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TNH TIN & I XNG

Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A



Ging vin ph Trch b mn:
Ths. L Ng Hu Lc Thin
Cc thnh vin nhm 4: Cc thnh vin nhm 5:
Nguyn Th M Dung Thch Th Diu
Phan Th Bch H Da Gout K' Gam
V Th M Linh Nay HHu
Lng Th Hng Lin Thch Minh Hong
Chu H Long L nh Huy
Nguyn Th Ngc Tr My Nng Th Thu Huyn
Trn Th Xun Mng Danh Th Kim Loan
Hunh Nguyn Tho Ngn Hong Th Loan
B Thanh Lun
Thch Th Ngc Mai



TNH TIN & I XNG
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A

Ging vin ph Trch b mn:
Ths. L Ng Hu Lc Thin
Cc thnh vin nhm 4:
Nguyn Th M Dung - Phan Th Bch
H - V Th M Linh -
Lng Th Hng Lin - Chu H Long
- Nguyn Th Ngc Tr My -
Trn Th Xun Mng - Hunh
Nguyn Tho Ngn
Cc thnh vin nhm 5:
Thch Th Diu - Da Gout K' Gam -
Nay HHu - Thch Minh Hong -
L nh Huy - Nng Th Thu Huyn -
Danh Th Kim Loan -
Hong Th Loan - B Thanh Lun -
Thch Th Ngc Mai





Mc lc

Bi tp v tnh tin v i xng ..................................................... 1
Bi tp b sung .......................................................................... 22
Bi tp php tnh tin ................................................................. 22
Bi tp v php i xng: ........................................................... 31



Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
1
Bi tp v tnh tin v i xng
Bi 1:
a) Xc nh php bin hnh: f =
D

A
.
b) Tm iu kin f = Id, suy ra cch xc nh php bin hnh f =
C

A
.
Gii:
D C B A
2CD 2AB 2(CD AB)
2(CD AB)
a) Ta co: f = T T T
b) Co f = Id T Id 2(CD AB) = 0
CD AB




C B A C C
2AB 2DC
0
CD BA
ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.
Do o f = = T = T =


C C D D C C
= (do = Id)

Bi 2: Trn hai ng trn bng nhau (O); (O) ln lt ly hai cung AM v AM
bng nhau nhng khc hng vi A; A c nh cn M; M thay i. Tm qu tch
trung im on MM.
Gii:
tng:
Gi I l trung im MM.
tm qu tch im I, ta tm mt ng c nh i qua I.
C th I thuc ng thng l nh ca mt ng c nh qua php bin hnh xc
nh.
Gii:
Ta c : O, O, A, Ac nh.
1
OO'
1
1 1
Xt T : A A
M M
A M = AM = A'M'


TH1:
1
A' A
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
2
Khi
1
M' M :
Qua O k ng knh BC A
1
A
Gi J = BC M
1
M.
Do A
1
A // M
1
M
(hai dy cung chn hai cung bng nhau)
Nn BC M
1
M ti J
Suy ra : J l trung im M
1
M.
Xt M M
1
M, c :

1
1 1
JI M M O'O
2 2


Suy ra:
1
O'O
2
I T (J)


M J thuc BC l mt ng thng c nh
Nn I thuc vo tp nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


Suy ra qu tch im I lthuc vo nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


Khi
1
M' M :
Lc
1
M' M J nn I thuc vo tp nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


Khi M

, M
1
, M thng hng
Ta c:
1
1
M'I = M'M
2
1
M'J = M'M
2


Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
3
Suy ra
1
1 1
IJ = MM = OO'
2 2

Nn
1
O'O
2
I T (J)


Nn I thuc vo tp nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


TH2:
1
A' A
Khi : OO' BC
M AO M
1
M
Gi J = BC M
1
M.
Suy ra : J l trung im M
1
M
Nn
1
1 1
JI = M M = O'O
2 2


Do :
1
O'O
2
I T (J)


Phn o:
Ly I bt k thuc BC
K IJ // OO ct BC ti J
Qua J v ng thng vung gc vi BC ct (O) ti 2 im ln lt l
1
M , M' sao
cho M v A nm cng 1 pha b BC
Gi
OO'
M T (M')


Khi
1 1
JI = - OO' = - MM'
2 2


Do I l trung im MM
Ta thy
1
A'A

//
1
M'M nn
1 1
A'M' = A M
M
1 1
A M = AM do l hnh bnh hnh nn A'M' = AM
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
4
Vy qu tch im I lthuc l nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


Gii hn:
Khi M chy trn (O) th J chy trn on thng BC.
Do , im I thuc BC l nh ca BC qua
1
O'O
2
T (J)


Bi 3: Cho hnh vung ABCD. E l im trong hnh vung sao cho CDE cn ti
E v gc y l

15 . Chng minh ABE



u.
Gii:

AD
AD
Lay F ngoai hnh vuong ABCD sao cho FCD eu.
Xet T : A D
B C
Ta se chng minh T : (E) = F
Co EC = ED (do ECD can tai E)
EF la trung tr
FC = FD (do FCD eu)

c cua CD
EF CD
EF // AD(1)
Ma AD CD (do ABCD la hnh vuong)






o o o
o o o
Ta co:
FDE = FDC + CDE = 60 + 15 = 75
FDE=FED
1 1 1
FED = DEC = (180 - EDC - ECD) = (180 - 15 - 15 ) = 75
2 2 2
FDE can tai F
EF = DF
EF = CD
Co DF = CD (do FCD eu)
Ma CD = AD (hnh vuong

ABCD)
EF = AD(2)

F
E
D
A
B
C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
5
AD
(1)(2) EF AD
T (E) = F
Ma FCD eu.
ABE eu (pcm)



