1.hangdiem - Chumdieuhoa (Hinhsocap)

Trng i hc S phm TP.
HCM
Khoa Ton

Ch
Hng im iu ha Chm iu ha
C'
B'
A
D
O
C
B
A'
D'

GVHD : Th.S L Ng Hu Lc Thin

TP.HCM Thng 10 / 2010

Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 1

Danh sch nhm 1

1) Sn Ngc Dng
2) H V c
3) L Chn c
4) Nguyn Trn c
5) Ha V Hi
6) Nguyn Thanh Hi
7) Nguyn Th Thanh Hin
8) Trn Gia Huy
9) Nguyn Th Thu Tho
10) Lu Thy Thng

Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 2

MC LC

A/ Gii bi tp trong ti liu ................................................................................ 3
B/ Phn b sung Bi tp thm ........................................................................ 13
I/ Nhng bi ton nhn t con mt iu ha ..................................................13
T bi ton t gic ton phn .....................................................................13
T bi ton ct tuyn .....................................................................................16
Thm mt h thc mi ......................................................................................19
II/ Bi tp thm .............................................................................................................19
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 3

A/ Gii bi tp trong ti liu :

Bi 1 : Cho A, B, C, D thng hng. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im AB, CD. Chng minh rng :
( )
2 2 2
1 ABCD MN MA NC = = +

tng : cho M, N l trung im, ta s ngh n h thc Newton, ngha l ta c
2
. MA MC MD = (do M l
trung im AB), hoc
2
. NC NA NB = (N l trung im CD). Xut pht t ta c ng thc cn CM
Gii :

Cch 1 : ( )
2
1 . ABCD MA MC MD = = (h thc Newton)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
. . MA MN NC MN ND MN MN NC ND NC ND = + + = + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
MA MN NC MN MA NC = = + (v N l trung im CD nn 0 NC ND + = v NC ND = )

Nhn xt : Ta cng c th gii bng ta nh sau :

Cch 2 : Gi s honh ca cc im A, B, C, D ln lt l a, b, c, d.
Khi honh ca M, N ln lt l ,
2 2
a b c d + +

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 4
a b c d
MN a b c d a b c d
+ + | |

= = + + + + +
|

\

( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
4
2 4 4
a b
MA a a b a b ab
+ | |

= = = +
|

\

( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
4
2 4 4
c d
NC c c d c d cd
+ | |

= = = +
|

\

Vy : ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 MN MA NC a b c d ab cd ABCD = + + + = + = (h thc honh )

N M
A D B C
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 4
Bi 2 : Trn ng trn (O) cho hai im B, C c nh v A thay i. EF l ng knh vung gc BC. AB, AC
ct EF ln lt ti G, H. Chng minh rng : . OH OG const =
tng :
Ta cn tnh . OH OG m O l trung im EF nn ta ngh n h thc Newton
2
. OH OG OE = nu ta chng minh
c ( ) 1 EFGH =
Li nhn thy CE CF nn ngh ti chm phn gic
Gii :
Ta c : ( ) ( ) , , CE CG BG BE = (do B, C i xng nhau qua EF) (1)
M t gic BEAC ni tip nn : ( ) ( ) , , BA BE CA CE = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra : ( ) ( ) , , CA CE CE CG =
Hay CE l phn gic ca
ACG
Mt khc, C thuc ng trn ng knh EF nn CE CF
Nh vy, , , , CE CF CG CH l chm phn gic nn l chm iu ha
( ) 1 EFGH =
V OE = OF nn theo h thc Newton, ta c :
2 2
. OH OG OE R const = = = (pcm)

Nhn xt : bi ny, ta c 2 kiu m rng bi tp :
M rng 1 : T bi ton ta c
2
. OH OG R = . Nn nu qua G k ng thng song song BC (hoc EF) ct (O)
ti L v K th ta c
2 2 2
. OH OG R OL OK = = = , nn HK v HL ln lt l tip tuyn ca (O). (Hoc c th gii
thch theo kiu: (HGEF) = 1 nn K(HGEF) = 1 m KEKF nn KH, KG, KE, KF l chm phn
gic

HKE EKG = ( ) HEK HKF g g
2 2
. .
HE HK
HK HE HF HK HE HF
HK HF
= = = suy ra HK l tip tuyn ca (O), cm tng t cho HL)
Nh vy bi c th m rng thnh: Cminh: HK, HL l tip tuyn ca (O) vi cc gi thit nh c (c b sung
im H, K)
M rng 2 : Ta c K(HGEF) = 1 m KEKF, suy ra chm phn gic, nn nu KO ct (O) ti im th hai l J
th JEEK v nu JE ct GK, HK ln lt ti M, N th tam gic KMN cn ti K (v KE va l ng cao va
l phn gic) nn bi c th m rng thnh: C.minh tam gic KMN cn (vi gi thit nh c, c b sung cc
im K, M, N)

