghi chu:

MTK

NaOCL

ng nc

Be keo tu Be tao bong

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

Be sinh hoc hieu kh (BHTLL)


THB

Nguon tiep nhan

Be lang

Be tiep xuc

Cong ty x ly bun

Be tuyen noi

MB
MB

Xe hut bun
Be cha bun

Hnh 2.11 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 03

45

Ngan cha bun

May
nen kh

Bon
tao ap

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi sn xut c thu gom sau dn qua SCR th vo h thu gom
nc thi sau nc thi t chy sang b iu ha nhm n nh lu lng
nc thi u vo. Trong b iu ha c lp h thng sc kh xo trn u
nhm trnh hin tng lng cn trong b. Sau nc thi c bm n
SCRM loi b lng cht thi rn c kch thc nh hn cn li trc khi
dn sang b tch m. Ti b tch m nc thi c tch cc vng m c
trong nc thi tng hiu qu x l cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau v
trnh lm tt ng ng trong h thng x l. Phn vng m sau khi gn lc
c vt b cng vi cht thi rn lc b sau khi qua SCR th v SCR
mn. Nc thi sau chy sang b trung gian nhm n nh dng chy
trc khi chy qua b tuyn ni. Ti b trung gian, nc thi c bm bng
2 bm trc ngang ln b keo t, ng thi b sung ha cht iu chnh pH
ng thi chm thm cht keo t PAC trn ng ng thng qua thit b
phi trn tnh. Nc thi t b keo t chy sang b to bng, trong b ny s
dng thit b khuy trn c kh (h thng cnh khuy) nhm tng hiu qu
ca qu trnh to bng.
Sau qu trnh ny nc thi t chy sang b tuyn ni. Kh nn ha tan c
cung cp nhm tng hiu qu tuyn ni cc bng cn c trng lng nh v
tin hnh thu vng ni trn mt bng h thng co di ng.
Nc trong sau qu trnh tuyn ni t chy sang hai b bn hot tnh hiu
kh tip tc x l cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Ti y kh oxy
c cung cp vo b thng qua hai my thi kh lm vic lun phin vi
sinh vt c th hot ng v pht trin sinh khi. Sau khi c x l ti b
bn hot tnh hiu kh nc t chy vo b lng ng thng qua ng dn
nc thi vo ng trung tm. B lng c nhim v lng bn vi sinh sinh ra
trong qu trnh x l hiu kh trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh bng phng
php trng lc. Nc sau khi lng t chy vo b tip xc. Ti y dung dch
NaOCl c bm nh lng vo kh trng nc, loi b vi sinh vt gy
bnh trc khi x ra mi trng. Nc thi sau x l t theo QCVN
11:2008, Ct B.
Phn bn sau khi lng c thanh gt bn tp trung vo ngn cha bn, theo
nh k bm ht bn bm vo b cha bn. Mt phn bn c bm tun
hon tr v b bn hot tnh hiu kh tip tc quy trnh x l. B cha bn
gi li lng bn t b lng, b tuyn ni v mt s cn trong qu trnh sc
ra b. Ti b cha bn xy ra qu trnh nn bn v lng nc sau khi lng
c a v b iu ha tip tc x l, phn bn sau khi nn c xe ht
bn nh k ht vn chuyn n bi chn lp v sinh.

46

u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi


u im:
H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 c nhng u im:
- Hiu qu x l kh cao i vi cc ch tiu chnh ca nc thi thy sn,
trong hiu qu x l SS khong 80%, hiu qu x l COD khong
94% v BOD5 l 97%.
- Cng trnh x l sinh hc gm hai b bn hot tnh hiu kh (hai n
nguyn). Nh vy, nu trong trng hp mt trong hai b gp s c v vi
sinh th h thng vn c th tip tc hot ng vi n nguyn cn li
trong thi gian khc phc s c.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b va phi 4.500.000 VN/m3
nc thi.
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l cn l lng v cht hu c, v
chi ph vn hnh, h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 cn tn ti
mt s nhc im sau:
- Nc thi ch bin thy sn thng c nng nit cao, nhng h thng
ch c cng trnh x l hiu kh v thiu cng trnh x l thiu kh kh
nit. Do nng tng nit u ra kh c th t c quy chun x
thi.
- Chi ph vn hnh (3.200 VN/m3 nc thi) l kh cao so vi cc h
thng x l nc thi khc tng ng v yu cu cht lng nc thi
sau x l ng thi s dng nhiu thit b ng lc hn.
- V mt vn hnh, h thng c qun l v vn hnh (kim nhim) bi
cn b k thut ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, v khng c chuyn mn v cng
ngh x l nc thi nn trong cng tc vn hnh cng ngh vn khng
m bo, c bit l theo di v khc phc cc s c vi sinh.
- Nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc thi.
Tn sut quan trc h thng l 2 nm/ln, m bo tun th quy nh v
mi trng, tuy nhin tn sut nh vy l l qu t theo di s n nh
ca h thng.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 03
Trong hai b bn hot tnh hiu kh, c th ci to b s 2 thnh b anoxic
ci thin hiu qu x l nit (kh nitrate). Ngoi ra, nh my cn cho cc
cn b vn hnh tham gia cc kho o to v vn hnh h thng x l nc
thi hoc tuyn cn b m nhim cng tc qun l h thng x l nc thi
c chuyn mn v mi trng. u t mt phng th nghim mini xc
nh ti u liu lng ha cht v cc thng s ti u cho cc qu trnh vn
hnh h thng sinh hc.

47

c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh


Bng 2.14 Thng s thit k ca cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
cng ty CBTS 03
Cng trnh n v

Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)
3,3 x 1,5 x 1,0
4,5 x 9,0 x 2,0
1,5 x 1,5 x 3,0
1,5 x 1,5 x 3,0

B tch vng m
B iu ha
B keo t
B to bng
B tuyn ni
B bn hot tnh hiu kh
11,4 x 4,9 x 3,5
B lng
3,2 x 3,2 x 3,5
B kh trng
3,99 x 1,0 x 1,9
Ngn cha bn
1,5 x 1,0 x 3,6
B cha bn
4,9 x 3,9 x 3,1
B pha ho cht NaOH
1,0 x 1,25
B pha ho cht NaOCl
1,0 x 1,25
B pha ho cht PAC
1,0 x 1,25
Nh iu hnh
9,0 x 4,5 x 4,0
Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh: 31,5 gi
Tng din tch s dng: 210 m2

Th tch
(m3)
5
79
6,8
6,8
195,5
36
7,6
5.4
59
1
1
1
162

SL
01
01
01
01
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01

Tlu
(pht)
5
540
160
230
45
500
335
80
-

Ghi ch: a s cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr nh iu


hnh c xy dng bng gch, vt liu cu to ca b NaOH, b PAC l Inox 304 v b
NaOCl l FRP.

Bng 2.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca


Cng ty CBTS 03
Tn thit b
B iu ha
My lt rc th
H thng phn phi kh
Bm nc thi 1
Thit b lt rc tinh
B keo t
Bm nc thi 2
B phi trn tnh
B to bng
Motor khuy, cnh khuy
B tuyn ni
H thng co vng ni di ng
Motor gt bn
Bn p lc
My nn kh

SL

Thng s k thut

Xut
x

01
01
02
01

Q = 17 m3/h
ng PVC khoan l 2 mm
Q= 15 20 m3/h, H = 14 m
Q = 17 m3/h; KT khe = 1 mm

VN
VN
Nht
VN

02
04

Q = 20 m3/h; H = 10 m
Vt liu: Inox

Nht
VN

01

Motor gim tc: 1 HP

VN/L

01
01
01
01

Motor gim tc: 1Hp


Cng sut: 3 Hp
D x H = 0.7 x 1.5 m
Cng sut: 3 Hp

VN
L
VN
L

48

Tn thit b

SL

B thu bn
H thng mng trn
ng phn phi
Tm chn hng dng
B sinh hc hiu kh
My thi kh
H thng phn phi kh
Gi th vi sinh
Thit b tch vt liu m
B lng
H thng mng trn
ng phn phi
Thanh gt bn
Bm tun hon bn
Ngn cha bn
Bm bn
H thng nh lng ha cht
Bm nh lng
Bm ht bn
Thng pha ch v tiu th ha
cht

Thng s k thut

01
01
01

Xut
x
VN
VN
VN

02
01
02
01

Q = 200 250 m3/h


Q = 200 l/pht.a
Vt liu: Plastic
L x B = 5.7 x 5.7 m

Czech
M
VN
VN

01
01
01
01

Q = 15 20 m3/h; H = 15 m

VN
VN
VN
Nht

01

Q = 8 m3/h; H = 14 m

Nht

04
01

Q = 100 l/h
Cng sut: 1,5 Hp

04

Dung tch thng:1000L

VN

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 400 (m3/ngy) Thit k: 400 (m3/ngy)
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 2.16.
Bng 2.16 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l
nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03
Ch tiu
pH
SS
COD
BOD5
Coliform*

n v
mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
MPN/
100mL

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

Hiu qu
x l(%)

6,46-6,94
225-240
2223-2254
1785-1840

7,15-7,51
35-58
75-84
44-49

75-84
96-97
97-98

QCVN
11:2008
Ct B
5,5 9
90
90
45

16x104

180-1.700

100

5.000

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;* QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT


Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 03 (2009).

49

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03
Loi
Cht tr keo t
Cht keo t
Cht kh trng

Liu lng s dng (g/m3 nc thi)


3,75
200
5-8

Ha cht
Polimer
PAC
NaOCl 10%

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 02 nhn vin trnh k s, c o to


v s dng thit b v vn hnh h thng.
Tn sut bo tr

Hng ngy

Hng thng

Hng nm

- Kim tra cng v in p dng cp.


- Kim tra hin tng chy du nht ca my thi kh v my nn
kh.
- Kim tra mc du bi trn ca my thi kh, my nn kh, cc
motor, xch ca my co bn, my co vng ni.
- Kim tra ting n khi chy my thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra nhit ca my thi kh.
- Kim tra ng ht, ng y ca bm nh lng.
- Kim tra ha cht cn li trong bn cha.
- Kim tra sit cht ca bulon v ming tra nht ca my thi
kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra kn mng loci ca ng ht.
- Kim tra sc cng ca dy curoa.
- Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.
- Thay dy coroa.
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u y.

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 1.800.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 3.200 VN/m3 nc thi.

50

Mt s hnh nh v cng trnh x l trong h thng x l nc thi


ngnh ch bin thy sn

H thu

Song chn rc th

B iu ha

Song chn rc mn

B bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng

Cm b tuyn ni siu nng

B lng

B lc p lc

Hnh 2.12 H thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ca Cng ty CBTS 02, cng
sut 1.200 m3/ngym

51

52

Chng 3

Ngnh Cng nghip Dt may

53

3.1 Gii thiu chung


Trong nhng nm gn y s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip
Dt may gp mt phn rt ln vo s pht trin kinh t chung ca c
nc. Ngnh cng nghip Dt may khng nhng p ng nhu cu tiu dng
trong nc m cn thu c mt lng ngoi t ln nh xut khu. Mt
khc ngnh dt may cn gii quyt vic lm cho mt s lng ln lao ng
(2.5 triu ngi). Theo thng k nm 2009, hin c khong gn 2.000 doanh
nghip dt may trn ton quc, trong quc doanh l 307 doanh nghip,
cn li l cc cng ty c phn, TNHH, lin doanh v 100% vn nc ngoi.
Hng nm ngnh dt may ng gp khong 31% tng sn lng ngnh cng
nghip, ng th hai sau ngnh du kh, chim 19,8% tng kim ngch xut
khu v khong 41% kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh cng nghip (Vitas,
2009).
Song song vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh l vn nhim mi
trng pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut. Hng nm ngnh Dt may thi vo
mi trng mt lng nc ln nc thi vi nng nhim cao do nc
thi cha c x l hoc x l nhng cha t quy chun/tiu chun
mi trng.
3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Chui gi tr ca ngnh cng nghip Dt may ton cu thng thng c
phn chia thnh nm phn khc chnh gm: sn xut nguyn liu th; sn
xut nguyn ph liu; may; xut khu v phn phi bn l. Ty theo quy m
ca cc nh my dt may, tnh cht ca nguyn liu th, yu cu ca sn
phm, trnh cng ngh m cng ngh sn xut ca cc nh my l khc
nhau. Nhn chung mt cng ngh sn xut khp kn bao gm bn cng on
chnh. Cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut ca ngnh Dt may v
dng thi c trnh by trong Hnh 3.1.
Nc

Nguyn liu th

Si

Dt

Vi th

Ha cht tr,
thuc
nhum, ncthi,
Bi;
hi ha cht
Vn si,
Nc thi

Bi, n
Vn si

Sn phm

May

Bi, n

Nhum/hon tt

Nc thi, Kh thi,
Hi ha cht

Hnh 3.1 Cc cng on chnh v pht sinh dng thi ca ngnh Dt may
55

Trong 4 cng on ca ngnh dt may, cng on nhum v hon tt thng


c tch ring trong qu trnh sn xut. i vi cc nh my ln thng
bao gm c bn cng on, cn i vi cc nh my va v nh ch c hai
hoc mt cng on (dt v nhum hay nhum).
Ty theo quy m ca c s dt nhum, tnh cht ca si nguyn liu, tnh
cht ca si sn phm, trnh cng ngh m cng on nhum v hon tt
ti mi c s c s khc bit nhiu hay t. Tng quan v quy trnh nhum v
hon tt c trnh by trong Hnh 3.2.
H

Dt

Nu

Git

Git

Nhum

Git

Ty

Trung ha

Vt nc

H hon tt

Sy kh

Sn phm

Si, vi

Hnh 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh nhum v hon tt

Dng thi pht sinh theo quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
. Trong qu trnh sn xut ca ngnh Dt may tiu th rt
nhiu nc, nguyn liu th, nhin liu v nng lng. V th nhiu loi cht
th

mhi
. Tng quan v
ngun gc pht sinh cht thi v cc tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh Dt
may c trnh by trong Bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1 Ngun gc cht thi v tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh dt may
Ngun gc

Cht thi chnh

Hot ng ca nh my si

Bi; ting n

Hot ng ca nh my dt

Bi; ting n; nc thi

Hot ng ca nh my nhum
hon tt

Nc thi nhim nng (BOD, COD, SS v


mu); hi ho cht; nhit d; ting n

Hot ng ca x nghip may

Cht thi rn; nhit d; ting n

Hot ng ca l hi, l gia nhit

Kh thi giu SO2; nhit d

Hot ng ca my nn

Ting n; nhit d

Ngun: Tng cng ty dt may Vit Nam (2003).

56

3.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi


Trong cc ngun pht sinh nhim t ngnh Dt may, nc thi l mi quan
tm c bit do qu trnh nhum v hon tt s dng mt lng ln nguyn
liu th, nc, thuc nhum v cht tr nhum. Tiu th nc trong qu
trnh nhum dao ng rt ln t 16-900 m3 cho mt tn sn phm (Loan
2008). Tiu th nc i vi mt s loi vi khc nhau c trnh by trong
Bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 Lng nc tiu th i vi mt s loi vi trong ngnh dt may
Loi vi
Vi cotton
Vi cotton dt thoi
Len
Vi polyacrylic

Lng nc tiu th (m3/ tn sn phm)


80-240
70-180
100-250
10-70

Ngun: Tng cng ty dt may Vit Nam (2003).

Hu nh tt c cc cng on ca qu trnh nhum v hon tt u pht sinh


nc thi, thnh phn nc thi thng khng n nh, thay i theo loi
thit b nhum, nguyn liu nhum, khi s dng cc loi thuc nhum khc
nhau c bn cht v mu sc khc nhau. Nc thi nhum thng c
nhit , mu v COD cao. Nc thi pht sinh t nh my dt nhum
thng kh x l do cu to phc tp ca thuc nhum cng nh nhiu loi
thuc nhum v tr nhum c s dng trong qu trnh nhum v hon tt.
Thnh phn nc thi dt nhum c trnh by trong Bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3 Thnh phn nc thi Dt nhum
Ch tiu
pH
Nhit
mu
SS
COD
BOD5
Ntng
Ptng
Cr6+
Pb
Cd
Hg
As

n v
0
C
Pt-Co
mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

Nng
8,6 - 9,8
36 52
350 3710
69 380
360 2448
200 1450
22 43
0,9- 37,2
0,093 0,364
KPH-0,007
KPH-0,00025
KPH
KPH-0,013

Ngun: Centema, 2010.