Bi 4: Cho ABC. Gi Bx v Cy ln lt l cc tia i ca cc tia BA v CA. D
v E l cc im chuyn ng ln lt trn hai tia Bx v Cy sao cho BD = CE.
Tm qu tch trung im M ca DE.
Gii:
Cch 1:
tng :
D on qua v hnh, qu tch ca I l mt ng thng. Do , I thuc ng
thng l nh ca mt ng c nh qua php bin hnh xc nh.
Ta c BD = CE m y khng th thc hin php tnh tin no bin BD thnh
CE ,nn ta th a hai tia Bx v Cy thnh hai tia cng gc xem c xut hin php
i xng trc hay khng !
Gii: Xt

BC
T : B C
Bx Cz
D F
Suy ra : CF = BD =CE
Do : CFE cn ti C.
Gi N l trung im EF.
Suy ra : N thuc phn gic Ct ca

yCz
Ta c :
1 1
NM FD CB
2 2

Suy ra :
1
CB
2
T N M.
M N thuc Ct.
Suy ra : Qu tch im M l Mt l nh ca Ct qua
1
CB
2
T (Mt // Ct v qua M).
y
x
z
t
t'
N
F
M
E
B
C
A
D
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
6
Cch 2:
tng:
Gi M l trung im DE , I l
trung im BC.
Nu DE BC M I I
thuc qu tch im M.
Gii:
Phn thun:
T I k Iu // Bx . Trn Iu , xc
nh K: IK = BD.
Khi :IBDK l hnh bnh
hnh.
T I k Iv // Cy . Trn Iv, xc nh L : IL = CE.
Khi : ICEL l hnh bnh hnh.
Suy ra : KL ct DE ti trung im M
( Hai ng cho ca hnh bnh hnh ct nhau ti trung im ca mi ng ).
Do : M l trung im KL.
Mt khc IKL cn ti I (IK = IL ) nn IM l ng phn gic ca gc

KIL.
Nhn thy KIL = BAC khng i ti I nn IM c nh.
Do M thuc tia phn gic c nh ti Ik ca gc

uIv khng i.
Phn o: Ly im M bt k trn tia Ik . V ng thng vung gc vi IM ti I;
ct Iu, Iv ln lt ti K, L.
T K, L v cc ng thng song song vi BC ct AB, AC ti D, E.
Ta c BIKD, CILE l cc hnh bnh hnh.
Do DK // BI, DK = BI v EL // CI, EL = CI
M BI = CI nn DK // EL ; DK = EL
DKEL l hnh bnh hnh.
Mt khc IKL cn ( IM l phn gic v l ng cao)
y
x
u
v
k
L
K
M
E
I
A
B
C
D
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
7
M l trung im KL suy ra I l trung im DE.
Gii hn:
Khi D B E C th M I
Khi D chy xa v tn trn tia Bx th M chy xa v tn trn tia Ik .
Vy M chuyn ng trn tia Ik.
M BD = IK; CE = IL; IK = IL BD = CE
Bi 5: Cho ABC. Dng hnh vung BCDE v pha ngoi tam gic. K cc
ng thng DM v EN vung gc ln lt vi AB v AC. AH l ng cao ca
ABC. Chng minh cc ng thng AH, DM, EN ng qui.
Gii:

BE
Ta co BCDE hnh vuong nen BE = CD
Dng A' sao cho AA' BE.
Dng H' sao cho HH' BE, ta co H' ED
T : A A'
B E
C D
H H'

.

BE
Do o T : ABC A'ED
Theo tnh chat phep tnh tien, ta co: AB // A'E; AC // A'D
DM A'E; DN A'C
Co DM AB; EN AC
Co A'H' ED (do A'H' // AH; AH ED )
Do o A'H'; DM; EN ong quy


.
Co AH; AA'; HH' cung vuong goc ED nen A; A'; H; H' thang hang.
Vay AH; DM; EN ong quy (pcm)
Bi 6: Cho ng trn (O) vi ng knh AB c nh, mt ng knh MN thay
i. AM v AN ct tip tuyn ti B ln lt ti P v Q. Tm qu tch trc tm
MPQ v NPQ.
H'
A'
H
M
N
D
E
B C
A
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
8
Gii:
Gi H l trc tm MPQ.
Ta c : AB PQ
MH PQ
Suy ra : AB // MH (1)
Ta c : MB AP
HQ AP
Suy ra : MB // HQ (2)
T (1),(2) suy ra ABMH l hnh bnh hnh .
Xt
BA
T : M H


M :
AB
M (O; )
2
nn
AB
H O';
2
vi
BA
T O O'.

Vy qu tch trc tm H ca MPQ l
AB
O';
2
vi
BA
O' = T O .

Trng hp i vi NPQ tng t.
Bi 7: Kho st tch n php i xng tm. Hy bt u bng n = 2, 3.
Gii:
2 1
1 2
3 2 1
3 3 3 3
1 2 3
O O
2O O
O O O
3 1 2
O O O O O O
2O O 2O O
O
_ Vi n = 2:
f = T
_ Vi n = 3:
f =
Chon O sao cho O O = O O
Khi o f = T = T =
Tong quat:
T khi n chan.
f =
k
v


hi n le.

H
P
Q
N
O
A B
M
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
9
Bi 8: Dng ng gp khc gm nm on khp kn bit trung im ca 5 on
.
Gii:
Cch 1:
tng: Do gi thit c lin quan n trung im nn phng php gii s dng
php i xng tm.
Gii:
Phn tch:
t
1 2 3 4 5
O O O O O O
F = D D D D D = D (theo kt qu bi 7, tch ca s l ln php i xng
tm ).
Ly im M bt k , gi M = F(M).
Ta cn xc nh im A sao cho A = F(A).
Do F
O
D nn A O.
Suy ra : A l trung im MM.
Cch dng :
Ly M bt k
Dng M=F(M).
Ly A l trung im MM.
Dng B , C, D, E :
1 2 3 4
O O O O
B = D A , C = D B ,D = D C , E = D D
Cch 2:
tng: T trung im s to ra c cc ng trung bnh, nn gii bi ton
theo cch 2 ta dng php tnh tin.
Gii:
Phn tch : Gi s dng c a gic ABCDE tha yu cu bi .
Gi
1 2 3 4 5
O , O , O , O , O ln lt l trung im ca hnh ng gic cn xy
dng.
Gi F l trung im AC.
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
10
Ta c :
4 5
3 4 5 3
O O
1
O F = O O = DA F = T (O )
2



