Bai Giang Tin Hoc Chuyen Nganh

TRNG I HC NNG LM HU
KHOA TI NGUYN T & MI TRNG NNG NGHIP B MN CNG NGH QUN L T AI
---------------
---------------
BI GING
TIN HC CHUYN NGNH

(Dng cho Sinh vin ngnh Qun l t ai)
BIN SON: PHM GIA TNG
Ti liu lu hnh ni b Hu, 2010
CHNG 1: NG DNG TIN HC BNH SAI S LIU O C 1.1. Nhng vn c bn v bnh sai s liu trong o c 1.1.1. Khi nim v bnh sai v phng php bnh sai Trong qu trnh o c, thc t chng ta khng th xc nh c gi tr ng ca i lng o chnh v vy trong o c lun tn ti sai s. tng chnh xc, chng ta thng o tha cc yu t kim tra. Qu trnh loi b bt cc sai s trong o c n mt mc no c th chp nhn c cc kt qu l gn ng th c gi l bnh sai. Phn loi phng php bnh sai: + Bnh sai gn ng Tch cc kt qu o ra thnh tng nhm d liu m n ng nht v tnh cht ri tin hnh bnh sai ni b tng nhm mt m khng k nh hng n nhm khc. V d nh bnh sai gc o trong mt li ng chuyn ri s dng cc gc o tnh di cc cnh. + Bnh sai tuyt i Tin hnh bnh sai ng thi cc kt qu o. Hin nay thng s dng phng php s bnh phng nh nht (Phng php Gauss). Bn cht ca bnh sai theo phng php bnh phng nh nht l nh sau: Gi s chng ta o n i lng gc l L1, L1 ...Ln. Chng ta i tm cc i lng gn ng l: L1 = L1 + v1 L2 = L2 + v2 ...................... Ln = Ln + vn Vi cc trng s tng ng l P1, P2,....Pn Khi : v1, v2,...vn. c gi l cc s hiu chnh. Cc gi tr L1, L2, ...Ln. c gi l cc gi tr hiu chnh. Lc phi m bo [Pvv] = P1v12 + P2v22 + ......+ Pnvn2 t Min
Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

B mn Cng ngh QL, Khoa TN&MTNN, Trng H Nng lm Hu
1.1.2. Quy trnh bnh sai gin tip v bnh sai trc tip 1.1.2.1.Quy trnh bnh sai gin tip (Bnh sai tham s) thc hin c vic bnh sai gin tip, cn phi tin hnh theo quy trnh nh sau: - Xc nh r c cc i lng o (n), cc i lng cn o (k) v i lng o tha (r = n - k). - Chn n s (Chn n s bng s i lng cn o v phi c lp vi nhau). - Lp h phng trnh kt qu o (s phng trnh bng s i lng o v khng suy ra nhau). - Lp phng trnh s hiu chnh. - Tuyn tnh ha h phng trnh s hiu chnh. (S dng khai trin Taylor) - T h s ca h phng trnh s hiu chnh, lp h phng trnh chun ca cc n s. - Gii h phng trnh chun, tm c cc n s. - Thay cc n s tm c v h phng trnh cc s hiu chnh th s tm c cc s hiu chnh. - Tnh ton gi tr sau khi bnh sai. 1.1.2.2. Quy trnh bnh sai trc tip (Bnh sai theo s lin h) - Xc nh i lng o (n), i lng cn o (k), i lng o tha (r). - Thnh lp h phng trnh lin h (S phng trnh bng s i lng o tha, s n s bng s i lng o). - Thnh lp h phng trnh iu kin s hiu chnh. - Tuyn tnh ha h phng trnh iu kin s hiu chnh (S dng hm Lagrang). - Thnh lp h phng trnh chun ca cc s lin h.
B mn Cng ngh QL, Khoa TN&MTNN, Trng H Nng lm Hu 2
- Gii h phng trnh chun, tm c h s lin h. - Thay cc kt qu ta s tm c s hiu chnh. - T s hiu chnh, tm c s gn ng nht. 1.2. ng dng tin hc bnh sai s liu Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm c s dng bnh sai cc kt qu o c. Nhn chung, cc phn mm u c vit bnh sai s liu o c theo s nh sau: S liu o c S o
Phn mm chuyn i
Nhp s liu (Notepad) KQ Bnh sai -Gc, cnh -Ta .....
Phn mm Bnh sai
S 1: Quy trnh ng dng tin hc bnh sai s liu
1.2.1. Mt s phn mm bnh sai hin nay ang s dng * Phn mm Nova ca cng ty TNHH Hi Ha: Chy trn mi trng Autocad, l mt phn mm x l s liu rt mnh v a dng. Thng c dng bnh sai kt qu o c phc v cho ngnh xy dng, kin trc. * Phn mm AD-PNET.EXE ca Trn Trung Chuyn (i hc M - a Cht H Ni), l mt phn mm chy trong h iu hnh DOS. File d liu c lu di dng file *.DAT. Giao din phn mm nh sau

Hnh 1: Giao din phn mm AD-PNET
* Phn mm bnh sai li khng ch mt phng chy trong mi trng lnh vn bn ca h iu hnh (DOS). Nm trong h b chng trnh kho st ca V Mnh Trng thuc cng ty kho st thit k ng thy 1. Phn mm gm c hai file l hai file K3.EXE c kch thc 200976 byte, file ny chy kim tra li v file DM3.EXE c kch thc 189976 byte l file bnh sai li. File d liu u vo (input) c ui l *.SL (v d: NCKH.SL). File d liu u ra (output) c ui l *.KQ (v d: NCKH.KQ). Khi chy kim tra li file K3.EXE pht sinh ra hai file l: KTRA.KQ v KQDO.SL, xem kt qu kim ta c file KTRA.KQ file ny cho ta bng ci chnh cnh o v nh gi tuyn kim tra, cn file KQDO.SL th cho ta ta khi lc ca cc im cn tnh. Ngoi ra trong phn mm ny cn c hai file c tn l: KTL.EXE v BSK.EXE. Hai file ny c chc nng tng t nh hai file K3.EXE v DM3.EXE, nhng cu trc nhp v phn x l c mt s im khc nhau.

s dng c phn mm ny, ta cc im bit phi ln hn 3 im.
Hnh 2: Giao din phn mm kho st ca V Mnh Tng
* Phn mm Bnh sai NIN ca Cng ty trch nhim hu hn An Thi Sn a, chy trn mi trng Window, giao din n gin, trc quan sinh ng v d s dng, font ch Vit Nam. Giao din phn mm NIN nh sau:
Hnh 3: Giao din phn mm NIN

1.2.2. Gii thiu phn mm Pronet ProNet l mt phn mm x l cc s liu Trc a phc v cng tc lp li v o v bn a hnh, a chnh c nhng nh chuyn mn v Trc a & Bn , nghin cu v pht trin t nm 1998. y l phn mm chuyn dng t ng ha cng tc x l s liu Trc a trn my tnh, c bit vi s lng ln. Phn mm ProNet c u im l tc x l nhanh, bnh sai c cc mng li phc tp, li mt bng c th tnh ton trn hai h to VN2000 v HN1972, li cao c th bnh sai theo s liu o trn vng ng bng hoc vng ni, kt qu x l chnh xc, mu m in ra ng theo yu cu quy phm quy nh. Phn mm ProNet c dung lng nh, c ci t trn mi trng ca h iu hnh Window, c giao din chnh bng ting Vit. H thng cc chc nng a dng, thc hin n gin, d hiu, thun tin. c bit l ProNet c tch hp nhiu cng c mi thao tc vi tp vn bn, ho, qun l cng mt lc nhiu ca s.
Hnh 4: Giao din phn mm Pronet

Trn thanh menu c cc ca s chnh l File, Edit, La chn, Bnh sai li mt bng, Bnh sai li cao, Window, Help. Trong : - File dng m file, to file, ng file. - Edit dng ct, dn, sa cha cc tp d liu. - La chn dng t cc tham s bnh sai. - Bnh sai li mt bng. - Bnh sai li o cao. - Window hin th cc cng c, hay ca s. - Help gip . Ngoi ra, trn thanh cng c cn hin th mt s cng c chng ta d thao tc trong qu trnh s dng. Trc khi tin hnh bnh sai s liu o c cn phi chn cc tham s bnh sai l: H ta , mi chiu, o cao lng gic hay o cao thy chun.
Hnh 5: La chn cc tham s bnh sai

1.2.3. S dng phn mm Pronet bnh sai kt qu o c 1.2.3.1. Chun b - s dng phn mm bnh sai Pronet c hiu qu, trong qu trnh o c cn phi thc hin v s li cn thn - a tn cc im ln s li, lu cn phi xc nh c chnh xc im gc hay im o. S hiu im gc phi ln hn s hiu im cn xc nh. S hiu cc im khng c trng nhau. - La chn phng n nhp s liu ph hp nht. Pronet 2002 ch cho php nhp s liu th cng, nhng cc phin bn sau cho php nhn d liu t cc my ton c in t. 1.2.3.2. Bnh sai li mt bng
Khng tha mn cc iu kin
Nhp Ktra D liu
Tnh khi lc
Ktra file bo li (*.err)
Hin s li
Ktra tp (*.kl)
B.sai li mt bng
C li
S 2: Quy trnh bnh sai li mt bng

a. File d liu u vo v cc file pht sinh File d liu u vo cn phi son tho trong Notepad v c lu di dng *.sl. Khi chy chng trnh bnh sai, phn mm s pht sinh 4 file l: - *.err: y l file bo cc li . Trong qu trnh nhp d liu, nu b sai th Pronet s bo cc li chnh xc n tng dng, chng ta c th sa li. - *.xy: L file cha ta khi lc bnh sai. - *.kl: L file cha cc kt qu tnh ton khi lc. - *.bs: L file cha cc kt qu bnh sai. Khi chng ta chy chng trnh, file s liu c lu th mc no th cc file pht sinh cng c lu th mc vi cng tn file nhng c phn m rng (ui file) l khc nhau. Cu trc file d liu
S TT CU TRC D LIU 1 2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 GII THCH Tn li: 1dng, khng qa 80 k t Cc tham s ca li (1 dng): I1: Tng s gc o I2: Tng s cnh o I3: Tng s phng v o I4: Tng s im cn xc nh I5: Tng s im gc

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Cc tham s chnh xc ca li (1dng): R1: Sai s cho php. R2: H s a ca my o di (mm) R3: H s b ca my o di (mm) R4: Khong cch cc mt li ch thp R5: H s K trong h ta UTM Trong h VN2000 K=0.9999 vi mi chiu 3 K=0.9996 vi mi chiu 6
I1 R2 R3
Ta im gc, s dng bng s im gc: I1: S hiu im gc R2: Ta X(m) (Hng Bc) R3: Ta Y(m) (Hng ng)
C1
Khai bo tn im: Tn im 8 k t S dng=S im cn xc nh+S im gc (I4 + I5) C1: Tn im
6a
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 R7 [R8]
Gc o (h gc: pht giy): S dng=Tng s gc o I1: S th t gc o I2: S hiu nh tri I3: S hiu nh gia I4: S hiu nh phi I5, I6, I7: Gc o (, pht, giy) [R8]: Sai s gc o (ch dng khi cc gc o khng cng chnh xc)

10
6b
I1 I2 I3 I4 R5 [R6]
Gc o (h gc: Grad): S dng=S gc o I1: S th t gc o I2: S hiu nh tri I3: S hiu nh gia I4: S hiu nh phi R5: Gc o (Grad) [R6]: Sai s gc o (ch dng khi cc gc o khng cng chnh xc)
I1 I2 I3 R4 [R5]
Cnh o: S dng=S cnh o I1: S th t cnh o I2: S hiu nh tri I3: S hiu nh phi R4: Gi tr cnh o (m) [R5]: Sai s cnh o (ch dng khi cc cnh o khng cng chnh xc)
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 R6
Phng v o: S dng=S phng v o I1: S th t phng v o I2: S hiu nh tri I3: S hiu nh phi I4, I5, I6: Phng v o (, pht, giy)
1 010002003004010
Cc iu kin kim tra 1 : s th t iu kin kim tra 010,002,... s hiu im ca cc im
10
000
Kt thc file s liu

11
V d 1: To file d liu u vo bnh sai li o c hnh v cc s liu nh sau: STT Tn im 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DB1 DB2 ML1 ML2 ML3 ML4 DB3 DB4 84,400 100,450 55,820 55,890 82,920 77,000 89,200 1110024 2630220 17805740 27104729 26105825 8403010 2316914,000 574532,000 2316854,000 574598,000 Cnh (m) Gc o X Ta Y
2316817,000 574444,000 2316881,000 574499,000
Ghi ch: o tri ng chuyn, sai s cho php 5, h s a, b ca my o l 3mm.
Hnh 6: hnh li mt bng

12
Vic thnh lp file d liu u vo cn phi tun th cht ch cc bc theo hng dn. nhp tr o gc v cnh di c chnh xc, cn phi lun quan st s li c v trong qu trnh o c trn thc a. i vi dng kim tra, mi mt dng li thng c cc dng kim tra i km theo. * Nu l ng chuyn ph hp cc iu kin kim tra c khai bo nh sau: 015016001002003004020021
15 1 3 20
16
21 4
Hnh 7: ng chuyn ph hp
* Nu l ng chuyn khng ph hp v khuyt 1 phng v cc iu kin kim tra c khai bo nh sau: 015016001002003004020-01
15 1 3 20
16
Hnh 8: ng chuyn khng ph hp khuyt 1 phng v
* Nu l ng chuyn khng ph hp v khuyt 2 phng v cc iu kin kim tra c khai bo nh sau: 015016001002003004020-02
15 1 3 20
16
Hnh 9: ng chuyn khng ph hp khuyt 2 phng v
* Nu l li tam gic, kim tra c cc iu kin ta , phng v ca li tam gic chng ta cn phi chn cc ng tnh ph hp. Khi cc
iu kin ny s c khai bo hon ton nh cc iu kin trong li ng chuyn. V d li tam gic nh hnh sau c khai bo nh sau: 0200210010020030025024
21 2 25
20
24
Hnh 10: Li tam gic
* Nu l a gic trung tm cc iu kin c khai bo nh sau: 005007008010015017000019

5 7
17
19
10 15
Hnh 11: a gic trung tm b. Chy chng trnh bnh sai Pronet Sau khi son tho xong file d liu hon chnh, chng ta tin hnh s dng phn mm Pronet bnh sai li mt bng theo cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Khi ng chng trnh Pronet, t thanh cng c, chn Bnh sai li mt bng, chn file s liu.

