BI TP HA I CNG

Chng 1: CU TO NGUYN T
1. Vn dng nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli tnh s electron ti a c trong mt phn lp (v
d phn lp 3d) v trong mt lp (v d lp N).
2. Trong mt nguyn t c bao nhiu electron ng vi:
a) n = 2
b) n = 2, = 1
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 0
d) n = 3, = 2, m = 0, ms = +
3. Lp cu hnh electron ca nguyn t zirconi (Z = 40) trng thi c bn. Nguyn t
zirconi c lp l thun hay nghch t?
4. Trong nhng cu hnh sau cho nguyn t niken (Z = 28):
a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s0
b) 1s22s22p63s23p83d64s2
c) 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
d) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s24p2
trong nhng cu hnh ny:
1) Cu hnh no khng tun theo nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli?
2) Cu hnh no biu th nguyn t niken trng thi c bn?
3) Cu hnh no khng c electron c thn?
5. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y trng thi c bn: 8O,
3+
13Al , 17Cl , 19K, 26Fe, 80Hg.
6. Cho bit cc ion di y, mi ion c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng: 16S2-, 20Ca2+,
3+
2+
4+
24Cr , 30Zn , 35Br , 50Sn . Ion no c cu hnh tng t kh tr?
7. C th c mt electron trong mt nguyn t no c b bn s lng t nh sau
khng?
a) n = 3, = 3, m = + 1, ms = +
b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 1, ms = +
c) n = 2, = 1, m = + 2, ms =
d) n = 3, = 1, m = + 2, ms = +
e) n = 4, = 3, m = 4, ms =
f) n = 2, = 1, m = 1, ms =
8. Hy vit cc gi tr bn s lng t cho cc electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t
c Z = 7 (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m gim dn)
9. Cho bit gi tr cc s lng t n, ng vi cc AO 1s, 2p, 3d, 4s, 4f.
10. Hy cho bit tn ca cc AO c:
a) n = 4, = 0
b) n = 3, = 1, m = + 1
c) n = 6, = 2, m = 0
11. Cho bit electron c bn s lng t di y thuc lp no? Phn lp no? V l
electron th my ca phn lp ny? (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m tng
dn)
a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms = +

b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 2, ms = +
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms =
d) n = 4, = 3, m = + 2, ms =
12. Electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t c bn s lng t nh sau:
a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms =
b) n = 2, = 1, m = 0, ms =
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms = +
d) n = 4, = 2, m = 2, ms = +
Hy xc nh tn orbital ca cc electron ny v in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t.
13. Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t: 17Cl, 26Fe, 20Ca,
34Se.
14. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t di dng ch v lng t ca cc nguyn t c Z =
14, 22, 27, 34 v 37. nhng nguyn t ng vi s th t no c cha hai electron c thn
trng thi c bn?
15. Hy cho bit s th t ca cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cc phn lp ha
tr nh sau: 4s1, 4s23d7 v 4p5.
16. Trong s cc nguyn t di y, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh electron nguyn t
bt thng, nguyn nhn dn n hin tng bt thng ?
a) 23V
3d34s2
b) 24Cr
3d54s1
5 2
c) 25Mn3d 4s
d) 28Ni
3d84s2
e) 29Cu
3d104s1
f) 30Zn
3d104s2

Chng 2: BNG H THNG TUN HON (HTTH)

V S TUN HON TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T
1. Cho bit v tr trong HTTH (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn
t c s th t 19, 28, 35, 58
2. V sao mangan (Z = 25) thuc nhm VII l kim loi trong khi cc halogen cng thuc
nhm VII li l phi kim?
3. Khng dng bng HTTH hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c in
tch ht nhn Z = 15, 36, 39, 43. Xc nh bn s lng t ca electron cui cng v v tr
ca chng trong HTTH.
4. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30 v xc
nh:
a) V tr (chu k, phn nhm) ca cc nguyn t .
b) Tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t .
c) S oxy ha dng cao nht v m thp nht (nu c) ca tng nguyn t. Hy
vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion .
5. Electron cui cng ca hai nguyn t X v Y c bn s lng t nh sau:
X
n = 4, = 2, m = 1, ms = +
Y
n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms =
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t, in tch ht nhn ca X v Y.
b) Xc nh v tr (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X v Y.
c) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion c th c ca X v Y
6. Ion A2+ c 24 electron. Hi A c bao nhiu lp, phn lp. Vit gi tr bn s lng t
cho cc electron phn lp ngoi cng ca A.
7. Ion X2+ c phn lp ngoi cng l 3d2
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2+.
b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2+.
c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X.
d) Hai electron 3d2 ng vi nhng gi tr no ca s lng t chnh n v s lng
t ph .
8. Ion X2 c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2.
b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2.
c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X.
d) Vit cng thc oxit ng vi s oxy ha dng cao nht ca X, cng thc phn t
vi hydro ng vi s oxy ha m thp nht ca X.
9. Nguyn t X c 5 electron lp ngoi cng v thuc chu k 4. Hy:
a) Xc nh phn nhm ca X.
b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t Y cng chu k v nhm
(nhng khc phn nhm) vi X.
10. Cc ion X+, Y v nguyn t Z cng c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p6
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X v Y.
b) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim; cc s oxy ha c th c ca X, Y v Z.
c) Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca X, Y v Z.
11. Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 ca dy cc nguyn t nh sau:

Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
I1
5,392
9,322
8,298
11,26
14,534 13,618 17,442 21,564
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
I1
5,139
7,646
5,986
8,151
10,486
10,36
12,967 15,759
Hy v th I1 Z, nhn xt quy lut bin i ca I1 theo Z trong mt chu k v gii thch
quy lut .
12. V sao cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA v cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB u c 1 electron
lp ngoi cng nhng cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA c nng lng ion ha nh hn so
vi cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB?
13. Gi tr nng lng ion ha th nht I1 (tnh ra eV) ca cc nguyn t p v nguyn t d
ca nhm V nh sau:
Cc nguyn t p
Cc nguyn t d
Z
I1
Z
I1
As
33
9,82
V
23
6,74
Sb
51
8,61
Nb
41
6,88
Bi
83
7,29
Ta
73
7,89
Nhn xt quy lut bin thin I1 hai nhm nguyn t trn. Dng quan nim hiu ng chn
v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch cc quy lut .
14. So snh nng lng ion ha th nht I1 v bn knh nguyn t R ca cc nguyn t
71Lu, 58Ce, 29Cu, 22Ti nh sau:
R(Lu) < R(Ce)
R(Cu) < R(Ti)
I1(Lu) > I1 (Ce)
I1(Cu) > I1(Ti)
Hy dng hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch hin tng trn.

Chng 3: LIN KT HA HC
V CU TO PHN T
1. Nu cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ha hc.
2. Da vo m in hy phn bit lin kt ion v cng ha tr.
3. Trong cc phn t sau: HF, HCl, HBr, HI phn t no phn cc nht? Ti sao?
4. Hin tng lai ha l g? iu kin cc AO tham gia lai ha v so snh khuynh
hng lai ha ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k, phn nhm.
Hy nu c im ca cc kiu lai ha v gii thch trng thi lai ha ca cacbon trong cc
phn t : C2H6, C2H4, C2H2
5. Phn bit cc loi lin kt v .
6. Nguyn tc t hp tuyn tnh cc AO thnh cc MO? Th no l MO lin kt, phn lin
kt, khng lin kt ?
7. Lin kt hydro l g ? Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt hydro. nh hng
ca lin kt hydro n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht ? Nu v d.
8. Cho bit cu hnh khng gian ca cc phn t CO2 v SO2. So snh nhit si v
ha tan trong nc ca chng .
9. Th no l s phn cc ca lin kt, phn cc phn t v phn cc ion.
10. Hy gii thch v sao phn t NH3 c dng thp tam gic, cn phn t BH3 c dng tam
gic phng.
11. Hy so snh bn v di ca lin kt O O trong cc phn t O 2 , O 2 , O +2 , O 22 v
cho bit t tnh ca cc ion, phn t .
12. Vit cu hnh electron phn t ca LiF, BeF v BF. So snh bn, v bi lin kt
ca cc phn t .

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

13. Hy gii thch cu hnh electron phn t ca BN : 2s

* 2
2s

2px

2py

2pz

(z

l trc lin nhn)

14. Bn knh ion ca Na+ v Cu+ u bng 0,89. Hy gii thch v sao nhit nng chy
ca NaCl (8000C) li cao hn ca CuCl (4300C).
15. Bit nhit si (Ts) v nhit ha hi (Hhh) ca cc hp cht trong cc dy sau :
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Ts (K)
292
189
206
238
32,6
16,3
17,6
19,7
Hhh (kJ/mol)
BF3
BCl3
BBr3
BI3
Ts (K)
172
286
364
483
Hy gii thch cc quy lut bin thin ca cc i lng ny v nhng trng hp ngoi
l so vi cc quy lut .
16. So snh v gii thch nguyn nhn c s khc bit:
a) Nhit si ca CO2 v CS2; CO2 v NH3; H2O, NH3 v HF.
b) tan trong nc ca NH3 v CH4 ; SO2 v CH4.