57

3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut


3.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Dt may
Da vo s liu thu thp v kho st ca 120 doanh nghip Dt may trong c
nc, cng ngh x l ang p dng ti cc nh my Dt may bao gm bn
loi chnh: (1) kt hp ho l (keo t/to bng) v lc; (2) kt hp ho l v
sinh hc hiu kh hay ngc li; (3) kt hp ho l, sinh hc hiu kh v ho
l; (4) kt hp ho l, sinh hc v lc (lc ct hay than hot tnh).
. Trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l ca
mt s cng ty
cng trnh n v u tin c
H
c kh

thi.
cng o
.

Ty thuc vo v tr ca cc nh my nm trong hay ngoi khu cng nghip


v ngun tip nhn nc thi, cng ngh x l p dng thay i p ng
vi tiu chun hay quy chun x thi. Nhng doanh nghip dt may (quy m
nh) nm trong khu cng nghip ( xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp
trung), nc thi thng phi c x l t tiu chun ca KCN trc khi
thi vo h thng thot nc ca KCN (tiu chun ny thng tng ng vi
TCVN 5945: 2005, ct C) cng ngh thng c p dng i vi cc nh
my ny l ha l kt hp vi lng lc gim thiu hm lng cht hu c,
mu v cht rn l lng c trong nc thi, tuy nhin hu nc thi sau
x l ht u khng t c tiu chun ca KCN.
i vi cc nh my dt may (quy m v
) nm trong khu cng
nghip (cha xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung), hay nhng nh
my nm bn ngoi KCN nc thi phi c x l t tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 5945:2005, loi A hay B hay QCVN 13:2008, ct A hay B ty thuc
vo ngun tip nhn. t c tiu chun/quy chun ct B cng ngh x
l nc thi dt nhum vi kt hp gia ho l (keo t/to bng) v hiu kh
l cng ngh tng i ph bin ang c p dng ti hu ht ti cc nh
my dt may.
3.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut
X l nc thi dt nhum bao gm nhiu phng php khc nhau, mi
phng php t mt hiu qu nht nh i vi mt vi cht nhim tng
ng. Cng ngh x l nc thi c p dng nhm loi b cc thnh phn
nh nhit , mu, cht rn l lng (SS), COD, BOD5 v kim loi nng.
t nhu
nc thi dt nhu

rong h thng x l
c s dng nh l

58

cng trnh n v u tin c


n tip theo c
. i vi ngun
nguyn liu th c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut l polyester v hn
hp cotton/polyester qu trnh keo t/to bng thng c p dng trc
cng on sinh hc. Qu trnh ny c thit k loi b SS, mu, mt
phn cht hu c ho tan, v kim loi nng. Qu trnh sinh hc tip theo bao
gm k kh kt hp hiu kh hay hiu kh cho hiu qu cao i vi x l
nc thi dt may. X l sinh hc k kh vi UASB hay EGSB c p
dng v qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh c p dng l bn hot tnh l lng,
bn hot tnh vi vt liu dnh bm. Qu trnh sinh hc
i b
may
, v BOD5. Cng on
x l bc ba c p dng bao gm: (1) keo t/to bng v kh trng; (2)
lc (lc ct v than hot tnh) v kh trng; (3) oxy ho nng cao (ozone
hay Fenton) v hiu chnh pH v trung tnh. Qu trnh x l bc 3 c p
dng x l trit cc cht nhim cn li trong nc thi hay ti s
dng.
i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton, cng ngh x l ngc li vi nguyn
liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyester l qu trnh sinh hc trc qu
trnh ho l. Cng on x l bc ba tng t nh trn vi p dng qu trnh
(1) lc (lc ct v than hot tnh) v kh trng; (2) oxy ho nng cao (ozone
hay Fenton) v hiu chnh pH v trung tnh.
Nhng doanh nghip dt may (quy m nh) nm trong khu cng nghip (
xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung), nc thi thng phi c x
l t tiu chun ca KCN trc khi thi vo h thng thot nc ca KCN
(tiu chun ny thng tng ng vi TCVN 5945: 2005, ct C) qu trnh
keo t/to bng kt hp sinh hc hay ngc li loi b hm lng cht
rn l lng, mt phn cht hu c v mu ca nc thi.
Bn pht sinh t qu trnh keo t/to bng v phn bn d t b hiu kh
c lu gi trong b cha bn v bn c gim th tch vi p dng my
p bn hay lc tch nc v giao cho cng ty c chc nng x l.
La chn ca cng ngh x l ph hp ph thuc vo nguyn liu th s
dng trong qu trnh dt nhum, thnh phn u vo, quy chun x thi, ch
ph u t, vn hnh v din tch t cn s dng. Mt s s cng ngh
x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Hnh 3.3 v 3.4.

59

X l bc 1 : cm x l ha l (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN ca KCN)

Hoa chat
keo tu - chnh pH

Hoa chat
tr keo tu

Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)

MTK

Nc thai

Thap giai nhiet


SCR
Be keo tu

Be tao bong

Be lang

Bun
lang

Be
cha bun

Be ieu hoa

X l bc 2: cm x l sinh hc ((nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct B)

PA 1:

Tai
s dung

Kh CH4

Bnh hap
thu kh

chnh pH

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)

chat
dinh dng

NT1

Be trung gian

THB

Be sinh hoc
k kh UASB/EGSB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTLL/BHTDB)

PA 2:
Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH

MB

Bun lang
Be lang

Be cha bun

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)

NT1

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTLL)

Be lang
MB

60

Bun lang

Be cha bun

X l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN13:2008, ct A)

PA1:

Polymer

Hoa chat
keo tu+
chnh pH

NaOCL

NT2

Nc thai
sau x ly

Be trung gian

Be keo tu

Bun lang

Be tao bong

Be lang

Be cha bun

Be tiep xuc

PA 2:
NaOH

Acid FeCl3 H2O2

Nc thai
sau x ly

NT2

Be trung gian

Be oxy hoa (Fenton)

Bun lang

Be lang

61

Be
cha bun

Be ieu chnh pH

X l bc ba (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct A)

PA 4:
May ozone

Ghi chu:

NT2

ng nc
ng bun
Be trung gian

MB

Be loc ap lc

Be suc kh ozone

Nc thai
sau x ly

ng kh
ng hoa chat

PA3:
Chat keo
tu + chnh pH

Polymer

NT2

Be keo tu

Be tao bong

Bun lang

Be lang

Be Be trung gian
cha bun

MB

Be loc ap lc

Be loc
than hoat tnh

Nc thai
sau x ly

Hnh 3.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyester c khuyn khch p dng

62

X l bc 1: Cm x l sinh hc (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN ca KCN)

PA1:
1:
Tai
s dung

Kh CH4

Bnh hap
thu kh

Thap giai nhiet

MTK

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)

Nc thai
SCRT

Chat dinh
dng+ chnh pH

Ho thu gom

Be sinh
hoc k kh UASB
/ EGSB
Be trung gian

Be ieu hoa

PA2:

Thap giai nhiet

MTK

Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH

Nc thai

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


l lng/dnh bam

MB

Be lang

Ho thu gom

Be cha bun

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)

Chat dinh
dng+ chnh pH

SCRT

Bun lang

Be ieu hoa

THB

Be trung gian

63

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTLL)

MB

Be lang

Bun lang

Be
cha bun

X l bc 2 ; Cm x l ho l v ho hc (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct B)

PA1:
Hoa chat
keo tu+
chnh pH

Hoa chat
tr keo tu

NT1
Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)

Bun lang

PA 2:
Chat
keo tu

Be tao bong

Be keo tu

Be cha bun

Be lang

Polymer

NT1
Nc thai
sau tuyen noi (NT2)

Be tuyen noi sieu nong/


Be tuyen noi
Be keo tu
May nen kh Bon tao ap

X l bc 3 : Cm x l ho l, ho hc v hp ph (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct A)

PA 1:
NaOH

Acid FeCl3 H2O2

Nc thai
sau x ly

NT2

Be trung gian

Be oxy hoa(Fenton)

Bun lang

Be lang

Be
cha bun

64

Be ieu chnh pH

Ghi chu:

PA 2:

ng nc

May ozone

ng bun
ng kh

NT2

ng hoa chat

Be trung gian

MB

Be loc ap lc

Nc thai
sau x ly

Be suc kh ozone

PA3:
Chat keo
tu + chnh pH

Polymer

NT2

Be keo tu

Be tao bong

Bun lang

Be lang

Be Be trung gian
cha bun

MB

Be loc ap lc

Hnh 3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton c khuyn khch p dng

65

Be loc
than hoat tnh

Nc thai
sau x ly

3.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh Dt may c nh gi ph


hp
Da vo hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca 16 cng ngh x l nc thi ,
3 cng ngh c tng s im ln nht c la chn nh gi. Vic cho
im theo tng ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c thc hin qua h s thuyt
minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc t, kt qu phn tch ca
ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng, v phng php chuyn gia. Kt qu
nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca ba cng ty c h thng x l nc thi
c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Bng 3.4.
Bng 3.4 Kt qu nh gi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x l nc thi c khuyn
khch p dng
S
TT

Tiu ch/ Ni dung

DM01

DM02

DM03

Tiu ch v mt k thut

35

41

38

Mc tun th cc quy nh v nc thi


(TCVN/QCVN)

10

15

15

Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b cht


nhim)

Tui th, bn ca cng ngh, thit b

T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh,


thit b

Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b

Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng/lu


lng nc thi

Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng


n khi chnh thc a vo s dng)

Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng ngh

Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng


ngh

10

Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h


thng nc thi cho n mc cn b vn
hnh thnh tho

II

Tiu ch v mt kinh t

19

15

16

11

Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b

12

Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m nc


thi)

66

S
TT

Tiu ch/ Ni dung

DM01

DM02

DM03

13

Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v


nguyn liu)

III

Tiu ch v mt mi trng

11

13

14

Din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng

15

Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng lng

16

Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th cp

17

Mc x l cht thi th cp

18

Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii
php phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s
c k thut

IV

Tiu ch v mt x hi

10

19

Mc m hc v cm quan ca h thng

20

Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng,


min

21

Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn hnh ca h


thng

Tng s

73

73

77

bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca ba cng ty c m ho. Ba cng ngh


x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by di y.
3.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 01 (Cng ty DM 01),
cng sut 5.000 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: Vi dt kim
Cng sut ca nh my: 680 tn vi dt kim/thng
Nguyn liu: vi th cotton
Nc thi pht sinh: 3.800 m3/ngy m
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thi gian xy dng: 2003 (ci to 02 ln vo 12/2008 v t 12/2009 n
03/2010)
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 4 nm 2010

67

Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k


Bng 3.5 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 01
Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

Hiu qu x l
(%)

30

30

4,4

7,4

Pt-Co

492

67

86

COD

mgO2/L

192

91

53

BOD5

mgO2/L

76

46

40

mg/L

48

21

55

mg/L

0,02

KPH

mg/L

0,10

KPH

mg/L

0,20

0,08

60

Ch tiu
Nhit
pH
mu

SS
Cu
Cr

6+

Du khong

n v
o

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;


Ngun: Cng ty DM 01 (2010)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 01 c
trnh by trong Hnh 3.5.

68

Hoa chat chnh pH


(NaOH/H2SO4)

MTK

MTK

Thap giai nhiet


Nc thai

Be trung gian

SCRT
Ngan tiep nhan

Be sinh hoc hieu kh (BHTLL)

Be ieu hoa

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTDB)

PAC

Polymer, NaOCL

Nc thai au ra
Ho cha nc sau x ly

Be lang

MB

Be
tao bong

Be keo tu
Be lang

Polymer
Be tron bun

Ghi chu:
ng nc

n v x ly

ng bun

Bun a
tach nc

ng kh

May ep bun

Hnh 3.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01

69

ng hoa chat

MB

Be nen bun

MB

Thuyt minh cng ngh

i ti
.
i 40o

60o

p cho qu trnh x
l sinh hc pha sau.
cm b x l sinh hc vi 5 b bn
hot tnh hiu kh l lng v 3 b bn hot tnh dnh bm. Nng
vi nng trong b c duy tr khong 2.000 mg MLVSS/L.
VSV k
c cung cp y oxy.
hot tnh vi vt li
liu l tm nh

(vt

u kin thun l

.
. Bn t b lng

c a sang b
cm x l sinh h
tch n
my p bn t
tip tc x l.

ha trn ha cht
keo t vi nc thi, sau ti b to bng polymer c thm vo tng
kch thc ca cc bng cn. Ha cht kh trng cng c chm vo b to
bng nhm mc ch loi b vi sinh vt gy b
t kh trng s dng l NaOCl.
Sau qu trnh t
. Ti b
lng, bng cn c tch khi nc thi di tc dng ca trng lc. N
p tc chy qua mng tip xc v cu
cha, nc t h cha c chy vo mng l

2 v cu
Vi
t B QCV
.

70

u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi


u im:
- Cng ngh x l nc thi thch hp vi loi hnh sn xut vi nguyn
liu cotton.
- Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT, ct B.
- Cng ngh t s dng ha cht v qu trnh x l ha l sau qu trnh x
l sinh hc.
- Chi ph vn hnh mc c th chp nhn c (9.900 VN/ m3 nc
thi), chi ph in nng tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi thp (550
VN/m3 nc thi).
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph in nng v ha cht, h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 vn tn ti mt s nhc im
sau:
- Thi gian lu nc trong cm 3 b bn hot tnh qu di, tng cng
khong 64 gi dn n chi ph u t xy dng cao ng thi tn nhiu
din tch xy dng cng trnh. Thi gian lu nc qu lu vi nng
cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong nc thi thp khng
ngun thc n cho vi sinh vt gy ra hiu qu x l gim v cht ca
vi sinh vt. Thi gian thi kh 64 gi lm tng chi ph vn hnh do tiu
th nng lng.
- B keo t (phn ng) vi thi gian lu nc di (24 pht) gy mt tc
dng ca qu trnh phn ng v khng hiu qu cho b to bng. Hiu
qu kh trng hay ty mu khng c hiu qu khi NaOCl c b sung
vo cng vi ho cht keo t.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b kh cao (6.300.000 VN/m3
nc thi).
- Hiu qu s dng t ca h thng tng i thp (0,9 m2/m3 nc thi).
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
01
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 01 c xut mt s thay i
nh sau:
- Trong dy chuyn cng ngh, cm b sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc qu
di (64 gi) gy lng ph nng lng cng nh khng tng hiu qu x l.
Kt qu phn tch COD, BOD5 u vo v u ra ca cm 9 b sinh hc
ca cng ngh x l cho thy hiu qu hu nh khng ng k. Do c
th p dng thay th b bn hot tnh vi thi gian lu nc t 64 gi

71

gim cn 8-10 gi. Vi vic gim thi gian lu nc s gim chi ph in


nng v tng hiu qu x l ca cng trnh x l sinh hc.
- Ci to b keo t vi thi gian lu nc gim xung 1-3 pht. Ho cht
NaOCl khng chm cng vi ho cht keo t.
- S dng h cha nc thi sau x l nh l b tip xc v ho cht kh
trng NaOCl c chm vo u h cha.
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 3.6 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca Cng
ty DM 01
Cng trnh n v

Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)

Th tch
(m3)

SL

17 x 12 x 5

1.020

01

17 x 15 x 5

1.275

01

3x4x5

60

01

17

48 x 65 x 5

15.600

09

3.750

20 x 17 x 5

1.700

01

480

32 x 6 x 5

660

01

180

2 x 4,7 x 5

42

01

24

2 x 4,7 x 5

42

01

24

23 x 7 x 5

550

01

317

1,9 x 1,3 x 3,5

01

1,9 x 1,3 x 3,5

01

1,9 x 2,9 x 5

27

01

21 x 9 x3,5

600

01

346

6 x 4,7 x 5

141

01

9,7 x 4,7 x 5

228

01

7 x 5 x 3,5

123

01

Tlu (pht)
922

)
(b to
bng)

cha bn

Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp

72

Bng 3.7 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty


DM 01
Tn thit b

SL

ti

Nm
sn xut

Xut x

B iu ha

Thit b

7,5

2006

15

2004

10

2003

0,25

2005

HK

37,5

2004

150

2008

2,5

2008

2008

1,5

2004

2004

0,13

2005

0,13

2005

2008

10

1,5

2004

12

2004

B sinh hc hiu kh
sinh hc

B keo t

B to bng

Cm ha cht
Shuneiko
B
X l bn
; Q=8-10 m3/h

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 3.800 m3/ngy - Thit k: 5.000 m3/ngy
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 15-25 tn/thng
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 3.8.