14
Hnh 12: Chn file s liu
Nu file s liu nhp ng, phn mm s xut hin hp thoi nh sau:
Hnh 13: Hp thoi thng bo kt qu kim tra u vo
Nu file d liu u vo cha ng, phn mm s xut hin hp thoi sau:
Hnh 14: Hp thoi bo li
Khi xut hin hp thoi ny, chng ta phi m li file *.err xem cc li. Trong file *.err s ch cc li sai chnh xc n tng dng. Bc 2: T thanh cng c, chn Bnh sai li mt bng, tnh ton khi lc li.

15
Hnh 15: Tnh khi lc mng li
Bc 3: T thanh cng c, chn Bnh sai li mt bng, chn hin th s li.
Hnh 16: S li
Trong ca s hin th li, c cc nt iu khin phng to, thu nh, hin th ln mn hnh, di chuyn liTrong s li, s c cc im c hin th r s hiu im. Cc im bit s c nh du bng mu , cc im cn xc nh c nh du bng mu en. Bc 4: T thanh cng c, chn Bnh sai li mt bng.
Hnh 17: Bnh sai li mt bng Nh vy, chng ta kt thc vic bnh sai. Cc file kt qu l: c. c kt qu bnh sai
Kt qu chy phn mm bnh sai s c 4 file pht sinh, song thc t chng ta thng ch quan tm n file *.bs v file ny cha ton b tt c kt qu bnh sai n chi tit ca li. File *.bs c cu trc nh sau:
THANH QUA TINH TOAN BINH SAI LUOI MAT BANG VI DU LOP QUAN LY DAT DAI K41 ==================******================== CHI TIEU KY THUAT LUOI ---------------------1_Tong so diem : 8 2_So diem goc : 4 3_So diem moi lap : 4 4_So luong goc do : 6 5_So luong canh do: 7 6_Goc phuong vi do: 0 7_He so K (UTM) : 0.9999 SO LIEU KHOI TINH ----------------============================================= | SO | TEN | T O A D O | | TT | DIEM |-----------------------------| | | | X(m) | Y(m) | |====|========|==============|==============| | 5 |DB1 | 2316817.000 | 574444.000 | | 6 |DB2 | 2316881.000 | 574499.000 | | 7 |DB3 | 2316914.000 | 574532.000 | | 8 |DB4 | 2316854.000 | 574598.000 | =============================================
BANG THANH QUA TOA DO BINH SAI =============****============= ================================================================ | SO |KI HIEU | T O A D O | SAI SO VI TRI DIEM | | THU| DIEM |---------------------------|--------------------| | TU | | X(m) | Y(m) | Mx | My | Mp | |====|========|=============|=============|======|======|======| | 1 |ML1 | 2316969.434 | 574451.350 |0.022 |0.014 |0.026 | | 2 |ML2 | 2317001.432 | 574497.128 |0.024 |0.024 |0.034 | | 3 |ML3 | 2317034.299 | 574542.375 |0.024 |0.026 |0.036 | | 4 |ML4 | 2316965.727 | 574588.986 |0.019 |0.019 |0.027 | ================================================================
BANG TUONG HO VI TRI DIEM ===========***=========== =================================================================== |N% DIEM |N% DIEM | CHIEU DAI| Ms | Ms/S | PHUONG VI | M(a) |

17
| DAU | CUOI |----------|-------|--------|------------|------| | | | (m) | (m) | | o ' '' | '' | |========|========|==========|=======|========|============|======| |ML1 |ML2 | 55.853 | 0.024 |1/ 2300| 55 2 49.60|30.75 | | |DB2 | 100.454 | 0.023 |1/ 4400|151 40 59.25|24.52 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| |ML2 |ML3 | 55.923 | 0.025 |1/ 2300| 54 0 20.65|32.88 | | |ML1 | 55.853 | 0.024 |1/ 2300|235 2 49.60|30.75 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| |ML3 |ML4 | 82.914 | 0.023 |1/ 3700|145 47 41.24|31.42 | | |ML2 | 55.923 | 0.025 |1/ 2300|234 0 20.65|32.88 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| |ML4 |DB3 | 76.961 | 0.025 |1/ 3100|227 46 10.49|25.13 | | |ML3 | 82.914 | 0.023 |1/ 3700|325 47 41.24|31.42 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| |DB2 |ML1 | 100.454 | 0.023 |1/ 4400|331 40 59.25|24.52 | | |DB1 | 84.386 | ---- | ---- |220 40 29.78| ---- | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| |DB3 |DB4 | 89.196 | ---- | ---- |132 16 25.28| ---- | | |ML4 | 76.961 | 0.025 |1/ 3100| 47 46 10.49|25.13 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 KET QUA DANH GIA DO CHINH XAC LUOI ================================== 1_Sai so trong so don vi M = 27.81" --------------------------------------2_Diem yeu nhat (ML3 ) mp = 0.036 (m) ----------------------------------------3_Chieu dai canh yeu : (ML1 _ ML2 ) ms/s = 1/2300 ----------------------------------------------------------4_Phuong vi canh yeu : (ML2 _ ML3 ) ma = 32.88" ----------------------------------------------------------
BANG TRI DO,SO HIEU CHINH VA TRI BINH SAI GOC ===================*******=================== ======================================================================== | So | K I H I E U G O C | TRI DO |SO CC|SO H.C|TRI BINH SAI| | TT | Trai Giua Phai | o ' '' |m.ph.| ('') | o ' '' | |----|--------------------------|------------|-----|------|------------| | 1 |DB1 DB2 ML1 |111 0 24.00| --- | 5.46|111 0 29.46| | 2 |DB2 ML1 ML2 |263 22 0.00| --- | -9.65|263 21 50.35| | 3 |ML1 ML2 ML3 |178 57 40.00| --- | -8.95|178 57 31.05| | 4 |ML2 ML3 ML4 |271 47 29.00| --- | -8.41|271 47 20.59| | 5 |ML3 ML4 DB3 |261 58 25.00| --- | 4.25|261 58 29.25| | 6 |ML4 DB3 DB4 | 84 30 10.00| --- | 4.79| 84 30 14.79| ========================================================================
BANG TRI DO,SO HIEU CHINH VA TRI BINH SAI CANH ====================******==================== ======================================================================= | S0 | KI HIEU CANH | | SO CAI CHINH |SO HIEU| TRI | | TT |------------------| TRI DO |---------------| CHINH | BINH SAI |

18
| | d.1 d.2 | | Elip | UTM | (m) | (m) | |----|------------------|----------|-------|-------|-------|----------| | 1 |DB1 DB2 | 84.400 | ----- |-0.003 |-0.011 | 84.386 | | 2 |DB2 ML1 | 100.450 | ----- |-0.003 | 0.008 | 100.454 | | 3 |ML1 ML2 | 55.820 | ----- |-0.002 | 0.035 | 55.853 | | 4 |ML2 ML3 | 55.890 | ----- |-0.002 | 0.035 | 55.923 | | 5 |ML3 ML4 | 82.920 | ----- |-0.003 |-0.003 | 82.914 | | 6 |ML4 DB3 | 77.000 | ----- |-0.002 |-0.037 | 76.961 | | 7 |DB3 DB4 | 89.200 | ----- |-0.003 |-0.001 | 89.196 | =======================================================================
* * * Ngay....thang....nam.... 1. Nguoi thuc hien do dac : ................. 2. Nguoi thuc hien tinh toan: ................. ** Tinh theo chuong trinh PRONET2002 ** -----------------------------------------------
(1): S th t im o. (2): K hiu im. (3): To X ca cc im sau bnh sai. (4): To Y ca cc im sau bnh sai. (5): Sai s theo trc X ca to o so vi l thuyt. (6): Sai s theo trc Y ca to o so vi l thuyt. (7): Sai s trung phng ca mi im o. (8): im bt u cnh o. (9): im cui cnh o. (10): Chiu di cnh o sau bnh sai. (11): Sai s chiu di cnh o. (12): Sai s khong cch ca im mi lp. (13): Gc phng v cc cnh o. (14): Sai s gc phng v cc cnh o. Trong bng Thnh qu bnh sai s cho chng ta kt qu bnh sai ca li, bao gm c kt qu bnh sai gc o v kt qu bnh sai cnh o. 1.2.3.3 Bnh sai li o cao
Khai bo kiu li o Nhp v kim tra d liu C li Bnh sai li o cao Kim tra tp bo li Kim tra tp kt qu
S 3: Quy trnh bnh sai o cao
a. Thnh lp file d liu u vo v cc file pht sinh File d liu u vo l *.sl, khi chy phn mm Pronet bnh sai o cao s xut hin them 2 file l *.err bo cc li v file *.dc ghi kt qu tnh ton bnh sai. File d liu u vo bnh sai li o cao c son tho trong mi trng Notepad v lu vi ui l *.sl (V d: a.sl, aa.sl) Cu trc ca file d liu u vo
Stt 1 2 I1 i2 i3 r4 Cu trc d liu Gii thch Tn li: 1dng, khng qa 80 k t Cc tham s ca li (1 dng): I1: Tng s chnh cao I2: Tng s im cn xc nh I3: Tng s im gc R4: SSTP gii hn trn 1 Km (mm) 3 C1 Khai bo tn im: Tn im 8 k t S dng=S im cn xc nh+S im gc

20
I1 r2
cao gc: S dng=S im gc I1: S hiu im gc R2: cao (m)
I1 i2 i3 r4 r5
Chnh cao o: S dng=Tng s chnh cao o I1: S th t chnh cao o I2: S hiu nh tri I3: S hiu nh phi R4: Gi tr chnh cao o (m) R5: Khong cch on o (km)
1 007001002005007
iu kin kim tra (tng t iu kin kim tra bnh sai li mt bng) S dng=Tng s tuyn kim tra
000
Du hiu kt thc tp s liu.
V d bnh sai li cao c cc d liu nh sau: im cao (m) 111,453 Chiu di (m) Chnh cao (m) DB1 DB2 DC4 DC1 DC2 DC3
DB1 DC1 740 6,200 DC2 1720 -2,365 DC3 830 3,748 DC4 700 0,795 460 5,230 DB2 125,116 Chng ta son file d liu u vo nh sau: Thuc hanh do cao 5 4 2 30.0 DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 DB1 DB2 5 111.453 6 125.116 1 5 1 6.200 0.740 2 1 2 -2.365 1.720
21
3 2 3 3.748 0.830 4 3 4 0.795 0.700 5 4 6 5.230 0.460 1 005001002003004006 000 b. Chy chng trnh Pronet Bc 1: Khi ng Pronet, chn bnh sai li cao, chn file s liu ( hoc chn F5)
Hnh 20: Chn file s liu
Nu file s liu nhp vo ng th phn mm s xut hin thng bo kim tra tp d liu u vo, cn nu trong qu trnh nhp d liu b sai th phn mm s ra thng bo li, tng t nh trong phn bnh sai li mt bng. Bc 2: Chn bnh sai li cao, Bnh sai li cao (hoc chn F6)
Hnh 21: Bnh sai li o cao
Nh vy l chng ta kt thc phn bnh sai li cao. c. c kt qu bnh sai

22
Kt qu bnh sai li cao c ghi vo file *.dc (V d, nu file d liu u vo c tn l a.sl th file kt qu c tn l a.dc) Cu trc file kt qu nh sau:
THANH QUA TINH TOAN BINH SAI LUOI DO CAO THUC HANH DO CAO =================******================= CHI TIEU KI THUAT CUA LUOI -------------------------1_Tong so diem : 6 2_So diem goc : 2 3_So diem moi lap : 4 4_So luong tri do : 5
BANG SO LIEU KHOI TINH =========*****======== ====================================== | SO | KI HIEU | D O C A O | | TT | DIEM | H(m) | |=====|=========|====================| | 1 |DB1 | 111.453 | | 2 |DB2 | 125.116 | ======================================
KIEM TRA SAI SO KHEP -------------------1 .Tuyen : DB1_DC1_DC2_DC3_DC4_DB2 So doan do N = 5 Chieu dai tuyen do [S] = 4.450 (Km) Sai so khep Wh = -55 (mm) Sai so khep gioi han Wh(gh) = 63.3 (mm) ---------------------------------------BANG THANH QUA DO CAO BINH SAI ============******============ ======================================== | SO | KI HIEU | DO CAO | S.S.T.P | | TT | DIEM | H(m) | MH(m) | |=====|=========|============|=========| | 1 |DC1 | 117.662 | 0.020 | | 2 |DC2 | 115.318 | 0.027 |

23
| 3 |DC3 | 119.077 | 0.024 | | 4 |DC4 | 119.880 | 0.017 | ========================================
TRI DO VA CAC DAI LUONG BINH SAI =============******============= ================================================================ | SO | TEN DOAN DO | CHENH CAO|CHIEU DAI| SO H/C| CHENH CAO| | TT |Diem dau-Diem sau| DO ( m ) | L (km) | V (m) | b/s (m) | |====|=================|==========|=========|=======|==========| | 1 |DB1 DC1 | 6.200 | 0.740 | 0.009 | 6.209 | | 2 |DC1 DC2 | -2.365 | 1.720 | 0.021 | -2.344 | | 3 |DC2 DC3 | 3.748 | 0.830 | 0.010 | 3.758 | | 4 |DC3 DC4 | 0.795 | 0.700 | 0.009 | 0.804 | | 5 |DC4 DB2 | 5.230 | 0.460 | 0.006 | 5.236 | ================================================================
Sai so don vi trong so Mh = 26.07 mm / Km -----------------------------------------* * * Ngay....thang....nam.... 1. Nguoi thuc hien do dac : ................. 2. Nguoi thuc hien tinh toan: ................. ** Tinh theo chuong trinh PRONET2002 ** ---------------------------------------
ngha cc s liu nh sau: Ti bng th nht l s liu khi tnh c ly trn c s d liu u vo l file s liu Ti bng th hai l bng thnh qu cao bnh sai s cho ta cao ca cc im cn xc nh v sai s trung phng. Ti bng th ba l bng tr o v cc i lng bnh sai, s cho ta kt qu l chnh cao khi o v chnh cao sau khi bnh sai, hiu chnh. Cu hi n tp chng 1 1./ Trnh by cc khi nim c bn v trc a: php chiu, gc phng v, cc phng php nh gi chnh xc, cc phng php o ?