H
G
F
E
O
B C
A
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 5
Bi 3 : Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD. d l ng thng thay i qua A v ct BD, BC, CD ln lt ti E, F, G.
Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
AE AF AG
= +

tng :
ng thc cn chng minh c dng ging nh h thc Descartes, ta cn dng mt im sao cho :
2 1 1
? A AF AG
= + , ngha l dng im K sao cho 2 AK AE = , cn CM : ( ) 1 AKFG =
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Gi K l im thuc d sao cho 2 AK AE =
Hay E l trung im ca AK
Khi EO // KC (tnh cht ng trung bnh)
Hay BD // KC
Xt chm CA, CK, CF, CG. Ta c BD // CK chn CA, CF,
CG ln lt ti O, B, D; m OB = OD (ABCD l hnh bnh
hnh) nn theo nh l ct tuyn song song th :
( ) ( ) 1 1 C AKFG AKFG = =
Li theo h thc Descartes, ta c :
2 1 1 1 1 1
AK AF AG AE AF AG
= + = + (do 2 AK AE = )
Nhn xt : Ta c th gii cch khc nh sau :
Cch 2 :
Gi L l trung im ca CG v K l giao im ca BL v AG.
Do AB // LG nn
KL LG
KB BA
= (nh l Thales)
M
LG CL
BA CD
= , suy ra :
KL CL
KB CD
=
Theo nh l Thales o ta c CK // BD
Xt tam gic ACK ta c :
O l trung im AC v OE // CK
Suy ra E l trung im ca AK
Xt chm , , , BA BK BF BG , ta c GD l ct tuyn song song vi BA, chn trn 3 tia cn li 2 on CL = LG
Theo nh l ct tuyn song song, , , , BA BK BF BG l chm iu ha ( ) 1 AKFG = .
Li theo h thc Descartes, ta c :
2 1 1 1 1 1
AK AF AG AE AF AG
= + = + (pcm)
K
L
O
F
E
C
A
D
B
G
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 6
Bi 4 : Cho ng trn (O), trn (O) c hai im B, C c nh v im A thay i. ng knh DE vung gc
BC ct AB, AC ln lt ti M, N. Ly P, Q sao cho ( ) ( ) 1 ABMP ACNQ = =
Chng minh rng :
a) PQ i qua mt im c nh
b) : 1
PA QA
PB QC
=
Gii :
a) Gi I l trung im ca BC, ta chng minh PQ qua I
Gi F l giao im ca BQ v DE.
V ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , , , 1 1 ACNQ BM BI BN BF MINF = = = (1)
Gi ' I PQ BC = , ta chng minh ' I I
Do ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , , , ' 1 ' 1 ABMP QN QF QM QI NFMI = = = (2)
T (1), (2) suy ra ' I I . Vy PQ qua I c nh
b) Xt tam gic ABC vi ct tuyn PQI
p dng nh l Menelaus, ta c : . . 1 . : 1
PA IB QC PA QC IC PA QA
PB IC QA PB QA IB PB QC
= = = (do I l trung im BC)
Nhn xt : Mt vi cch gii khc
Cch 1 : Nu PQ qua I th t (ABMP)= 1Q(ABMP) = 1 ta c BC ct QA, QB, QP ln lt ti B, I, C m
IB = IC nn ta ngh n MQ//BC. T ta c 1 cch gii khc cho bi ny kh ngt ngng nh sau:
Gi s IQ ct AB ti P ta s C.minh: PP. Qua A k ng thng vung gc DE ct DE, IQ ln lt ti H, K.
Ta c:
MA HA HA NA QA
MB IB IC NC QC
= = = =
(do AH//BC, IB = IC , v (ACNQ)= 1) MQ//BC. Khi ta c:

'
(do AK//IB)
'
P A KA
P B IB
=
'
'
P A KA QA MA
P B IC QC MB
= = = (1)
Hay
'
: 1
'
MA P A
MB P B
= , suy ra (ABMP) = 1. Mt khc theo gi thit (ABMP)= 1. Vy PP hay ta c pcm.
V t ng thc (1) ta suy ra ngay cu b) lun v lc PP
Cch 2 : Gi I l trung im BC.
Dng Menelaus cho ABC , ta cn chng minh: . . 1
IB QC PA
IC QA PB
=
V ( ) 1 ABMP = nn : 1
MA PA
MB PB
= . Hay
PA MA
PB MB
=
Tng t ( ) 1 ACNQ = : 1
NA QA
NC QC
= . Hay
QC NC
QA NA
=
I'
F
Q
I
N
M
E
D
C
B
A
P
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 7
T . . . . 1
IB QC PA IB NC MA
IC QA PB IC NA MB
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
(v M, N, I l ct tuyn ABC ). Ta c pcm.