73

Bng 3.8 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l nc


thi ca Cng ty DM 01
Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

Hiu qu
x l (%)

QCVN
13:2008
Ct B

41 - 43

31 - 36

40

7,7 - 8,5

6,8 - 7,1

5,5 9

Pt-Co

901 - 3.134

10 - 96

93 - 100

150

BOD5

mgO2/L

245 - 520

9 - 45

82 - 97

45

COD

mgO2/L

540 - 800

16 - 64

88 - 97

135

SS

mg/L

36 - 69

2 - 10

72 - 96

90

Du m
khong

mg/L

8,8 - 14,3

0,9 - 1,4

84 - 94

4,5

Cr6+

mg/L

0,264-0,364

0,004-0,072

73 - 99

0,09

Cr3+

mg/L

0,695 - 1,08

0,071-0,232

67 - 93

0,9

Cu

mg/L

0,094-0,103

0,041-0,05

52 - 70

1,8

MPN/
100mL

15.102 -7 5.103

5.000

Ch tiu
Nhit
pH
mu,
pH = 7

Coliform*

n v
o

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr, *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT


Ngun: Cng ty DM 02 (2010)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 3.9 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03
Loi

Ha cht

Liu lng s dng (g/m3 nc thi)

Cht tr keo t

Polimer

2-2,5

Al2(SO4)2.18 H2O

180-200

Ha cht

Cht ty mu

10-20

Ha cht

NaOCl

10-15

Cht keo t

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 05 nhn vin c trnh trung cp v cao


ng, c o to v s dng thit b v vn hnh h thng.

74

Tn sut bo tr
Kim tra thit b c hot ng hay khng, khi
bm hot ng th phi kim tra c nc chy
hay khng, c ting ku l hay khng.
Kim tra cch ly ca v motor, m bo
khng b r in
Kim tra v o lu lng nc, ha cht xem c
cn iu chnh van hay khng.
Kim tra tng th
Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.

Hng ngy
My bm
nc thi v
bm
nh
lng ha
cht

Hng tun
Hng thng
Hng qu
Hng nm

F. Cc thng tin khc

Chi ph u t: 31.808.322.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 7.745 VN/m3 nc thi
3.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 02 (Cng ty DM 02),
cng sut 2.500 m3/ngym
A. Thng tin chung v nh my

Sn phm: nhum v
i nylon/nm

Cng sut ca nh my:


Nguyn liu: vi th

Nc thi pht sinh (m /ngy): 700 m /ngy m


3

B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi


Thi gian xy dng: nm 2006
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2007
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 3.10 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 02
Ch tiu
pH

n v
C
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
o

BOD5
COD
SS

Nng
u vo
5-9
50
900
1.500
300

Hiu qu
x l(%)
95
91
70

QCVN 13:2008, Ct
B
5,5 - 9
40
45
135
90

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty DM 02 (2010)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 02 c
trnh by trong Hnh 3.6.

75

Hoa chat chnh pHPAC- Polymer

MTK

Thap giai nhiet

Nc thai

Be keo tu

SCRT

Be tuyen noi sieu nong


Be ieu hoa

May
Bon
nen kh tao ap
Hoa chat chnh pHPAC- Polymer

Nguon tiep nhan

THB

Be keo tu

Be tuyen noi sieu nong


Be loc ap lc
(than hoat tnh)

MTK

Be lang

MB

Be trung gian
Bon tao ap

May nen kh

Polymer

Ghi chu:
ng nc

Bun a tach nc

MB

May ep bun

Be cha bun

Nc tach bun
ve be ieu hoa

Hnh 3.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02

76

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

MB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


( BHTLL)

Thuyt minh cng ngh

, ng thi c kh nng gim mt


phn nhit ca nc thi. T b iu ha, nc thi c tip tc x l
qua cc cng on nh thp gii nhit, cm x l ho l bc 1, cm x l
sinh hc, cm x l ho l bc 2, v lc than hot tnh.
:
30-40oC.
v tuyn n
n ni vi p
lc kh ho tan c p dng tng hiu qu ca tch pha rn v lng.
u
ng vi
02
03

2 mgO2
.
t c tiu chun hay quy chun x th
kt h
l phn cht hu c cn li v kh

Hp ph v
c s d
sinh hc cn li sau cc qu trnh x

. Nc thi sau cc qu trnh x


.

l t QCVN 13:2008, c

.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi
u im:
- Cng ngh x l nc thi thch hp vi loi hnh sn xut vi nguyn
liu polyester v nguyn liu hn hp (polyester v cotton);

77

- Nc thi sau qu trnh x l ha l bc 2 t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT,


ct B v t ct A sau khi qua cng on hp ph vi than hot tnh.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b l 4.940.000 VN/m3 nc
thi).
- Din tch t xy dng kh thp (0,4 m2/m3 nc thi).
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi g
nhn vin
v
. T vn hnh c o to chuyn giao cng ngh
y p ng yu cu vn hnh h thng x l nc thi.
-

Cng ty DM 02
.

Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph u t xy dng - lp t
thit b, trnh chuyn mn ca cn b vn hnh v mc s dng t, h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02vn c mt s nhc im sau:
- S liu phn tch ba ln ly mu ti h thng cho thy t c QCVN
13:2008, ct B th h thng x l nc thi khng cn u t b hp th
than hot tnh (cng on ny lm tng chi ph u t v vn hnh);
- Chi ph vn hnh cao (28.260 VN/m3 nc thi) do s dng nhiu ha
cht (trong qu trnh x l ha l, chim 75% tng chi ph vn hnh),
than hot tnh, v chi ph in nng (bm v my thi kh).
-

c kho st khng c cng o


khng t quy chu
hot tnh.

. B sung b tip xc thay cho lc than

Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM


02
Da vo kt qu nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi thy sn ti Cng ty
DM 02, cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty c xut mt s thay i
v quy trnh cng ngh di y:
- H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02 c chi ph u t cao, do
nu khng cn thit phi x l nc thi t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT,
ct A, th khng cn u t thm cm x l bc ba (b than hot tnh).
- Thi gian lu nc ca cm b hiu kh 24-48gi lm gim hiu qu x
l v tng in tiu th do nng cht hu c c kh nng phn hy
sinh hc cn li trong nc thi u vo cm sinh hc khng cao. Do
c th ch s dng mt hoc hai b sinh hc hiu kh.

78

- Thc hin ti u liu lng ho cht keo t vi vic kt hp nhn vin


vn hnh v phng th nghim nhm thc hin th nghim xc nh liu
lng ha cht keo t v cht tr keo t ti u (th nghim jartest) nhm
gim chi ph ha cht s dng.
- Lp t thm cng trnh kh trng nc thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip
nhn.
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 3.11 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 02
Cng trnh n v

1
1
2
3
2
2

Kch thc (m)

Th tch
(m3)

SL

Tlu (gi)

26,1 x 12,5 x 5,8


2,5( ) x 2
6,5( ) x 1,5
25 x 11,5 x 5
14 x 11,5 x 5
10( ) x 5
2,5( ) x 2
6,5( ) x 1,5
4x4x5
2,5 x 3

1500
9,8
45
1300
725
560
9,8
45
80
15

1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1

14
0,08
0,33
24-48
3
0,08
0,33
0,14

Ghi ch: a s cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, tr b keo t,


b tuyn ni v b lc than hot tnh c cu to t vt liu thp.

Bng 3.12 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty


DM 02
VT

Tn thit b

SL
1

Thng s k thut
55o
< 350C,
Vt liu: FRP

Q = 28 m3

0- 14 pH, 1990mv

Q = 2HP, 180rpm

2
1

AHA-42
Q = 2HP, 180 rpm,

, PAC)
(polymer)

500

79

= 10 Kg f/cm2

VT

Tn thit b
Bm

SL

ci

ci

Bn cha
Bn ch

Thng s k thut
Q = 15HP

2
5

40 cm( ) x 120 cm
V= 4.500 ml

KT =3.300 x 2.150 x 2.450


Q
= 3,0 5,0 CMH

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 700 m3/ngy - Thit k: 2.500 m3/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l: 69.000 kWh/thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 10 tn/thng
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 3.13.
Bng 3.13 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l
nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02
Ch tiu
Nhit
pH
mu,
pH = 7
BOD5
COD
SS
Du m
khong
Cr6+
Cr3+
Cu
Coliform*

32-32
6,7-7,5

Hiu
qu x
l (%)
-

QCVN
13:2008
Ct B
40
5,5 9

771-1221

61-77

92-94

150

mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L

585-883
1.058-1.680
59-185

7-19
31-39
4-7

98-99
96-98
93-97

45
135
90

mg/L

5,4-36,8

0,2-0,4

96-99

4,5

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
MPN/
100mL

0,01-0,052
0,053-0,141
0,095-0,261

KPH-0,008
KPH-0,018
0,023-0,039
3x1029,1x103

85
87
76-85

0,09
0,9
1,8

5000

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

C
-

40-55
8,7-10,4

Pt-Co

n v
o

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr; *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT


Ngun: Cng ty DM 02 (2010)

80

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 3.14 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02
Loi

Lng ha cht s dng (kg/thng)

Ha cht

Cht tr keo t

Polimer

Cht keo t

PAC

Ha cht

H2SO4

278,6
14.885,7
9.000

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 04 nhn vin trnh trung cp v cao ng,
c o to v s dng, vn hnh h thng.
Tn sut bo tr
Hng ngy
Bm nh
lng ha
cht, bm
nc thi

My thi kh

Kim tra bm c y nc ln c hay khng,


c pht ra ting ku l hay khng.

Hng tun

o cch in ca bm.

Hng thng

Kim tra nhy ca bm, ly tn hiu t cng


tc phao iu khin, o lu lng bm v iu
chnh li bng van.

Hng qu

Kim tra tng th my.

Hng nm

Kim tra tng th my.

Hng ngy

- Kim tra mc du;


- Kim tra my khi c ting ku hay rung ng
l.

Hng tun

- Lm sch b lc u ht
- Lm sch cc b phn bn ngoi my thi kh
- Th van an ton bng tay xem xt n c b
kt hay khng.

Hng thng

- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh


- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit

Hng qu

- Thay du nht
- Kim tra ng h p lc.
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu
m) u y.

Hng nm

- Thay dy coroa
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u dy

81

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 12.350.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 27.350 VN/m3
3.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 03 (Cng ty DM 03),
cng sut 1.000 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: Cc mt hng vi v vi in
Cng sut ca nh my: 7 tn vi /ngy
Nguyn liu: vi th
Nc thi pht sinh: 900 m3/ngy m
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi, cng sut 1.000 m3/ngy m
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2007
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 3.15 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 03
n v

Nng
u vo

Hiu qu
x l (%)

QCVN 13:2008
Ct B

9,5-10

5,5 9

BOD5

mgO2/L

1.100-1.200

95

45

COD

mgO2/L

1.200-1.400

92

135

mg/L

600-650

92

90

Ch tiu
pH

SS

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty DM 03 (2010)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 03 c
trnh by trong Hnh 3.7
.

82

Thap giai nhiet

NaOH/
H2SO4

Al2(SO4)3,
chat loai mau

Polymer

H3PO4
Ure

MTK
MTK

Nc thai

Be
Be ieu
chnh pH phan
ng

Be
keo tu

Be tuyen noi

SCRT
May
nen kh

Be ieu hoa

Be cha vang noi

Bon
tao ap

MB

Be lang

NaOCL

Nc thai sau x ly

Polymer

Be tiep xuc

Be tron bun

Ghi chu:

NB01

ng nc
ng bun

Bun a tach nc

ng kh

May ep bun

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh (BHTLL)

ng hoa chat

Be nen bun

Hnh 3.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03

83

Be trung gian

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi t qu trnh sn xut chy qua song chn rc, nhm loi b rc
thi c kch thc ln, cc mnh vn th, cc x v cc si ch mn trc khi
qua cc cng trnh x l k tip.
Thp gii nhit: mt s cng on ca qu trnh sn xut nh nhum, gi h,
gic ty thng nc thi c nhit cao, m bo hot ng ca h
thng x l c bit l cng trnh x l sinh hc, nc thi c nhit cao
c a qua thp lm gii nhit h nhit ca nc thi xung di
40oC trc khi vo b iu ha.
B iu ha: do nng cc cht thi ca nc thi khng n nh v
thng dao ng rt ln vo cc thi im sn xut khc nhau nn b iu
ha c tc dng, iu ha lu lng v m bo nng cht thi c trong
nc thi lun n nh hoc dao ng mc chp nhn khi i vo h
thng x l.
iu chnh pH: nc thi dt nhum mt s cng on thng c pH cao
hoc thp, m bo cho qu trnh keo t cng nh hot ng ca vi sinh
vt ti b sinh hc hiu kh, nc thi c iu chnh a pH v gi tr
khong 6,0- 8,5 bng dung dch NaOH hoc H2SO4 trc khi qua cng on
x l tip theo.
B phn ng - keo t - tuyn ni: Ti b phn ng, nc thi c b sung
dung dch keo t Al2(SO4)3 v cht loi mu keo t cc cht bn c trong
nc thi v loi mu nc thi. Nc thi sau khi thm ha cht keo t s
kt t cc cht bn li vi nhau, ng thi cht tr keo t (polymer) c b
sung nhm tng kch thc ca bng cn v tng hiu qu lng. B tuyn ni
c tc dng tch bng cn khi nc thi.
B bn hot tnh hiu kh b lng sinh hc: B bn hot tnh hiu kh s
dng vi sinh vt hiu kh (bn hot tnh l lng) trong iu kin giu oxy
(DO > 2 mg/L) nhm loi b cht hu c v mt phn mu ca nc thi.
B lng c tc dng tch bng bn khi nc thi di tc dng ca trng
lc.
Bn sau lng c bm n b nn bn v mt phn bn hi lu b sung vi
sinh vt cho b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Phn bn d c tch nc trc
khi chuyn giao cho n v c chc nng x l. Nc thi sau khi qua b
lng t chy sang b b trung gian.
B trung gian, b kh trng: Nc trong sau khi lng chy sang b trung
gian, t y chy sang b kh trng v c b sung dung dch NaOCl
nhm loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh trc khi x thi ra mi trng. Ti b
trung gian, mt phn nc c bm hi lu pha trn cht dinh dng l
H3PO4 v Ur nhm b sung photpho v nit cho vi sinh vt ti b sinh hc
hiu kh di dng phun sng.

84

B nn bn nhm mc ch c c bn sau khi lng, ti y din ra qu trnh


tch nc di tc dng ca trng lc. Bn sau c bm t b nn bn
sang b trn bn c b sung polymer. Sau cng, hn hp bn c bm
sang my p bn to thnh bn dng bnh, v nh k c giao cho n
v c chc nng x l.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi:
u im:
H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03 tng i hon chnh vi cc
u im sau:
- Cng ty DM 03 s dng nguyn liu sn xut l cc loi si tng hp, si
pha, do h thng x l nc thi s dng qu trnh x l ha l kt
hp x l sinh hc (tip theo) l hon ton ph hp vi loi hnh dt
nhum ny.
- Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT, ct B, vi chi ph vn
hnh mc trung bnh l 12.000 ng/m3 nc thi, so vi chi ph x l
ca cc cng ty dt nhum c kho st (dao ng t 4.770-28.630
VN/m3 nc thi).
- Hiu qu x l ca h thng tng i tt i vi nc thi dt nhum
c bit l ch tiu mu. Hiu qu loi b SS t 89-93%, COD 8994%, BOD 90-95% v mu 88-95%.
- Kh nng t ng ha v kim sot qu trnh x l tt, thit b hin i v
ng b. Kh nng tn dng dng chy cao trnh tt do tit kim c
chi ph in nng trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Nhc im:
- Nhc im ca h thng l chi ph u t ban u cho h thng ny
tng i cao vi sut u t l 8.200.000 VN/m3 nc thi.
- Nng cht hu c trong nc thi ca nh my khng cao (COD l
534-887 mgO2/L v BOD5 l 439-661 mgO2/L) qu trnh keo t c
thc hin truc qu trnh sinh hc nn phn ln (40-50 %) cht hu c c
kh nng phn hu sinh hc c loi b trong b
i r
nng phn
hy sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc ca b sinh hc l 19 gi gy nh
hng n hiu qu x l ca qu trnh sinh hc do khng thc n
cung cp cho vi sinh vt. iu ny lm tng chi ph vn hnh v u t.
- B keo t (phn ng) vi thi gian lu nc 20 pht gy mt tc tc dng
ca b phn ng.
- i vi thit k
p xc vi thi gian lu nc ch c 11 pht khng
m bo hiu qu x l.