24
2./ Hy trnh by cu trc ca file d liu u vo bnh sai li khng ch mt bng ? 3./ Hy trnh by cu trc ca file d liu u vo bnh sai li o cao ? 4./ Vit file d liu u vo bnh sai cc dng li ng chuyn thng gp ? (ng chuyn kinh v ph hp, ng chuyn kinh v khp kncc s liu t chn).
CHNG 2: XY DNG BN BNG MICROSTATION 2.1. Quy trnh XDB s v h thng phn mm Mapping office 2.1.1.Quy trnh xy dng bn s Mc ch thnh lp Thit k chung
To file To bng phn lp i tng To k hiu Qut bn To li Km
Nn bn
Nn bn V cc i tng dng ng V Bin son: Phm Gia Tngcc i tng dng vng
25
Vect ho i tng
V cc i tng dng im
To ng bao vng
Hon thin d liu

Sa cha i tng dng text ng vng, tri nn, t mu
Bin tp, trnh by bn
Lu tr v in n 2.1.2. Gii thiu h thng phn mm Mapping Office Mapping office l mt h phn mm mi nht ca tp on Intergraph bao gm cc phn mm cng c phc v cho vic xy dng v duy tr ton b cc i tng a l di dng ho bao gm: IRASC, IRASB, MSFC, GEOVEC. Cc file d liu dng ny c s dng lm u vo cho cc h thng tin a l hoc cc h qun tr d liu bn . Cc phn mm ng dng ca Mapping office c tch hp trong mt mi trng ho thng nht MicroStation to nn mt b cc cng c mnh v linh hot phc v cho vic thu nhp v x l cc i tng ho. c bit trong lnh vc bin tp v trnh by bn , da vo rt nhiu cc tnh nng m ca MicroStation cho php ngi s dng t thit k cc k hiu dng im, dng ng, dng pattern m rt nhiu cc phng php trnh by bn c coi l rt kh s
dng i vi mt s phn mm khc (Mapinfo, AutoCAD, Coreldraw, Freehand...), li c gii quyt mt cch d dng trong MicroStation. Ngoi ra cc file d liu ca cc bn cng loi c to da trn nn mt file chun (seed file) c nh ngha y cc thng s ton hc bn , h n v o c tnh theo gi tr tht ngoi thc a lm tng gi tr chnh xc v thng nht gia cc file bn . Trong vic s ho v bin tp cc i tng bn da trn c s cc bn c thnh lp trc y (trn giy, diamat...), cc phn mm c s dng ch yu bao gm: MicroStation, I/GEOVEC, MSFC, MRFCLEAN, MRFFLAG, IPLOT. Sau y s l cc khi nim v cc ng dng c th ca tng phn mm trong cc cng on s ho v bin tp bn . 2.1.2.1. MicroStation MicroStation l mt phn mm tr gip thit k (CAD) v l mi trng ho rt mnh cho php xy dng, qun l cc i tng ho th hin cc yu t bn . MicroStation cn c s dng lm nn cho cc ng dng khc nh Geovec, IrasB, MSFC, Mrfclean, Mrfflag chy trn . Cc cng c ca MicroStation c s dng s ho cc i tng trn nn nh (Raster), sa cha, bin tp d liu v trnh by bn . MicroStation cn cung cp cng c nhp, xut (import, export) d liu ha t cc phn mm khc qua cc file .dxf hoc .dwg 2.1.2.2. IrasB IrasB l phn mm hin th v bin tp d liu raster di dng cc nh en trng (black and white image) v c chy trn nn ca MicroStation. Mc d d liu ca IrasB v MicroStation c th hin trn cng mn hnh nhng n hon ton c lp vi nhau. Ngha l vic thay i d liu phn ny khng nh hng n d liu phn kia. Ngoi vic s dng IrasB hin th cc file nh bn phc v cho qu
trnh s ho trn nh, cng c warp ca IrasB c s dng nn cc file nh raster t to hng ct ca cc pixel v ta thc ca bn . 2.1.2.3. Geovec Geovec l mt phn mm chy trn nn ca MicroStation cung cp cc cng c s ho bn t ng cc i tng trn nn nh en trng (binary) vi nh dng ca Intergraph. Mi mt i tng s ho bng Geovec phi c nh ngha trc cc thng s ho v mu sc, lp thng tin, khi i tng ny c gi l mt feature. Mi mt feature c mt tn gi v m s ring. Trong qu trnh s ho cc i tng bn , Geovec c dng nhiu trong vic s ho cc i tng dng ng. 2.1.2.4. MSFC MSFC (MicroStation Feature Collection) Modul cho php ngi dng khai bo v t cc c tnh ho cho cc lp thng tin khc nhau ca bn phc v cho qu trnh s ho, c bit l s ho trong Geovec. Ngoi ra, MSFC cn cung cp mt lot cc cng c s ho bn trn nn MicroStation. MSFC c s dng: - to bng phn lp v nh ngha cc thuc tnh ho cho i tng. - Qun l cc i tng cho qu trnh s ho. Lc im v lm trn ng vi cc i tng ng ring l. 2.1.2.5. MRFCLEAN MRFclean c chy trn nn ca MicroStation, dng : - Xo nhng ng, nhng im trng nhau. - Ct ng: tch mt ng thnh hai ng ti im giao vi ng khc. - T ng loi cc on tha c di nh hn Dangle-factor nhn vi
tolerence. 2.1.2.6. MRFflag MRFflag c thit k tng hp vi MRFclean, dng t ng hin th ln mn hnh ln lt cc v tr c li m MRFclean nh du trc v ngi s s dng cc cng c ca MicroStation sa. 2.1.2.7. IPLOT IPLOT gm c Iplot Client v Iplot Server c thit k ring cho vic in n cc tp tin .dgn ca MicroStation. Iplot Client nhn cc yu cu in trc tip ti cc trm lm vic, cn Iplot Server nhn cc yu cu in qua mng. Do vy trn my tnh ca bn t nht phi ci t Iplot Client. Iplot cho php t cc thng s in nh lc nt, th t in cc i tng ... thng qua tp tin iu khin l pen-table
2.2. T chc file trong MicroStation 2.2.1. Cc file trong Microstation v lm vic vi cc file 2.2.1.1. File trong Microstation File d liu ca Microstation l Design file. Ti mt thi im, Microstation ch cho php ngi s dng c m v lm vic vi duy nht mt file, l Active Design file. Mun m mt file khc trong khi ang c mt Active Design file th cn phi m di dng Reference file (file tham kho). Mt Design file trong Microstation c to trn c s copy mt file chun l Seed file. Seed file thc cht l mt file Templace (Khun mu) cha y cc thng s quy nh ca file d liu nh mi trng lm vic l 2 chiu hay 3 chiu, n v o, quy tc hin th gi tr gcTt c cc i tng khi th hin trn file s dng cng mt seed file th u thng nht v cc
thng s ny. Theo quy nh ca b TNMT, to bn a chnh phi s dng seed file c tn l seed_bd.dgn trong c:/famis/system. Cn to bn hin trng s dng t, cn phi s dng seed c tn l vn2d.dgn trong th mc C:/win32app/ustation/wsmod/default/seed 2.2.1.2. Cch to mt file mi - Khi ng Microstation xut hin hp thoi Microstation Manager. - Chn File/New xut hin hp thoi Create Design File. - Chn ng dn lu file v nh tn file. - Chn Seed File. - Chn mi trng lm vic (Work space) ph hp. - Bm OK hon thnh cng vic. 2.2.1.3. Cch m file * M file di dng Active Design File - Cch 1: Khi ng Microstation chn th mc cha file v tn file t hp thoi Microstation Manager. - Cch 2: T thanh Menu chn File/Open xut hin hp thoi sau chn th mc cha file v tn file cn m, bm OK. * M file di dng Reference File - T thanh Menu chn File/ Reference lc ny s xut hin hp thoi Reference Files, tip tc chn Tools/Attach - Chn th mc v tn file cn m, bm OK. (Display: Hin th file; Snap: S dng ch bt im vi cc i tng trong file tham kho; Locate: S dng xem thng tin v copy cc i tng trong file tham kho)

30
Hnh 22: M file tham kho ng Reference trong hp thoi trn, chn file cn ng, chn Tools/Detach. 2.2.1.4. Cch nn file v ghi li file d phng * Cch nn file Khi xo i tng trong Dessign file, i tng khng b xo hn m ch c nh du l xo i tng. Ch sau khi nn file th cc i tng c xo mi c loi b hn khi b nh. Qu trnh nn file s lm cho dung lng ca file nh hn. T thanh menu chn File/Compress Design. * Cch lu tr di dng mt file d phng (save as, back up) MicroStation t ng ghi li d liu sau mi ln thay i file active. V vy ngi s dng khng cn ghi li d liu sau mi ln ng file active hoc thot khi MicroStation. Tuy nhin phng cc trng hp bt trc, ngi s dng nn ghi li file d liu di dng mt File d phng bng cch thay i tn file hoc phn m rng ca file. Cch 1: T thanh Menu chn File/chn Save as. 1. Ghi li file bng cch thay i tn file nhng gi nguyn phn m rng l DGN. 2. Chn th mc cha file (c th ct trong th mc c) bng cch nhp
i vo cc hp th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc. Cch 2: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh Backup sau bm Enter trn bn phm. MicroStation s ghi li file active thnh mt file c phn m rng l (.bak), Tn file v th mc cha file gi nguyn. 2.2.1.5. Cch trn cc file vi nhau Gi s chng ta c hai file ring bit cha cc i tng khc nhau. Trong qu trnh tc nghip, chng ta mun s dng d liu ca hai file trn cng mt file th chng ta cn phi trn hai file . Quy trnh trn cc file c thc hin nh sau: - M hp thoi MicroStation Manager (Hp thoi ny s xut hin khi khi ng MicroStation, trong trng hp khi ang lm vic vi MicroStation, chn File/Close s xut hin hp thoi ny), chn File/Merge Xut hin hp thoi Merge file - Trong hp thoi File to Merge, bm Select chn cc file cn trn (file cho d liu) - Trong hp thoi Merge Into chn file cha kt qu trn (file nhn d liu) - Chn Merge kt thc cng vic
Hnh 23: Trn cc file vi nhau

2.2.2. Khi nim level v lm vic vi cc level D liu trong file Design c lu trn cc lp khc nhau. Cc lp c gi l level, trong mt Design file c 63 level v c qun l theo m s nh t 1 63 hoc theo tn do ngi s dng t. Ty theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, cc level c th hin th hoc n. Khi n th cc i tng c v trn level b n s khng hin th ln mn hnh. Tt c cc level u c th n c, ch tr Active level (Lp hot ng) l khng th n c. Vic lu gi cc i tng ha trong cc lp cn phi theo quy phm ca b TNMT. 2.2.2.1. t tn cho level Trong qu trnh bin son bn , tin trong vic qun l d liu, chng ta thng t tn cho cc level. - T thanh Menu chn Settings/Level/Names - Bm nt Add, xut hin hp thoi v in y cc thng tin cn thit vo nh Number (M s Level), Name (Tn do ngi t), Comment (gii thch). Sau bm OK.
Hnh 24: t tn cho Level 2.2.2.2. Chn Active Level Trong qu trnh lm vic vi Microstation, lun lun c mt level trng thi hot ng. Khi chuyn trng thi hot ng t level ny sang level
khc th cc i tng c v sau khi chuyn Active level th s nm trn level , cn cc i tng thuc c v trc th vn thuc level c. * Cch 1: T ca s lnh ca Microstation nh lnh lv=<M s hoc tn level>, sau chn phm Enter trn bn phm. * Cch 2: T thanh Menu chn Tools/Primary xut hin thanh Primary Tools bm vo Active level, ko chut n level cn chn.
Hnh 25: Chn Active level 2.2.2.3. n, hin lp Cc level c th n, hin c, tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Cc level n th nhng d liu trn level khng hin th trn giao din lm vic v khng b tc ng bi cc lnh bin tp trong Microstation (tr lnh Edit/Select All). * Cch 1: Trn ca s lnh nh lnh on=< M s hoc tn level>, sau chn phm Enter trn bn phm. tt, thay on bng off. s dng cho nhiu level chng ta vit cch nhau mt du ,. * Cch 2: S dng t hp phm nng Ctrl + E, xut hin bng View Levels. Kch chut hoc r chut n cc i mu cho cc v kch p xc lp lp hot ng. no bi en l bt, trng l tt v en trn l hot ng. Chn Apply thc hin vic la chn
Hnh 26: Bng iu khin lp 2.2.3. i tng ha i tng ha c gi l cc Element, c th l mt im, mt ng, mt vng hoc vn bn dng text. Cc i tng ha to nn cc ng nt, im, ch giitrn bn v. Cc i tng ha c thnh lp da trn s t hp ca cc yu t thnh phn sau: - Lp cha i tng: 1 63 - Mu sc: 0 - 255 - Lc nt: 1 - 31 - Kiu ng v: 0 7, customer - Mu nn (dnh cho cc i tng vng). Cc kiu i tng ha thng gp l: - Kiu dng im: L cc i tng dng Point cng c th l dng Line c di = 0, hoc l 1 cell c nh ngha bng mt tn ring v c lu gi trong th vin cell. - Kiu dng ng: l cc i tng dng Line (on thng), String Line (ng thng c hnh thnh trn c s ni t mt chui c t hn 100 on thng), Chain, Complex String - Kiu dng vng: Shape (Vng c ni bi cha n 100 on thng), Complex Shape (Vng c ni bi hn 100 on thng).
- Kiu dng ch vit: l cc cc i tng Text 2.3. S dng MicroStation bin tp bn s 2.3.1. Thanh cng c v cc nt iu khin mn hnh 2.3.1.1. Thanh cng c chnh (Main Tool Box) d dng v thun tin trong thao tc, Microstation cung cp cho chng ta rt nhiu cc cng c tng ng nh cc lnh. Cc cng c ny c th hin th trn mn hnh bng cc biu tng hoc c nhm li vi nhau theo cc chc nng c lin quan vi nhau. Cc thanh cng c chnh thng dng nht c Microstation tp hp li v trn mt thanh cng c gi l Main Tool Box v c rt gn li thnh nhm di dng biu tng. Ta c th dng chut ko ht tt c cc cng c trong mt nhm ra thnh mt Tool Box hon chnh. Khi ta s dng cng c no th cng c s c hin th mu thm, i km theo l hp Tool Setting chng ta t cc thng s cho cc i tng ha.
Tool setting
Main Tool Box
Hnh 27: Thanh cng c chnh

* Cng c chn i tng
Trong : - Element Selection: La chn i tng - PowerSelector: Dng la chn hoc loi b nhiu i tng cng lc ty theo ch c chn trong thanh Tool Setting (Method: Individual, chn tng i tng mt; Block Inside, chn tt c cc i tng trong vng ko chut; Line, chn cc i tng nm trn ng thng ct chng)
* Nhm cng c Linear Elements (V i tng ng)
Trong : - Nt 1: V ng, Sharp, Arc, Cung trn. - Nt 2: V on thng. - Nt 3: V ng i. - Nt 4: V ng Stream (theo nt bt nh: dng chy, sui). - Nt 5: V ng cong dng curve. - Nt 6: V ng chia i mt gc (ng phn gic) - Nt 7: V ng thng ngn nht ni hai i tng. - Nt 8: V ng thng vi mt gc nghing nht nh. * Nhm cng c Polygons (V vng)