Bi 5 : Cho hai ng thng c nh ng qui Ox, Oy v im A khng nm trn Ox, Oy v phn gic
xOy .
Hai ng thng di ng qua A, i xng qua OA, mt ng ct Ox ti M, ng kia ct Oy ti N. Chng
minh rng MN i qua mt im c nh.

tng :
Theo A v O l 2 im c nh, AM, AN li i xng qua AO, ngha l OA l phn gic ca
MAN , ta ngh
n chm phn gic. Do ta k ng thng d qua A v vung gc OA to ra chm phn gic.
Gii :
Gi d l ng thng qua A v vung gc vi OA v K l giao
im ca MN v d , I l giao im ca AO v MK
Do AM v AN i xng nhau qua AO nn AO l phn gic ca gc
MAN

M : AI AK , do , , , AK AI AM AN l chm phn gic nn l
chm iu ha ( ) 1 A KIMN =
( ) ( ) 1 1 KIMN O KIMN = =
M OM, OI, ON c nh nn OK c nh
Mt khc : K OK d K = c nh
Kt lun : MN qua K c nh

Bi 6 : Cho hnh vung v mt ng trn ni tip hnh vung. Mt tip tuyn bt k ca ng trn ct cc
cp cnh i ca hnh vung ti A, B v C, D. Chng minh rng ( ) 1 ABCD =

tng :
Theo gi thit ta c nhiu gc vung (hnh vung, tip tuyn) nn ta ngh n chm phn gic
Gii :
Cch 1 :
d
I
K
N
M
O
A
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 8
Ta c : OD l phn gic ca
GOF (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

OC l phn gic ca
FOI (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

M

180
o
GOF FOI + = nn OD OC (1)
Ta c : OA l phn gic ca
EOF (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

OD l phn gic ca
FOG (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

Suy ra :

1 1
45
2 2
o
AOD AOF FOD EOF FOG = + = + =
T iu trn v (1) suy ra OA l phn gic ca
COD
Tng t, ta chng minh c : OA OB
Nh vy: , , , OA OB OC OD l chm phn gic nn l
chm iu ha ( ) 1 ABCD =

Nhn xt : Ta cng c th gii cch khc nh sau :
Cch 2 :
Xt chm FE, FI, FH, FG
Ta c :

EI IH = FI l phn gic
EFH

IH HG = FH l phn gic
IFG
Suy ra FE, FI, FH, FG l chm phn gic
Mt khc : , , , FE OA FI OC FH OB FG OD
Suy ra OA, OB, OC, OD cng l chm phn gic nn l chm iu ha ( ) 1 ABCD =

Bi 7 : Cho ABC c trng tm G. Mt ng thng d thay i qua G ct BC, CA, AB theo th t ti M, N, P.
Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
0
GM GN GP
+ + =
tng :
V tng, c bn ging nh bi 3
Gii :
Dng Ax // BC. Gi I l trung im ca BC
Xt chm , , , Ax AG AB AC c BC l ct tuyn song song vi Ax, chn trn 3 tia cn li 2 on IB = IC
Theo nh l ct tuyn song song, , , , Ax AG AB AC l chm iu ha ( ) , , , 1 Ax AG AB AC =
H
E
I
G
C
A
D
B
O
N
P
M
Q
F
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 9
Gi Q l giao im ca Ax v d, khi :
( ) 1 QGPN =
Theo h thc Descartes :
2 1 1 2GM GM GM
GQ GP GN GQ GP GN
= + = + (*)
M
1
( )
2
GI GM
GIM GAQ g g
GA GQ
= =
Vy, t (*) ta suy ra :

1 1 1
1 0
GM GM
GP GN GM GP GN
= + + + = (pcm)
Nhn xt :
T bi ny ta c th m rng thm: Qua A k cc ng thng song song vi GB, GC ct d ti X, Y. C.minh:
1 1 1
0
GM GX GY
+ + = .
Gii : Gi s cc .t qua A, song song GB, GC ct BC ln lt ti R v S. Ta d dng chng minh c G cng
l trng tm ARS (v IB = IC v
1
3
IB IC IG
IR IS IA
= = = nn IR = IS, mt khc li c
1
3
IG
IA
= ) ri p dng cu a
cho 3 im M, X, Y ln lt nm trn RS, SA, AR l xong!