85

Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM


03
- Gim thi gian lu nc ca b sinh hc hiu kh c th gim chi ph vn
hnh v nng cao hiu qu x l ca cng trnh.
- Tng t gim thi gian lu nc ca b keo t (1-3 pht) vi thng s
vn hnh ny s tng hiu qu x l ca cng trnh keo t to bng.
- Th nghim ti u ca qu trnh nn c thc hin gim liu lng
ha cht v tng hiu qu x l.
- Ci to li b tip xc vi tng thi gian lu nc t 11 pht ln 30 pht.
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 3.16 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 03
Kch thc
(D x R x H) (m)

Th tch
(m3)

Tlu (pht)

Nm sn
xut

10 x 10 x 3

300

720

2008

B iu chnh pH

2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5

16

20

2008

B phn ng

2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5

16

20

2008

B keo t

2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5

16

20

2008

B tuyn ni

4,4 x 3,4 x 3,6

54

79

2008

B cha vng bt

2x3x3

18

2008

B sinh hc

9 x 10 x 5

450

1.140

2008

315

408

2008

2x3x3

18

26

2008

B tip xc

8,5

11

2008

B cha nc thi
sau x l

8,5

11

2008

B nn bn

83

2008

B trn bn

15

2008

Cng trnh n
v
B iu ho

B lng
B trung gian

86

Bng 3.17 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng ty DM 03


Tn thit b
SL
Thng s k thut
Xut x Nm sn xut
B iu ha
Thp lm mt
01 2008
Bm nc thi t
Model: JST-15S
b iu ha ln b
03 H = 7 m; Q = 25 m3/h
HQ
2008
iu chnh pH
Vt liu: thp khng g
B iu chnh pH
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
02
HQ
2008
NaOH
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
02
HQ
2008
H2SO4
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
B phn ng
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
phn Al2(SO4)3. 18
02 Q = 0-30 lt/h
HQ
2008
H2O
H = 2 bar
B keo t
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
02
HQ
2008
Polimer
Q = 0-30 lt; H = 2 bar
B tuyn ni
My nn kh HGB
03 Model: HGB 380X
HQ
2008
380X
B sinh hc hiu kh
Vt liu: PVC/cao su
H thng a thi
D = 9 inchs; Hsu = 4 m
01
HQ
2008
kh AD
Hiu sut ha tan: 15%
Qkh = 50 lt/pht/ci
My thi kh b
Model: LT-65
iu ha AB-0103 Ct p: 5000 mmAq
HQ
2008
01/02 v b sinh
Q = 2,45 m3/pht
hc hiu kh
B lng
Model: JST-8SV
Bm bn hot tnh
02 H = 5 m; Q = 25 m3/h
HQ
2008
hi lu
Vt liu: thp khng g
Model: JS-400SV
Bm bn d
02 H = 3 m; Q = 10 m3/h
HQ
2008
Vt liu: thp khng g
Vgt = 1.5-2 m/pht
My gt bn b
01 Vt liu: thp khng g
HQ
2008
lng SCR-03-01
Li gt bn: cao su
B tip xc
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
02
HQ
2008
javen
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
X l bn
Bm nh lng
Model: C-6125P
02
HQ
2008
Polimer
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
My p bn
01
2008

87

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 900 m3/ngy - Thit k: 1.000 m3/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: l 670 kWh/thng - Thit k:
766 kWh/thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 2,1 tn/khi lng kh Thit k: 3 tn/khi
lng kh
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 3.18.
Bng 3.18 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l
nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03
Ch tiu
pH
mu,
pH = 7

n v

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

8,2-8,5

7,2-7,4

5,5-9

650-980

35-120

88-95

150

Pt-Co

Hiu qu QCVN 13:2008,


x l (%)
Ct B

BOD5

mgO2/L

439-661

32-45

90-95

45

COD

mgO2/L

534-887

55-67

88-94

135

mg/L

0,07

0,05

29

1,8

MPN/
100mL

8.100-9.200

180

5.000

Cu
Coliform*

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr, *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT


Ngun: Cng ty DM 03(2010)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 3.19 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03
Ha cht

Lng ha cht s dng (kg/nm)

Polimer

900

PAC

30.000

Ha cht

H2SO4

7.500

Ha cht

NaOH

15.000

Loi
Cht tr keo t
Cht keo t

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 06 nhn vin, trong c 01 qun l k thut


v 02 nhn vin k thut tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh mi trng, x l
nc thi, v 03 cng nhn vn hnh c kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng
x l nc thi.

88

Tn sut bo tr

My bm
nc thi v
bm nh
lng ha
cht

Hng ngy

Kim tra thit b c hot ng hay khng, khi


bm hot ng th phi kim tra c nc chy
hay khng, c ting ku l hay khng.

Hng tun

Kim tra cch ly ca v motor, m bo


khng b r in

Hng thng

Kim tra v o lu lng nc, ha cht xem c


cn iu chnh van hay khng.

Hng qu

Kim tra tng th

Hng nm

Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.

Hng ngy

- Kim tra my c hot ng hay khng


- Kim tra mc du c nm trong gii hn hay
khng; x nc ngng trong bnh cha kh

Hng tun

- Lm sch b lc u ht ca my nn kh
- V sinh thit b v khu vc t thit b

Hng thng

- Kim tra r r ca ton b h thng kh


- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn
thit.

Hng qu

Thay du nht, kim tra ng h p lc

Hng nm

Kim tra tng th thit b; kim tra hot ng


ca van an ton trn bnh cha kh

My nn kh

My nn kh

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 8.240.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 12.000 VN/m3 nc thi

89

Mt s hnh nh v cng trnh x l trong h thng x l nc thi


ngnh dt may

Thp gii nhit

B iu ha

Bn to p ca b DAF

B tuyn ni siu nng (DAF)

B bn hot tnh hiu kh

B lng bn sinh hc

B cha nc sau lng

B lc p lc

Hnh 3.8 H thng x l nc thi dt may ca Cng ty DM 02, cng sut 2.500
m3/ngym

90

Chng 4

Ngnh cng nghip


Sn xut Giy v bt giy

4.1 Gii thiu chung


Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v bt giy c nhng bc pht trin
vt bc, sn lng giy tng trung bnh 11%/nm trong giai on 2000
2006; tuy nhin, ngun cung nh vy vn ch p ng c gn 64% nhu
cu tiu dng (nm 2008) phn cn li vn phi nhp khu. Sn lng giy
c nm 2010 tng gn 10% so vi nm 2009, c t 1,85 triu tn. Mc
d c s tng trng ng k tuy nhin, ti nay ng gp ca ngnh trong
tng gi tr sn xut quc gia vn rt nh. Bn cnh nhng li ch m ngnh
Sn xut Giy v bt giy mang li, th ngnh Sn xut Giy v bt giy
cng l mt ngnh pht sinh nhiu nc thi vi nhiu thnh phn nhim
khc nhau do s dng nhiu nc v ho cht (h, ph, cht n, v ph gia)
trong qu trnh sn xut. Nc thi vi lu lng v nng cc cht
nhim cao c th gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng nu nh nc
thi khng c x l ph hp.
Cng nghip giy v bt giy c th coi nh hai ngnh c lp, sn xut bt
v sn xut giy. Thc t cng c nhiu nh my sn xut ng thi c bt
giy v giy, v d Tng cng ty giy Vit Nam (Cng ty giy Bi Bng c),
trong khi nhiu nh my ch sn xut giy, v d Cng ty CP giy Si
Gn hoc Cng ty giy Vit Tr, trc y c sn xut bt nhng do khng
gii quyt c nhim do dch en nay chuyn sang ch sn xut giy t
bt giy. Do qu trnh sn xut hon ton khc nhau nn nc thi cng khc
nhau c v lu lng ln tnh cht v dn n cng ngh x l nc thi
cng khc nhau. ng thi trong nhm ngnh ny c thm loi hnh sn xut
th ba, l cc nh my giy ti ch, y nguyn liu u vo thng l
giy qua s dng v giy ph liu, cc cht thi t cc xng ng sch.
Xt v kha cnh nhu cu th trng c th ni, ngnh giy Vit Nam c
tng lai rt ln. Rt tic sn xut bt ang l im yu ca ngnh giy Vit
Nam, sn xut giy cng cn xa mi p ng c nhu cu. Theo Bo co
tm tt ngnh giy Vit Nam (Habubank Security, 2009) nng lc sn xut
bt giy ca Vit Nam mi ch p ng c 1/2 nhu cu sn xut giy. Do
ngnh cng nghip giy phi ph thuc vo ngun bt giy nhp khu.
Hin nay ch c Tng cng ty Vit Nam (Cng ty giy Bi Bng c) v
Cng ty c phn Giy Tn Mai ch ng p ng c khong 80% tng s
bt cho sn xut giy ca mnh. Ngnh giy Vit Nam cng khng c cc
doanh nghip sn xut bt thng mi, ch c cc doanh nghip sn xut bt
phc v cho vic sn xut giy ca chnh doanh nghip .
Mt im yu ca ngnh giy Vit Nam l quy m rt nh, phn ln cc nh
my c cng sut di 5.000 tn/nm. Ch c 3 doanh nghip c cng sut t
100.000 tn nm l cng ty giy Bi Bng, Cng ty c phn Giy Tn Mai
v Cng ty TNHH giy Chnh Dng. Nng lc sn xut giy v bt giy
tp trung ch yu Nam b v trung tm Bc B (chim hn 65% th phn
theo cng sut).

93

4.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut


Cc cng ngh bt ha hc: Bn cht ca cng ngh bt ha l s dng ha
cht ha tan cc thnh phn khng phi si xellul trong nguyn liu, gii
phng xellul di dng bt (si). C hai cng ngh bt ha chnh.
Cng ngh Kraft: l cng ngh nu bt bng kim. Kim y l hn hp
NaOH v Na2S c chc nng ha tan lignn v semixellul gii phng si
xellul. Khi nc thi (dch nu cha ha cht nu v cc hp cht t
nhin c trong g, nhiu nht l lignin) s cha nhiu kim (pH cao) v c
mi c trng ca cc hp cht lu hunh (cc tiol v sulphua-mercaptan),
ch s COD v mu (do lignin) rt cao. V kha cnh bt giy nu cn ty
trng n s tiu th nhiu ha cht ty trng hn so vi bt nu bng phng
php sulphit. y l cng ngh ph bin nht trn th gii v c Vit Nam.
Mt nh my bt giy hon chnh bao gm y cc cng on nh c
trnh by trong Hnh 4.1. Trong dy chuyn ny nc, nng lng v ha
cht c tun hon ti a. Dng liu (mnh g, tre) i t tri sang phi qua
cc cng on nu, sng (loi b mu, mnh cha chn), ra, ty bng
oxygen, ra trc khi sang cng on ty trng bng ha cht. Nc sch
hu nh ch s dng ra bt cng on cui ca qu trnh nu bt, sau
i ngc dng ra bt th, dch thi y c nng ha cht v cht
hu c rt cao v c mu en nn c gi l dch en.

Hnh 4. 1 S cng ngh Kraft, cc ngun nc thi v tc nhn nhim

Dch en c c c n mc t c, b sung Na2SO4 v c phun vo


l thu hi hot ng iu kin kh sunphat thnh sunphua, phn hu
c s chy sinh nhit dng sn xut hi s dng cho nh my, tro-x l
cc hp cht Na c chuyn thnh Na2CO3 v Na2S. Ha tan tro-x ny thu

94

c dch xanh, cho phn ng vi vi s ti sinh c dch trng l hn hp


NaOH + Na2S quay li nu bt. Theo s cng ngh kraft, h chng bc
dch en v l hi thu hi ha cht va ng vai tr thu hi 95% ha cht
nu bt va ng vai tr x l trn 90% cht nhim ca ton nh my bt.
Vit Nam hin ch c hai nh my c h thng ny, l Cng ty giy Bi
Bng (nay l Tng cng ty giy Vit Nam) v Cng ty giy An Ha mi a
vo vn hnh 2011 mc d v nguyn tc cc d n nh my bt giy mi
u phi c h thng ny. Bn cnh , Vit Nam li c khong 100 nh
my nh ch nu bt bng kim, khi s dng nguyn liu l tre na thm ch
ngi ta ch ngm kim khong 5-6 ngy. Phng php ny c gi l
kim lnh c nhp t i Loan v Trung Quc, ch yu sn xut
giy vng m.
Cng ngh sunphit s dng cc mui sunphit, nu mi trng axit. Cng
ngh ny nh hng mnh hn Kraft n bn ca si xellul, tuy nhin
sn phm c trng cao hn, cng ngh ny khng ph bin Vit Nam.
Cc cng ngh bt bn ha hc: Bao gm cng ngh TMP (ThermoMechanical Process) s dng nng lng c nhit to bt thng p dng
sn xut bo in v cng ngh CTMP (Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Process)
c hiu sut bt cao, tiu th t ha cht v nc hn cc cng ngh ha hc
tuy nhin li s dng nhiu nng lng c nhit c hn. Trong cc nh my
bt giy hin i, c y h thng c-t dch en thu hi ha cht v
nhit th nc thi sn xut bt gm ba dng chnh sau: (i) dch ty trng
cha nhiu ha cht ty v COD; (ii) nc t my xeo lm kh bt; (iii) cc
loi dch ngng t l nu, l t thu hi v dch en chy trn.
Cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy t nguyn liu l giy thi v bt
giy: cng ngh sn xut bao gm nh r, nghin, phi ch, xeo giy, ct
cun, v giy thnh phm. S cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy t
nguyn liu giy thi c m t trong Hnh 4.2.
Bt nhp, bt th, giy vn
Bt giy t phn
xng bt giy

Phm mu, cao


lanh, keo, phn
Hi nc t l
hi

nh r

Cc hp cht c trong
giy c

Nghin

Si, cc cht bn ha
tan.