37
Trong : - Nt 1: V hnh ch nht. - Nt 2: V a gic bt k. - Nt 3: V a gic m cc cnh vung gc hoc song song vi nhau. - Nt 4: V a gic u. * Nhm cng c Text (Nhp vn bn)
Trong : - Nt 1: Nhp v t vn bn vo bn v. - Nt 2: t ch c mi tn hng vo mt i tng no . - Nt 3: Sa ni dung vn bn c. - Nt 4: Cho bit thuc tnh ca cc k t. - Nt 5: t thng s theo mt k t c. - Nt 6: Thay i thuc tnh ca cc k t - Nt 7: t cc k t s tng dn tng n v mt - Nt 8: t cc k t s tng hoc gim dn theo mt khong cho trc. * Nhm cng c Manipulate (Dng hnh)
Trong : - Nt 1: Copy i tng - Nt 2: Di chuyn i tng - Nt 3: Copy cc i tng song song. - Nt 4: Thay i t l ca i tng
- Nt 5: Thay i gc ca i tng - Nt 6: To cc i tng i xng qua trc. - Nt 7: To dy i tng t 1 i tng. * Nhm cng c Modify Element s dng sa cha cc i tng ho.
Trong : - Nt 1: Thay i t l ca mt hnh quanh mt im c nh. - Nt 2: Xo b mt phn ng. - Nt 3: Ko di on thng theo hng ang c. - Nt 4: Ko di hoc loi b phn tha ca 2 on ti giao im ca chng. - Nt 5: Ko di on thng n 1 i tng khc. - Nt 6: Ct mt hoc nhiu on ti giao im ca chng vi i tng khc.
2.3.1.2. Cc chc nng iu khin mn hnh thun tin trong thc tc bin v bn , Microstation cung cp cho chng ta cc nt iu khin mn hnh rt thng dng v tin li.
Chc nng ln lt ca cc nt t tri sang phi nh sau: Nt 1: Update view lm sch mn hnh. Nt 2: Zoom in; Phng to d liu ha. Nt 3: Zoom out;Thu nh d liu ha.
Nt 4: Window area; Phng to cc vng c chn ca d liu ha. Nt 5: Fit view; Thu gn tt c cc i tng ha vo mn hnh. Nt 6: Rotate view; Quay hng ca mn hnh quan st. Nt 7: Pan view; Di chuyn vng quan st. Nt 8: View privous; Rt li lnh iu khin mn hnh Nt 9: View next; Rt li lnh nt 8 2.3.1.3. Cch s dng chut Trong qu trnh s dng Microstation, chng ta thng phi s dng chut trong 3 trng thi sau: Data (Phm tri), Reset (Phm phi), Tentative (ng thi phm tri v phi). Trong : - Data: Chn cc i tng hoc cc im trn mn hnh; chp nhn mt thao tc no . - Reset: Kt thc hoc b d mt lnh v; hoc nu ang va v va s dng nt iu khin mn hnh th kt thc vic iu khin mn hnh v tr li thao tc ang v. - Tentative: Xc nh th 1 im, nu gn i tng th im th bt vo v tr theo cc ch c quy nh ti chc nng Snap. 2.3.1.4. Cch bt im chnh xc tng chnh xc cho qu trnh s ho trong nhng trng hp mun t im Data vo ng v tr cn chn, phm Tentative s c dng a con tr vo ng v tr trc. Thao tc c gi l bt im (Snap to Element). Cc ch chn la cho thao tc bt im gm: - Nearest: con tr s bt vo v tr gn nht trn element. - Keypoint: con tr s bt vo im nt gn nht element. - Midpoin: con tr s bt vo im gia ca element. - Center: con tr s bt vo tm im ca i tng. - Origin: con tr s bt vo im gc ca cell.
- Intersection: con tr bt vo im ct nhau gia hai ng giao nhau. la chn s dng cc chc nng bt im chnh xc, c th s dng 2 cch nh sau: - Cch 1: Setting/Snap, ri chn cc ch nh trn - Cch 2: Chn cc biu tng trong thanh cng c Snap Mode
Hnh 28: Ch Snap 2.3.2. To cc i tng trong Microstation 2.3.2.1. To cc i tng dng im Cc k hiu dng im v pattern c to ra v lu tr di dng cc cell (im) v cha trong cc th vin cell ring bit. to cell trc ht chng ta cn to ra th vin cha cell . Thng thng, trong qu trnh xy dng v bin tp cc loi bn s th chng ta s dng cc cell c xy dng sn trong th vin. Bi v kch thc ca cc cell cho tng t l bn phi tun th nghim ngt quy trnh xy dng. Vic tnh kch thc c tnh nh sau: kch thc cell = 2 mm x mu s t l bn . * Cch to th vin cha cell - T thanh Menu chn Element/Cell xut hin Cell Library - T thanh ca Cell Library chn File/New - Chn Seed file - Chn th mc cha file.
- nh tn th vin cell vi phn m rng l .cel trong hp text files. - Chn OK.
Hnh 29: To th vin cha cell * To mi cell - To mi hoc m mt Cell Library - V k hiu - Bao fence quanh k hiu va v. - Chn cng c Define Cell Origin (Xc nh im gc cell) - Bm phm data (chut tri) vo v tr t im gc. - Chn hp Cell Library v in cc thng s to New Cell. - Chn phm Create. Khi ci t Famis, s c cc cell k hiu a chnh (d_chinh.cell hoc kihieudc.cell), chng ta phi copy tt c cc cell ny vo trong h thng c:/win32app/ustation/wsmod/default/cell, khi cn s dng, chng ta ch vic ly cc cell ny ra. 2.3.2.2. To cc i tng dng ng

42
Cc kiu ng c to ra v lu tr trong th vin cc kiu ng (Line Style Library) hay cn gi l File Resource. Cc File Resource c lu tr trong th mc c:/win32app/ustation/wsmod/default/symb/*.src. C 3 loi kiu ng: - Stroke pattern: ng c nh ngha l mt nt t v mt nt lin c chiu di c xc nh mt cch chnh xc, lc nt lin cng c xc nh v mu sc th ty ngi s dng nh ngha. - Point Symbol: L s kt hp, sp xp cc i tng dng im thnh mt ng thng vi khong cch gia cc i tng cch u nhau. - Compound: y l kiu ng c to ra t s kt hp ca bt k cc loi ng vi nhau. y l kiu thng dung hin nay to cc i tng m va th hin cc nt, va th hin cc k hiu nh tri dc theo ng. a. To mi mt th vin kiu ng - T thanh Menu chn Primary/Edit Line Style xut hin hp thoi. - Chn File/New xut hin hp thoi Create Line Style Library. - Nhp tn th vin mi vo hp text file, khng thay i ng dn.
Hnh 30: To th vin cha cc dng ng b. To mi mt dng ng * Kiu ng Stroke - M hoc to mi mt th vin cc kiu ng. - Xc nh bc lp ca ng v di, rng ca mi nt.
(V d nh kiu ng mn ca bn a hnh t l 1:50.000 s bao gm mt nt lin v nt t vi di ln lt l 1mm x 50.000 v 0,8mm x 50.000) T thanh Menu ca hp thoi Line Style Editor chn Edit/Create/Stroke pattern. - nh tn m t kiu ng. - Bm Add trong phn Stroke nh ngha nt gch u tin. - Bm con tr chn nt gch - Nhp gi tr di ca nt gch - Chn kiu nt gch - t rng ca nt gch - t tn cho kiu ng bng cch: Edit/Create/Name - Ghi li kiu ng va to. V d nh to kiu ng c dng nh sau: 1 nt lin c di 0,8mm x 50.000 v mt nt t c di 0,8mm x 50.000. Kt qu thu c nh sau:
Hnh 31: Kiu trng Stroke * Kiu ng Point symbol - M hoc to mi mt th vin kiu ng. - Xc nh cc bc lp ca ng, kch thc v hnh dng cc k hiu.
V d: Kiu ng ranh gii thc vt ca bn t l 1:50.000 l cc hnh trn ng knh 0,2mm x 50.000 v nm cch u nhau 0,8mm x 50.000 - V k hiu c s dng v bao fence k hiu, nh ngha im t k hiu (Xem phn to cell) - Chn k hiu va to vo th vin kiu ng, bng cch t ca s lnh nh lnh: Create symbol chantrom - To ng Base line (ng nn) kiu stroke pattern t k hiu. Bc lp ca ng ny l mt nt lin c di bng khong cch gia cc k hiu ging nhau. Bng cch: T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor/Edit chn Create/stroke pattern, xut hin dng ch New stroke component nh tn ng Base line thay th cho dng ch New stroke component, thc hin tip t bc 4-8 nh phn to mi kiu ng stroke. - nh tn m t cho kiu ng, bng cch nh sau: T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor/Edit/Create/Point, xut hin dng ch New stroke component. - Bm vo Base line chn kiu ng nn - Chn Select chn k hiu, bm Remove hy k hiu - To tn cho kiu ng v ghi li kiu ng T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi line style Editor/Edit/Create/Name, xut hin dng ch Unname bn hp text Name, nh tn ng thay th cho dng ch Unname. T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor/File/Save ghi li kiu ng .

45
Hnh 32: Kiu ng point * Cch to kiu ng compound - To cc ng component - T thanh Menu ca hp Line style Editor chn Edit/Create /Compound xut hin dng ch New Compound Component bn hp Text Component. nh tn thay th. - Trong hp Sub Component bm phm insert. - Dng con tr chn tng ng thnh phn ca ng cn to mt sau bm phm OK. - t v tr cho cc ng thnh phn theo chiu dc to khong cch cho cc ng bng cch: t bng danh sch cc ng thnh phn trong hp subcomponent,bm chut chn ng cn thay i v tr, nhp gi tr v tr cho ng vo hp text Offset. Nu gi tr > 0, nh s bnh thng; nu gi tr < 0, nh thm du (-) ng trc s. - t tn cho kiu ng bng cch: t thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor/Edit/Create/Name,xut hin dng ch Unname,nh tn ng thay th cho dng ch Unname. - T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor/File/Save ghi li
kiu ng . V d nh to kiu ng Compound l s kt hp ca hai kiu ng stroke pattern v point symbol hai v d trn, chng ta s c kt qu nh sau:
Hnh 33: Kiu ng Compound 2.3.2.3. To cc i tng dng vng a. To vng trc tip t thanh cng c Khi mun to hnh trc tip t thanh cng c, chng ta c th s dng cc cng c thuc nhm Place - Place Block to vng vung gc. - Place Shape to hnh khi c dng bt k. Khi to vng cn phi lu in y cc thng s nh sau: - Tnh cht ca vng: L vng c hay rng (Vng Hole th khng tri nn c, cn Solid th c th tri nn c) - Mu ca vng cch t mu cho vng (Fill type): Gm c cc la chn l khng t (none), t mu ng nht gia ng bin ca vng v trong vng (Opaque), t mu khng ng nht gia ng bin v trong vng (Outlined) - Chn mu sc cho ng bin v vng t mu. - m bo cc vng c khp kn, khi s dng cng c Place Shape cn phi s dng ch bt im chnh xc khi khp kn vng.

47
Hnh 34: T mu khng ng nht gia ng bin v trong vng b. To vng bng cch chuyn cc ng thng thnh vng to c vng theo phng php ny, cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: ng bao cc i tng phi khp kn, khng tn ti cc im t do, ti cc im giao nhau phi c cc im nt. Chn cng c Create complex shape. Bm chut tri vo cnh u tin, sau bm vo cnh tip theo. Trng hp la chn method l Automatic th con tr s t ng chuyn sang cnh tip theo. Nu n khu vc ng ba hay ng t th nu con tr ch ng, bm chut tri, nu con tr ch sai, bm chut phi v chn cnh cho n tip tc chy.
Hnh 35: Chuyn ng thnh vng

2.3.2.4. To cc i tng dng Text to cc i tng dng Text, cn s dng cng c Place text trong thanh cng c chnh ca Microstation. Khi to cc i tng dng text cn phi lu mt s vn sau: - Text Node Lock: Kha vic t cc k t ln bn . - Method: Cch thc t k t - Font: Font ch ( s dng c ch Vit nn dng TCVN3) - Justification: Tm ca cc k t - Active Angle: Gc t k hiu Hnh 36: Hp text 2.4. Bin tp cc i tng ha 2.4.1. Bin tp cc d liu thuc tnh cho cc i tng ha Cc i tng ho c c trng bi cc thuc tnh c bn nh: mu sc, chiu di, m (lc nt), dng ng Nu chng ta mun chnh sa cc thuc tnh , trc ht cn phi i tng trong mi trng ang hot ng (c ngha l i tng l i tng ang c chn). Sau , chng ta s dng cng c Primary thay i cc thuc tnh
Hnh 37: i thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng bin tp 2.4.2. Bin tp d liu khng gian 2.4.2.1. Bin tp cc i tng dng im Cc li thng gp i vi d liu dng im (cell) thng l:
- Cell c t khng ng v tr. - Cell c chn khng ng hnh dng v kch thc quy nh. a. Sa cell t khng ng v tr - Chn cng c Move element, bm phm data chn i tng - Bm phm data n v tr mi ca i tng.
b. Sa cell b sai v kch thc - Chn cng c Scale element. - t t l cn i cho i tng trong hp scale. - Bm phm data chn i tng cn thay i. - Bm phm data i kch thc i tng.
c. Sa cell sai v hnh dng - V li cell mi ng hnh dng v kch thc. - To cell vi tn cell ging nh tn c. - S dng chc nng Replace cell. - Bm phm data vo cell cn i

50
2.4.2.2. Bin tp cc i tng dng ng a. S dng cc cng c trc tip ca Microstation Microstation cung cp cho chng ta mt lot cc cng c chnh sa cc i tng dng ng nh: bt tha, bt thiu im, lm trn ng, C th: - Ko di hai ng n ct nhau theo hng nh sn hoc l loi b cc on ng tha bng cng c Extend Elements to Intersection
Hnh 38: Loi b cc on thng c im cui t do - Ko di on thng th nht n on thng tha hai theo hng ca on thng th nht hay ni cc im b bt thiu bng cng c Extend Element to Intersection
Hnh 39: Bt im thiu