Li c :
2 1
2 1
O O
1
FA = O O CA A = T (F)
2




1 2 3 4
O O O O
B = T A , C = T B ,D = T C , E = T D .
Cch dng :
Dng F:
4 5
3
O O
F = T (O )


Dng A:
2 1
O O
A = T (F)


Dng B , C, D, E :
1 2 3 4
O O O O
B = D A , C = D B , D = D C , E = D D
Bi ton tng qut ca bi 8: Cho m = 2n + 1 im l trung im cc cnh ca
mt m - gic. Hy dng cc nh ca m - gic .
Gii:
Gi s
1 2 m
B , B , ..., B l trung im cc cnh
1 2 2 3 m 1
A A , A A , ..., A A ca a gic
1 2 3 m
A A A ...A . Do ,
1 2 m
B 1 2 B 2 3 B m 1
S (A ) = A ; S (A ) = A ; ... ; S (A ) = A , cho nn
1 2 m
B B B 1 1
S S ...S (A ) = A , tc l im
1
A bt bin qua tch cc php i xng
1 2 m
B B B
S S ...S . M ta c tch mt s l cc php i xng qua tm l mt php i
xng qua tm, tc l tch ch c mt im bt bin duy nht. im c th
dng c, chnh l trung im ca on thng ni X v im
1 2 m
B B B
S S ...S (X) ,
do X l mt im bt k trn mt phng.
Bi 9: Chng minh rng mt t gic ni tip c trong mt ng trn khi v ch
khi cc ng thng m mi ng i qua trung im mt on v vung gc vi
cnh i din ca t gic ng qui.
Gii:
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
11
I
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
De thay MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh.
Goi I = MP NQ
Xet : M P
d d'
Co M d nen P d'
Va d' song song hoac trung d .
Ma d CD nen d' CD



1
1
1
I 2 2
3 3
4 4
Do o, ta co:
d' CD
d' la trung trc cua CD
trung iem P cua CD thuoc d
Tng t neu : d d'
d d'
d d'
th ta co
2 3 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
d' ; d' ; d' lan lt la trung trc cua DA; AB; BC
Do o: d ; d ; d ; d ong quy d' ; d' ; d' ; d' ong quy.
Gia s d' ; d' ; d' ; d' ong quy tai O.
Khi o ta co OA = OB = OC = OD nen t giac ABCD noi tiep.

Bi 10: Cho ng trn tm O bn knh l v n im A
1
; A
2
; ...A
n
vi n > 2. Chng
minh rng tn ti im M trn (O) sao cho:
i
1
MA n
n
i

Gii:
tng: S dng php i xng tm.
Gii:
Ly M bt k thuc (O)
Gi M i xng vi M qua O th ta c: OM

= OM= 1.
d3
d1
d2
d4
I
P
N
M
Q
O
A
B
C D
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
12
Theo bt ng thc trong tam gic
i
MM'A ta c : MA
i
+ MA
i
MM = 2OM
= 2.
Khi :

n n
i i
i 1 i 1
MA + M'A 2n .
Nu
n
i
i 1
MA n th im M chnh l im cn tm.
Nu
n
i
i=1
MA n

n n
i i
i 1 i 1
M'A = 2n - MA n th M l im cn tm .
Do , tn ti t nht mt im M trn (O) sao cho
n
i
i 1
MA n
Bi 11: Dng hnh vung ABCD bit A; C thuc ng thng d
1
cho trc v B;
D ln lt thuc hai ng thng d
2
; d
3
cho trc.
Gii:

d2'
d3
d2
d1
I
A B
C
D


Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
13

1
1
d
2 2
2 2
3 2
2 d 2
2 3
1
1
Phan tch:
: B D
d d'
Co B d nen D d'
Do o D = d d'
Cach dng:
- Dng d' = (d )
- Dng D = d' d
- Dng B = d (D)
- Dng I = BD d
- Dng (I; IB).
- Dng giao ie

1
m A; C cua (I; IB) va d .
- Ta co ABCD la hnh vuong can dng.

1
1
Chng minh:
Ta co: I la trung iem cua BD (do B = d (D))
I la trung iem AC (do A; C la giao iem cua (I; IB) va d )
Do o: ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.
Ma AC BD; AC = BD (eu la ng kn
2 3 1 2 1 3 1
1 2 1 3 2 3
2 3 1 2
1 2 1 3
h)
Vay ABCD la hnh vuong.
Bien luan:
d // d // d d d ; d d
- Khi : bai toan co vo so nghiem.
d(d ; d ) = d(d ; d ) d d
d // d // d d
- Khi
d(d ; d ) d(d ; d )
1 3 1
2 3
d ; d d
: bai toan vo nghiem.
d // d
- Cac trng hp con lai: bai toa n co 1 nghiem.

Bi 12: Cho ABC c I l tm ng trn ni tip. ng trn (IBC) chn trn
hai ng thng AB v AC hai dy cung. Chng minh rng hai dy ny c di
bng nhau.
Gii:
Cch 1:
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
14
tng: Ta chng minh N,C ln lt l hai im i xng ca B v M qua trc
i xng DI (vi D l tm (IBC) ).
* Chng minh
ID
N = D (B)


Ta c:

ICN=ICB(CI l phn gic)
IB = IN
M DB = DN
Nn ID l ng trung trc ca BN
Hay
ID
N = D (B) (1)
*Chng minh
ID
C = D (M)
Xt MIA v CIA
IA l cnh chung

AMI = CNI (gc ni tip chn 2 cung bng nhau)

MAI = CAI (AI l phn gic)
Suy ra MIA = CIA
IM = IC
M DM = DC
Nn DI l ng trung trc ca CM
Hay
ID
C = D (M) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c ID l trc i xng ca BM v CN nn BM = CN (pcm)
Cch 2:

Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
15
tng : Dng phng tch ca im A i vi ng trn (IBC) ta chng minh
BM = CN .
K IE AB, IO AC, E AB, O AC
*Chng minh AE = AO:
Xt hai tam gic vung AEI v AOI c :
AI chung

EAI = IAO (AI phn gic)
Suy ra AEI = AOI
=>AE = AO (1)
*Chng minh BE = ON:
Xt hai tam gic vung EIB v OIN c
IE = IO (I l tm ng trn ni tip ABC)
IB = IN (chng minh cch 1)
Suy ra EIB = OIN (cnh huyn cnh gc vung)
BE = ON (2)
T (1) v (2) ,ta c: AB = AN
*Chng minh BM = NC:
Ta c: AB.AM = AN.AC (t gic BMCN ni tip)
M AB = AN
Nn AM = AC
Mt khc: BM = AM - AB; NC = AC - AN
Suy ra BM = NC (pcm)
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
16
Cch 3:
tng : Ta chng minh trc tip MB = NC
K DG BM, DH NC, G BM, H NC.
*Chng minh A, I, D thng hng:
Ta c :

BID = IBD(1)
Mt khc


o
180 - BDC ABC
IBD = DBC + IBC = ( ) +
2 2

(do BDC cn ti D v BI l phn gic

ABC)
M

o
BDC
= 180 - BIC
2



o o o
ABC ACB
BIC = 180 - - = 90 - BAC = 90 - BAI
2 2

Nn



ABC
IBD = BAI + = BAI + ABI
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra

BID = BAI + ABI hay A, I, D thng hng.
*Chng minh AH = AG:
Xt hai tam gic vung AGD v ADH
AD l cnh chung

GAD = HAD
Suy ra AGD = ADH
AG = AH
M AB = AN
Nn BG = NH
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
17
*Chng minh MB = NC:
Do DG BM, DH NC
Suy ra G, H ln lt l trung im ca MB, NC
Nn MB = 2BG
NC = 2NH
M BG = NH (c/m trn)
Vy MB = NC (pcm).
Cch 4: tng s dng trc i xng AID.
Chng minh A, I, D thng hng: (tng t nh cch 3)
Nhn xt AID l trc i xng ca (IBC) v chia (IBC) lm hai na ng trn
1
C
(cha B v M) v
2
C (ch C v N) i xng nhau.
Do AID l phn gic ca

BAC nn ABM v ANC i xng nhau qua AID.


M
1
2
B, M ABM (C )
C, N ANC (C )

Nn BM = CN
Bi 13: Cho ABC. Trn ng phn gic ngoi ca gc C ly D khc C. Chng
minh rng: DA + DB > CA + CB
Gii:

CD
Dng A' la iem oi xng cua A qua CD.
Xet : C C
D D
A A'
Do A CA nen A' CB.


A'
B
C
A
D
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
18
Ap dung tnh chat phep oi xng truc, ta co: CA CA; DA DA.
Do o: CA CB CA CB AB
DA DB DA DB
Trong DBA', ta co: DA DB AB
DA + DB > CA + CB (pcm)

Bi 14: Cho ABC c cc gc nhn. Ly cc im D; E; F ln lt nm trn BC;
CA; AB. Tm v tr ca D; E; F chu vi DEF nh nht.
Gii:
Phn tch:
n gin bi ton , ta cho D c nh trn BC.
Ly E, F ty ln lt trn AB, AC.
Ly D
1
, D
2
sao cho : D
1
=
AB
(D) , D
2
=
AC
(D).(*)
Khi , ta c chu vi DEF l : P
DEF
= DE + DF + EF.
= D
2
E + D
1
F +EF.
Suy ra : P
DEF
nh nht D
1
, E , F, D
2
thng hng.
Suy ra: E, F ln lt l giao im ca D
1
D
2
vi AB, AC.
Vi im D c nh trn BC ta xc nh c im E v F tho bi ton nh trn.
Do , tha yu cu bi ton ta ch cn xt v tr ca D chu vi tam gic DEF
nh nht.
Xt D
1
AD
2 ,
ta c:
AD
1
= AD = AD
2
(do (*) )

1 2
D AD = 2BAC c nh
T nh l sin trong D
1
AD
2

ta c:
D
1
D
2
min AD
1
min
AD min
D l chn ng cao h t A.
Cch dng :
Dng ng cao AD.
D2
D1
A
B
C
D
E
F
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
19
Dng D
1
, D
2
vi : D
1
=
AB
(D) , D
2
=
AC
(D).
Dng E , F ln lt l giao im ca D
1
D
2
vi AB, AC
Khi ta c hnh cn dng.
Chng minh:
Theo phn tch trn D, E, F ln lt thuc cnh BC, AB, AC (do

A nhn) v
chu vi DEF t gi tr nh nht.
Bin lun:
Bi ton c mt nghim hnh.
Bi 15: Cho dy cung AB ca ng trn (O) v im M thay i trn cung ln
AB. Tm v tr im M sao cho MA + MB ln nht.
Gii:




o
0
M M
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Goi M la trung iem cua AB.
Xet : B B'
M M
Do o: MB' = MB va M MB = M MB'
Do M MAB noi tiep nen M MB +M AB = 180
Ma M AB M BA ( M AB can tai M );




0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Va M BA = M MA (cung chan cung M A)
M MB' + M MA = 180
A; M; B thang hang.
Do o: (M A + M B) - (MA + MB)
= (M A + M B') - (MA + MB')
= M A + M B' - AB' 0 (bat ang thc

0 0
tam giac)
Vay MA + MB ln nhat khi M M vi M la trung iem cua BC.