Bi 8 : Cho on thng AB v s dng k khc 1. Tm qu tch cc im M sao cho MA = k.MB
tng :
T gi thit MA = kMB hay
MA
k
MB
= ta lin tng n chn ng phn gic, suy ra chm phn gic
Gii :
Gi D, E l cc im tha : DA k DB = (1)
V EA k EB =
Suy ra : ( ) : 1 1
DA EA
ABDE
DB EB
= = (2)
Qua M, v ng thng , MF MD F AB
T (1) v MA = kMB, ta c MD l phn gic trong
ca
AMB
Vy chm MA, MB, MD, MF c MD l phn gic
MD l phn gic trong ca
AMB v MD MF
( ) ( ) 1 1 M ABDF ABDF = = (3)
x
d
M
N
P
G
I
A
B
C
Q
E
D A
B
M
Nhm 1 Ton 4 Trang 10
T (2) v (3) suy ra E F . Tm li, ( ) ME MD M ED
o li, ly mt im ( ) M ED . Ta c :
( ) 1 ABDE
MD ME
=
MD l phn gic
AMB
MA DA
k MA kMB
MB DB
= = =
Nhn xt :
Qu tch M l ng trn Apolonius.
Ta c th dng kt qu bi tp ny gii 1 s bi tp khc : Chng hn :
Cho ng trn (O), ly mt im A ngoi (O), t A k 2 tip tuyn AK, AN v 1 ct tuyn ACD bt k i
vi ng trn trn. Hai tip tuyn qua C v D i vi (O) ct nhau ti M. CMR : K, M, N thng hng
Gii
M
C
N
A
O
K
D

(AKC ,A chung)
KC AC
AKC ADK ADK
KD AK
= = (1)
Tng t :
NC AC AC
ANC ADN
ND AN AK
= = (2) (v AK = AN)
(1) v (2) ta c : ( )
NC KC
k
ND KD
= =
Gi N l giao im MK vi (O). Tng t, ta chng minh c :
CN DN N C KC
CK DK N D KD

= =

Ngha l ( )
N C NC KC
k
N D ND KD
= = =
(3)
Gi E v F ln lt l chn ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca
DNC .
T (3), p dng bi tp 8 ta c N, N u thuc ng trn ng knh EF.
Mt khc N, N thuc (O), suy ra N, N l giao im ca (O) v (EF)
Ta ch (O) v (EF) ct nhau ti 2 im nm trn 2 mt phng khc nhau b DC, trong khi N, N li cng
trn mt mt phng b DC. Nhng iu trn cho ta N N pcm

Bi 9 : Cho ng trn ng knh CD tm O. Trn CD ly A
1
, A
2
sao cho ( )
1 2
1 A A CD = . Qua A
1
, A
2
ln
lt k cc ng thng D
1
, D
2
vung gc vi CD. Mt tip tuyn thay i ca ng trn ct D
1
, D
2
ln lt
ti M
1
, M
2
. Chng minh rng :
1
2
OM
const
OM
=
tng :
Vic CM t s
1
2
OM
const
OM
=

lm ta ngh n cch CM v
d trong bi ging, ngha l dng tnh cht v t l ng phn
gic trong tam gic. Vy ta cn to ra chm phn gic c hai tia
1 2
, OM OM . Theo gi thit, li xut hin tip tuyn lm ta lin
tng n vic to ra s vung gc (chm phn gic) nh bi
tp 6. Nh vy ta cn to ra cc tip tuyn na s dng tnh
cht 2 tip tuyn ct nhau. y, tip tuyn dng t C v D l
iu ti u nht ta c th dng. Bng cch cng cc gc nh
bi tp 6 ta d dng c
90
o
C OD = chm tia cn tm l
( )
1 2
O M M C D
Gii :
Dng 2 tip tuyn Cx, Dy ca (O). Hai tip tuyn ny ln lt
ct tip tuyn ti M ca (O) ti C, D. (vi M l im thay i
trn ng trn (O))
Theo nh l Thales, ta c :

1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
'
'
' '
: : 1
' '
'
'
C M CA
C M CA
C M D M CA DA
C M D M CA DA
D M DA
D M DA
= =

D2
x
D1
y
D'
M1
C'
M2
D
O C A1 A2
M
(do ( )
1 2
1 A A CD = )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
' ' 1 , , ', ' 1 M M C D OM OM OC OD = = (1)
Ta c : OC, OD ln lt l phn gic ca

, MOC MOD (tnh cht 2 tip tuyn ct nhau)
M

180 ' '
o
MOC MOD OC OD + = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
1 2
, , ', ' OM OM OC OD l chm phn gic
Suy ra OC l phn gic ca
1 2
M OM . Theo tnh cht chn ng phn gic ca 1 gc, ta c :
1 1 1
2 2 2
'
'
OM C M CA
const
OM C M CA
= = = (pcm)