- Ko di on thng theo hng ca on thng cui cng ca on thng bng cng c Extend Element
Hnh 40: Ko di on thng - Ct mt ng hoc mt chui cc ng ti giao im ca chng vi i tng khc bng cng c
Hnh 41: Ct ng thng ti im im ca chng vi i tng khc - Dch chuyn nh ca cc on gp khc bng cng c
Hnh 42: Dch chuyn nh ca on thng gp khc - Thm im cho on thng bng cng c

52
Hnh 43: Thm im - Xo bt im ca on thng gp khc.
Hnh 44: Xo im 2.4.2.3. Bin tp cc i tng dng vng a. To cc vng mi t cc vng c sn Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l s dng cng c Create region vi cc Method khc nhau to ra cc vng mi, t cc vng c sn bng vic kch chut tri vo cc vng chn Hnh nh minh ha: - Chn chc nng Union
Hnh 45: To vng hp nhau - Chn chc nng Intersection

53
Hnh 46: To vng giao nhau - Chn chc nng Difference
Hnh 47: To vng b nhau b. To cc vng thng Chn cng c Group Holes, kch chut tri vo vng bao ngoi, sau kch chut tri vo cc vng nm trong vng bao ngoi . Thc cht l xy dng cc tha t m trong c cc cng trnh, hoc tha t ca ngi khc.
Hnh 48: To vng thng c.Tri nn cho cc vng

54
tri nn cho cc i tng dng vng, nht thit cc vng ny phi c v ch Soil (dng c). Chng ta c th tri nn bng cc nt gch, hoc bng cc k hiu, ty theo yu cu. - tri nn bng cc nt gch, chng ta c cc s la chn nh: Tri bng nt gch n, tri bng hai nt gch - Tri nn bng cc cell - Tri nn theo dng tuyn Khi tri nn, cn phi lu mt s thng s sau: - Scale: T l k hiu - Spacing: Khong cch gia cc ng thng hoc cc cell. - Angel: Gc nghing gia cc ng thng hoc cc cell. - Method: Cch thc tri nn (Cho i tng, cho vng giao nhau) - Cell: Tn cell dng tri nn (Khi tri nn bng cc cell) Cc hnh nh minh ha: - Tri nn bng cc ng gch n.
Hnh 49: Tri nn bng cc ng n - Tri nn bng cc ng i.
Hnh 50: Tri nn bng cc ng i - Tri nn bng cc k hiu (cell)

Hnh 51: Tri nn bng cc k hiu d. Cch thay mu nn cho i tng dng vng - Chn cng c Change element to active fill type. - t li ch v mu t nn. - Bm phm data chn i tng cn i nn. - Bm phm data tip theo chp nhn mu i.
2.4.2.4. Bin tp i tng dng text Sau khi s ho, cc li thng gp i vi d liu dng ch vit (text) thng l:Sai cc thuc tnh ho (level, color, linestyle, weight), khng ng v tr, khng ng kiu ch v kch thc quy nh, sai ni dung ca text * Cch sa cc li sai v kiu ch v kch thc. - Chn cng c Change Text attribute. - t li cc thuc tnh cho text trong hp Change Text attribute.

56
Hnh 53: Bin tp i tng dng text * Cch sa cc li sai v ni dung. - Chn cng c Edit text - Bm phm Data chn text cn i ni dung. - Thay i ni dung Text trong hp Text editor. - Bm phm Apply.
Hnh 54: Bin tp ni dung ca text 2.5. S dng Fence Khi cn thay i hoc tc ng n mt nhm cc i tng trong bn v, cch nhanh nht l nhm cc i tng trong mt Fence. Fence l mt ng bao c v bao quanh cc i tng bng cng c v Fence gp nhm chng khi thao tc. N cng c tc dng gn ging nh khi ta s dng
cng c Element Selection chn nhm i tng. Tuy nhin khi s dng fence, c rt nhiu s la chn (mode) cho php ta tc ng n cc i tng nm trong cng nh nm ngoi ng bao fence. Bao gm: - Inside: ch tc ng n cc i tng nm hon ton bn trong ng bao fence. - Overlap: ch tc ng n cc i tng bn trong v nm chm ln ng bao fence. - Clip: tc ng n cc i tng nm hon ton bn trong fence v phn bn trong ca cc i tng nm chm ln fence (khi i tng nm chm ny s b ct ra lm hai phn bi ng fence). - Void: tc ng n cc i tng nm hon ton bn ngoi fence. - Void- Overlap: tc ng n cc i tng nm hon ton bn ngoi v nm chm ln ng bao fence. - Void- Clip: : tc ng n cc i tng nm hon ton bn ngoi fence v phn bn ngoi ca cc i tng nm chm ln fence (khi i tng nm chm ny s b ct ra lm hai phn bi ng fence). * Cch s dng fence tc ng n mt nhm i tng. - Chn cng c Place fence. - V fence (ng bao) bao quanh i tng. - Chn cng c tc ng n i tng, cng c ny phi s dng c vi fence (c ch use fence). - Chn Mode s dng fence. - Bm phm Data bt u qu trnh tc ng.

58
Hnh 55: Chc nng ca fence
Cch xo mt nhm i tng bng fence. - V fence (ng bao) bao quanh i tng. - Chn cng c Delete fence. - Chn mode xo fence trong hp Delete fence content. - Bm phm Data chp nhn xo ni dung bn trong ca fence. Cu hi n tp chng 2 1./ Hy trnh by nhng vn c bn nht v cc phn mm trong h thng phn mm Mapping office 2./ Hy trnh by v thc hnh cc phng php to file mi, trn file, m file tham kho ? 3./ Trnh by ngha cc thng s Display, Snap, Locate khi m file tham kho ? 4./ Trnh by cc kin thc v level trong MicroSation ? 5./ Tm hiu v thc hnh chc nng la chn theo thuc tnh i tng (Select by attributes) trong MicroStation ? 6./ Phng php v thc hnh to cc cell ? 7./ Thc hnh to cc kiu ng vi cc thng s t chn ? 8./ Thc hnh to cc vng t cc i tng i tng dng vng, cc
chc nng bin tp i tng dng vng ? 9./ Thc hnh bin tp cc i tng dng cell ? 10./ Thc hnh bin tp cc i tng dng ng ? 11./ Trnh by chc nng ca cc fence type v fence mode khc nhau ? 12./ Tm hiu v thc hnh chc nng chuyn nh dng ca cc nh Raster trong MicroStation ?

60
CHNG 3: NN NH V S HO BN Qu trnh thnh lp bn s c thc hin bng 2 cch: - o c v ln im, ni im bng cc phn mm - Can v li cc ti liu c (bn giy, phim) Trong chng ny s cung cp cc kin thc v thao tc nhm h tr cho qu trnh can v cc ti liu bin tp, chnh l thnh bn s. Khi chng ta scan, qut cc ti liu c s xut hin tnh trng cc sn phm cha m bo chnh xc v cc nguyn nhn nh cht lng ti liu, phng php scan lm cho sn phm co gin khng u, sai lch v ta cc im, nghing nh. 3.1. Nn nh Nn nh l chuyn nh ti liu bn c lu di cc dng nh Raster, vi h to l hng ct ca cc pixel v to ca bn . y l bc quan trng trong cng tc thnh lp bn s bi v n quyt nh chnh xc ca bn thnh phm sau khi c s ho. Vic nn nh c thc hin da trn nguyn tc chn cc im trn nh kt hp vi vic bit to ca mt s im sau tin hnh iu chnh cc im nh trn nn nh raster v ng to ca bn . 3.1.1.Dng khung v li Km c sn phm nn nh chnh xc, trc ht chng ta cn phi to li km. Li km c to da trn c s to cc im gc khung bit. to c li km cc ta thc hin ln lt cc bc sau: - To mt file dgn trong MicroStation. - Xc nh ta cc gc khung bn . - Nhp ta cc gc khung. - Ni ta cc im gc khung bn . - S dng cng c Copy i tng to thnh cc ng li. ( Xem k cch s dng cc cng c trong MicroStation Chng 2)
3.1.2. Cc bc nn nh 3.1.2.1.Khi ng IrasB - Cch 1: Start/Programs/IrasB lc ny s xut hin hp thoi MicroStation Manager, chn file dgn cn lm vic, chn Ok. - Cch 2: Khi ang lm vic vi MicroStation, chng ta c th chn 1 trong 2 cch sau: T ca s lnh nh lnh MDL L IRASB sau bm Enter hoc T thanh Menu, chn Utilities/MDL Application lc ny xut hin hp thoi MDL, t hp thoi , trong phn Available Applications, chng ta chn IrasB, bm Load.
Hnh 56: Hp thoi MDL Khi khi ng IrasB hot ng ng thi vi MicroStation, chuyn i mi trng hot ng gia MicroStation v IrasB, t thanh Menu ta chn trong mc Applications. 3.1.2.2. M file nh raster cn nn T thanh Menu ca I/RAS B chn File/Open
. Hnh 57: M nh raster Xut hin hp hi thoi IRASB LOAD

Hnh 58: Hp thoi IrasB load T hp thoi, nhp tn v ng dn ch th mc cha file. Nu khng nh ng dn cha file bm Browse, xut hin hp hi thoi IRASB LOAD cho php chn ng dn. Sau khi chn c file nh raster cn m, chng ta c hai s la chn ch m nh:
Hnh 59: La chn ch m nh - Use Raster file header transformation: M nh vi to gc lu ca nh (c dng m cc nh c nn chnh xc) - Interactive Placement By Rectangle: M nh trong phm vi mt hnh ch nht do ngi dng t chn bng cch nhp chut vo mt im trn mn

63
hnh, sau ko chut n mt im khc, nhp chut v th ra. (c dng m cc nh cha nn). 3.1.2.3. nh v tng i nh so vi bn (Nn s b) y l thao tc a nh v gn vi to bn d dng chn im khng ch cho qu trnh nn bn . C hai cch nh v tng i. Cch 1: Khi chng ta m nh vi ch Interactive placement by rectangle (Ch m th 2) th chng ta ko chut lm sao cho nh raster nm gn trng vi li Km c to sn. Cch 2: T thanh Menu ca IRASB chn View/Placement/Match Points/Active Layer
Hnh 60: Nn s b Xut hin dng nhc Enter raster reference point trn ca s lnh ca MicroStation. Bm chut tri chn im gc khung pha trn bn tri ca file nh raster. (im th nht trn nh raster) Dng nhc chuyn sang Enter distance point in raster layer trn ca s lnh ca MicroStation. Bm chut tri chn im gc khung pha di bn phi ca file nh raster. (im th hai trn nh raster)

64
Dng nhc chuyn sang Enter design file reference point trn ca s lnh ca MicroStation. Snap v bm chut tri chn im gc khung pha trn bn tri ca li Km (tng ng vi im th nht trn nh raster) Dng nhc chuyn sang Enter distance point in design file trn ca s lnh ca MicroStation. Snap v bm phm chut tri chn im gc khung pha di bn phi ca li Km (tng ng vi im th hai trn nh raster) T thanh Menu ca I/RAS B chn File/Save/Save Active Layer hoc Save Active Layer As ghi li ch nh va nn s b. 3.1.2.4. Nn chnh xc bn a. Chn cc im khng ch chn c cc im khng ch ph hp, cn phi xc nh c cc im c bit d nhn bit v xc nh c ta nh gc khung ca bn , cc im giao nhau ca ng li trn nh Raster, im gc o v S lng im khng ch ty thuc vo m hnh nn nh. Khi nn nh, khng phi n gin ch l s tnh tin n thun m cn rt nhiu yu t b thay i nh gc xoay, gc xin ht sc phc tp. Chnh v vy, trong cc phn mm nh sn cc m hnh nn nh khc nhau vi cc h phng trnh khc nhau. T dn n s lng im khng ch mi ch nn l khc nhau, tuy nhin nn nh th s lng im khng ch bao gi cng phi ln hn hoc bng s lng im ti thiu ca m hnh nn nh . Sau khi nh v tng i nh raster vi bn , chng ta tin hnh nn chnh xc nh vi bn . C hai cch chng ta gi cng c nn nh: Cch 1: S dng trc tip trn thanh cng c ca IrasB Cch 2: M theo ng dn sau: Edit/Modify/Warp

65
Hnh 61: M chc nng nn nh Sau khi chng ta gi cng c nn nh, trn ca s lnh hin th dng nhc Enter source point # 1, chng ta s dng chc nng phng to mn hnh nhn thy r im cn chn trn nh raster (thng l cc im khung bn ), sau khi xc nh im chnh xc, kch chut phi mt ln ( thot khi ch iu khin mn hnh) v bm chut tri vo im chn, c nh du bng hnh du cng.
Hnh 62: Chn im khng ch trn nh Raster

Sau , trn dng lnh hin th cu nhc Enter destination point # 1, tc l chng ta chn im th nht trn file .dgn tng ng vi im th nht trn file raster. Bm chut tri vo im m chng ta chn, s c nh du bng mt du nhn.
Hnh 63: Chn im khng ch trn file dgn C tip tc lm nh vy theo th t chn mt im trn nh raster ri chn mt im trn file .dgn tng ng sao cho s im chng ta thc hin php nn. b. Nhp cc thng s nn chnh xc Sau khi cc im, bm chut phi trn mn hnh, xut hin hp thoi:
Hnh 64: Hp thoi IrasB Warp