Chng 4: HIU NG NHIT

CA CC QU TRNH HA HC
I. CU HI L THUYT
1. Th no l h, pha, mi trng? Phn loi h, cho v d.
2. Th no l thng s trng thi, trng thi v qu trnh? Hm trng thi v hm qu trnh
l g? Cho v d.
3. Th no l ni nng ca mt h? ni nng ca h ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Ti
sao?
4. Pht biu nguyn l I ca nhit ng lc hc. Vit biu thc ton hc ca nguyn l I
khi p dng vo cc qu trnh khc nhau.
5. Pht biu nh lut Hess v cc h qu. Cho cc v d minh ha.
6. Th no l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng, nhit to thnh, nhit t chy ca mt cht?
Cho v d minh ha.
7. Phng trnh nhit ha hc l g? Hy vit phng trnh nhit ha ca mt phn ng ta
nhit v mt phn ng thu nhit.
8. Th no l nhit dung ng p, mhit dung ng tch? Trnh by nh hng ca nhit
n hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc.
II. BI TP
1 : Phn ng ca cyanamide rn , NH2CN vi oxy c thc hin trong mt bom nhit
lng k. Bin thin ni nng ca NH2CN (r) l 742,7 kj/mol 298K. Tnh H298 ca
phn ng sau :
NH2CN(r) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + CO2(k) + H2O(l)
(S = -741,5kJ )
o
2: Tnh bin thin enthalpy khi 1,00 gam nc ng c 0 C v 1atm. Cho bit nhit
nng chy ca nc l H298(nc) = 1,435 kcal/mol.
(S : -79,7 cal/g )
3:Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca cc cht tng ng trong phng trnh nhit ha.
Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau;
N2O4(k) + 3CO(k) N2O(k) + 3CO2(k) , H0298 = ?
0
H 298 tt (kJ/mol) 9,7
-110
81
-393,5
( S: H0298 = -778kJ )
0
4. Tnh H 298 tt C6H12O6(r) t cc d kin sau:
H0298 c C6H12O6(r) = -2816 kJ/mol, H0298 tt CO2(k) = -393,5 kJ/mol,
H0298 tt H2O(l) = -285,9 kJ/mol.
(S: H0298 ttC6H12O6(r) = -1260 kJ/mol)
5. Nhit t chy ca metan, etan, propan ln lt l: -210,8; -368,4; -526,3 kcal/mol. Hy
c tnh tng H0298 c trung bnh mi khi thm mt nhm (-CH2-) vo mt
hydrocacbon. Trn c s d on nhit t chy ca octan ( C8H18 ) v so snh vi gi
tr thng thng nhn c l (-1302,7 kcal/mol) .
(S: -157,75 ; -1310 kcal/mol)
6.
Nng lng Ng.t ha
(kJ/mol)
H
218,0

Nng lng lin kt trung bnh(kJ/mol)

H C C C N N N O O
436 413
391
463

C
N
O
S
F
Cl
Br
I

716,7
472,7
249,2
278,8
79,0
121,7
111,9
106,8

413
391
463
339
563
432
366
299

348
292
351
259
441
328
276
240

615 812 292 615 891 351 728

615 891 161 418 945
728
139 498
477
270
185
200
203

Da vo bng nng lng trn tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun ca CCl2F2(k) ( dicloro
difluorometan hay cn gi l Freon-1,2, dng lm tc nhn lm lnh v c tnh d bay hi
v kh nng phn ng km; ngng s dng v ph hy tng ozon).
{ Hng dn: Phn tch qu trnh to thnh Freon-1,2 t n cht bn thnh 2 giai on:
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) CCl2F2(k) ;
H0298 tt = ?
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) ; H01
C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H02 }
(S: - 420 kJ/mol )
7. Dng nng lng lin kt trung bnh bng 6 tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng sau:
a) C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(k). (S: - 1580 kJ/mol)
b) C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).
c) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
8. Qu trnh ha tan canxi clorua trong nc:
CaCl2(r) Ca2+(dd) + 2Cl-(dd) ;
H0298 = ?
0
H 298 tt(kJ/mol): - 795,8 -542,83
-167,16
a) Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ?
b) Ha tan 20 gam CaCl2(r) vo 100 ml nc 20,00C. Tnh nhit cui cng ca
dung dch , gi s dung dch l l tng, c nhit dung gn ging 100 g nc nguyn
cht (= 418 J/K)
(S : a) -81,4 kJ
b) 55,10C )
9. Nhit ta ra khi trung ha CsOH bng tt c cc axit mnh l 13,4 kcal/mol. Nhit ta ra
khi trung ha CsOH bng axit yu HF l 16,4 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh
ion ha HF trong nc
(S: -3,0 kcal/mol)
10. Nhit ta ra khi ha tan CuSO4 khan l 17,9 kcal/mol. Nhit thu vo khi ha tan
CuSO4.5H2O l 1,3 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng chuyn ha:
CuSO4(r) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(r)
(S: - 19,2 kcal)