Bi 10 : Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). D l im i xng ca A qua O. Tip tuyn ca (O) ti D
ct BC ti E. OE theo th t ct AB, AC ti M, N. Chng minh rng OM = ON.
tng :
chng minh O l trung im MN, ta lin tng ti nh l ct tuyn song song, khi ta s dng tia Ax qua
A, song song vi MN, ta cn cm chm AM, AN, AO, Ax l chm iu ha
Gii :
Qua A dng Ax // ME ct DE ti I.
Khi E l trung im ca DI
Gi , K AB DE L AC DE = =
Do ABD ADK nn

ADB AKD =
m

ECL ACB ADB = = nn

ECL EKB =
Suy ra : ECL EKB (g g)
2
/( )
. .
E O
EC EL
EL EK EB EC ED
EK EB
= = = = P
Suy ra : ( ) ( ) 1 , , , 1 KLDI AK AL AD AI = =
M MN // AI ct AK, AD, AL ln lt ti M, O, N.
Theo nh l ct tuyn song song, th OM = ON (pcm)
L
I
K
N
M
E
D
O
A
B
C

B/ Phn b sung Bi tp thm :

I/ Nhng bi ton nhn t con mt iu ha :
Sau y, ta s m rng ra vi bi ton hnh hc c th ni n gin nhng kh n kinh ngc nu ch s
dng nhng suy lun quen thuc. Vy m ch bng con mt hng im iu ha, mi bn cht u l r
nguyn hnh v ta cm nhn c v p y quyn r ca n.

1) T bi ton t gic ton phn :

Bi ton 1 :
Cho ABC , ly A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt trn BC, CA, AB sao cho AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy ti mt im.
Khi nu M l giao im ca B
1
C
1
vi BC th ( )
1
1 MABC =
Gii
M
C1
B
C
A
A1
B1

p dng nh l Menelaus cho ABC vi ct tuyn MB
1
C
1
:
1 1
1 1
. . 1
BC C A MB
MC B A C B
= (1)
p dng nh l Ceva cho ABC vi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy, ta c :
1 1 1
1 1 1
. . 1
AC C B B A
AB C A BC
= (2)
Nhn (1) v (2), v theo v, ta c :
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1 1
. 1 : 1 1 1
AC AB MB MB
BCMA MABC
MC AB MC AC
= = = =
Nhn xt
Nu gi I l im ng quy ca AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
th AIBC l 1 t gic ton phn vi cc ng cho AI,
B
1
C
1
v BC m li gii l mt trong nhng cch chng minh cho nh l rt p v hnh t gic ton phn:
trong mt hnh t gic ton phn, mt ng cho b hai ng cho cn li chia iu ha. Bi ton n
gin ny cho ta s dng tnh cht mt hnh t gic ton phn hay hng im iu ha cho mt tam gic c 3
ng ng quy.

Bi ton 2 :
Cho ABC v H l chn ng cao k t A . Trn on thng AH ta ly mt im I bt k ri k BI ct
AC ti E, CI ct AB ti F
CMR : AH l phn gic ca
EHF
Gii
Cch 1 : Trc ht ta xt mt cch gii nh sau :

Kt qu l hin nhin khi tam gic ABC cn.
Gi s tam gic ABC khng cn, ta c th gi s AC
> AB. Dng ABP cn ti A v AP ct HE ti Q.
Gi F l im i xng ca Q qua AH. Khi AH
l phn gic ca
' EHF
V FQ // BP (cng vung gc vi AH) nn
QA F A
QP F B
(nh l Thales) (1)

p dng nh l Menelaus cho ACP vi ct tuyn
HQE , ta c : . . 1
HP EC QA
HC EA QP
=
Suy ra . . 1
HB EC F A
HC EA F B

=
(do HP HB = v (1))
Hay . . 1
HB EC F A
HC EA F B

Theo nh l Ceva, ta c AH, BE, CF ng quy, t ta c pcm
Cch 2 : Li gii sau khin ta tm c hn vi vic s dng hng im iu ha :
F'
E
H
B
C
A
I
P
Q
K
M
F
E
H
B
C
A
I

Gi s EF ct BC ti M
Theo bi ton 1, ta c : ( ) ( ) 1 1 MHBC A MHBC = =
Gi K AH EF = th ( ) 1 A MKFE =
( ) ( ) 1 1 MKFE H MKFE = =
M HM HK nn HM, HK, HF, HE l chm phn gic
T ta c pcm
Nhn xt
Ch vi mt bin i nh v mt k xo che giu im M, ta to mt bi ton mi, kh hn.