Trong hp thoi ny c cc la chn nh sau: + Transformation Model: M hnh nn - M hnh Helmert l m hnh tuyn tnh hiu chnh cc yu t gc xoay, tnh tin v mt hng s theo trc X v trc Y. - M hnh Projective l m hnh chuyn i t mt li khng song song v dng song song. - M hnh Affine l m hnh tuyn tnh hiu chnh cc yu t gc xoay, gc xin tnh tin v t l theo trc X, Y. Mi mt m hnh i hi s im khc nhau. + Warp Area: Khu vc cn nn - Drawing: Bc v - Rectangle: Hnh ch nht - Polygon: a gic + Layers: Lp cha nh cn nn. + Delete points: Xo im, trong trng hp cc im chng ta chn b sai. Bng cch chon dng , bm vo Delete points. + Collect points: Thm im + Perform Warp: Nn nh. Sau khi la chn cc thng s, chng ta phi tin hnh nh gi cc sai s, bao gm: - Sai s chun (Standard Error): Phi nh hn, hoc bng sai s cho php ca bn x vi mu s t l bn . - Sai s tng bnh phng SSE (Sum Squared Error l khong cch tht gia cc cp im khng ch), phi nh hn hoc bng sai s cho php ca bn x vi mu s t l bn . Nu cc sai s ny khng m bo, chng ta phi chn li cc im cho ph hp.
c. Ghi li kt qu + Ghi li m hnh nn Khi m bo cc yu cu, ngi s dng nn ghi li cc thng s ca ch nn lm t liu bo co khi nghim thu hoc s dng li nu qu trnh nn nh b trc trc. ghi li chng ta thc hin nh sau: T hp thoi IrasB Ward, chn File/Save As, xut hin hp thoi
Hnh 65: Hp thoi ghi li ch nn Trong mc Type, chng ta la chn fomat ca ghi li, nu bo co th chn type l Report file (phn m rng l .Rpt), nu s dng trong qu trnh nn nh b trc trc, nn chn l Coordinate File (phn m rng l .Cor). File s c ghi li trong ng dn l: C:/Win32app/ustation. Nu qu trnh nn nh b b d hoc sau khi nn, kt qu khng tho mn, ngi s dng c th m li file ghi (file c phn m rng l .cor) tham kho, chnh sa hay tip tc cng vic. Cc bc m li nh sau: Khi ng IrasB, m file .dgn v file nh raster, chn cng c Warp, kch chut phi, s xut hin hp thoi IrasB Ward. T hp thoi IrasB Ward chn File/Load, sau nh tn file .cor cn m. + Ghi li nh raster sau khi nn T thanh Menu ca I/RAS B chn File/Save/Save Active Layer hoc Save Active Layer As ghi li nh va nn t yu cu.
3.2. S ha bn Quy trnh s ho bn Thu thp v nh gi chnh xc ca ngun ti liu Thit k th mc lu tr bn Chun b phn nhm lp, lp v th vin k hiu dng cell Qut phim, bn giy thnh d liu dng raster Nn nh S ho bn Bin tp bn In n sn phm.
Qu trnh vect ho cc i tng da trn nn nh c thc hin nh vo cc phn mm: MFSC, Geoveo, IrasB, MicroStation 3.2.1. Phn nhm lp, thit k bng mu 3.2.1.1.Thit k bng mu Vic thit k bng mu rt quan trng, c bit i vi vic xy dng bn hin trng hay bn quy hoch. Bi v trn cc loi bn ny, mu sc ng vai tr c bit quan trng, n th hin mc ch s dng t. Vic s dng mu cho tng loi t phi thng nht v tun th nghim ngt quy phm xy dng bn do B TNMT ban hnh. thun tin cho vic xy dng cc loi bn ny, B TNMT vit cc file h thng, khi chy th n s mc nh cc loi mu theo quy phm. Tt c cc mu c hnh thnh t vic phi trn 3 mu c bn sau: Red, Green , Blue. V d nh mu th hin t chuyn trng la nc c quy nh cc thng s: R-255, G-255, B-100. Chnh v vy vic xy dng bng mu thc cht l xc nh cc thng s R,G,B cho ph hp. * Cch to mt bng mu mi.
- T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn Settings/Color Table, xut hin bng Color table. - T thanh menu ca bng color table chn file/Save as. xut hin hp thoi Save Color table. - Chn th mc cha file bn hp Directory. - nh tn bng mu mi trong hp text Files, bm OK
Hnh 66: Bng mu * Cch thit k bng mu mi cho tng loi bn . - Chn s mu th hin i tng cn thay i thng s - Bm nt Change xut hin hp thoi Modify - Bm nt Color Model chn phng php pha mu. - Nhp cc thng s mi ca tng mu thnh phn vo trong 3 hp text (red, green, blue). Hoc chn vo cc vng mu bn bng mu mu. - Bm phm OK. Bm phm Attach ghi li cc thng s ca mu va thay i v thay i mu th hin i tng trn mn hnh

71
Hnh 67: Bin tp bng mu 3.2.1.2. Phn lp i tng m bo qu trnh s ho cc i tng a l t cc bn giy v qu trnh s l d liu sau khi s ho mt cch d dng, da vo cc kh nng cho php nhn dng v chn la i tng ca phn mm MicroStation, tt c cc i tng a l th hin trn mt mnh bn s c gp nhm thnh tng nhm i tng v s ho, lu tr trn mt file hoc nhiu file DGN khc nhau. Nguyn tc chung khi phn lp i tng l cc i tng c cng tnh cht chuyn c th c gp thnh mt nhm. Trong mt nhm cc i tng c cng mt kiu d liu th hin c th xp trn cng mt lp d liu. V th trong bng phn lp i tng, mi mt i tng bn phi c nh ngha bi: tn nhm i tng, tn i tng, m i tng (duy nht), kiu d liu, s lp (1-63 trong 1 file dgn), mu sc (0-255), kiu ng, lc nt, kiu ch, kch thc ch, tn k hiu (y cng l danh sch cc ct trong bng i tng). MSFC gip cc bn qun l i tng bn cn s ho thng qua file
Feature table (.tbl). Trong file ny cc bn s qun l cc nhm i tng theo cc Category. Tn ca Category l tn ca nhm i tng. Cc i tng cng nhm c nh ngha c th bng: m i tng (Feature code), tn i tng (feature name), s lp (Level), mu sc (color), kiu ng (linestyle), lc nt (Weight). (Chi tit xem ti Ph luc ca Chng 3) Tuy nhin trong thc t hin nay xy dng cc bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch. B TNMT xy dng cc file chun, tch hp trong file chy datdai.bat. Khi tin hnh xy dng cc bn hin trng hay quy hoch, ngi s dng ch cn chn work space ph hp ri s dng chc nng MSFC cc i tng ha ph hp. Khi chn cc i tng ny th cc thng tin ca i tng nh mu sc, phn lp, lc nt s c t ng cp nht v iu chnh cho ph hp vi quy phm theo quy nh ca B TNMT.
Hnh 68: Bng phn lp i tng chun

73
Ty thuc vo yu cu, mc ch s dng ngi dng s chn cc lp ph hp bn hp Catalogy (V d nh Ranh gii), sau bn hp bn phi chn cc i tng bin v bn . 3.2.2. Phn mm Geovec 3.2.2.1. Khi ng Geovec - Cch 1: Start/Program/Geovec, xut hin hp thoi MicroStation Manager, khi ng MicroStation.M file cha i tng vect ho, xut hin hp thoi Select Active Feature Table, chn file bng i tng.
Hnh 69: La chn bng phn lp - Cch 2: Khi ng MicroStation, trong hp thoi MicroStation Manager, trong mc Work Space, chn Geovec sau chn file cha cc i tng vect.

74
Hnh 70:Hp thoi MicroStation Manager
Sau chn bng phn lp i tng. - Cch 3: Khi ang lm vic vi MicroStation, khi ng IrasB, sau t ca s lnh nhp MDL L GEOVEC, bm Enter (Hoc t Menu ca MicroStation, chn Utilities/MDL Appliscation, xut hin hp thoi MDL; chn Geovec/Load). 3.2.2.2. t ch t ng iu khin mn hnh Khi chng ta t ch ny th nu con tr nm ra ngoi vng lm vic c nh trc th n s b tr v v tr tm mn hnh. Vi chc nng ny, cho php chng ta hn ch n mc ti a cc sai st trong qu trnh s ho bn . t chc nng ny, cn thc hin cc bc nh sau: - Phng to mn hnh n mc ph hp khi lm vic - T Menu ca MicroStation chn Application/Geovec/Preference/ View, xut hin hp thoi View Preference

75
Hnh 71: iu khin mn hnh Trong hp thoi ny: - nh du vo AutoZom/Apply - nh du vo AutoMove/Define - Dch con tr ra ngoi, nh ngha vng lm vic - T Layout/Save As, nh tn View vo. Bm Exit ng hp thoi. 3.2.2.3. S ho cc i tng a. S ho i tng dng ng - Xc nh feature ca i tng cn s ho, chn cng c Select feature trong thanh cng c MSFC, xut hin hp thoi Feature Collection. Chn cc kiu ng ph hp. Hoc nu khng c, cn to kiu ng theo ng quy nh, sau lu vo th vin kiu ng. (Xem chng 2)
- S dng cng c Place line hoc Place Smarline trong thanh Liner Element s ho. b. S ho i tng dng im - M mt th vin cha cc cell. - Trong hp thoi Cell Library, trong mc Active Cell chn ch Placement. - Chn cng c t Cell. - Xc nh v tr t Cell, i vi cc Cell c kch thc v v tr xc nh, chng ta chn ch t l Relative; cn cc Cell c hng nhng khng c kch thc xc nh chng ta chn ch t l Interactive. 3.3. Bin tp cc d liu sau khi s ho (T ng tm sa li) Trong qu trnh xy dng cc i tng, do s lng i tng nhiu, mc phng i mn hnh nh v cc yu t khc m vic pht hin ra cc li ny bng mt thng rt kh. Chnh v vy chng ta c th s dng phn mm MRFClean vo vic bin tp cc i tng dng ng. Phn mm MRFClean thc hin cc chc nng sau: - Kim tra li t ng, nhn din, nh du v tr cc im cui t do bng mt trong cc k hiu D, X, S. - T ng to ra cc im giao nhau gia cc ng ct nhau. Xa nhng im trng nhau. - T b loi b cc on thng c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php (Gi tr cho php = gi tr Dangle factor x tolerance). s dng c MRFClean, cn phi m file dgn ang s dng, sau vo Utilities/MDL Application gi MRFClean xut hin hp thoi nh sau:

77
Hnh 72: Hp thoi MRFClean - Bc 1: Chn Parameters xut hin hp thoi sau, in cc thng s
Hnh 73: La chn cc thng s ca MRFC + Trong mc: Remove Duplicates - By Criteria: Xa nhng i tng trng nhau v v tr v c cng thuc tnh - By Geometry: Xa nhng i tng trng nhau v v tr nhng c thuc tnh khc nhau. + Trong mc Use Cell As: - Node: Xem cell nh l mt node. - Non-Node: Khng xem cell nh l mt node + Trong mc: By level - Nu nh du: Ch c cc ng trong Level c x l s b ct ti cc im giao nhau. - Nu khng nh du: Cc ng trong tt c cc level s b ct ti cc im giao nhau. + Stroke Circular Arcs: i cc i tng dng Arc sang dng Line.
+ Cuver factor: Khong cch ln nht gia cung trn v ng thng, gi tr mc nh l 2, gi tr nh nht l 0,01. + t ch to im giao: - Fuzzy Intersection: Sa cc li bt im cha ti. Khi im ng a nm trong vng sai s ca ng b v cha bt ti b th a s chp vo b v chia b thnh 2 on. - True Intersection: To im giao gia hai ng ct nhau. - Del_sub_tol_ele: Dng xa b cc ng thng nh hn sai s cho php. + t ch xa im cui t do: Nu cc ng thng c im cui t do c di nh hn Dangle factor x tolerance th s b xa. - Bc 2: Chn Tolerance, xut hin hp thoi
Hnh 74: Ci t Tolerances Chn level, thay i thng s tolerance, chn set. Sau tr v hp thoi MRFClean v8.0.1, chn Clean. Kt qu chng ta thu c l mt file dgn sa li (nhng chng ta cha bit nhng li nm u). tm c v tr li v tin hnh sa cha th chng ta phi s dng phn mm MRFFlag tm kim. Phn mm MRFFlag thc cht cng l mt modul chy trn MicroStation, n s nh du cc li bng ch ci (D,X,S) chng ta bit v sa li. Cch gi MRFFlag cng tng t nh cch gi MRFClean.
Sau khi gi MRFFlag, cn bit cc thng s trn hp thoi nh sau: 1. Bm vo phm Flag_type khai bo loi c (D,X,S). 2. Khai bo Level cha c trong hp text Flag_level. 3. nh h s zoom vo hp text zoom_factor. 4. Trong thanh Edit_status s bo s lng c Vd: 4. 5. Bm cc phm: - Next: chy n v tr li tip theo. - Prew; chy n v tr li trc . - Zoom_in: phng to hnh. - Zoom_out: thu nh hnh. - Delete_flag: xo c hin thi. - Delete_elm: xo i tng hin thi. - Delete_all: xo tt c cc c trong file. Khi nt Next m i v Edit_status bo done tc l tt c cc li trong file c sa.

80
PH LC CHNG 3 to bng phn lp cc i tng, chng ta thc hin cc bc nh sau: 1. Khi ng Feature Table Editor bng cch: Bm vo Start/Program/I-Geovec/Feature Table Editor, xut hin hp hi thoi Creat/Edit Feature Table.
Hnh 75: To mi, sa cha bng phn lp i tng 2. Bm vo phm Create xut hin hp hi thoi Create Feature Table.
Hnh 76: To bng phn lp i tng 3. Chn th mc cn lu file bng cch nhp i vo cc hp th mc bn phi. 4. nh tn file vo hp Text Files. 5. Bm phm xut hin hp hi thoi Feature Table Editor Command Window.
Cch to Category (nhm i tng) T hp hi thoi Feature Table Editor Command Window/Edit/Creat/ EditCategory, xut hin hp hi thoi Creat/Edit Category 1. Bm vo nt ADD. 2. nh tn nhm i tng vo hp text Active Category ,bm Tab trn bn phm. 3. Lm li bc 2-3 nu mun nhp thm Category. 4. (Nu) mun sa li tn Category ,bm nt EDIT ,chn tn Ctegory cn sa 5. (Nu) mun xo tn Category ,bm nt DELETE ,chn tn Ctegory cn xo. 6. Bm OK sau khi to xong.
Hnh 77: To nhm i tng Cch to v nh ngha Feature (i tng) 1. T hp hi thoi Feature Table Editor command Window chn Edit/Creat/Edit Feature, xut hin hp hi thoi List Feature. 2. Chn nhm i tng cha i tng cn nh ngha bng cch bm con tr vo nhm i tng bn hp Creat/Edit Category,xut hin tn nhm
i tng va chn trn hp Active Category. 3. nh m i tng vo hp Active Feature Code. 4. nh tn i tng vo hp Active Feature Name. 5. Bm phm Apply, xut hin hp hi thoi Edit Feature Characteristics.
Hnh 78: Sa bng phn lp i tng 1. Bm vo Linear, xut hin hp hi thoi Edit Linear Characteristics. 2. nh s kiu ng vo hp text Style. 3. nh s lc nt vo hp text weight. 4. nh s level vo hp text Level. 5. nh s mu vo hp text Color. 6. Bm phm OK xo hp hi thoi Edit Linear Characteristics. 7. Bm phm OK xo hp hi thoi List Feature.
Hnh 79: Danh sch bng lp i tng

Cch ghi file. T hp thoi Feature Table Editor Command Window chn File/Save. Cch thot khi Feature Table Editor. T hp hi thoi Feature Table Editor Command Window chn File /exit ,xut hin hp thng bo hi li ngi s dng c mun ghi li file trc khi thot khng?, nu mun bm OK, nu khng mun bm Cancel.
Cu hi n tp chng 3 1./ S dng chc nng chuyn nh dng nh Raster trong MicroStation chuyn cc nh bn c v cc dng nh c th hin th bng IrasB ? 2./ Phn bit 2 cch m nh nn ? 3./ Trnh by cc phng php dng li Km ? 4./ Thc hnh nn cc nh c (t cu 1) ? 5./ Ghi li nh, m hnh sau khi nn nh ? 6./ Thc hnh thit k bng mu v phn lp k hiu ? 7./ Thc hnh t ch iu khin mn hnh ?