Phi ch
Xeo giy
Ct cun

Nc thi c cha si, ha


cht, phm mu, tp cht;
giy vn
Khi thi nhin liu
(FO,DO) t l hi

Giy thnh phm


Hnh 4.2 S cng ngh sn xut giy t bt giy v giy ti ch
95

4.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi


Nc thi sn xut bt giy: Thnh phn nc thi bt giy ph thuc vo
nguyn liu v cng ngh sn xut. c tnh sn xut mt tn sn phm
c th pht sinh t vi chc n vi trm mt khi nc thi. Nguyn liu
sn xut bt thng thng l g rng, tuy nhin cng c th l bt k ngun
xellul no, v d tre na, b ma, ay, giy vn, giy ph liu ... Bt giy c
th l bt khng ty hoc ty trng. ty trng bt giy, ty vo cng ngh
cc cht oxy ha khc nhau nh hyrperoxit, clo, cloioxit,... s c s
dng, do nc thi t cng on ty trng thng cha nhiu ha cht
nh hng xu n mi trng, nht l khi cht ty l clo.
Nc thi sn xut giy: Giy, ba c th c sn xut t bt giy mi hoc
ti sinh, hoc hn hp, ty trng hoc cha ty trng. i vi loi hnh sn
xut giy t bt giy nc thi pht sinh dao ng trong khong 0,5 13,5
m3/tn sn phm. Qu trnh sn xut giy ch yu l xeo, khi huyn ph
bt giy s c trn vi cc cht n, cc ph gia chc nng nh cao lanh,
bt (CaCO3), bt talc, phn nhm, cht to mu trng TiO2, silicat ... Cc
ph gia hu c khc nh tinh bt bin tnh, latex, cc cht phn tn, hot
ng b mt ... cng c s dng theo yu cu cng ngh hoc em li
cho giy mt chc nng no . Hn hp c phun ln bng my xeo p
thnh t giy di v tn, qua b phn sy kh, cun li thnh sn phm.
Do s dng nhiu ph gia v c, nc thi ca nh my giy thng c
hn nhiu so vi nc thi nu bt. Trong phn ln cc nh my giy nc
thi thng c x l s b bng cc thit b tch cn, thu hi bt v nc,
v vy cht lng nc thi ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc tun hon ti s
dng nc, nc thi s c m c cao hn nu ti s dng nhiu hn.
Nc thi sn xut bt giy ti sinh: Hu nh khng gp nh my s dng
giy ti sinh ch sn xut bt, hu ht cc nh my sn xut c bt v
giy. Nc thi pht sinh dao ng trong khong 0,06 50 m3/tn sn phm.
Thng m bo cht lng sn phm giy ngi ta b sung mt phn
bt mi khi xeo. Nh vy thnh phn nc thi ca cc nh my ny gn
ging vi nc thi nh my giy hn, tuy nhin nhim cao hn v c
qu trnh ti sinh giy s dng. Mc nhim ca nc thi ph thuc
vo loi ha cht ty s dng, ty trng tt nht v ph bin nht vn l clo
hoc cc hp cht clo (nc javen hay hypoclor), cc nh my hin i s
dng clo dioxit. Oxy, zn cng nh hyroperoxit cng c s dng, tuy
nhin hiu qu ty trng khng bng clo.
Trong cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy th phn nc thi t nh my
giy thun ty (khng sn xut bt) l kh sch, ch yu l nc thi t khu

96

xeo giy, tp cht c bn l cn l lng (thng l x si giy, bt n, bt


mu, ph gia), thnh phn cht hu c thng khng qu cao, BOD5 ca
nc xeo thng dao ng t 150-350 mgO2/L. i vi cc nh my c sn
xut bt giy th loi nc thi m c v kh x l nht nc thi dch
en, lng kim d c th ln ti 20 g/L, COD dao ng mc hng chc
ngn ti 100.000 mg/L. i vi cc nh my sn xut giy t giy thi th
thnh phn nhim ch yu l SS, COD, v BOD5 vi nng cao. Bng
4.1 trnh by thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt
giy.
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt giy vi
nguyn liu l g v giy thi
Ch tiu

n v

pH
Mu
Nhit
SS
COD
BOD
Ntng
Ptng
SO42-

Pt- Co
0
C
mg/L
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

Nguyn liu t
g mm
Sn phm giy
carton
6,9
1.500
4.244
4.000
1.800
43,4
2,0
116

Nguyn liu l giy thi


Sn phm giy
v sinh
6,8 7,2
1.000 4.000
28 - 30
454 6.082
868 2.128
475 1.075
0,0 3,6
-

Sn phm giy
bao b
6,0 7,4
1.058 9.550
28 - 30
431 1.307
741 4.130
520 3.085
0,7 4,2
-

Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, (2011)

4.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut


4.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy
Cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy c chia lm hai loi
da vo ngun nguyn liu s dng:
- Nh my c ngun nguyn liu th t rng v g mm, cng ngh x l
nc thi c p dng ph bin l qu trnh ho l (keo t/to bng),
sinh hc (hiu kh, v k kh kt hp hiu kh) v x l bc ba vi qu
trnh keo t/to bng hay qu trnh oxy ha (ozon hay fenton) t quy
chun x thi QCVN: 12/2008 ct B hay A.
- Nh my c ngun nguyn liu th l giy thi, cng on ban u ca h
thng x l c p dng l tch SS (bt giy) khi nc thi vi mc
ch ti s dng nc thi v thu hi bt giy. i vi nhng nh my c
cng sut ln v va, sng nghing (lc) c p dng thu hi bt
giy. Tip theo qu trnh tch bt giy l qu trnh tuyn ni p lc kh
ho tan kt hp keo t hay keo t/to bng v lng tch trit phn
bt giy trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh ho l l cng on x l sinh hc
bao gm k kh kt hp hiu kh hay ch c qu trnh hiu kh c p

97

dng. B k kh ba ngn, UASB, EGSB v IC l cc qu trnh sinh hc


k kh c p dng trong x l nc thi giy v bt giy. Qu trnh
sinh hc hiu kh c p dng l bn hot tnh l lng hiu kh v bn
hot tnh vi vt liu dnh bm. x l nc thi t QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT, ct A mt s h thng x l p dng thm cng
on ha l sau qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh v lc p lc nhm x l trit
cc cht nhim. i vi cc nh my cng sut nh qu trnh lng
(trng lc) thng c p dng thu hi bt giy. Cc qu trnh x l
c p dng sau l keo t/to bng v lng tch trit phn bt
giy trong nc thi hay qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l
lng hiu kh.
Nc thi pht sinh t cc nh my sn xut giy t bt giy c nng
nhim thp v th ph bin l x l s b nh lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni
tch SS vi mc ch thu hi bt giy trong nc thi v ti s dng nc
thi cho qui trnh sn xut. Tuy nhin, t quy chun x thi, thng p
dng k thut bn hot tnh.
4.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut
i vi cng ngh Kraft, c th kt lun nu nh my bt khng c h c t
th rt kh hoc khng th x l nc thi t quy chun vi chi ph c th
chp nhn. Vi cc d n u t mi, iu ny ang c khc phc. Hin
nay, hu ht cc nh my sn xut bt Vit Nam u gp rt nhiu kh
khn trong vic p ng quy chun x thi QCVN 12:2008 (B2). Cng ty
giy Bi Bng (c u t h c t dch en, x l bng k thut bn hot
tnh c in do Cng ty Purac-Thy in t vn thit k) ch l s t c s
p ng c quy chun x thi. V vy, trong ti liu ny, ch cp n
cc nh my sn xut giy hoc sn xut t bt ti ch. Cng ngh x l
nc thi bao gm cc giai on nh sau:
- Tin x l c s dng loi b cht thi rn c kch thc ln, trung
ho, v gim nhit ca nc thi. Song chn rc, b iu ho v thp
gii nhit thng l cc bc c p dng trong qu trnh tin x l.
- X l bc 1 bao gm qu trnh tch cn ra khi nc thi, cc qu trnh
thng c p dng l lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni hay kt hp keo
t/to bng v tch bng cn vi p dng lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni.
- X l bc 2 bao gm vi cc qu trnh x l sinh hc loi b hm
lng BOD5 ca nc thi. Khi nng ca cht hu c cao, s dng kt
hp qu trnh k kh v hiu kh hay qu trnh x l hiu kh ko di.
- X l bc 3 c p dng x l trit hm lng COD. Cc qu
trnh c p dng bao gm: (1) qu trnh keo t/to bng, lng v kh
trng (b tip xc); (2) qu trnh keo t, tuyn ni v kh trng; (3) c th
p dng oxi ha x l mu.
Hnh 4.3 xut mt s cng ngh x l nc thi (theo mc x thi)
c khuyn khch p dng i vi ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy.

98

Tin x l

Nc thai sau lang (NT1)


(tuan hoan
tai s dung)

Nc thai

SCRT

Bun lang

Be
cha bun

Be lang s cap

Cm x l ho l: (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN - KCN)

PA 1:
Sang nghieng
thu hoi bot giay

Chat Polymer
keo tu
MTK

NT1

Nc thai sau lang (NT2)


(tuan hoan
tai s dung)

SCRT
Be ieu hoa

Be keo tu

Bun lang
Be lang

Be tao bong

Be cha bun

PA 2:
Sang nghieng
thu hoi bot giay
NT1

Chat
keo tu- Polymer

MB

Nc thai sau tuyen noi (NT2)


(tuan hoan
tai s dung)

SCRT
Be ieu hoa

Be cha trung gian

Be keo tu
Be tuyen noi sieu nong

May
nen kh

Bon
tao ap

99

Cm x l sinh hc: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct B)

PA1:

Tai
s dung

Kh CH4

Bnh hap
thu kh

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)

chat
chnh pH
dinh dng

NT2

PA 2:

Be trung gian

Be sinh hoc
k kh UASB/EGSB/IC

Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTLL/BHTDB)

Bun lang
Be lang

MB

Be cha bun

MTK

Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)

NT2

THB

Be sinh hoc hieu kh


(BHTLL)

Be lang

MB

Bun lang

Be
cha bun

Cm x l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct A)

PA 1:
NaOH

Acid FeCl3 H2O2

Nc thai
sau x ly

NT2

Be trung gian

Be oxy hoa (Fenton)

Bun lang

Be lang

Be
cha bun

100

Be ieu chnh pH

Cm x l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct A) (TT)

PA 2:
May ozone

NT3

MB

Be trung gian

PA 3:

Be loc ap lc

Polymer

Chat
keo tu+
chnh pH

NaOCL

NT3

Nc
thai sau x ly

Be
Bun lang
cha bun

Be trung gian

Nc thai
sau x ly

Be suc kh ozone

Be keo tu

Be lang

Be tao bong

Be tiep xuc

Hoa chat
NaOCL

Nc
thai sau x ly

Ghi chu:
ng nc

Be tuyen noi sieu nong

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

May
nen kh

Bon
tao ap

Hnh 4.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy c khuyn khch p dng

101

Be tiep xuc

4.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy


v bt giy c nh gi ph hp
Trong s 120 c s sn xut giy v bt giy c kho st trong c nc,
mt s c s c iu kin thc hin nh gi s ph hp ca cng
ngh x l nc thi. Da vo hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng
ngh x l nc thi c trnh by trong bng 1.1, ba (03) cng ngh x
l nc thi c tng s im ln hn 70 l nhng cng ngh c khuyn
khch p dng. Vic cho im theo tng ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c
thc hin qua h s thuyt minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc
t, kt qu phn tch ca ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng, v phng
php chuyn gia. Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca ba cng ty
c h thng x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong
Bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c cng ngh x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng
S
TT

Tiu ch/ Ni dung

SXG&
BG 01

SXG&
BG 02

SXG&
BG 03

Tiu ch v mt k thut

42

34

44

Mc tun th cc quy nh v nc thi


(TCVN/QCVN)

14

10

14

Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b cht


nhim)

Tui th, bn ca cng ngh, thit b

T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh,


thit b

Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b

Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng / lu


lng nc thi

Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng


n khi chnh thc a vo s dng)

Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng
ngh

Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng


ngh

10

Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h


thng nc thi cho n mc cn b vn
hnh thnh tho

102

S
TT

Tiu ch/ Ni dung

SXG&
BG 01

SXG&
BG 02

SXG&
BG 03

II

Tiu ch v mt kinh t

19

19

20

11

Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b

12

Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m3 nc


thi)

13

Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v


nguyn liu)

III

Tiu ch v mt mi trng

13

13

14

14

Din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng

15

Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng


lng

16

Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th cp

17

Mc x l cht thi th cp

18

Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii
php phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s
c k thut

IV

Tiu ch v mt x hi

10

19

Mc m hc v cm quan ca h thng

20

Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng,


min

21

Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn hnh ca h


thng

Tng s

82

76

87

bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca ba cng ty c nh gi c m


ho. Ba cng ngh x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by
di y.
4.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin giy v bt giy 01
(Cng ty SXG&BG01), cng sut 3.200 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
- Sn phm: Sn xut cc loi giy rut, giy kraft.
- Cng sut ca nh my: giy kraft : 8.000 tn/thng v giy rut: 800
tn/thng
- Nguyn liu: giy ph liu nh giy carton c, cc loi giy tp,
- Nc thi pht sinh (m3/ngy): 3200 m3/ngy m

103

B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi


Thi gian xy dng: 2005 vn hnh thng 8 nm 2006
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2011 tin hnh nng cp v a vo s dng cm
x l k kh ca h thng x l nc thi
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 4.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01
n v

Nng
u vo

Hiu qu
x l (%)

QCVN 12:2008;
Ct A

7,2

6-9

BOD5

mgO2/L

1.050

97

27

COD

mgO2/L

2.010

96

72

TSS

mg/L

2.200

98

45

Ch tiu
pH

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr.


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 01, (2011)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 01
c trnh by trong Hnh 4.4.

104

Sang nghieng
(thu hoi bot giay)

NaOH
va PAC

Polymer

MTK

Nc thai

MB

Mng tach bot

SCRT

SCRT

Be phan ng

Ngan tap trung

Be tao bong

Be lang 1

Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun

Lo hi

ng kh

Kh CH4

Bnh hap
thu kh

Be cha
bun hoa ly

MTK

ng hoa chat

Thap giai nhiet

Chat
dinh dng

MTK

MB

Ngan trung gian


THB

Be lang 2

VMFLOCK

Be sinh hoc hieu kh (BHTLL)

Be phan phoi

Be ieu hoa

Be k kh IC

MTK

MB

MTK

MB

MB

Be kh mau

Be trung gian

Be lang 3

Be loc
ap lc

Be loc than
hoat tnh

MB

Hnh 4.4 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXBG&BG 01

105

Be cha bun
sinh hoc

Nguon tiep nhan

Be
nen bun

MB

Be cha
bun sau nen

MB

May ep bun

Bun a
tach nc

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut c dn qua song chn rc th
dng xch (kch thc khe 20 mm) gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc
ln. Nc thi sau khi c tch rc chy qua hai mng tch bt, phn
nc trong c dn qua song chn rc th (kch thc khe 10 mm) nhm
loi b cht thi rn mt ln na trc khi chy vo ngn tp trung.
Ti ngn tp trung, nc c bm qua thit b tch kh trc khi chy qua
sng nghing (c kch thc khe li 0,65mm). Ti sng nghing, cc loi
cht thi rn (ch yu l bt giy), bng keo nh, rc mn c kch thc ln
hn 0,65 mm c gi li v c thu gom v ngn cha cn, phn nc
qua sng nghing t chy vo b phn ng. Ti y, nc thi c iu
chnh pH, v ha cht keo t PAC (Poly aluminium chloride) c ha trn
vi nc thi nh h thng phn phi kh di y b. Nc thi sau phn
ng tip tc i vo b to bng, ti y polymer anion c chm vo b
tng kch thc v trng lng ca bng cn. Nc thi t b to bng t
chy sang b lng t I tch cc bng cn ha l, sau chy vo ngn
cha trung gian. T ngn trung gian, nc thi c bm ln thp gii nhit
gim nhit xung di 400C trc khi chy vo b iu ho.
T b iu ha nc thi c bm qua cm x l sinh hc bao gm b sinh
hc k kh (IC) v b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng. Nc thi sau khi qua
b k kh t chy vo b cha trung gian, sau c bm sang b bn hot
tnh hiu kh. Hn hp nc v bn hot tnh c dn qua b lng th cp
tch bng cn sinh hc. Mt phn bn c tun hon li b trung gian
nhm duy tr nng bn nht nh trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh, phn
cn li c a n b nn bn. Vng ni b mt c h thng thanh gt
a v mng cha cn v nc sau lng t chy vo b kh mu.
Ti b kh mu, ch phm VM-FLOCK c bm vo nh h thng bm
nh lng, nc thi v ch phm VM-FLOCK c ha trn u trong b
nh h thng phn phi kh. Qu trnh x l bng ch phm VM-FLOCK
nhm mc ch kh mu, COD v BOD5 cn li trong nc thi trc khi
cho qua cng on x l bc ba pha sau. Nc thi sau qu trnh phn ng
vi VM-FLOCK tp trung vo ngn thu nc, sau c dn sang b lng
loi b bng cn. Nc sau lng c dn vo b cha trung gian, phn
bt v vng c thu gom vo b cha nh h thng gt vng. Bn t b
lng t chy sang ngn cha trung gian, sau c bm v b nn bn.
Mt phn nc thi ti b cha trung gian c bm v phn xng xeo
ti s dng (lng nc ti s dng chim khong 40% lng nc sau x
l). Lng nc cn li c bm vo hai b lc p lc ni tip (b lc ct
v b lc than hot tnh) loi b trit SS, mu, v COD, BOD5 trong
nc thi trc khi thi ra mng thot nc. Nc thi sau x l t
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT, ct A. Tuy nhin hiu qu x l mu khng n
nh v ch tiu coliform khng t QCVN 24:2009, ct A.