Bi tp Chng 5:
CHIU CA CC QU TRNH HA HC
I. CU HI L THUT
1. Trnh by nguyn l II ca nhit ng lc hc v nu ngha vt l ca entropi.
2. Trnh by ng dng nguyn l II ca nhit ng lc hc vo cc qu trnh khc nhau.
3. Phng trnh c bn v tng qut ca nhit ng ha hc? nhit v p sut khng
i, yu t no l ng lc pht trin, sinh cng c ch ca phn ng ha hc? Khi no h
t trng thi cn bng?
4. Cho bit iu kin phn ng ha hc c th t xy ra v gii hn ca qu trnh? Cho
v d minh ha.
5. Cc yu t H v S nh hng n du ca G nh th no?
6. Gia cu to v chiu ca phn ng lin h vi nhau nh th no? Cho v d. Cc phn
ng sau s xy ra iu kin no (nhit cao hay thp)? Ti sao?
15
H 0298 = -3003,62kJ/mol
C6H6(h) +
O2(k) 6CO2(k) + 3H2O(h),
2
H 0298 = 178,21kJ/mol
CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k),
1
H 0298 = -99,12kJ/mol
SO2(k) + O2(k) SO3(k)
2
7. D on du ca H v S ca phn ng sau: 2Cl(k) Cl2(k).
8. Khng dng s liu tnh ton, hy d on du ca S ca cc qu trnh sau:
(a) O2(k) 2O(k).
(b) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
(c) C(r) + H2O(k) CO(k) + H2(k). (d) Br(l) Br(k).
(e) N2(k, 10atm) N2(k, 1atm).
(f) Kt tinh mui t nc bin.
(g) Thy tinh kt khi.
(h) Nu chn qu trng.
(i) C(r, graphit) C(r, kim cng). (j) n C2H4(k) (CH2CH2)n .
II. BI TP
1. Nhit nng chy ca nc 00C l 1435cal/mol. Tnh bin thin entropy ca qu
trnh nng chy 1kg nc 00C. (S: 292,22 cal/K)
2. Xem phn ng 298K:
2A + B C.
H = 100 kcal v S = 50 cal/K. Gi s H v S khng i theo nhit , hi nhit
no phn ng c th xy ra c ?
(S: 2000K)
3. Xem phn ng 298K:
A(k) + B(k) C(k). Phn ng c bin thin ni nng U =
-3,00 kcal v bin thin entropy S = -10,0 cal/K.
Tnh G v d on chiu xy ra ca phn ng. Cho R = 1,987 cal/mol.K.
(S: - 612 cal, thun)
4. Mt phn ng c H = -40,0 kcal 400 K. Trn nhit ny phn ng c th xy ra,
di nhit ny th khng. Tnh G v S ca phn ng 400K.
(S: G = 0 v S = -100 cal/K)
5. Cho phn ng:
H2(k) + CO2(k) H2O(k) + CO(k)
0
G 298 tt (kJ/mol)
0
-394,37
-228,58 -137,15
(a) Tnh G0298 ca phn ng ?
(b) Tnh G298 ca phn ng iu kin p sut ring phn ca H2, CO2,
H2O v CO ln lt l 10 ; 20 ; 0,02 ; 0,01 atm.
(S: 28,64 kJ ; -5,61kJ)
8