84
CHNG 4: PHN MM FAMIS 4.1. Gii thiu chung "Phn mm tch hp cho o v v bn a chnh (Field Work and Cadastral Mapping Intergrated Software - FAMIS )" l mt phn mm nm trong H thng phn mm chun thng nht trong ngnh a chnh phc v lp bn v h s a chnh c kh nng x l s liu o ngoi nghip, xy dng, x l v qun l bn a chnh s. Phn mm m nhim cng on t sau khi o v ngoi nghip cho n hon chnh mt h thng bn a chnh s. C s d liu bn a chnh kt hp vi c s d liu H s a chnh thnh mt c s d liu v Bn v H s a chnh thng nht. 4.1.1. Cc chc nng ca phn mm Famis Cc chc nng ca phn mm FAMIS c chia lm 2 nhm ln : Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh 4.1.1.1. Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o a. Qun l khu o: FAMIS qun l cc s liu o theo khu o. Mt n v hnh chnh c th c chia thnh nhiu khu o. S liu o trong 1 khu c th lu trong 1 hoc nhiu file d liu. Ngi dng c th t qun l ton b cc file d liu ca mnh mt cch n gin, trnh nhm ln. b. Thu nhn s liu tr o : Tr o c ly vo theo nhng ngun to s liu ph bin nht Vit Nam hin nay nh: s o in t,s liu o th cng c ghi trong s o, phn mm x l tr o ph bin SDR . c. Giao din hin th, sa cha rt tin li, mm do. FAMIS cung cp hai phng php hin th, tra cu v sa cha tr o qua giao din tng tc ha mn hnh hoc qua bng danh sch cc tr o d. Cng c tch ton : FAMIS cung cp rt y , phong ph cc cng c tnh ton : giao hi ( thun nghch), v theo hng vung gc, im giao, dng hng, ct cnh tha v.vCc cng c thc hin n gin, kt qu chnh
xc. Cc cng c tnh ton rt ph hp vi cc thao tc o v mang c th Vit Nam. e. Xut s liu: S liu tr o c th c in ra cc thit b ra khc nhau nh my in, my v. Cc s liu ny cng c th xut ra di cc dng file s liu khc nhau c th trao i vi cc h thng phn mm khc nh SDR. g. Qun l v x l cc i tng bn : Cc i tng bn c sinh ra qua : t ng x l m hoc do ngi s dng v vo qua v tr cc im o. FAMIS cung cp cng c ngi dng d dng la chn lp thng tin bn cn sa cha v cc thao tc chnh sa trn cc lp thng tin ny. 4.1.1.2 Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh a. Nhp d liu bn t nhiu ngun khc nhau : - T c s d liu tr o. Cc i tng bn bn tr o c a thng vo bn a chnh. - T cc h thng GIS khc. FAMIS giao tip vi cc h thng GIS khc qua cc file d liu. FAMIS nhp nhng file sau : ARC ca phn mm ARC/INFO ( ESRI - USA) , MIF ca phn mm MAPINFO ( MAPINFO USA). DXF ,DWG ca phn mm AutoCAD (AutoDesk - USA), DGN ca phn mm GIS OFFICE ( INTERGRAPH - USA ) - T cc cng ngh xy dng bn s : FAMIS giao tip trc tip vi mt s cng ngh xy dng bn s hin ang c s dng Tng cc a chnh nh : nh s ( IMAGE STATION), nh n ( IRASC , MGE-PC), vector ha bn ( GEOVEC MGE-PC) b. Qun l cc i tng bn theo phn lp chun: FAMIS cung cp bng phn loi cc lp thng tin ca bn a chnh. Vic phn lp v cch hin th cc lp thng tin tun th theo qui phm ca Tng cc a chnh. c. To vng, t ng tnh din tch. T ng sa li. T ng pht hin cc li cn li v cho php ngi dng t sa. Chc nng thc hin nhanh,
mm do cho php ngi dng to vng trn mt phm vi bt k. Cu trc file d liu tun theo theo ng m hnh topology cho bn s vector. d. Gn thng tin a chnh ban u: y l nhm chc nng phc v cng tc qui ch tm thi. Gn, hin th, sa cha cc thng tin thuc tnh c gn vi tha. e. Thao tc trn bn a chnh: Bao gm cc chc nng to bn a chnh t bn gc. T ng v khung bn a chnh. nh s tha t ng. f. To h s tha t: FAMIS cho php to cc loi h s thng dng v tha t bao gm : H s k thut tha t, Trch lc, Giy chng nhn. D liu thuc tnh ca tha c th ly trc tip qua qu trnh qui ch tm thi hoc mc ni sang ly trong c s d liu H s a chnh. g. X l bn : FAMIS cung cp mt s php x l, thao tc thng dng nht trn bn . - Nn bn , chuyn t h thng to ny sang h thng ta khc theo cc phng php nn affine, porjective. - To bn ch t trng d liu. Xy dng cc bn theo phn bc s liu. Kt hp cc phng php phn bc trong bn hc v kh nng biu din (t mu) ca MicroStation, chc nng ny cung cp cho ngi dng mt cng c rt hiu qu lm vic vi cc loi bn chuyn khc nhau. - V nhn bn t trng s liu. Cc s liu thuc tnh gn vi cc i tng bn c th hin th thnh cc i tng ha. y l mt chc nng thun tin cho trnh by v phn tch bn . h. Lin kt vi c s d liu H s a chnh: Nhm chc nng thc hin vic giao tip v kt ni vi c s d liu v H qun tr H s a chnh. Cc chc nng ny m bo cho 2 phn mm FAMIS v CADDB to thnh mt h thng thng nht. Chc nng cho php trao i d liu hai chiu gia 2
c s d liu c s d liu Bn a chnh v c s d liu H s a chnh , gia 2 h thng phn mm FAMIS v CADDB. 4.1.1.3. Ci t v khi ng Famis a. Ci t Trc y, s dng Famis, phi tin hnh ci t tri qua nhiu cng on, tuy nhin k t phin bn Famis 2004 (Sau khi c lut t ai 2003 c hiu lc) th vic ci t Famis d dng hn rt nhiu. Ngi s dng sau khi ci MicroStation, ch cn copy th mc Famis cho vo th mc gc ca a iu hnh. Famis c giao din bng ch Vit, hin th ch Vit trn menu v cc chc nng, cn phi thc hin cc bc ci t nh sau: - T mn hnh desktop, kch chut phi, chn Properties, xut hin hp thoi Display Properties. - T hp thoi, chn Appeareance/Advanced, xut hin hp thoi Advance Appeareance. - Trong hp thoi Advance Appeareance chn font ch cho cc giao din l cc kiu ch ca b TCVN3 (VD: .Arial, .vntime) b. Khi ng Chy chng trnh MicroStation. - T dng lnh ca MicroStation nh "mdl load c:/famis/famis" - Trn mn hnh xut hin menu cc chc nng ca phn mm FAMIS.
Trong Famis c 3 m un l: C s d liu tr o, C s d liu bn , Tin ch

88
4.2. Gii thiu mt s chc nng quan trng ca Famis 4.2.1. Cc chc nng thao tc c s d liu tr o Cc chc nng trong nhm ny thc hin cc thao tc trn c s d liu tr o. C s d liu tr o l c s d liu lu tr ton b s liu o c trong qu trnh xy dng bn a chnh. C s d liu tr o l cc c s d liu nn xy dng ln c s d liu bn a chnh. 4.2.1.1. Qun l khu o Nhm chc nng giao tip gia ngi s dng v cc file d liu tr o lu trong c s d liu tri o. a. M mt khu o c S liu ca mt khu o c lu vo mt file tr o. File tr o c th lu mt hoc nhiu d liu tr o gc. File s liu tr o c phn m rng l .COG, lu trong mt th mc do ngi dng t nh ngha. Menu Chn Qun l khu o/M mt khu o c b. To mi khu o Chc nng cho php to mi trc tip mt file d liu tr o. Menu Chn Qun l khu o/To mi khu o c. Ghi li Ghi li s liu ang c trong b nh vo file tr o ang m. Menu Chn Qun l khu o/Ghi li
Hnh 80: M mt khu o

4.2.1.2 Hin th Nhm chc nng qun l cch hin th cc s liu c trong file tr o ra mn hnh. a. Hin th cc lp thng tin tr o Chc nng dng bt tt cc lp thng tin ca file tr o. T Menu Chn Hin th/Hin th cc lp thng tin tr o Cc lp thng tin tr o bao gm : Cc trm o, im o chi tit, cc i tng ha c v t ng sau qu trnh x l m, cc i tng ha do ngi dng t v qua nhng cng c x l ha ca Microstation, cc ch m t s hiu trm, im o, cc ch m t m ca im o. b. To m t tr o y l mt chc nng to cc i tng ch ( text ) m t thng tin i km theo vi cc trm o, im o chi tit. Menu Chn Hin th/To m t tr o 4.2.1.3. Nhp s liu Nhm cc chc nng trao i d liu vi bn ngoi a. Import Chc nng nhp s liu t ngoi vo file tr o, t cc ngun nh: my ton c, cc phn mm khc, s o chi tit. Menu Chn Nhp s liu /Import b. Export Chc nng xut cc tr o trong file ra cc dng file khc nhau trao i thng tin vi cc h thng khc. Chc nng cho php xut ra 2 dng file l file text tr o (ASC) v file c s d liu tr o ca SDR ( TXT ). Menu Chn Nhp s liu /Export c. Sa cha tr o Chc nng c dng sa cha cc tr o qua giao din hin th ca cc tr o trn mn hnh. Menu Chn Nhp s liu /Sa cha tr o
d. Bng s liu tr o Chc nng cung cp mt phng php khc sa cha c s d liu tr o. Thng tin ca tr o c hin ra di dng bng. Mt bn ghi tng ng vi 1 tr o c th. y l mt hnh thc giao din rt thun tin cho sa cha cc tr o. Menu Chn Nhp s liu/Bng s liu tr o
Hnh 81: Danh sch trm o 4.2.1.4 X l, tnh ton L nhm chc nng cung cp cc cng c tnh ton thng dng thng dng trong o c, xy dng bn a chnh. Nhng cng c c cung cp y ch l nhng cng c khng sn c trong MicroStation. a. Ni im theo s hiu L qu trnh to cc ng theo s hiu cc im o chi tit.
b. Giao hi thun Chc nng thc hin php ton giao hi thun trong trc a. Chc nng thc hin cc giao hi gia 1 tr o theo nhng kiu sau y : Cnh - Cnh, Gc - Cnh, Gc Gc. Menu Chn X l, tnh ton/Giao hi thun n v chn cc im trn mn hnh, cc im c chn s xut hin ta trong hp thoi. Xc nh kiu giao hi thun bng cch nh du vo cc tham s <Cnh > < Gc >. Trong trng hp khng giao hi c, chng trnh s thng bo cho ngi dng. Cn trong trng hp c 2 im o tha nm iu kin giao hi (cnh - cnh ) th chng trnh to ra hai im o ny. Ngi dng s phi t quyt nh s xa im o no i. c. Giao hi nghch Chc nng thc hin php ton giao hi nghch trong trc a. Chc nng to tr o mi khi bit ta 3 tr o v 2 gc gia tr o mi ti 2 trong 3 tr o d bit. Menu Chn X l, tnh ton/Giao hi nghch n v chn cc im trn mn hnh, cc im c chn s hin th ta trong hp thoi. nh du v vo gi tr gc < Gc_12 > < Gc_13>: ln lt l gc t im mi nhn xung cnh 12, cnh 13. d. Chia tha Chc nng l cng c to cc cnh tha mi da trn 2 cnh tha c. Nhng cnh tha mi s tha mn : - Song song vi nhau theo mt gc cho trc hoc song song vi vi mt cnh tha c (cnh nh hng). - im u ca cc cnh tha mi nm trn mt cnh tha c. - im cui ca cc cnh mi nm trn mt cnh tha no .
Hnh 82: S chia tha Menu Chn X l, tnh ton/Chia tha
Hnh 83: Hp thoi chia tha Chn hng cho cc cnh tha mi. Ngi dng c th vo trc tip gi tr gc ca cnh mi so vi trc ng hoc chn <Hng> v chn mt cnh tha no c. Chng trnh s t tnh c gc t cnh hng ny. Chn cnh tha b chia : chn <ng chia> v chn mt cnh tha c. Cnh tha no c chn s chuyn sang mu tm. Chn cnh tha bin : chn <ng bin> v chn mt cnh tha c. Cnh tha no c chn s chuyn sang mu xanh.