Bi ton 3 : ( thi Iran)
Cho ABC . Ly E, F, K ln lt thuc BC, CA, AB sao cho AE, BF, CK ng quy. Gi L l giao im
ca AE v KF, H l hnh chiu ca L xung BC.
CMR : LH l phn gic ca
KHF
(Li gii bi ny nh bi ton 2)

Bi ton 4 :
Cho ABC . Ly E, F, K ln lt thuc BC, CA, AB sao cho AE, BF, CK ng quy ti I. K mt ng
thng qua I song song vi EF ct EK v EB ln lt ti L, M.
CMR : M l trung im IL
Gii : (Li gii bi ny dng iu ha cng tht n gin)
M
L
J
N
K
F
E
B
C
A
I

Gi { } N FK BC = .
Li p dng tnh cht ca t gic ton phn, ta c : ( ) 1 NEBC =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 A NEBC A NJKF E NJKF = = =
Mt khc ng thng qua I song song EF ct EN, EJ, EK ln lt ti L, I, M
Theo nh l ct tuyn song song, ta c MI = ML (pcm)

2) T bi ton ct tuyn :

Bi ton 1 :
Cho ng trn tm O, im M nm ngoi ng trn. Gi MA, MB l 2 tip tuyn vi ng trn (A,
B l tip im) v ct tuyn MCD vi ng trn (C, D thuc (O)).
CMR : AM, AB, AC, AD l chm iu ha.
Gii
H
K
C
M
B
I
O
A
D
C'
D'

Gi { } I AB MO = , MO ct (O) ti C, D
Ta c : MO AB v

AC BC =
Gi { } H AB CD =
Theo v d trong bi ging, ta c :
( ) ( ) 1 1 NIC D D NIC D = =
Suy ra DC l phn gic ca
MDI (v C D DD )
Suy ra

CC C K = (vi { } ( ) K DI O = )
Nh vy, C, A i xng vi K, B qua MO
V th

CIA KIB = , m

KIB AID = (i nh)
Nn

CIA AID = hay IA l phn gic ca
CID
Mt khc IM IA . Vy IM, IA, IC, ID l chm phn gic nn l chm iu ha.
Suy ra : ( ) 1 MHCD = AM, AB, AC, AD l chm iu ha.
Nhn xt
T bi gii trn, ta c kt qu: Vi mi ct tuyn MCD ct ng ni tip im AB ta lun c hng
im iu ha : ( ) 1 MHCD = . Nu ch n vn cc v i cc th r rng y l mt trong nhng
cch chng minh cho vic dng ng i cc ca mt im ngoi ng trn bng tip tuyn.

Bi ton 2 :
Cho ng trn tm O v im M nm ngoi. K 2 tip tuyn MA, MB vi (O) (A, B l tip im).
Dng ng thng qua M ct (O) ti C, D, H l giao im ca MO v AB.
CMR : AH l phn gic ca
CHD
Gii
K
C
M
B
H O
A
D

Theo bi ton 1, ta c : ( ) 1 MKCD = (vi { } K AH CD = ( ) 1 H MKCD =
M HK HM (tnh cht 2 tip tuyn ct nhau)
Nn HM, HK, HC, HD l chm phn gic
Vy HA l phn gic ca
CHD

Bi ton sau l s tng hp c t gic ton phn v ct tuyn to ra hng im tht p
Bi ton 3 :
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip trong (O). Gi :
{ } { } { } , , S AB CD F AD BC E AC BD = = =
K tip tuyn SM, SN vi (O). Chng minh rng : E, F, M, N thng hng

Gii
K
N
M
F
E
S
O
A
B
D
C

Gi s EF ct CD ti K, MN ct CD ti K
Khi theo tnh cht ca t gic ton phn FEAB
Ta c ( ) 1 SKDC = (1)
Mt khc theo tnh cht ct tuyn bi ton 1
Ta c : ( ) 1 SK DC = (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c : K K
Chng minh tng t, ta c L L vi { } { } , L EF AB L MN AB = =
T EF v MN c 2 im chung
Nn chng phi nm trn mt ng thng
Hay M, N, E, F thng hng

3) Thm mt h thc mi
T h thc Newton:
2 2
( ) 1 . ABCD IA IB IC ID = = = (I l trung im AB)