6. C 4,00 mol kh H2 dn n thun nghch ng nhit 400 K t th tch u l 12,0 lt

n th tch cui l 30,0 lt. (Cho nhit dung mol: Cp= 28,8 J/mol.K). Tnh U, Q, cng W,
H, S ca qu trnh.
(S: U = H = 0 ; W = -1,22.104 J ; Q = -W ; S = +30,5 J/K)
7. Cho 72,4 g st c nhit 100,00C vo 100,0 g nc 10,00C n khi nhit cn bng
l 16,50C. Cho: Cp(Fe) = 25,1 J/mol.K v Cp(H2O) = 75,3 J/mol.K , khng ph thuc nhit
. Tnh S ca Fe, S ca nc v
S tng ca qu trnh.
(S: SFe = - 8,24 J/K ; Snc = + 9,49 J/K ; Stng = + 1,25 J/K )
8. Enthalpy bay hi v nhit si thng thng ca etanol l : 38,7 kJ/mol 780C. Tnh
Q, W, U, Sh v G khi 1,0 mol etanol bay hi thun nghch 780C v 1atm. Gi thit
rng hi l kh l tng v b qua th tch ca etanol lng so vi hi.
(S:Q = +38,7 kJ; W= -2,92kJ; U= +35,8kJ; Sh= +110J/K v G=0)
9. 12000C s kh st (III) oxit thnh st nguyn t v oxy khng xy ra v: 2Fe2O3(r)
4Fe(r) + 3O2(k) G = + 840 kJ. (1)
Hy ch ra cch lm th no qu trnh ny vn c th tin hnh c nu ton b lng oxy
thot ra c dng t chy cacbon:
C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k)
G = - 400 kJ (2)
(S: V G1 + 3G2 = - 360 kJ < 0 )
10. Gii thch ti sao c th kh wonfram (VI) oxit WO3 thnh kim loi nhit cao
bng hydr:
WO3(r) + 3H2(k) W(r) + 3H2O(k).
khong nhit no th phn ng c th xy ra?
(S: H0 = 117,41kJ; S0 =131,19 J/K; G < 0 => T > H0/ S0=895 K)

Chng 6: CN BNG HA HC &

MC DIN RA CA CC QA TRNH HA HC
I. CU HI L THUYT
1. Th no l phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch. Khi nim v c im ca cn
bng ha hc?
2. Th no l hng s cn bng KC, Kp. Chng ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Quan h
gia chng?
3. Trnh by nh hng ca cc yu t: nng , nhit , p sut ti cn bng ha hc.
Ly v d minh ha.
4. Vit biu thc hng s cn bng ca cc cn bng ha hc sau :
(a) 2NOCl(k) 2NO(k) + Cl2(k).
(g) [HgI4]2-(dd) Hg2+(dd) + 4I-(dd).
(b) CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k).
(h) N2(k) + 3/2H2(k) NH3(k).
(c) 2CH3COOH(k) (CH3COOH)2(k)
(i) 3Fe(r) + 4H2O(k) Fe3O4(r) + 4H2(k).
(d) CO2(k) + C(r) 2CO(k).
(j) NH4HS(r) NH3(k)+H2S(k).
(e) CaCl2.2H2O(r) CaCl2(r) + 2H2O(k).
(k) SnO2(r) + 2H2(k) Sn(l) + 2H2O(k).
(f) 2NO2(k) N2O4(k).
(l) CaCO3(r) Ca(r) + CO2(k).
II. BI TP
1. Np 8 mol SO2 v 4mol O2 vo trong mt bnh kn. Phn ng c tin hnh nhit
khng i. Khi cn bng c thit lp c 80% lng SO2 ban u tham gia phn ng .
Xc nh p sut ca hn hp kh cn bng nu p sut ban u l 300 kPa.
(S: 220 kPa)
2. Cho phn ng v cc d kin:
C(graphit) + H2O(k) CO(k) + H2(k)
S0298 (J/mol.K)
5,7
188,7
197,5
130,5
0
H 298 tt (kJ/mol)
0
-241,8
-110,5
0
Tnh gi tr nhit ca phn ng ti hng s cn bng bng 1. Xem H0 v S0 khng
ph thuc nhit .
(S: T = 983 K)
3. Xt h cn bng: N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) H0 = - 92,4 kJ
Khi h cn bng, nng cc cht l: [N2] = 3M; [H2] = 9M; [NH3] = 4M.
a) Xc nh nng ban u ca N2 v H2 nu ban u ch c N2 v H2.
b) Xc nh chiu chuyn dch cn bng khi tng nhit .
c) Xc nh chiu chuyn dch cn bng khi gim th tch bnh phn ng.
(S:(a):[N2]0 = 5M v [H2]0 = 15M;(b): chiu nghch;(c): chiu thun)
4. mt nhit xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn ng (1) l 100. Hy vit biu thc
v tnh hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng (2) v (3).
(1) N2(k) + 2O2(k) 2NO2(k).
K1 = 100.
(2) 2NO2(k) N2(k) + 2O2(k).
K2 = ?
(3) NO2(k) N2(k) + O2(k).
K3 = ?
(S: K2 = 0,01; K3 = 0,1)
5. Ammoni hydr sunfua phn hy theo phng trnh:
NH4HS(r) NH3(k) + H2S(k).
Mt lng cht rn NH4HS c cho vo bnh chn khng mt nhit xc nh, s
phn hy din ra n khi t tng p sut l 500 torr (1 torr = 1 mmHg)
a) Tnh gi tr ca hng s cn bng KP .(Ch : tnh theo atm)
10