Bi 16: Cho hai ng thng song song x; y v im M nm cng pha vi x i
vi y v nm cng pha vi y i vi x. Trn x ta t mt on thng AB = a, trn
B'
Mo
O
M
A B
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
20
y ta t mt on thng CD = b (a; b l cc di cho trc). Tm v tr cc on
AB; CD MA + MB + MC + MD nh nht.
Gii:
Phn tch:
Ta xt cc im A,B,C,D c xp xp
nh hnh di y.
Xt
AB x
T
D
1
M M' M



y
DC
D T
2
M M'' M


Khi
1 2 1 2
MA + MB + MC + MD = M B + BM + MC + CM M M
Nn MA + MB + MC + MD nh nht
1
M , B, M v
2
M, C, M thng hng.
Cch dng:
B l giao ca
1
MM vi x
C l giao ca
2
MM vi y
A l nh ca B trong php tnh tin BA


D l nh ca B trong php tnh tin CD


Bi 17: Gi C
1
; C
2
l cc im i xng ca nh C ca ABC qua cc phn gic
trong ca

BAC v

ABC. Chng minh rng trung im ca C


1
C
2
l tip im ca
ng trn ni tip ABC v cnh AB.
Gii:

x
y
M2
M1
M''
M'
M
C
D
A
B
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
21

Goi M; N; K lan lt la cac tiep iem cua


ng tron noi tiep vi AB; AC; BC.
Ap dung tnh chat tiep tuyen ta co :
AM = AN (1)
BM = BK (2)
CN = CK (3)
Co AO la phan giac cua BAC
Nen
AO
AO
AO
: AC AB
Theo gia thiet co : C C1 (4)
T (1), ta co : N M (5)



1
BO
2
2
1 2
Do o t (4), (5) ta co NC = MC (6)
Tng t : BC BA
C C
K M
Nen CK = C M (7)
T (3), (6), (7) ta co C M = C M
Ngha la M la t

1 2
rung iem cua C C

Bi 18: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Trn cnh AD, BC v pha ngoi ta v cc
hnh vung ADKL; BCMN. Trn cnh AB; DC v pha ngoi ta v cc tam gic
u AEB; DFC. Gi H; K ln lt l tm ca cc hnh vung ADKL; BCMN.
Chng minh GFHE l hnh bnh hnh.
Gii:

N
K
O
M
C1
C2
B C
A
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
22
O
H
G
F
E
N
M
K
L
C
A
B
D

AO
O

AO
O
O
O
O
Goi O = AC BD
Xet : A C
B D
Do o AD CB
Va : hnh vuong ADKL hnh vuong CBNM
Do o : G H (1)
Tng t : DC BA
Do o : DFC BEA
Suy ra : F E (2)
T

(1), (2) ta co GH; EF cat nhau tai trung iem moi ng.
Nen GFHE la hnh bnh hanh.

Bi tp b sung
Bi tp php tnh tin
Bi 1: Trong hnh thang ABCD (AD // BC), tng hai y ln hn tng hai cnh
bn. Gi M l giao im ca cc ng phn gic trong ca cc gc A v B; gi N
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
23
l giao im ca cc ng phn gic trong ca cc gc C v D. Chng minh
2MN = BC + AD (AB + CD)
Gii:
Do M l giao im ca cc ng phn gic
trong ca cc gc A v B nn M cch u
BC v AD.
Tng t ta c N cch u BC v AD
Do MN //
AD.



MN
Xet T : M N
B B' (B' BC)
A A' (A' AD)
V vay, ABM A'B'N; MBB' NB'C
BAM B'A'D; MAA' B'A'D
A'B'N NB'C; B'A'D B'A'D (doABM MBB'; BAM MAA')



MN
N la tam ng tron noi tiep t giac A'B'CD.
A'B' + CD = B'C + A'D (1)
Theo tren ta suy ra BB' = AA' = MN.
Ro rang do T : BA B'A' BA = B'A'
(1) AB + CD = (BC - MN) + (AD - MN)
2MN =


BC + AD - (AB + CD)

Bi 2: Cho hnh thang ABCD c

A D. Chng minh BD < AC.
Gii:
BC
Xet T : A A'
D D'


A'
B'
N M
A
D
B C
I D' A'
A D
B C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
24
Khi BCAA v BCDD l hnh bnh hnh v AA = DD ( = BC)

Do BA'A = CAD, vay theo gia thiet suy ra CAD < CDA (1)
T (1) nen trong CA'D ta co CA' > CD (2)
Goi I la trung iem cua A'D (khi o I cung la trung iem cua AD').
Bang cach xet 2 tam g

iac CIA' va CID co CI chung, IA' = ID va (2)
CIA' > CID. V the t 2 tam giac CID' va CIA suy ra CA > CD' (3)
Do CD = BD (4)
(3)(4) BD < CA

Bi 3: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD v im M sao cho C nm trong MBD. Gi
s

MBC MDC. Chng minh

AMD BMC.
Gii:

BA
Xet T : B A
C D
M M'
Do o, MC M'D
MC // M'D va MC = M'D
nen DCMM' la hnh bnh hanh
MDC = DMM' (1)







Theo tren ta suy ra MBC M'AD (2)
T gia thiet MBC = MDC, t (1), (2) suy ra DMM' = M'AD (3)
AMM'D la t giac noi tiep AMD = AM'D (3)
Mat khac ta co BMC AM'D
BMC = AM'D (4)
(3)(4) AM


D = BMC

M'
C
A D
B
M
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
25
Bi 4: Trn on AD c nh dng hnh bnh hnh ABCD sao cho
AC BD
AD AB
.
Tm qu tch C.
Gii:
6
4
2
2
4
6
8
10 5 5 10 A
C(x + 1; y)
B(x; y)
D

Ly A lm gc to , dng h trc to sao cho trc honh l ng thng ni
A v D, c chiu dng hng t A n D. Trong h trc y, gi s D (1; 0);
B(x; y); khi C(x + 1; y).
Theo gi thit ta c AC. AB = AD. BD
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
26
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( 1) . ( 1)
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
( )( 2 1) 2 1
( )( 2 ) 1 2
( 1)( 2 ) 2 1 2
( 1)(
x y x y x y
x x x y y x y x y
x x y y x y x y
x y x y x x x y
x y x y x x
x y x y x x y x x
x y x y
2
2 1) 0 x

2 2
2 2 2 2
AB
Va do 1 0
2 1 0 ( 1) 2 (1)
T (1) suy ra quy tch B la ng tron tam I(-1; 0), ban knh AD 2.
Co T : B C
Vay quy tch C la tnh tien cua quy tch tren theo AD
x y
x y x x y

,
tc quy tch C la ng tron tam A ban knh AD 2.