106

u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi


u im:
H thng x l thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01 c thit k t QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT, ct A (sau khi nng cp nm 2011). H thng x l nc
thi tng i hon chnh vi cc u im sau:
- H thng x l s kt hp qu trnh x l ha l (b keo t - to bng lng) nhm loi b cht rn l lng, mu, v mt phn cht hu c.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh nhm loi b cc cht hu c
d phn hy sinh hc, kh mu, v qu trnh x l bc ba (b lc ct v
than hot tnh) vi mc ch loi b trit thnh phn cht rn l lng
mu, v COD, BOD5 trong nc thi l hon ton ph hp.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph thp, chi ph u t l 2.640.000 VN/
m3 nc thi.
,
kh sinh hc c tn dng cp nhit cho l hi.
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi c o to v chuyn ngnh
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh h thng x l c m
bo, c bit l vic theo di v khc phc cc s c v vn hnh h
thng bn sinh hc.
Nhc im:
- Thi gian lu nc trong b keo t l 7 pht nn gim hiu qu ca qu
trnh keo t. Thi gian lu nc trong b to bng ch c 7 pht (qu
ngn) khng thi gian to thnh cc bng cn c kch thc ln, do
qu trnh lng pha sau khng t hiu qu nh mong mun.
- Hiu qu ca b kh mu rt thp, nng COD v mu hu nh
khng thay i sau khi qua b kh mu.
- H thng khng c b kh trng, do nc thi sau x l khng t
QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT, ct B v ch tiu coliform.
- H thng khng tn dng cao trnh nc thi t chy, ngc li s
dng nhiu bm dn n chi ph in cao (12.900 VN/m3 nc thi).
Chi ph vn hnh h thng x l nc thi rt cao (26.200 VN/m3 nc
thi) so vi chi ph x l ca cc cng ty sn xut giy c kho st.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
SXG&BG 01
Trong cng on x l bc ba vi p dng kh mu bng ho cht, chi ph
ha cht kh mu rt cao (172.550.000 VN/thng) nhng b kh mu hot
ng khng hiu qu. Do khng cn thit phi s dng cng trnh ny.

107

Thay th cng on ny bng qu trnh keo t/to bng hay p dng cc qu


trnh oxy ho bc cao nh ozone, Fenton.
Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 4.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca cng
ty SXG&BG 01
Cng trnh

Kch thc
(DxRxH)/
(DxH) (m)
9,0 x 9,0 x 3,0
3,0 x 3,0 x 2,5
3,0 x 3,0 x 2,5
7,3 x 3,0
9,0 x 9,0 x 3,0
7,22 x 6,60 x 6,99
17 x 15,3 x 4,5
6,5 x 24

Th tch
(m3)

SL

Ngn tp trung
202
1
B phn ng
36
2
B b to bng
36
2
B lng I
209
2
Mng lng
202
1
Thp gii nhit
214
1
B iu ha
1.040
1
B k kh (IC)
729
1
B phn phi
16,4 x 5,5 x 5,65
464
1
nc
B bn hot tnh
27 x 10,6 x 5,65
4.421
3
hiu kh
B lng bn sinh
21 x 4,2
1.281
1
hc
B kh mu
27 x 10,8 x 4,5
2.333
2
B lng bn ha
21 x 4,2
1.281
1
cht
Ngn trung gian
4,8 x 4,0 x 2,65
34,4
1
Ngn phn phi
4,0 x 1,0 x 2,65
8,6
1
nc
Bn lc ct
2,0 x 4,0
22
2
Bn lc than
2,0 x 4,0
22
2
Tng thi gian x l ca ton qui trnh theo thit k: 43gi
Tng thi gian x l ca ton qui trnh theo thc t: 94 gi
Tng din tch s dng: 2.882m2

Thi gian (gi)


Theo
Theo
thit k
thc t
0,69
1,5
0,12
0,3
0,12
0,3
0,72
1,6
0,69
1,5
0,74
1,6
3,57
7,8
2,50
5,5
1,59

3,5

15,16

33,2

4,39

9,6

8,00

17,5

4,39

9,6

0,12

0,26

0,03

0,06

0,08
0,08

0,16
0,16

Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr thp gii
nhit, b k kh, bn lc ct v bn lc than c cu to bng thp.

108

Bng 4.5 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng ty


SXG&BG 01
Cc thit b
Thng s k thut
Ngn tp trung nc
Loi: trc ngang
Bm ln sng
nghing
Q = 1 m3/pht; H = 10 m
Sng nghing
l sng = 0,65 mm
B phn ng
S dng chung my thi kh b
My thi kh
iu ha.
Loi: bm mng
u bm:
Model: LK A57VH-04
Bm nh lng
NaOH
Q = 6,0 -7,0 L/pht; H = 0,7 m
ng c: Model: IK
v = 1400 vng/pht
B to bng
u bm:
Loi: bm mng
Model: AHA42-PCT-FN
Bm nh lng
Q = 4,6/5,6 L/pht; H = 5
Polyme
kg/cm2
ng c:Model: AEUL-AWB2
v = 1405 vng/pht
B lng s I
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm: Model: CSP
Q = 1 m3/pht; H = 10m
ng c: Model: BBFC-W
Bm bn d
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri:Model: S3-125400DD
Q = 81,9 m3/h; H = 31,5m
ng c: Model: F3FC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Loi na cu
Motor gt vng
Model: EBFC DW
Motor: v = 4 vng/pht
Mng lng
Loi: trc ng
Bm ln thp gii u bm: Model: CSV
nhit
Q = 6 m3/pht; H = 18m
ng c:Model: FBFC-DW

109

SL

Xut x
L

01
01

Ci

01

Ci

02

Ci

Nht

02

Ci

Ci

02

Ci

02

Ci

02

02

Cc thit b
B iu ha

SL

Xut x

01

Ci

02

Ci

01

01

Ci

01

Ci

u ht: Model: S3-125-400-DD


Q = 180 m3/h
H = 38 m
v = 1500 vng/pht
ng c: Nm sn xut 2010
Model: IB2 L12M-4
v = 1430 vng/pht

03

Ci

Loi: bm mng
Model: LK A57VH-04
Q = 6,0 -7,0 l/pht; H = 0,7m
ng c:Model: IK
V = 1400 vng/pht

02

Nht

Thng s k thut
Loi: ly tm trc ngang

Bm ln sng
nghing

My thi kh
a phn phi kh

Bm b k kh

Bm mi nc

Loi: trc ng
u bm: Model: CSV
Q = 3 m3/pht; H = 10m
ng c: Model: BBFC-DW
u thi kh:
Loi: Root; Model: LT 150
Q = 20m3/pht; H = 0,45
kg/cm2
ng c:Model: FBFCW;
Nm sn xut 2005
Loi: bt kh th
Bm s1
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 3 m3/pht, H = 8 m
Bm s2
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri;
Model: S3-125-400DD
Q = 81,9 m3/h; H = 31,5 m
ng c:Model: F3FC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2006;
Model: MXA50/160
Q = 0,3 m3/pht; H = 10m

03

B sinh hc k kh

Qut ht kh

B phn phi
Bm nh lng
cht dinh dng
(Ur)

110

SL

Xut x

Bm chuyn lu

Loi: ly tm trc ngang, u


bm ri.
Model: CMF; Q = 15 m3/pht;
H=5m

03

Ci

My thi kh

u thi kh:
Loi: Root; Model: LT 200
Q = 25m3/pht; H = 0,45 kg/cm2
ng c: Model: FBFC W;
Nm sn xut 2005

03

Ci

Bm bn tun
hon

Loi: trc ngang


Model: CSP
Q = 4,17m3/pht; H = 10 m

02

Ci

Motor gt bn
gt vng

Model: AEUL
Motor: tc v = 1705rpm
Hp gim tc;
Model: WX-CDS60;
v vng = 4 vng/pht

01

Ci

nh lng VM
FLOCK

Loi: bm mng
Model: AEUL PAWB2
Q = 49 L/h; H = 10bar

01

Ci

My thi kh

u thi kh:
Loi: Root; Model: LT 150
Q = 20 m3/pht; H = 0,45
kg/cm2
ng c: Model: FBFC W
Nm sn xut 2005

02

Ci

Bm bn tun
hon

Loi: trc ngang


Model: Y160M-4
Q = 90 m3/h; H = 20 m

03

Ci

My gt bn gt
vng

Model: AEUL
Motor: tc 1705 rpm
01
Hp gim tc: Model: WX-CDS60
Vvng = 1/0,12

Ci

Cc thit b
Thng s k thut
B bn hot tnh hiu kh

B lng bn s II

B kh mu

B lng s III

111

Cc thit b
B nn bn

Thng s k thut
Bm s1
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 90 m3/h;H = 20 m

Bm bn

Bm s2:
Model: S3 125 350 CD
Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri,
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 180 m3/h; H = 30 m

SL

Xut x

Ci

01

01

B cha bn
My thi kh

S dng chung my thi b iu


ha

01

Ci

Bm bn vo my
p bn

u bm: Model: AEW


Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm ri
Q = 0,17 m3/pht; H = 10 m
ng c: Model: EFFC-W;
Nm sn xut: 2005

03

Ci

Qut ht chn
khng

u qut: Model: ZBK 1,3


Q = 6,0 m3/pht; H = 380/690Pa
ng c:Model: EFFC;
Nm sn xut: 2005

01

Ci

Bm ra bng ti
p bn

ng c:Model: EFFC;
Nm sn xut: 2005

02

Ci

Bm nh lng
Polymer

u bm:
Loi: bm mng
Model: AHA42-PCT-FN
Q = 4,6/5,6 L/pht; H = 5
kg/cm2
ng c: Model: AEUL-AWB2
v = 1405 vng/pht

03

Ci

Motor cnh khuy


Polymer

Model: MPD-1000
Q = 1000 L/h; H = 1,5 kg/cm2
Nm sn xut: 02/2011

01

Ci

My p bn

112

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 3.200 m3/ngy - Thit k: 7.000 m3/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi thc t: 126.000 kWh/ thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 20 tn/thng
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t ba t ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh
by trong Bng 4.6.
Bng 4.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l nc
thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01
Ch tiu

n v

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

Hiu qu
x l (%)

pH

Pt - Co
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

6,4-7,5
192-1050
3.807-6.220
2.290-3.660
1.320-4790
5,7-15,0
1,21-1,33
0,6-1,2
4,5-14,5

6,2-7,8
29-88
36-40
13-15
KPH-8
2,8-5
KPH
3,4-10,2
KPH-0,1

70-92
99
99-100
100
51-67
-

COD
BOD5
SS
SO42S2Ntng
Ptng

QCVN
12:2008
Ct A
6-9
45
72
27
45
-

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 01, (2011)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 4.7 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG 01
Loi
Cht tr keo t
Cht keo t
Ha cht

Lng ha cht s dng (kg/thng)


840
22.000
4.200
5.075
1.500
9.000

Ha cht
Polimer
PAC
Ur
Cht kh mu
NaHPO4
NaOH 32%

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 10 nhn vin. Trong c 07 nhn vin l


ngi Vit Nam trc tip vn hnh, 01 nhn vin ngi Vit Nam c trnh
trung cp - cao ng c o to chuyn ngnh mi trng theo di vn
hnh v khc phc s c trong vn hnh, v 02 nhn vin ngi Trung Quc
c trnh sau i hc gim st tt c cc mng mi trng trong nh my.

113

Tn sut bo tr

u ht ca
bm thit b

Hng ngy

My p bn
bng ti

Hai qu
Hng tun
Hng thng
Hng nm
Hng thng

- V sinh vi nc sch
- Loi b cc mng bm t bit trn cnh bm
- Co b hon ton r st v sn Epoxy nu cn
thit
- Kim tra xem bm c b h hng hay khng
- Kim tra v sit cht cc bu-lng, ai c
Kim tra du nhn nu b vn c th thay du.
- Kim tra mc du hp s. Chm thm du nu
mc du nm di vch gia ca ci o du.
- Kim tra ting n ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra rung ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra cc dy curoa. Cn chnh li nu dy
curoa b trng.
- Kim tra dy curoa c b t khng? Thay mi
nu dy curoa b t.
- Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi (bc n)
- Thay du hp s
- V sinh bu lc gi
Kim tra motor v hp s c b r st hay khng.
Co b hon ton r st v sn li bng sn epoxy
Kim tra v sit chc cc bu-lng, ai c
Thay u hp s
- Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca bm, lau chi
hon ton bi bn bm trn bm
- Kim tra mc du hp s, chm thm du nu
mc du nm di vch gia ca ci o du.
Thay du
- Kim tra ting n ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra rung ca bm c khc thng
khng.
- Quan st kim tra b r r khng.
Thay du ca thy lc v du ca lc
V sinh bng ti
Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi
Thay du
Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi

Hng nm

Thay du hp s

Hng ngy
Hng nm

Kim tra ting n v rung ca my


Thay du hp s

Hng ngy

V sinh thit b cm bin

Bm chm
v bm trc
ngang

Hng thng

Hng nm

Hng ngy
My thi kh

Hng thng

My gt bn
my khuy

Hng ngy
Hng thng
Hng nm

Bm nh
lng

Hng ngy

Bm nh
lng

Hng nm

My khuy
v motor
khuy
Thit b p
rc
Thit b d
mc nc

114

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 17.000.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 26.225 VN/m3 nc thi.
4.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty sn xut giy v bt giy 02
(Cng ty SXG&BG 02), cng sut 720 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
- Sn phm: giy tesliner v giy medium
- Cng sut ca nh my: giy tesliner 3.100 tn/thng; giy medium 1.100
tn/thng
- Nguyn liu: Giy ph liu giy bao b, giy hn hp,
- Nc thi pht sinh (m3/ngy): 3.500 m3/ngy m trong tun hon
hon ti s dng 90%, lu lng nc thi cn x l 350 m3/ngy m.
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thi gian xy dng: Nm 2002: xy dng cm ho l; nm 2006: xy dng
cm vi sinh; nm 2008: ci to nng cng sut ca h thng x l.
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2008
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k:
Bng 4.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02
n v

Nng
u vo

Hiu qu
x l (%)

QCVN 12:2008,
Ct B

6-9

5,5-9

BOD5

mgO2/L

2.500

98

50

COD

mgO2/L

3.200

94

200

TSS

mg/L

1.500

93

100

Ch tiu
pH

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 02, (2011)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 02
c trnh by trong Hnh 4.5.