b) Khi thm ammoniac vo hn hp cn bng nhit khng i cho n khi p

sut ring phn ca NH3 l 700 torr. Hi p sut ring phn ca H2S v p sut tng
ca bnh l bao nhiu ? Kt qu c ph hp vi nguyn l Le Chtelier khng ?
(S: KP = 0,108 atm2; P(H2S) = 0,117atm = 89,3torr ; Ptotal = 789,3 torr)
6. Qu trnh kh oxit thic (IV) bng H2:
SnO2(r) + 2H2(k) Sn(l) + 2H2O(k). Tnh KP hai nhit :
a) 900 K , hn hp kh v hi cn bng c 45% H2 v th tch.
b) 1100 K, hn hp kh v hi cn bng c 24% H2 v th tch.
c) Hy cho bit nhit cao hn hay thp hn th hiu sut kh cao hn ? Phn ng
c du ca H nh th no ?
( S: KP (900) = 1,5 ; KP (1100) = 10 ; T cao ; H > 0 )
7. Khi trn 1 mol ru tylic nguyn cht vi 1 mol axit axetic c xc tc H+ nhit
phng, hn hp cn bng c cha mol mi cht este v nc. Tnh hng s cn bng v
G0 ca phn ng. Nu ban u trn 3 mol ru vi 1 mol axit th thu c bao nhiu mol
este trng thi cn bng.
(S: K = 4,0 ; G0 = -3,44 kJ ; 0,90 mol este)
8. Cho phn ng : 2A(k) + B(k) A2B(k). 300 K c K = 1,0 10-10 . Cho S0 = 5,0 J/K.
Tnh U0 ?
(S: U0 = 63,8 kJ)
9. Cho:(1):
CS2((k) + 3O2(k) CO2(k) + 2SO2(k)
(K1)
Tnh (cng T)(2): CO2(k) + SO2(k) CS2((k) + O2(k) (K2 theo K1)
(S: K2 = K1- )
10. Cn bng: 2NO2(k) N2O4(k) c hng s cn bng K(250C) = 6,8 v K(2000C) =
1,21 10 -3. Tnh bin thin enthalpy H ca phn ng. Gi thit rng H v S l hng s
khong nhit kho st.
(S: H = -58 kJ)

11

Chng 11: DUNG DCH LNG

I. CU HI L THUYT
1. nh ngha dung dch phn t v nu cc phng php biu din nng dung dch
thng dng nht.
2. Qu trnh ha tan xy ra nh th no? Th no l tan, dung dch bo ha, dung dch
qu bo ha?
3. nh ngha nhit ha tan. Ti sao c qu trnh ha tan thu nhit v c qu trnh ha tan
ta nhit?
4. Trnh by cc yt t nh hng n tan ca cht rn v cht kh vo nc.
5. Th no l p sut hi bo ha, nhit si, nhit kt tinh ca cht lng?
6. Qu trnh si v kt tinh ca dung dch long cha cht tan khng bay hi x ra nh th
no?
7. nh ngha hin tng thm thu v p sut thm thu. Vit phng trnh Vant Hoff
tnh p sut thm thu v phm vi p dng ca n.
II. BI TP
1. Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 40% (d = 1,46 kg/l) iu ch 800 ml dung dch
KOH 12% (d = 1,1 kg/l).
2. Tnh nhit si v nhit kt tinh ca dung dch ng saccaro (C12H22O11) 5% trong
nc. Tnh p sut hi trn trn b mt dung dch ng ny 650C nu p sut hi nc
bo ha nhit ny bng 185,7 mmHg. Cho h s nghim si v h s nghim ng
ca nc ln lt bng 0,52 v 1,86.
3. p sut hi nc bo ha 700C l 233,8 mmHg. cng nhit ny, p sut hi ca
dung dch cha 12g cht tan trong 270g nc bng 230,68 mmHg. Xc nh khi lng
phn t ca cht tan.
4. Tnh nhit si v nhit kt tinh ca dung dch cha 9g glucoza (C6H12O6) trong
400g nc.
5. Mt dung dch glyxerin kt tinh -2,790C. Tnh s mol glyxerin (C3H8O3) ha tan trong
100mol nc v tnh p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch 200C. Bit rng p sut hi bo
ha ca nc nhit ny bng 17,54 mmHg.
6. Khi ha tan 3,24g lu hunh vo 40g benzen nhit si ca dung dch tng ln 0,810.
Tnh xem trong dung dch ny mt phn t lu hunh gm my nguyn t. Cho h s
nghim si ca benzen bng 2,64.
7. Tnh p sut thm thu 270C ca dung dch c cha 91g ng saccaro (C12H22O11)
trong 1 lt dung dch.