Bi 5: Cho ABC, mt im M nm trong ABC, chuyn ng song song vi
cnh BC cho n khi ct cnh CA, sau di ng song song vi cnh AB cho n
khi gp cnh BC, tip di ng song song vi cnh AB cho n khi gp cnh
AB... Chng minh sau mt s bc th qu o ca im di ng M l mt ng
gp khc khp kn.
Gii:
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 1 4
1
M M
K hieu lien tiep cac iem cua quy ao
nam tren cac canh cua tam giac ABC
la M ; M ; M ; M ; M ; M ; ... (xem hnh ve)
Do M M = M A = CM nen:
T : M A

2 3
4
M M
C M

M5
M4
M3
M2
M1=M7
M6
B
C
A
M
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
27

M M
2 3
M M
4 5
M C
5
T
1 2 3 4
T
3 4 6 5
T
6 5 7 8
1 4 5 6
Do o M M C AM M
Tng t: AM M M BM
M BM M M C
Theo tnh chat phep tnh tien, ta co : CM = M A =M M


7
1 7 1 7
= CM
Do o CM CM tc M M
Vay cung lam la sau 7 bc th quy ao la ng gap khuc khep kn (pcm)



Bi 6: Cho t gic ABCD. Gi M, N, P, Q ln lt l trung im ca AB, BC,
CD, DA. Gi s MP + NQ = p, y p l na chu vi ca t gic. Chng minh
ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
Gii:
BC
Xet T : D E
Ta co: DE = BC,
tc BCED la hnh bnh hanh.
Do P la trung iem cua CD
B; P; E thang hang.
Co MP la ng trung bnh trong BAE
1
nen MP = AE
2



1
Co AE AD + DE MP (AD + BC) (1)
2
Dau bang trong (1) xay ra A; D; E thang hang
AD // BC
1
Tng t NQ (AB + CD) (2)
2
Dau bang trong (2) xay ra AB // CD
(1)(2) MP + NQ p (3)

E
Q
P
N
M
A
D
B
C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
28
Dau bang trong (3) xay ra ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Co MP + NQ = p. Vay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.

Bi 7: Cho ABC c nh, v hnh thoi BCDE. T D k
1
DD AB, t E v
1
EE AC. Cc ng thng DD
1
v EE
1
ct nhau ti M. Tm qu tch M.
Gii:
M
E1
D1
D
H
B C
A
E


1
1
Goi H la trc tam ABC H co nh.
Ta co HC // DD (cung vuong goc AB)
HB // EE (cung vuong goc AC)
MED = HBC; MDE = HCB (goc co canh tng ng song song)
MDE = HBC (c - g - c)
CH
CH
= MD
Co CH // MD
Nen CH = DM
Xet T : D M

CH
CH
Vay quy tch cua M la anh cua quy tch cua D qua phep tnh tien T .
V CD = a = const ( ay BC = a) nen quy tch D la ng tron tam C ban knh a.
Do T : C H nen quy t

ch M la ng tron tam H, ban knh a.


Bi 8: Cho ng trn tm O, bn knh R c nh, AB l ng knh c nh,
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
29
MN l ng knh di ng. Tip tuyn ti B ct AM, AN ti P, Q. Tm qu tch
trc tm MPQ.
Gii:

Co NAM = 90 nen QA la ng cao MPQ


Goi H la trc tam MPQ th
H thuoc ng thang QA.
Do H la trc tam MPQ nen HM PQ
HM // AB (cung vuong goc PQ)
Tng t: QH // BM (cung vuon

BA
T
g goc AP)
Do o: HMAB la hnh bnh hanh
Nen MH = BA
Do o M H




BA BA
T T
1 1
1
Do M (O; R), bo i A; B nen H (E; R), bo i A; B vi O E; B B
Vay quy tch trc tam H la (E; R) bo i A; B

Bi 9: Cho ABC. Gi A
1
; B
1
; C
1
l cc trung im ca BC; CA; AB. Gi O
1
;
O
2
; O
3
v I
1
; I
2
; I
3
tng ng l cc ng trn ngoi v ni tip cc tam gic
AB
1
C
1
; BC
1
A
1
; CA
1
B
1
. Chng minh
1 2 3 1 2 3
OO O I I I .
Gii:
B1
E
H
P
Q
N
A
O
B
M
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
30

1 1
AB
2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2
Xet T : A C
C B
B A
Theo tnh chat phep tnh tien, ta co :
AC B C BA
O O
I I


1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3 3 1 3 1
1 2 3 1 2 3
Nh vay O O = I I
Tng t ta co O O = I I ; O O = I I
Do o O O O I I I ( ) c c c



Bi 10: Cho hai ng thng song song d
1
v d
2
v hai im A; B nh hnh v.
Tm
1 2
M d ; N d sao cho
1
MN d v AM + MN + NB ngn nht.
Gii:
1
2 1
NM
Gia s M tuy y thuoc d ,
lay N d sao cho MN d
Xet T : B B'
N M
M M'
A A'







C1
B1
A1
B
C
A
O1
O2
O3
d1
d2 N*
M*
A'
B'
M'
M
A
B
N
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
31
NM
T
1
Khi o: ng gap khuc AMNB A'M'MB' (1)
Do o AM + MN + NB = A'M' + M'M + MB' (2)
Co B'; A' co nh.
Do M'M = const, M d , nen t (2) suy ra:
(AM + MN + NB)min (A'M' + M'M + MB