2
2
2 2
( )
.
.
( )( ) .
( ) .
IA IC IC CD
IC IC CD
IA IC IC CD
IA IC IA IC IC CD
IB IC CA IC ID
= +
= +
=
+ =
+ =

. . CACB IC ID = (h thc Maclorant)
V d : Cho tam gic ABC khng cn vi ba ng cao AD, BE, CF. ng thng ( ) i qua D, song song
vi EF, ct cc ng thng AB, AC ti M, N, cc ng thng EF, BC ct nhau ti P. Chng minh rng
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNP i qua trung im BC.
Gii : Theo tnh cht ca t gic ton phn, ta c ( ) 1 BCDP = . Khi , nu gi Q l trung im BC, theo
h thc Maclorant ta c:
. . DQ DP DB DC = (1)
Mt khc, do t gic BCEF ni tip (ng trn ng knh BC) v // MN EF nn

( ; ) ( ; )
( ; )
( ; )
NC NM EC EF
BC BF
BC BM
=
=
=

Suy ra bn im B, C, M, N cng nm trn mt ng trn. Do :
. . DB DC DM DN = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
. . DQ DP DM DN =
Tc l bn im P, Q, M , N cng nm trn mt ng trn

II/ Bi tp thm :
Bi 1 : Cho bn im A, B, C, D thng hng. Chng minh rng :
a) ( ) ( ) 1 ABCD ACBD + =
b) ( ) ( ) 1 ABCD DBCA + =
Gii
Ta c : ( ) ( ) : , :
CA DA BA DA
ABCD ACBD
CB DB BC DC
= =
( ) ( )
. .
.
CA DB BA DC
ABCD ACBD
CB DA
+ =
.( ) .( )
.
CA DA AB BA DA AC
CB DA
+ +
=
. . . .
.
CA DA CA AB BA DA BA AC
CB DA
+
=
. .
.
CA DA BA DA
CB DA
=
( ) ( )
. 1
. .
DA CA BA DA CA AB DA CB
CB DA CB DA CB DA
+
= = = =
Vi ( ) :
CA DA
ABCD
CB DB
= v ( ) :
CD AD
DBCA
CB AB
= ta tnh c : ( ) ( ) 1 ABCD DBCA + =

Bi 2 : Cho hai ng thng a v a ct nhau ti A v gi s trn a ta c bn im A, B, C, D sao cho
( ) 1 ABCD = v trn a ta c bn im A, B, C D sao cho ( ) 1 AB C D = . Chng minh rng BB, CC,
DD hoc ng quy hoc song song vi nhau.
Gii
Nu BB v CC ct nhau ti O, gi s tia OD ct ng thng a ti D.
V ( ) ( ) 1 1 ABCD O ABCD = =
( ) ( ) 1 1 O AB C D AB C D = =
Mt khc, theo gi thit ( ) 1 AB C D =
Do D trng vi D
Vy BB, CC, DD ng quy ti O
Nu BB v CC song song, t A v D ta v cc
ng thng song song vi CC v BB.
ng thng song song i qua D ct AB ti
D, ta chng minh D trng vi D
Vy cc ng thng BB, CC, DD song song

Bi 3 : Cho tam gic ABC v AH = h l chiu cao xut pht t A. Gi r v r ln lt l bn knh ca ng
trn ni tip v bng tip ca tam gic i vi gc A. Chng minh :
2 1 1
h r r
=

Gii
Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC
K l tm ng trn bng tip trong gc
A ca ABC
a
a'
D''
B'
O
A
C
B
D
C'
BI, BK l cc ng phn gic ca
B
Suy ra BA, BC, BI, BK l chm iu ha
Gi D l giao im ca AI v BC ta c : ( ) 1 ADIK =
Chiu vung gc cc im A, I, D, K xung ng cao AH
Ta ln lt c cc im A, I, H, K
Trn HA chn H lm gc ta , ta c :
, , HA h HI r HK r = = =
Ta c :
( )
2 1 1 2 1 1
1 AHI K
h r r HA HI HK
= = + =

Bi 4 : Cho ng trn (O). Hai im B, C c nh trn
ng trn, BC khng phi ng knh. Ly A l mt im
trn ng trn khng trng vi B, C. AD, AE l cc ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca gc BAC. I l trung
im ca DE. Qua trc tm tam gic ABC k ng thng vung gc vi AI ct AD, AE ti M,N.
a) Chng minh rng MN lun i qua mt im c nh.
b) Tm v tr im A sao cho din tch tam gic AMN ln nht.
Gii
Gi 2 l ln cung nh BC. Khi gc BAC bng hoc 180
0
- .
a) Gi X l im i xng ca O qua BC suy ra X c nh.
Ta c OX = 2d(O;BC) = 2Rcos = AH, OX // AH (v cng vung gc vi BC) nn AOXH l hnh bnh hnh.
Suy ra AO // HX (1).
Li c (CBDE) = -1 nn theo h thc Newton
=> IC IB ID .
2
= , m IA = ID (tam gic ADE vung ti A)
=> IC IB IA .
2
= => IA tip xc (O)
=> IA OA (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra XH AI, m MN i qua H v AI => M, N, X thng hng. Vy MN i qua X c nh
(pcm).
b) Ta c OAC = (180
0
-AOC)/2 = 90
0
- ABC = HAB v AD l phn gic BAC.
Suy ra AD cng l phn gic gc OAH. M AE AD suy ra AE l phn gic ngoi gc OAH => (AO; AH;
AD; AE) = -1. M AO //MN suy ra H l trung im ca MN.