12

Chng 7: DUNG DCH IN LY

I. CU HI L THUYT
1. Hy trnh by nhng im chnh ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius v thuyt in ly hin i
ca Kablukov. u v nhc im ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius.
2. Th no l cht in ly mnh, yu? Trong dung dch nc, nhng cht no l cht in
ly mnh, yu? Ti sao?
3. Th no l in ly, hng s in ly. Mi lin h gia chng. Nguyn l chuyn dch
cn bng in ly.
4. Nu ngha ca h s Vant Hoff. Mi quan h ca n vi in ly. S khc nhau
gia dung dch in ly v dung dch phn t.
5. Tch s tan l g? Mi quan h gia tch s tan v tan. iu kin ha tan v kt ta
ca cht in ly kh tan.
6. Trng thi ion trong dung dch cht in ly mnh nh th no? T suy ra v sao
in ly ca cc axit mnh li nh hn 1 v chi khi pha long dung dch rt long th in
ly mi tin ti 1?
7. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhenius, Bronsted v Lewis. u v nhc im ca chng.
8. Th no l tch s ion ca nc, pH? So snh tnh cht axit, baz cua mi trng theo
pH.
9. Th no l s thy phn ca mui? Bn cht ca phn ng thy phn mui l g? Nhng
mui no b thy phn? Cho v d. Cch trnh thy phn ca cc mui.
10. Cc axit a bc in ly nh th no? Ti sao nc u mnh nht.
II. BI TP
1. p sut hi ca dung dch cha 16,98g NaNO3 trong 200g nc l 17,02 mmHg 200C.
Tnh in ly ca mui trong dung dch bit rng p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn
cht nhit ny l 17,54 mmHg.
2. Mt dung dch c cha 0,408 mol Ca(NO3)2 trong 1000g nc c p sut hi bo ha
bng 746,9 mmHg. Tnh nhit si ca dung dch.
3. Khi ha tan 11,16g ZnCl2 vo 1000g nc th c mt dung dch kt tinh -0,3850C.
Tnh in ly biu kin ca mui.
4. Tnh nng ion hydro, nng ion hydroxyl v pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M.
Bit in ly ca axit trong dung dch ny l 4,2%.
5. Mt dung dch axit foocmic trong nc c pH = 3. Hy tnh nng mol/l ca axit bit
hng s in ly ca n bng 2,1 10-4.
6. Tnh s mol NH4Cl cn phi thm vo 1 lt dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M nng ion OHtr nn bng hng s in ly ca NH4Cl (K = 1,8 10-5). Bit rng mi in ly hon ton.
7. Tch s ha tan ca Ag2SO4 250C bng 7 10-5.Hy tnh tan ca Ag2SO4 biu din
bng mol/l v g/l v nng cc ion Ag+ v SO 24 trong dung dch bo ha Ag2SO4 250C.
8. Trong 1 lt dung dch Ag2CrO4 bo ha c cha 0,025g cht tan. Tnh tch s tan ca
mui.
9. Tnh xem c kt ta BaSO4 hay khng nu trn ln hai th tch bng nhau ca hai dung
10
5
dch BaCl2 0,01M v CaSO4 bo ha. Bit TBaSO 4 = 1,08 10 v TCaSO 4 = 6,1 10
10. Khi thm 0,1 mol KCl vo 1 lt dung dch bo ha AgCl th tan ca AgCl gim i
bao nhiu ln. Bit in ly biu kin ca KCl l 0,86 v TAgCl = 1,5 10-10.