1 2 1
')min (AM + MB')min
V AM + MB' AB', ma A'; B' co nh.
Vay (AM + MB')min A; M; B' thang hang.
T o suy ra neu goi M* d ; N* d la hai iem can tm th M* = AB' d ,
con N* la h
2
nh chieu cua M* len d .
Bi tp v php i xng:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng trong ABCbt k,ta c bt ng thc sau:
a
h p(p - a) , y h
a
l chiu cao k t A, p l na chu vi, a = BC.
Gii:
Goi la ng thang qua A
va song song vi BC.
Xet : B B'
C C'
A A
Theo tnh chat oi xng truc, ta co :
AB' = AB
l
l


2 2 2 2
a
2 2
a
2 2 2
a
2
a
V vay b + c = CA + AB = CA + AB' CB' (1)
Theo nh l Pythagore, co CB' = BB' + BC 4h + a (2)
Thay (2) vao (1), co b + c 4h + a
(b + c) - a 4h
(b + c + a)(b + c - a) 4h
2p(2p -
2
a
2
a
a) 4h
h p(p - a) (pcm)
Dau bang xay ra khi C; A; B' thang hang tc ABC can tai A

c
b
c
b
ha
l
H
C' B'
B C
A
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
32
Bi 2: Cho ABC v hai trung tuyn AF; CE. Gi s
o
BAF = BCE = 30 . Chng
minh ABC u.
Gii:

E
E
F

1
1

Do EAF = ECF = 30 EACF la t giac noi tiep.


Goi O la tam ng tron ngoai tie p EACF
va la ng tron ay.
Ta co: A B

Do A nen B .
Lai co C B

2 2
1 2
Gia s , nen do C th B
Do o B
Do E; F nen OE = OF.
Co EOF = 2EAF = 60 EOF eu


E F
1 2 1 2

1 2
1 2 1 2
1
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
Goi O ; O la tam cua ;
Ta co: O O ; O O
OO O eu, canh la 2R vi R la ban knh cua cac ng tron ; ; .
V B OB = R
C OC = R
BO + BO = O O
O ; B; O th

1 2
ang hang.
Do OO O eu EBF eu ABC eu.

Bi 3: Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC. Chng minh bn tam gic ABC; HBC;
HAC; HAB c ng trn ngoi tip bng nhau.
D2
D1
F
O
E
A
B C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
33
Gii:



BC
Ta co: BAK = BCK (cung chan BK)
BAK = BCH (tng ng vuong goc)
Do o: BCH = BCK
CHK can tai C
K oi xng vi H qua BC.
Xet : K H
B B
C C
(KBC)

(HBC)
Ma (KBC) (ABC)

Do o: (ABC) (HBC)
Tng t: (ABC) (HCA) (HAB)
(pcm)

Bi 4: Cho tam gic nhn ABC. Tm tt c cc im nm bn trong tam gic sao
cho 3 im i xng vi n qua cc trung im ba cnh ca tam gic u nm trn
ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic.
Gii:



M 1
1
1 1
Goi E la iem can tm, M la trung iem cua AB
Xet : E E
A B
B A
AEB BE A
V E nam tren ng tron nen AE B + C = 180
AEB = 180 - C (1)
Tn



g t AEC = 180 - B (2)
BEC = 180 - A (3)
E1
M
H=E
A
B
C
K
H
A
B
C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
34


(1)(2)(3) E la giao iem cua 3 cung cha goc 180 - C dng tren AB;
180 - B dng tren AC; 180 - A dng tren BC
E la iem duy nhat va chnh la trc tam H cua ABC.



Bi 5: ng trn ( ) tm I ct cnh BC; CA; AB ca tam gic ABC tng ng
ti A
1
; A
2
; B
1
; B
2
; C
1
; C
2
. Dng
1 1 1 2 2 2
A x BC; By CA; C z AB; A x' BC; B y' CA; C z' AB
Gi s A
1
x; B
1
y; C
1
z ng quy. Chng minh A
2
x; B
2
y; C
2
z ng quy.
Gii:
x'
x
x'
x'
x
x
I
N
M
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
A
B
C


Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
35
1 1 1
I
3 3 3
I
1 3
Gia s A x; B y; C z ong quy tai M.
Xet : M N
Goi A ; B ; C tng ng la hnh chieu cua N len BC; CA; AB.
Do N la anh cua M qua nen IM = IN,
v the trong hnh thang vuong A MNA

2 3 3 3
3 3 2
3 2 3 2
2 2 2
,
de thay IA = IA , vay A , ma A BC
nen A BC , tc A A .
Tng t B B ; C C .
Noi cach khac i A x'; B y'; C z' ong quy.

Bi 6: Cho ABC. Tm ng thng qua nh A sao cho mi im M trn ,
ta u c
MBC ABC
P P , y
MBC ABC
P ; P tng ng l chu vi ca MBC;
ABC.
Gii:
x
y
delta*
N
B'
B1
C
A
B
M

I
N
A1
A3
M
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
36

1
1
1 1
MBC ABC
Goi * la phan giac ngoai cua A.
Xet : B B
Co B nam tren CA keo dai. Lay M la iem bat k tren *, khi o ta co:
MB = MB ; AB = AB .
T o suy ra:
P - P = (MB +

1 1 1 1
MBC ABC
MC + BC) - (AB + AC + BC)
= MC + MB - (AC + AB ) = MC + MB - B C 0
P P
Vay * la ng thang can tm.
Xet ng thang xy bat k qua A (xy *). Ro rang trong 2 tia Ax; Ay co 1 tia
cung pha vi B oi vi *(chang ha n la Ax)

Ax
NBC ABC
MBC ABC
Xet : B B'
Goi N = B'C Ax. Khi o tng t tren ta co:
P - P (NB + NC) - (AB + AC) = (NB' + NC) - (AB' + AC)
= CB' - (CA + AB') < 0
P < P
Vay ng

thang xy khong phai la ng thang can tm, tc ng phan giac ngoai


cua A la ng thang duy nhat thoa e bai.
Bi 7: Cho A; B; C thuc ng thng xx (B nm gia A; C). Mt ng thng
yy' xx' ti C. ng thng di ng qua A ct yy ti M. Qua B dng ng
thng vung gc vi ct yy ti N. Chng minh khi quay quanh A th ng
trn ngoi tip BMN cn i qua mt im c nh th hai.
Gii:
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
37
yy'
xx' B'
A'
N
A
B
C
M

Gia s (C) la ng tron i qua A; M; N va B' la giao iem th hai cua (C) va xx'.
Do yy' xx' nen AB MN
Ma BN AM
Nen B la trc tam AMN
Do o theo tnh chat trc tam ta co B'
yy'
yy'
yy'

oi xng vi B qua MN.