115

Phen nhom
va Polymer

Sang nghieng
(thu hoi bot giay)

Nc thai

MB

MB

Be keo tu

SCRT
Ngan tap trung
nc va lang

Be tuyen noi sieu nong

Ngan trung gian

Tai
s dung

Kh CH4

May
nen kh

Bnh hap
thu kh

Bon
tao ap

Hoa chat

Chat dinh
NaOH
dng (Ure)

MTK

Nc thai
sau x ly

Be loc ap lc

MB

THB

Be trung gian

Be lang

MB

MB

THB

Be sinh hoc
hieu kh (BHTLL)

MB

Ghi chu:
ng nc

Be tron bun

Be sinh hoc k kh 3 ngan

Polymer

ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

Bun a tach nc

MB

May ep bun

Hnh 4.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi cng ty SXG&BG 02

116

Be cha bun sinh hoc/ hoa ly

Nc tach bun
ve be ieu hoa

Ngan trung gian

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut (khng cn kh nng ti s
dng) cng vi nc thi sinh hot (sau khi qua b t hoi) c thu gom
vo b iu ha. B iu ha c chia thnh hai ngn, mt ngn cha nc
thi t phn xng xeo v ngn cn li cha nc thi ca phn xng bt.
Mt phn nc thi t phn xng xeo giy c s dng pha long
dung dch bt ti phn xng bt. Phn nc thi cn li t ngn hai c
bm v trm x l nc thi. Trm x l nc thi bao gm ba cng on
chnh: cng on tch bt giy si di, cng on tuyn ni, v cng on
x l sinh hc.
Cng on tch bt giy si di bng sng nghing. T b iu ha, nc
thi c bm n 02 sng nghing (c kch thc l 0,65 mm) nhm tch
cn c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 0,65 mm (cha bt giy si di). Phn
bt nm trn sng nghing chy theo mng thu n my p vt ti tch
nc v ti s dng bt giy. Phn nc qua sng tp trung vo ngn cha
v c bm sang b tuyn ni.
Qu trnh tuyn ni kt hp keo t vi p dng b tuyn ni siu nng: Nc
thi c ln bt giy si ngn qua sng nghing v nc thi t my p vt ti
tp trung vo ngn cha, sau c bm n h thng tuyn ni siu nng
tch bt giy si ngn. Trc khi i vo b tuyn ni siu nng, nc thi
c chm ha cht (phn nhm v polymer) v hn hp nc v ho cht
c bm vo thit b to p (kh nn) v i vo b tuyn ni. Qu trnh
tuyn ni kt hp keo t cho hiu qu loi b SS n 90%. Vng v bng
bn trong b tuyn ni c h thng gt thu v ng ng trung tm, sau
a sang b cha bn. Phn nc qua x l tuyn ni chy vo b cha
trung gian, ti y mt phn nc thi c bm n phn xng bt ti
s dng, phn cn li chy vo cm x l sinh hc.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc: Nc sau khi x l tuyn ni c bm vo b k
kh ba ngn (c lp h thng cnh khuy) nhm loi b cht hu c (BOD5).
Ti y dung dch NaOH v dinh dng c b sung nhm m bo pH
duy tr trong khong 7,5-8,0, ng thi b sung dinh dng cho pht trin
ca vi sinh vt. Kh biogas sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh c qut
ht dn n thit b hp th kh loi b kh H2S, NH3, hi nc, ... Kh
CH4 cn li c dn sang khu vc l hi t cp nhit cho l hi. Trong
b k kh, bn lng ti ngn th ba c bm tun hon v ngn 1 v ngn 2
b sung lng bn.
Nc thi sau b k kh c bm qua b bn hot tnh hiu kh, trong iu
kin thi kh lin tc, vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trng thi l lng (bn
hot tnh) khong ha cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh CO2 v
nc. Sau b bn hot tnh hiu kh, nc thi t chy sang b lng tch
bng bn sinh hc. Mt phn bn lng c tun hon v b sinh hc hiu
kh, phn cn li a v b cha bn.

117

Nc sau lng t chy sang b cha nc trung gian, t y mt phn nc


c bm tun hon ti s dng ra li ca cc my xeo giy hoc bm
vo b lc p lc (ct v than hot tnh) loi b cc cn l lng v cht
hu c kh phn hu sinh hc cn li sau qu trnh x l sinh hc trc khi
thi ra ngun tip nhn. Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT,
ct B1.
Lng bn pht sinh t cng on tuyn ni v sinh hc c a v b
cha bn. Bn sau khi n nh c bm ln my p bn tch nc.
Polymer (cation) c s dng tng hiu qu tch nc ca bn. Nc t
h thng l bn c tun hon v h thu.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi
u im:
H thng x l thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 c thit k nhm t
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT, ct B1. H thng x l nc thi tng i hon
chnh vi cc u im sau:
- H thng x l p dng thit b lc (sng nghing) tch bt giy si
di v b tuyn ni siu nng thu hi bt si ngn. C hai qu trnh
c p dng gim ti lng cht cht hu c v tr ngi i vi cng
trnh sinh hc pha sau. Vi nng BOD5 cao trong u vo qu trnh
x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh c p dng nhm loi b hiu qu cc
cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v mu. Qu trnh x l bc ba vi
b lc than hot tnh nhm loi b trit SS, mu v COD trong nc
thi l hon ton ph hp.
90%,
kh sinh hc c tn dng trit cp nhit cho l hi.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph cao do h thng c nng cp v
ci to nhiu ln. Tng mc u t l 5,42 t VN, tng ng 7,5
triu VN/ m3 nc thi. Chi ph vn hnh mc trung bnh (14.240
VN/m3 nc thi).
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi c o to v chuyn ngnh
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh ca h thng c m bo.
Nhc im:
- B k kh ba ngn cho hiu qu x l thp hn so vi UASB, EGSB, IC
do tip xc gia bn v nc thi khng hiu qu, v qu trnh tch kh
khng m bo.
- B lc p lc cho hiu qu x l SS, mu khng ng k.
- H thng x l khng c b tip xc v th ch tiu coliform trong nc
thi sau x l s khng m bo t c quy chun.
118

Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty


SXG&BG 02
- C th ci to b k kh 3 ngn thnh b lc k kh nng cao hiu qu
qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh;
- Do b lc p lc c hiu qu x l SS, mu khng ng k, do
trong cng ngh x l nc thi khng cn thit lp t cng trnh ny
gim chi ph;
- Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 4.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca Cng
ty SXG&BG 02
Cng trnh
n v

Kch thc
(DxRxH) hay
(RxH) (m)

Tlu (gi)

Th tch
(m3)

SL

234

Thit k

Thc t

7,5

16,1

B tp trung

1,35 x 56 x 3,4

Sng nghing
(tch s si)

2,9 x 2,9

B cha nc sau
tuyn ni

3,4 x 6,08 x 2,36

43

1,4

2,9

B tuyn ni siu
nng

H = 0,56m;
D = 5,54

11

0,4

0,8

B cha nc

3,45 x 6,08 x 2,45

45

1,4

3,1

B k kh ba ngn

4,8 x 10,8 x 6,8

337

10,8

23,1

B bn hot tnh
hiu kh

4x6x6

137

4,4

9,4

B lng

H=3,3 m ; D = 5m

59

1,9

4,0

B trung gian

2 x 2 x2

0,2

0,5

Bn lc p lc

H=2,5 m ; D = 1m

13

0,4

0,9

B b cha bn

4,16 x 4,08 x 2,7

41

1,3

2,8

Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh theo thit k: 30 gi


Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh theo thc t: 64 gi
Tng din tch s dng: 273 m2
Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, tr sang
nghing, b tuyn ni siu nng v bn lc p lc c cu to bng thp CT3

119

Bng 4.10 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng ty


SXG&BG 02
Thit b
V
SL
Xut x
Thng s k thut
B tp trung
Bm nc thi
Ci
03
TQ
Q = 210 m3/h, H = 25-30 m
cp ln sng
Ci
01
TQ
Q = 210 m3/h, H = 25-30 m
nghing
Sng nghing, b cha nc sau tuyn ni
My p bt giy
Model: SPN400 PS
Ci
01
Nht
trc vt
Vt liu: Inox
Bm thu hi nc
sau my p bt
Ci
01
Nht
Q = 60 m3/h, H = 20 m
giy trc vt
B tuyn ni siu nng
Motor khuy b
Ci
01
Nht
V = 120 vng/pht
pha polymer
Bm cp polymer
USA/
Ci
01
Q = 6 m3/h, H = 5 m
vo b cha
Nht
Motor khuy b
Ci
01
Nht
V = 120 vng/pht
pha phn nhm
Bm cp dung
USA/
dch phn vo b
Ci
01
Q = 6 m3/h, H = 5m
Nht
cha
Bm cp nc
Ci
01

Q = 20 m3/h, H = 25-30m
sch
Bm tun hon
VNnc vo b tuyn
Ci
01
Q = 220 m3/h, H = 25m
Hungary
ni
My nn kh
Ci
01
L
Q = 100 m3/h, H = 20m
Motor truyn
ng trn b tuyn
Ci
01
Nht
V = 20 vng/pht
ni
Motor gt vng
Ci
01
Nht
V = 20 vng/pht
Bm nh lng
USA/
Loi bm mng
01
phn nhm
Ci
Nht
Q = 10 lt/pht
Bm nh lng
USA/
Loi bm mng
Ci
01
polymer
Nht
Q = 18,6 lt/pht
B cha nc sau tuyn ni
Bm tun hon
Model: WS125 - 350
nc v sinh my
Ci
01
Nht
Bm trc ngang
xeo
Q = 160 m3/h, H = 25-30 m
Bm nc vo b
Bm trc ngang
Ci
01
Nht
tuyn ni
Q = 210 m3/h, H = 25-30 m.
Bm nc vo b
Bm trc ngang: Q = 210
Ci
01
Nht
cha bn
m3/h, H = 25-30 m.
B k kh ba ngn
Bm nc vo b
VNCi
01
Q = 60m3/h, H = 20m
k kh ba ngn
Hungary

120

Thit b

SL

Xut x

Motor khuy
trong b k kh ba
ngn

Ci

03

Nht

Ci

02

Nht

Qut ht

Ci

03

Nht

Bm tun hon
bn t ngn
Ci
01
th ba
Bm nh lng
Ci
01
cht dinh dng
Bm nh lng
Ci
01
NaOH
B bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng

VNHungary
USA/
Nht
USA/
Nht

Thng s k thut
Model: S.F.
V = 40 vng/pht
Model: S.F
V = 40 vng/pht
Model: SB150HT-R313
V = 1400 vng/pht
Model: 3K112M4
Q = 60 m3/h, H = 20 m
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Model: 3K132M4
Q = 300 m3/h, H = 5 m
270 mm
Q = 12 m3/h

My thi kh

Ci

02

a phn phi kh

30

Bm nc cp
vo b bn hot
tnh hiu kh

Ci

01

Q = 60 m3/h, H = 20 m

Bm nh lng

Ci

01

USA/
Nht

Bm bn d

Ci

Bm nc vo
bn lc p lc

Ci

My p bn

Ci

01

VN

Bm bn

Ci

01

VNHungary

Bm p

Ci

01

Italia

Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Model: DWO400
Q = 60 m3/h, H = 20 m
Model: XST32-160/30
Q = 60 m3/h, H = 20 m
Dng bng ti
Q=3-4 m3/h
Bm trc ngang
Q=20 m3/h, H = 12 m
Bm trc ngang
Q = 20 m3/h, H =25m

Ci

01

VNHungary

CS: 1/2 HP/380V/50Hz

Ci

01

VNHungary

CS: 10HP/380V/50Hz

Ci

01

Nht

V = 120 vng/pht

Ci

01

Nht

V = 40 vng/pht

Ci

01

Nht

Loi: Bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht

Ci

01

VNHungary

V = 30 vng/pht

Motor bm nc
ra bng ti my
p bn
Motor khuy hn
hp bn - polymer
Motor khuy b
pha Polymer
Motor khuy b
to bng
Bm nh lng
Polymer
Motor khuy c
c bn trong b
cha bn

Nht

02

03

121

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 350 (m3/ngy) - Thit k: 720 (m3/ngy)
in nng tiu th thc t: 45.000 kWh/thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 100 tn/thng
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t ba t ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh
by trong Bng 4.11.
Bng 4.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu x l ca h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02
Ch tiu

n v

Nng
u vo

Nng
u ra

Hiu qu
x l (%)

pH

Pt - Co
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

6,2-6,6
231-441
4.530-5.736
2.220-2.940
2.240-3.100
96-143
1,8-2,2
4,3-22
0,5-8,9

7,2-7,9
3-77
30-32
10-13
15-28
2-7
KPH
3,2-5,7
1,2-1,7

67-99
99
100
99-100
93-98
-

COD
BOD5
SS
SO42S2Ntng
Ptng

QCVN
12:2008
Ct B1
5,5-9
100
200
50
-

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 02 (2011)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 4.12 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG 02
Loi
Cht tr keo t
Cht keo t
Cht dinh dng

Ha cht
Polimer
Al2(SO4)3.18 H2O
(NH2)2CO

Lng ha cht s dng (kg/thng)


580
3.000
250

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 8 nhn vin. Trong c 03 nhn vin l


cng nhn trc tip vn hnh, 04 nhn vin c trnh trung cp cao ng
c o to chuyn ngnh mi trng theo di vn hnh v khc phc s
c trong vn hnh v 01 nhn vin c trnh i hc gim st tt c cc
mng mi trng trong nh my

122

Tn sut bo tr

Hng ngy

Kim tra bm c y nc ln c hay khng.


Khi my bm hot ng nhng khng ln nc cn
kim tra ln lt cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Ngun in cung cp c bnh thng khng.
- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l hay khng;
ng c my bm c b chy hay khng.
- Khi bm pht ra ting ku l, cng cn ngng
bm ngay lp tc khc phc s c trn.

Hng tun

o cch in ca bm. My hot ng c


bnh thng khi cch in ca n ln hn 1M.

Hng thng

Kim tra nhy ca bm, ly tn hiu t cng tc


phao iu khin. o lu lng bm v iu
chnh li bng van.

Hng qu

Kim tra tng th my.

Hng nm

Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.

Hng ngy

- Kim tra mc du
- Kim tra my khi c ting ku hay rung ng l

Hng tun

- Lm sch b lc u ht v cc b phn bn
ngoi my thi kh.
- Th van an ton bng tay

Hng thng

- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh.


- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit.

Hng qu

- Thay du nht.
- Kim tra ng h p lc.
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu m)
u y.

Hng nm

- Thay dy coroa.
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u y.

My bm

My thi
kh

F. Cc thng tin khc


Chi ph u t: 5.420.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 14.240 VN/m3 nc thi

123

4.5.3 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty sn xut giy v bt giy 03


(Cng ty SXG&BG 03), cng sut 550 m3/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: Sn phm giy cun (Kraft liner , Duplex coated, In vit.);
Sn phm giy Duplex coated, Chipboard, giy c chng,)
Cng sut ca nh my: 25.000 tn/nm
Nguyn liu: bt giy v giy vn
Nc thi pht sinh (m3/ngy): 500-700 m3/ngy (ch yu t cng on
xeo giy v chun b bt giy)
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k:
Bng 4.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03
n v

Nng
u vo

Hiu qu
x l(%)

QCVN 12:2008
Ct B1

9-11

5,5-9

NTU

100-1.000

mu

Pt-Co

195-350

BOD5

mgO2/l

800-1.000

95

50

COD

mgO2/l

1.600-2.000

90

200

TSS

mg/l

1.800-2.000

95

100

Ch tiu
pH

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 03(2011)

Cng ngh x l nc thi


S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03
c trnh by trong Hnh 4.6.

124

Polimer

NaOH

Thap giai nhiet

Phn
nhm

SCRM

Tai
s dung

MTK

Nc thai

SCRT

Be keo tu
tao bong 1

Mng lang cat soi


(cat soi lang c s
dung e san lap)

Be trung gian

Be lang1

Be ieu hoa
Polimer

MTK

Phn
nhm

NaOH

Nc thai
sau x ly
Be cha nc
sau x ly

THB

Be loc cat

Be keo tu
tao bong 2

Be lang 2

Polymer

Ghi chu:

Be tron bun

ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat

Bun a tach nc
MB

May ep bun

Hnh 4.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03

125

Be nen bun

Be sinh hoc hieu kh l lng

Thuyt minh cng ngh


Nc thi chy qua song chn rc th tch cc cht thi c kch thc
ln, sau qua b lng ct loi b cc tp cht rn, ct, sn c trong nc
thi trc khi vo b iu ha. T b iu ha, nc thi c bm ln
SCRM thu hi bt giy trc khi chy vo b to bng. Ha cht keo t
v iu chnh pH c chm trn ng ng dn nc thi vo b to bng,
ti y, nc thi tip tc c chm polymer tng hiu qu ca qu trnh
to bng. Sau , nc thi c cho qua b lng tch cc bng cn ha
l, phn nc trong tip tc chy vo b cha. Ti b cha mt phn nc
thi c bm tun hon v phn xng sn xut ti s dng, phn nc
thi cn li c tip tc x l trc khi thi vo mi trng.
Nc thi c bm ln thp lm mt gim nhit ca nc thi xung
30-32oC, sau t chy v b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Vi qu trnh x l
sinh hc bng bn hot tnh hiu kh, vi sinh vt hiu kh khong ho cc
hp cht hu c v kh mt phn mu cn li sau qu trnh keo t/to
bng. Nc thi c x l ti b hiu kh t chy vo b lng s 2, mc
ch ca b lng s 2 l tch bng bn sinh hc v nc. Nc thi sau qu
trnh x l sinh hc tip tc c x l ha l bc 2 vi qu trnh keo t/to
bng, sau cc cht rn l lng cn li trong nc thi c loi b trit
bng b lc ct. Nc thi sau x l c cha vo b cha ti s dng.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi
u im:
H thng x l thi ca ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03 c thit k t QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT, ct B1, h thng x l nc thi thit k tng i hon
chnh vi cc u im sau:
- Ti cng on tin x l nc thi, h thng s dng thit b thu hi bt
giy gip thu hi lng bt giy v gim nng nhim cho cc cng
trnh pha sau l hp l. Vi qu trnh keo t/to bng hai bc kt hp qu
trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh, nc thi sau h thng x l t QCVN
12:2008/BTNT, ct B1.
- H thng thit k vi cng trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh v lc ct, mi
cng trnh gm ba n nguyn, do trong trng hp mt b gp s c
hoc cn v sinh th h thng vn c th hot ng vi hai n nguyn
cn li.
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi c o to v chuyn ngnh
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh ca h thng x l c
m bo, c bit l vic theo di v khc phc cc s c v vn hnh
cm x l sinh hc.