13

Chng 8: IN HA HC
II. CU HI L THUYT
1. Phn ng oxy ha kh thng thng v phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra trong pin v trong
bnh in phn c g ging v khc nhau?
2. Trnh by nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng. Pin in ha hc l g? Vit k
hiu ca pin, cc phn ng din ra in cc v trong pin khi pin hot ng, chiu chuyn
ng ca dng electron, dong in, ca cc ion, cch tnh sut in ng ca pin.
3. Th no l th in cc, th in cc tiu chun? Dng th in cc xt chiu ca
phn ng oxi ha kh nh th no?
4. Th no l sut in ng ca pin? Th in cc v sut in ng ca pin ph thuc
vo nhng yu t no?
5. Hy thit lp cng thc tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng oxi ha kh theo th in
cc tiu chun ca cc cp. Hy nhn nh v chiu v mc din ra ca cc phn ng
da vo hng s cn bng.
6. Cn bng cc phn ng sau y bng phng php ion electron. Xc nh cht oxi ha,
cht kh, qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh trong cc phn ng.
a) HI + H2SO4 = I2 + SO2 + H2O
b) NaNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 = NaNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
c) H2S + HNO3 = S + NO2 + H2O
d) Cl2 + KOH = KCl + KClO3 + H2O
e) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + H2O
f) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
7. Dng bng th in cc tiu chun, hy cho bit phn ng no sau y c th xy ra
iu kin tiu chun:
a) Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2
b) Cu + 2H+ = Cu2+ + H2
c) I2 + 2Fe2+ = 2I- + 2Fe3+
d) 2Fe3+ + Fe = 3Fe3+
e) Sn4+ + 2Fe2+ = Sn2+ + 2Fe3+
8. Bit th in cc ca mt s bn phn ng:
a) I2 + 2e = 2I 0 = 0,536V
b) Br2 + 2e = 2Br 0 = 1,065V
c) Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl 0 = 1,359V
2
d) Cr2 O 7 + 14H+ +6e = 2Cr2+ + 7H2O
0 = 1,333V
e) MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O 0 = 1,507V
- Hy sp xp cc cht kh v cc cht oxi ha thnh mt dy mnh dn.
- iu kin tiu chun cht no c kh nng oxi ha Cl- thnh Cl2. Vit phng trnh
phn ng.
9. C pin to thnh t thanh km nhng vo dung dch Zn(NO3)2 0,1M v thanh ch nhng
vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2 0,02M. Tnh sut in ng ca pin. Vit cc phn ng xy ra
trn cc in cc v trong pin. Lp s pin v ch chiu chuyn ng ca cc ion v
electron.
II.BI TP
1. Xt phn ng:

Sn + Pb2+ = Sn2+ + Pb
14

0
0
Cho: Sn 2 + / Sn = 0,136 V v Pb 2 + / Pb = 0,126 V
a) iu kin tiu chun phn ng din ra theo chiu no? Tnh hng s cn bng
ca phn ng.
b) Gim nng Pb2+ cn 0,1M, phn ng xy ra theo chiu no?
2+
2+
2. Nng Zn2+ phi bng bao nhiu pin ()Mg Mg 1M Zn Zn (+ ) c sut in
0
0
ng bng 1,16V? Bit Mg 2 + / Mg = 2,363V v Zn 2 + / Zn = 0,763V .
0
0
3. Bit Co 2 + / Co = 0,277 V v Ni 2 + / Ni = 0,25V . Xt chiu phn ng oxi ha kh gia
hai cp Co2+/Co v Ni2+/Ni
a) Khi nng cc cht bng 1M.
b) Khi nng Co2+ bng 1M v nng Ni2+ bng 0,01M.
c) Khi nng Co2+ bng 0,01M v nng Ni2+ bng 1M.
Cho kin nhn xt v ca phn ng khi gim nng Co2+.
4. Dung dch KMnO4 c oxi ha c cc ion Cl- v Br- hay khng cc iu kin sau
(nu c, hy vit phng trnh phn ng):
a) iu kin chun.
b) Khi pH = 3, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun.
c) Khi pH = 5, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun.
5. Xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau:
Cr2 O 72 + 6I- +14H+ = 2Cr3+ + +3I2 + 7H2O
2
Trn c s hy kt lun v kh nng oxy ha I- n iot t do bng Cr2 O 7 trong mi
trng axit.
0
Hg 22+ + 2Fe2+ = 2Hg + 2Fe3+ . Bit Hg 22 = / Hg = 0,788V v
6. Cho phn ng:

0Fe3+ / Fe 2 + = 0,771V
a) 250C, phn ng s xy ra theo chiu no nu C Hg 22 + = C Fe 2 + = 0,01M v
C Fe3+ = 10 4 M
b) Cng 250C phn ng trn s t c cn bng khi nng Fe3+ l bao nhiu
nu C Hg 22 + = C Fe 2 + = 0,01M .
0
0
7. Cho bit AsO34 + 4 H + / AsO 2 + 2 H 2O = 0,559 V v I 2 / 2 I = 0,536 V
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia chng iu kin chun.
b) Tm pH phn ng cn bng v xy ra theo chiu ngc li, khi nng cc
cht cn li u bng 1M.
8. Tnh hng s in ly ca axit axetic bit rng pin gm in cc hydro tiu chun v in
cc hydro nhng vo dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, vi p sut hydro 1 atm c sut in
ng 0,1998V
0
9. Tch s tan ca AgI l 10-16, Ag + / Ag = 0,7991V
a) Tnh th kh ca in cc bc nhng vo dung dch bo ha AgI.
b) Bc c th y c hydro ra khi dung dch HI 1M khng? V sao?
0
0
10. Bit Ag + / Ag = 0,7991V v AgCl / Ag + Cl = 0,2225V . Tnh tch s tan ca AgI

15