Xet : B B'
M M
N N
Do o (BMN) (B'MN)
Goi (C') = (BMN), va chu y la B'; M; N (C)
Ta suy ra (C) (C')
Gia s A

yy'

yy'
A'
Do A (C) nen A' (C')
Co A; yy' co nh nen A' co nh.
Do o (BMN) con i qua iem co nh th hai A' vi A' la anh cua A qua
Bi 8: Cho ABC cn, AB = AC,

BAC = 80 .

im O c chn bn trong tam


gic sao cho

OBC = 10 ; OCB = 30 .

Tnh gc

AOB.
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
38
Gii:
AH
Goi AH la ng cao cua ABC;
I = BO AH; K = CO AH.
Do ABC can tai A nen Ah va la ng
cao va la trung trc cua BC.
Xet : B C
I I
nen IB IC
Do



o IBC = ICB
Co IBC 10 nen ICB = 10






Co OCB = 30 nen OCI = OCB - ICB = 30 - 10 = 20 (1)
180 - 80
Do ABC can co AB = AC, BAC 80 nen BCA = ABC = 50
2
Do o OCA = ACB - OCB = 50 - 30 = 20 (2)
(1), (2) ta co OCI OCA tc





AH
CO la phan giac cua ACI
Xet : CK BK
ACI ABI
Suy ra BK la phan giac cua ABO
Theo nh l goc ngoai cua BOC, ta co: KOB = OCB + OBC = 40
Trong AHB co: KAB = 90 - ABH


BK
= 90 - 50 = 40
Do o: KAB = KOB
Nen : BA BO
KA KO
Do o: A O
Suy ra: BA = BO
Vay ABO can tai B, co ABO = 40
180 - ABO 180 - 40
Suy ra AOB = = = 70
2 2


K
I
O
A
H
B C
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
39
Bi 9: Cho hai ng trn (O
1
); (O
2
) ct nhau ti A; D. Qua A hy dng mt ct
tuyn ct (O
1
); (O
2
) theo hai dy cung bng nhau, AB = AC.
Gii:
C
B
O'2
D
A
O2
O1

A
2 2
2 2
1 2
2
Phan tch:
Gia s a dng cat tuyen BAC sao cho AB = AC.
Ta can xac nh B hoac C.
Xet : C B
(O ) (O' )
Do C (O ) nen B (O' )
Do o B (O ) (O' )
Cach dng:
- Dng (O'

2 A
2 1
1
A 2 2 2
A
) la anh cua (O ) qua .
- Dng giao iem B cua (O' ) va (O ).
- Dng giao iem C cua AB vi (O ).
Chng minh:
Do : (O ) (O' ); BA cat (O ) tai C.
Do o: : B C
Suy ra AB = AC.

Bien luan:
Bai toan luon co mot nghiem.

Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
40
Bi 10: Cho hai im A; B cng thuc mt na mt phng b xy. Tm trn xy mt
im M sao cho

xMA = 2BMy
Gii:



xy
Xet : B B'
Dng ng tron tam B',
tiep xuc xy tai H va tiep tuyen AT.
Dng M = AT xy
Ta co: TMB' = B'MH = HMB
= xMz = zMA
Khi o: xMA = 2BMy
Do co hai tiep tuyen ke t A
en (B') n

en co hai iem M
thoa bai toan (2 nghiem hnh)

Bi 11: Hai ngi chi mt tr chi nh sau: H ln lt t cc ng xu ln mt
bn hnh ch nht, ng xu c php t vo bt c ch trng no. Ngoi no
n lt mnh i m khng th t c ng xu vo u th coi nh l b thua.
Chng minh rng, nu bit cch chi, ngi i u lun thng.
Gii:
Ngi th nht t ng xu vo tm bn, sau cc ng xu tip theo i xng
vi cc ng xu ca ngi th hai qua tm bn.
Vi cch chi nh vy ngi th nht lun t c ng xu khi n lt mnh i.
Bi v tr chi khng th ko di hn S/s nc i, trong S l din tch ca bn,
s l din tch ng xu nn tr chi s kt thc sau mt thi gian hu hn no
vi phn thng thuc v ngi chi th nht.
x y
z
M
T
H
B'
B
A
Nhm 4 & 5 ton 4A
41
Bi 12: Trong mt tam gic nhn cho trc, hy ni tip mt tam gic c chu vi
nh nht.
Gii:
Gi s trn cc cnh AB, BC, CA ca ABC ly cc im P, Q, R tng ng.
Ly i xng ca ABC qua cnh BC ta c
1
A BC. Tip theo xt cc php i
xng qua cc cnh
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
CA , A B , B C , C A , A B . Tch cc php i xng l tch
ca cc php quay quanh cc im
1 2
C, B , A theo cc gc

2C ,

2B,

2A tng ng.
Bi v tng cc gc quay bng 360
o
nn tch ca cc php quay l mt php
tnh tin.
di ng gp khc ch ra trong hnh v bng 2 ln chu vi PQR do chu vi
PQR khng nh hn mt na di on
2
PP . Cng r rng di on
2
PP
khng ph thuc vo v tr im P trn AB, bi v
2 2
A B nhn c t AB qua mt
php tnh tin. Nu APR BPQ, PQB RQC; ARP CRQ(tc l P,Q,R l
chn ng cao ca ABC) th ng gp khc tr thnh on
2
PP v chu vi
PQR nh nht.

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