Nhc im:
- Vi BOD5 ca nc thi dao ng t 530-560 mgO2/L, vic s dng qu
trnh keo t/to bng trc qu trnh sinh hc s lm gim ngun cht
hu c c kh nng phn hu sinh hc (l c cht i vi cng trnh sinh
hc) v tng gi thnh x l do tiu th ho cht cho qu trnh keo t/to
bng.
- Hiu qu x l ca cng on keo t v to bng thp do thi gian phn
ng v to bng cha ti u, c bit l qu trnh keo t/to bng bc hai.
- Thi gian lu nc ca b lng bn sinh hc (5,1 gi) l qu di. Thi
gian lu nc di c th gy ni bn trong b lng do phn hu bn trong
iu kin k kh v lm tng chi ph u t.
- H thng x l ho l bc hai khng c b lng nn b lc s phi c
ra thng xuyn dn n tng chi ph x l v nhn cng.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph u t cao vi sut u t l 9,09 triu
VN/m3 nc thi.
- Chi ph vn hnh h thng kh cao vi 14.200 VN/m3 nc thi, trong
ch yu l chi ph ho cht.
- H thng khng c b tip xc (kh trng) nn dn n ch tiu coliform
khng t QCVN 24:2009, Ct B.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
SXG&BG 03
- Qu trnh lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni c th thay th cho qu trnh keo
t/to bng gim chi ph ho cht v gi c nng cc cht hu c
c kh nng phn hy sinh hc i vi cng on sinh hc pha sau.
- Xy dng thm b lng sau cm x l ha l gim tn sut ra lc ca
b lc p lc, gy tn in v nc ra lc.
- B lng bn sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc t 5,1 gi gim cn 2-3 gi
trnh hin tng phn hu k kh gy pht sinh mi v bn ni.
- Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.

127

c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh


Bng 4.14 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
cng ty SXG&BG 03
Cng trnh n v
Mng lng ct, si
B iu ho
B keo t v to bng 1
B lng 1
B cha nc ti s dng
v cung cp nc cho thp
lm mt
Thp lm mt
B bn hot tnh hiu kh
B lng 2
B keo t v to bng 2
B lc ct; Q = 7,6 m/gi
B cha nc x l
B thi
B nn bn
B trn bn

Kch thc
(m)
1,6 x 21,6 x 2,5/
1,6 x 10 x 2,5
20 x 21,6 x 6,5
4 x 4 x 3,5
20; H = 3,5 m

Th tch
(m3)

SL

34,5/16

02

1.442
48
1.000

01
01
01

5,2
10,4
216

8 x 8,1x 6,5

259

01

60

3,970 x 6,1x 1
11x 11x5
16 m; H = 3,5 m
1,8 x 1,8 x 2,44
2,650 m;
H = 6,610 m
3,4 x 6 x 3
48 x 5 x 3
10 m; H = 3,5 m
0,8 x 0,8 x 1,1

19,4
1630
643
6,6

01
01
01
01

9,4
774
306
3,2

1.000

01

50
50
250
0,5

01
01
01
01

24
29
8,5
-

Tlu
(pht)

Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp.

Bng 4.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng ty


SXG&BG 03
Thit b
SL
c tnh k thut
Vt liu
B iu ha
FC200,
Bm nc thi t b iu
03 Q = 5,5 m3/pht
SCS13,
ha
S45C
Cm x l ha l
FC200,
Bm truyn Al2(SO4)3 2%
02 Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
SCS13,
S45C
FC200,
Bm nh lng Al2(SO4)3
02 Q = 850mL/pht
SCS13,
2%
S45C
FC200,
Bm truyn NaOH 25%
02 Q = 15 lt/pht; H = 2 bar
SCS13,
S45C
Bm nh lng NaOH
SUS304,
01 Q = 420 mL/pht
25%
Teflon
Bm nc thi t b cha
FC200,
nc ti s dng v cung
02 Q = 5,5 m3/pht
SCS13,
cp nc cho thp lm mt
S45C

128

C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh


Lu lng thc t: 500 - 700 (m3/ngy) - Thit k: 550 (m3/ngy)
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t ba t ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh
by trong Bng 4.16.
Bng 4.16 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu x l ca h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03
Ch tiu

n v

pH

Pt - Co
mgO2/L
mgO2/L
mg/L

COD
BOD5
SS

Nng
u vo
6,5 -6,8
720-780
3020-3210
530-560
925-950

Nng
u ra
6,3-7
60-80
125-150
29-35
80-90

Hiu qu
x l (%)
78-79
84-85
83-87
87-89

QCVN 12:2008
Ct B1
5,5-9
100
200
50
100

Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr.


Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 03 (2011)

E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr

Bm cc loi

Hng thng

Hng nm

- V sinh vi nc sch
- Loi b cc mng bm t bit trn cnh bm
- Co b hon ton r st v sn Epoxy nu cn
thit
- Kim tra xem bm c b h hng hay khng
- Kim tra v sit cht cc bu-lon, ai c
Kim tra du nhn nu b vn c th thay du.

Lng ha cht s dng


Bng 4.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03
Loi
Cht keo t

Ha cht
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O

Liu lng s dng(g/m3 nc thi)


50

S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 06 nhn vin. Trong , bao gm 01 trng


phng k thut v 02 nhn vin k thut c trnh i hc chuyn ngnh
mi trng, c kinh nghim lm vic trong lnh vc x l nc thi; 02 nhn
vin k thut; 03 cng nhn vn hnh.
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 5.000.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 14.200 VN/m3

129

Mt s hnh nh v cng trnh x l trong h thng x l nc thi


ngnh sn xut Giy v bt giy

My tch rc

B keo t/ to bng

B k kh IC

B lc ct v than

Mng lng bt

B lng

Sn nghing

Thp gii nhit

B sinh hc hiu kh

B lng bn sinh hc

Ngn tp trung

My p bn

Hnh 4.7 H thng x l nc th sn xut giy v bt giy ca Cng ty SXG&BG


01, cng sut 3.200 m3/ngym

130

Ti liu tham kho


PHN TING VIT
[1] Trung tm sn xut Sch Vit Nam (VNCPC), Vin Khoa hc cng
ngh Mi trng (INEST), i hc Bch Khoa H Ni (HUT) (2009),
Bo co D n Sn xut sch hn v Sn phm tt hn (CP4BP).
[2] Tng cc mi trng (2009), Kho st nh gi s ph hp ca cc h
thng x l nc thi ang hot ng ti mt s ngnh lm c s cho
vic lp danh mc cc cng ngh khuyn khch p dng ti Vit Nam
Ngnh Ch bin Thy sn.
[3] Tng cc mi trng (2010), Kho st nh gi s ph hp ca cc h
thng x l nc thi ang hot ng ti mt s ngnh lm c s cho
vic lp danh mc cc cng ngh khuyn khch p dng ti Vit Nam
Ngnh Dt nhum.
[4] Tng cc mi trng (2011), Kho st nh gi s ph hp ca cc h
thng x l nc thi ang hot ng ti mt s ngnh lm c s cho
vic lp danh mc cc cng ngh khuyn khch p dng ti Vit Nam
Ngnh Sn xut Giy v bt giy.
[5] V hp tc quc t v khoa hc, cng ngh - Tng cc mi trng
(2009), Tiu ch v phng php nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh
x l nc thi i vi ngnh cng nghip.
[6] VINATEX (2004), Xy dng k hoch, gii php v tin thc hin
nhm khc phc nhim mi trng ti 21 c s thuc h thng
ngnh dt may. Xy dng d n sn xut sch hn v trin khai thc
hin ti hai cng ty dt may, cng ty dt may Nam nh v cng ty
dt may H Ni, B Cng Nghip.
[7] Habubank Security (2009), Bo co tm tt ngnh giy Vit Nam.
[8] Vitas (2009), Hin trng sn xut ca ngnh Dt may Vit Nam.
PHN TING ANH
[1] Alaerts G. J., Veenstra S., Bentvelsen M. and Van Duijl LA. (1990).
Feasibility of anaerobic sewage treatment in sanitation strategies
in developing countries, International Institute for Hydraulic and
Environmental Engineering, IHE report series 20, Delft, The
Netherlands.
[2] Barry Dalal-Clayton (1993). Modified EIA and indicators of
sustainability: first steps towards sustainability analysis,
Environmental Planning Issues No.1.
[3] Boshier, J. A. (1993). Criteria for assessing appropriate technology
for sewage treatment and disposal, Water Science & Technology Vol
27 (1).

131

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

Dunmade, IS. (2002). Indicators of sustainability: assessing the


suitability of a foreign technology for a developing economy.
Technology in Society, Technology in Society 24, p.461471.
Eisenberg D., Soller J., Sakaji R. and Olivieri A. (2001). A
methodology to evaluation water and wastewater treatment plant
reliability, Water Science & Technology Vol 43 (10).
Kalbermatten, John M., Julius, DeAnne S., Gunnerson, Charles G.
(1982). Appropriate sanitation alternatives: a technical and economic
appraisal, World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation 1.
Lettinga G., Van Lier J.B., Van Buuren J.C.L. and Zeeman G. (2001).
Sustainable development in pollution control and the role of
anaerobic treatment, Water Science & Technology Vol 44 (6).
Lucas, S. (2004). Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in
subtropical regions, PhD Thesis, Wageningen University.
Mara, D D. (1996). Low-cost urban sanitation. John Wiley & Sons,
West Sussex, UK.
Metcalf and Eddy (2003). Wastewater Engineering Treatment and
Reuse, McGraw Hill.
Nolberto, M. (2004). Multicriteria environmental assessment: a
practical guide, Kluwer Academic publisher.
Loan, N. T. P. (2011). Greening texttile industry in Vietnam, PhD
Thesis, Wageningen University.
Pickford, J. (1995). Low-cost sanitation: a survey of practical
experience. SRP, Exeter, London, UK.
Parr J., Smith, M. and Shaw, R. (1999). Wastewater treatment
options, Technical Brief No. 64.
Sarmento, V. (2001). Low-cost sanitation improvement in poor
communities: conditions for physical sustainability. PhD Thesis.
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Singhirunnusorn, M. and Stenstrom M. K. (2009). Appropriate
wastewater treatment systems for developing countries: criteria and
indictor assessment in Thailand. Water Science & Technology,
p.1873-1884.
Tsagarakis, K. P., Mara D.D. and Angelakis A.N. (2001). Wastewater
management in Greece: experience and lesson for developing
countries, Water Science & Technology Vol 44(6).
Ujang, A. and Buckley, C. (2002). Water and wastewater in
developing countries: present reality and strategy for the future.
Water Science Technolog, Water Science and Technology Vol 46, (9)
p.19.

132

Ph lc
Ph lc 1. Mu H s thuyt minh cng ngh
1. Gii thiu
-

Tn cng ngh:
Ngun gc cng ngh (trong nc hoc nc ngoi):
T chc/c nhn chuyn giao cng ngh:
a ch:
in thoi, fax, e-mail:
Thuc d n u t:
Ni trin khai cng ngh:

2. Tm tt cng ngh
3. Nguyn l cng ngh
4. M t, thuyt minh cng ngh
4.1. Quy trnh cng ngh (theo s khi)
4.2. Chc nng ca mi cng on cng ngh
4.3. Nhng thit b chnh
TT

Tn thit b

n v
tnh

S
lng

1
2
5. Tnh ton thit k
5.1. Tiu chun thit k
5.2. Tnh ton thit k
6. Cn bng vt cht
7. Quy trnh vn hnh
8. Bn v
8.1. S mt bng
8.2. Cc bn v chi tit
9. Cc chi ph ca cng ngh
9.1. Gi xy lp v thit b
9.2. Chi ph vn hnh
9.3. Chi ph bo dng

133

Cng
sut

Nc
sn xut

Nm
sn xut

10. Tnh an ton


10.1. An ton ca h thng thit b
10.2. An ton lao ng v mi trng
11. iu kin vn hnh
11.1. iu kin vn hnh
- Lu lng t... n....
- Thnh phn:
- Hm lng t... n ....
- Cc iu kin khc
11.2. Nguyn, nhin liu, ho cht, in nng
11.3. Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh
11.4. Phng n phng nga v khc phc s c
12. Bn quyn v s hu tr tu
- Vn bng bo h sng ch (nu c).
- Cam kt khng vi phm cc qui nh v s hu tr tu i vi cc cng
ngh x l cht thi ang ngh c thm nh, nh gi.
- Cam kt hon ton chu trch nhim trc php lut Vit Nam v quc t
nu vi phm v quyn s hu tr tu.
- Cam kt v mc chnh xc, tin cy ca cc thng tin cung cp.
13. Cc vn khc
- Cc vn khc cn b sung.
- i vi cc vn cn bo mt thng tin, cn ghi c th yu cu.
14. Kt lun
Ph lc. Cc ti liu lin quan
- Quyn s hu/sng ch.
- Cc ti liu lin quan: gii thng, khen thng.
- Kt qu th nghim hay kt qu trin khai cng ngh nhng ni khc.
-

Nhng bi bo, cng trnh c lin quan cng b.

Cc kt qu phn tch v quan trc nh k (i vi nh gi cng ngh,


nu c).

134

Ph lc 2. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng


1. T chc thc hin nh gi hin trng
Tn t chc:
i din:
Chc v:
a ch:
in thoi:
Fax:
E-mail:
2. Cng ngh x l cht thi c nh gi
Tn cng ngh :
Cng sut :
T chc/c nhn yu cu nh gi hin trng:
Ngi i din:
Chc v:
a ch:
in thoi:
Fax:
E-mail:
Ni trin khai, p dng cng ngh:
3. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi
3.1. Phm vi (nhng hng mc cn nh gi), tn sut v phng php nh
gi
3.2. Ni dung v k hoch thc hin:
a) Mc ph hp ca h thng cng ngh x l cht thi thc t so vi h
s thuyt minh cng ngh.
b) Hiu qu x l ca cc cng on, quy trnh cng ngh v mc x l
u ra so vi tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng (theo
cc thng s nhim chnh):
TT

Hng mc

Thng s

Phng php/thit b

Tn sut

1
2
c) Mc an ton lao ng v mi trng.
d) Tnh thun tin khi khi ng, ng v duy tr hot ng n nh h
thng.
c) Tnh thun tin trong kim sot, vn hnh v bo dng.
d) K nng cn thit ca nhn vin vn hnh.
) Tnh trng h thng thit b, vt liu sau mt thi gian vn hnh nht nh.
e) Hin trng h thng vn hnh trong iu kin: Khong hm lng/nng
, lu lng u vo; Thnh phn v khong hm lng/nng cc cht
nhim chnh.
f) S dng cc nguyn liu, ho cht, in...
g) Cc iu kin khc nh hng n hiu qu x l.

135

Ph lc 3. Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng
1. Phn m u
1.1. Cn c, mc ch v yu cu nh gi.
1.2. T chc, c nhn ch tr, phi hp tham gia thc hin.
1.3. Tm tt v c s p dng cng ngh
1.4. Tm tt v cng ngh x l cht thi
2. Phng php v thit b phc v nh gi
2.1. Cc phng php thc hin
2.2. Cc thit b chnh s dng
3. Ni dung v kt qu nh gi
3.1. K hoch thc hin
3.1. Kt qu nh gi theo cc ni dung c ph duyt
4. Nhn xt v kt qu nh gi
5. Kt lun v kin ngh
Cc ph lc

136

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