Suy ra S
AMN
= 2S
AHN
= HA.HN.sin(AHN).
M tam gic AMN vung ti A nn HN = HA = 2Rcos khng i. Hn na

D
K
I
B
C
A
H
I'
K'
T suy ra S
AMN
t gi tr ln nht bng 4R
2
cos
2
khi AHN = 90
0
. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi AOX =
90
0
. T suy ra c hai v tr SAMN t gi tr ln nht l hai u mt ca ng knh vung gc vi OX
(tc l song song vi BC).

Nhn xt
Li gii trn y dng n hng im iu ha v chm iu ha. Chng ta c th khng dng n cc kin
thc ny m ch s dng cc tnh ton v gc.

Bi 5 : Cho ABC khng cn ti A, phn gic trong AD. Gi E, F l hnh chiu ca D trn AB, AC. K EF ct
BC ti L. Chng minh rng : ( ) 1 HLBC =
Gii
H L
F
E
D
A
B C

Xt ABC , ta cn cm : . . 1
FC EA HB
FA EB HC
=
T gic EADH, FAHD ni tip
. . (1)
. . (2)
BE BA BH BD
CDCH CF CA
=

(1), (2) suy ra . . . 1
BH BD BE BA BH BE HB CF
CH CD CF CA CH CF HC BE
= = = (3)
M AD l phn gic nn AE = AF 1
AE
AF
= (4)
(3), (4) ta c : . . 1 . . 1
HB CF AE HB FC EA
HC BE AF HC FA EB
= = (I)
Xt ABC vi ct tuyn EFL, ta c : . . 1
FC EA LB
EB FA LC
= (II) (nh l Menelaus)
(I), (II) ta c : : 1
HB LB
HC LC
= hay ( ) 1 HLBC =

Bi 6 : Cho 2 ng thng a, b ct nhau v mt im M khng nm trn hai ng thng . Dng qua M hai
ng thng bin thin m, m ct a, b ln lt ti A, B v A, B. Tm qu tch giao im ca AB v BA
Gii
Gi N l giao im AB v BA, M l giao im ca ON v AA (Vi O l giao im ca a v b). Xt t gic
ton phn AABB, ta thy ngay ( , , , ) 1 a b OM ON = . M a, b, OM c nh, t suy ra pcm

Bi 7 : Cho tam gic OAB, m M nm trn cnh AB nhng khng phi l nh. Mt ng thng bin thin
i qua M ct OA ti A, ct OB ti B. Gi N l giao im AB v BA. Tm qu tch im N ni trn
Gii
Gi M l giao im ON v AM. Xt t gic ton phn ABBA, ta c (ABMM) = 1. Nhng A, B, M c nh,
nn M cng c nh. Do ng thng OM c nh. Vy qu tch nhng im N l ng thng OM

Bi 8 : Cho tam gic ABC v ng trn (O) ngoi tip ca n, tip tuyn ti A v B ca ng trn ct nhau
ti I. Mt ng thng d i qua I ct AC, BC ln lt ti M v N, ct (O) ti P, Q. Chng minh rng
( ) 1 MNPQ =
Gii
T
N
P
Q
I
A
B
C
M
E
D

Dng tip tuyn MD, ME. Gi s ' DE BC N = .
p dng nh l Brianchon cho lc gic AEDDBC, ta c:
; '; AE DB T ED BC N DD CA M = = =
Khi M, N, T thng hng , , PQ BC DE ng quy ti N
M PQ BC N = ' N N . Do N ED
Suy ra ( ) 1 MNPQ = (tnh cht ct tuyn ct ng ni hai tip im vi MD, ME l hai tip tuyn, xem li
mc ct tuyn). T , ta c pcm.

1.hangdiem - Chumdieuhoa (Hinhsocap)

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Copyright:

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1.hangdiem - Chumdieuhoa (Hinhsocap)

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Trng i hc S phm TP.

(do AH//BC, IB = IC , v (ACNQ)= 1) MQ//BC. Khi ta c:

GOF (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

FOI (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

EOF (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

FOG (2 tip tuyn ct nhau)

(nh l Thales) (1)

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