93
Chn hng chia, cc cnh tha mi c to theo chiu t phi sang tri hoc ngc li trn cnh b chia. Chn kiu chia, chc nng cung cp 3 kiu chia cnh b chia nh sau : - Kiu < di> : khong cch gia cc cnh tha mi s lun l gi tr di ny. (d1 = d2 = = dn=gi tr di) - Kiu < S on > : Cnh b chia s chia thnh n on bng nhau. Cc cnh mi s bt u t cc im chia ny (d1=d2=..=dn = di ca cnh b chia / n) - Kiu <Ty chn> : Cnh b chia s chia theo cc di khc nhau do ngi dng vo theo tng cnh mi mt. Trong trng hp kiu chia l <Ty chn> th ngi dng s phi ln lt vo cc gi tr di lin tip trong ca s giao din. Chn < Tip tc > chia tip theo di va vo hoc chn <Chm dt > thi khng chia na. Chn <t li> xa ta b nhng la chn v gi tr tham s t trn, lm li mi. Chn <Thot> ra khi chc nng chia tha. 4.2.2. Cc chc nng thao tc bn a chnh 4.2.2.1. To Topology Topology l mt m hnh lu tr d liu bn (khng gian) c chun ha trn ton th gii. M hnh khng ch lu tr cc thng tin a l m t v v tr, kch thc, hnh dng ca tng i tng bn ring l m cn m t c quan h v mt khng gian gia cc i tng bn nh ni nhau, k nhau. y l nhm chc nng quan trng nht ca phn xy dng bn . N bao gm cc chc nng thc hin v m bo thc hin ng cng vic ng vng cc tha t cc cnh tha c. Topology l m hnh m bo vic t
ng tnh din tch, l u vo cho cc chc nng to bn a chnh, to h s tha, to bn ch , v nhn tha .v.v. sau ny. a. T ng tm, sa li ( MRF CLEAN ) Chc nng t ng sa li thng dng trong bn s nh l: Bt qu (Overshoot ), Bt cha ti ( Undershoot ),Trng nhau ( Dupplicate ) (Xem chi tit phn trong chng 3 phn t ng tm sa li) b. Sa li ( MRF FLAG ) Chc nng hin th v tr cc li m MRF FLAG khng t ng sa c v ngi dng t sa. (Xem chi tit phn trong chng 3 phn t ng tm sa li) c. To vng ( To topology ) Chc nng thc hin to topology cho cc i tng bn c la chn. Hin ti chng trnh ch to topology cho cc i tng dng vng nh l tha t, sng sui. Cc i tng tham gia to topology c th nm trn nhiu level khc nhau, trn ton file hoc ch mt vng do ngi dng nh ngha ( fence ) Menu : Chn To topology /To vng.
Hnh 84: Hp thoi to vng

Trong hp thoi, cn lu mt s vn nh sau: - Chon level cha cc i tng tham gia to vng. - nh m s dng t ca loi t m c nhiu nht trong khu vc. - Chn level cha tm tha t v mu ca tm tha t - nh du vo cc la chn. 4.2.2.2. Gn thng tin h s a chnh ban u Nhm cc chc nng ny phc v qu trnh gn thng tin a chnh ban u. Hay ni cch khc, cc thng tin h s a chnh ban u : loi t, tn ch s dng, a chnh c gn cho cc tha trong qu trnh xy dng v hon chnh bn a chnh. Cc thng tin h s a chnh ban u ca tha bao gm : S hiu bn , S hiu tha, Din tch,Loi t , Tn ch s dng ,a ch. Cc thng tin h s a chnh ban u c to ra nh sau : S hiu bn t bng chp phn mnh bn a chnh, S hiu thac nh t ng bng chc nng "T ng nh s tha" hoc do ngi dng t nh trong qu trnh qui ch t nhn., Din tch : c tnh t ng qua qu trnh to vng, Loi t, tn ch s dng, a ch c gn cho tha bng nhn qui ch qua chc nng Qui ch t nhn. a. Gn d liu t nhn Chc nng lm nhim v t ng ly thng tin t cc nhn qui ch gn cho tha. Chc nng s ly thng tin nhn qui ch no nm trong tha gn. b. Sa nhn tha Sa cha cc thng tin h s ca tha qua chn nhn tha trn mn hnh Menu Chn Gn thng tin a chnh ban u/Sa nhn tha c. Sa bng nhn tha

96
Chc nng cung cp mt cch khc sa thng tin ca tha. Cc thng tin ca tha c hin ln nm hnh di dng mt bng (Borwse Table). Mi mt hng tng ng vi thng tin ca mt tha. Menu Chn Gn thng tin a chnh ban u/Sa bng nhn tha 4.2.2.3. Bn a chnh a. nh s tha t ng Chc nng nh s cc tha trong bn theo th t t trn xung di, t tri qua phi. V tr tha c xc inh qua v tr im c trng tha. trnh vic nh s tha theo so snh v tr tuyt i (s dn ti tnh trng s hiu tha sau khi nh song rt kh theo di do i khi v tr ca hai tha c s hiu lin tip rt xa nhau), chc nng cho php nh ngha mt khong (bng rng) theo chiu ngang, cc tha no ri vo cng mt khong (bng) th c nh s tha t phi sang tri m khng quan tm n v tr trn di. Cc tha tham gia vo nh s c th l ton b tha trn file bn hin thi hoc trong mt vng no do ngi dng nh ngha bng fence. Menu : Chn Bn a chnh/nh s tha t ng
Hnh 85: nh s tha t ng b. To h s k thut tha y l chc nng to ra cc bn h s ca tha t theo nhng mu qui nh ca Tng cc a chnh. Chc nng cho php to ra cc loi h s ca
tha t nh sau : Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, h s k thut, bin bn hin trng Menu Chn Bn a chnh/To h s k thut (Chi tit s c trnh by trong phn 4.3) c. To bn a chnh Chc nng t ng to mt file mi lu bn a chnh t bn nn. Menu Chn Bn a chnh/To bn a chnh, xut hin hp thoi: Chc nng ny s cho php chng ta la xy dng c cc mnh bn c s hiu theo ng quy phm ca bn a chnh. d. To khung bn a chnh Chc nng to ra khung bn a chnh vi v tr v cch th hin theo ng qui phm qui nh. Menu Chn Bn a chnh/To khung bn a chnh. Sau khi nhp cc thng s nh tn x, huyn, tnh v t l bn a chnh cn lp, chng ta s chn khu vc bn c a vo khung bng cch s dng fence hoc chn bn . Khi chng ta chn th ta gc khung s hin th v s hiu mnh bn s hin th trn ng vi quy phm trn c s tnh ton cc tham s. 4.2.2.4. X l bn a. Nn bn Chc nng dng nn, chuyn cc i tng bn t mt h thng ta khc sang h thng ta ca file bn hin ti thng qua cc php nn Projective vi cc cp im ta khng ch. Hin ti chc nng ch cho php nn vi 4 im, trong phin bn tip theo, chc nng cho php nn vi s lng im ln hn v cc phng php nn vi bc cao hn. Menu Chn X l bn /Nn bn

98
Hnh 86: Nn bn Chng ta m file cn nn a vo file bn hin thi, t cc ca s hin th ( view ) sau cho cc cp im tng ng c th nhn v chn d dng. Ln lut chn 4 cp im tng ng gia file tham chiu v file bn hin ti. Nu ch chuyn mt vng no trn file tham chiu, chn fence v nh ngha vng bng fence. b. To bn ch t trng s liu Chc nng cung cp cho ngi dng mt cng c rt mnh sinh ra bn ch khc nhau trn mt file bn chnh theo cc s liu thuc tnh lin kt vi cc i tng bn . to bn ch , ngi ta phn loi mt nhm cc i tng bn da theo mt thuc tnh no . cc i tng bn trong cng mt phn loi c cng mt kiu hin th ( mu sc, k hiu, mu t ) trn mn hnh ha. Cch phn loi da trn thuc tnh thng gm 2 kiu nh sau : Trong khong (range ) : tt c cc i c thuc tnh nm trong khong gii hn cn trn v cn di ny thuc 1 phn loi. y chnh l bi ton phn bc bn trong bn hc. Theo ch s duy nht (Invidual value ) : tt c cc i tng c cng 1 gi tr ca thuc tnh u c gp vo mt phn loi.
Hin ti, p ng nhu cu lm vic trn bn a chnh, chc nng ny ch xy dng cc bn chuyn da cc tha (i tng c kiu vng). Chc nng cn c th pht trin thm v lm vic vi tt c cc loi i tng bn khc nhau. Cc i tng bn c lu trong file DGN, cn d liu thuc tnh c lu trong file d liu dng DBF. File DBF bt buc phi c trng s hiu PARCEL_ID tng ng vi s hiu tha ca cc tha trn bn . y chnh l trng kha, mc ni gia tha trn bn v trng ca chng. Menu Chn X l bn /To bn ch t trng s liu c. V nhn tha t trng s liu Mt trong nhng cng c thng dng nht cho s dng bn s l v nhn ( label ) cho cc i tng bn t d liu thuc tnh ca n. Mt i tng bn c th c rt nhiu loi d liu thuc tnh i km theo. Ti mt thi im, khng th hin th tt c cc d liu lin quan n ra c. V vy, chc nng v nhn tha s cung cp cho ngi dng mt cng c v ra mn hnh mt s loi d liu thuc tnh do ngi dng t nh ngha v theo mt nh dng cho trc. Do phn mm p ng cho qun l v x l bn a chnh nn cc i tng bn c kh nng v nhn ch l cc i tng kiu vng c to topology. Menu Chn X l bn /V nhn tha Nhn tha l nhn ly s liu t cc trng : s hiu tha, loi t v din tch. Nhn sau khi to xong c dng :
Loai t =
S hiu thua Din tich
Nhn qui ch l nhn phc v qua trnh ng k s b. Nhn tha l nhn ly s liu t cc trng : s hiu tha, loi t, tn ch s dng v a ch.
4.3. Xy dng bn a chnh v cc loi h s t ai bng Famis 4.3.1. Xy dng bn a chnh 4.3.1.1. Quy trnh xy dng bn a chnh Bn a chnh c thnh lp bng phn mm Famis theo quy trnh nh sau: Nhp s liu Lu bn di dng file DGN To m t tr Kim tra, sa cha tr o
Ni im
Np file bn
Sa li
Phn mnh bn (To bn chp)
Nhp thng tin
To BC
Trang tr (V khung v nhn tha)
Hon thnh bn

101
4.3.1.2. Phn lp cc i tng th hin ni dung BC trong MicroStation Theo Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh do Tng cc a chnh ban hnh nm 1999, quy nh vic phn lp cc i tng th hin ni dung BC trn cc Level trong MicroStation nh sau: BNG PHN LP CC I TNG CA BN A CHNH (Lc trch)
Phn nhm chnh im khng ch trc a Lp i tng im nh nc im khng ch o v Tha t Giao thng Thy h Ranh gii tha t ng t, ph ng nc C s h tng Trnh by Khung bn Nhn tha i tng im thin vn im ta nh nc im cao nh nc im cao k thut im ta a chnh I,II im khng ch o v, trm o Ghi ch s hiu im cao ng ranh gii tha t im tm tha Ghi ch v tha t Ch gii ng Cu Tn ng ng mp nc Knh mng rnh thot nc ng b Cng, p ng mt ng gii hn chn Mng li in Mng thot nc thi Mng vin thng, lin lc Mng cung cp nc Khung bn Ghi ch, k hiu Nhn tha Tng nh im nhn nh K hiu tng chung, tng ring, nh tng Ghi ch v nh
Level 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 13 23 27 28 30 32 31 36 37 38 55 56 57 58 63 63 13 14 15 16 16
D liu thuc tnh Tn, cao S hiu im, cao cao cao S hiu im, cao rng b tha
S tha, loi t Vt liu, s tng
Nh, Khi nh
102
Phn nhm chnh a gii
Lp i tng a gii quc gia
i tng Bin gii quc gia xc nh Bin gii quc gia cha xc nh Mc bin gii quc gia, s hiu mc a gii tnh xc nh a gii tnh cha xc nh Mc a gii tnh, s hiu a gii huyn xc nh a gii huyn cha xc nh Mc a gii huyn, s hiu a gii x xc nh a gii x cha xc nh Mc a gii x, s hiu Tn a danh, cm dn c
Level 40 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 48
D liu thuc tnh
Tn mc
a gii tnh a gii huyn a gii x
Tn mc
Tn mc
Tn mc
4.3.1.3. Cc bc thnh lp bn a chnh bng Famis a. Nhp s liu S liu o c nhp vo Famis bng 3 cch. - Cch 1: T cc s liu o bng my ton c in t TC, SOKKIAth c th trt thng s liu t my ton c sang Famis. - Cch 2: i vi cc loi my khc (v d nh NIKKON) th phi trt qua mt phn mm trung gian khc l SDR ri mi trt sang Famis. - Cch 3: T cc kt qu o, chng ta s to file s o chi tit bng Notepad c dng nh sau: TR <S hiu trm nh hng> <Y> <X> TR <S hiu trm o 1> <Y> <X> < cao trm> < cao my> DKD <S hiu trm nh hng> <S hiu im o 1> <gc> <cnh> <gc thin nh> <S hiu im o n> <gc> <cnh> <gc thin nh> TR <S hiu trm o o 2> <Y> <X> < cao trm> < cao my> <S hiu im o n + 1> <gc> <cnh> <thin nh> <S hiu im o m> <gc> <cnh> <gc thin nh>
Trong qu trnh to file d liu u vo, cn lu cch vit gi tr o gc nh sau: DDDPPGG: Phn mm s t tnh t phi sang tri theo dy s ly gi tr ng. V d: 230708 (23 7 pht 8 giy). Sau khi c s liu o, chng ta thc hin cc nh sau: C s d liu tr o/Nhp s liu/Import
Hnh 87: Nhp s liu Xut hin hp thoi: Nhp s liu t s liu o gc. Tu thuc vo format ca tng loi s liu o gc, chng ta la chn trong hp List Type cho ph hp ri chn Enter
Hnh 88: Nhp s liu t s liu o gc

b. To m t tr o T menu chn Hin th/To m t tr o, xut hin hp thoi
Chng ta chn cc ni dung cn hin th trong nhn tr o, trong quan trng nht l s hiu nhn tin hnh ni im chnh xc. Xc nh v tr t text m t tr o t v tr ca tr o qua khong cch <Dx> , <Dy> phn <Khong cch t tr o>. n v tnh l mt. Xc nh kch thc ch m t tr o qua <Kch thc>. Xc nh level s cha text m t tr o qua <level>. Xc nh mu ca text m t qua vic chn mu <Mu> Lc ny nhng no trong phn ni dung c nh du th s hin th ln. c. Sa cha tr o y l chc nng rt linh hot, cho php ngi dung c th thay i cc gi tr o, thm cc tr o mt cch trc tip trn file ha. Khi tin hnh sa tr o v thm, bt tr o cn phi nhp y cc thng s ca tr o l: S hiu trm o, s hiu im o (duy nht), cc gi tr o gc. Sau khi hon thnh vic la chn, cc tr o mi s c hin th trn mn hnh. d. Ni im Cn c vo s o, tin hnh ni im theo cc s hiu. Cng on ny i hi phi c s phi hp gia ngi ng my (ngi to s hiu im o) vi ngi i s .

105
Nguyn tc ni : ni theo th t cc im c lit k t tri sang phi. Cc s hiu im phn bit nhau bng du , (du phy). Nu im ni lin tc theo th tng dn th c lit k s hiu im u v im cui cch nhau bng du - (du gch ngang). Sau khi lit k xong, chn phm <Ni> chng trnh t ng ni. Cc dng c th c son trc l lu trong mt file dng text. Chn file ny bng cch chn phm <File>. Sau khi chn xong, chn phm <Ni> chng trnh t ng ni.
e. Np bn v sa li M bn nn va mi ni xong, chy phn mm t ng tm sa li (Xem Chng 3) f. To phn mnh bn y l cng on quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng bn a chnh s. T Menu chn Bn a chnh/To bn a chnh, xut hin hp thoi phn mnh bn . Kch p chut tri gc tri di bn , sau kch p chut tri gc phi trn ca bn , tr v chut phi s xut hin cc vng bao bn nn. Mi mt vng bao bn nn l mt mnh bn a chnh tng ng vi t l c chn. Ta ca mi khung bao mnh chnh l ta ca t bn . Famis s t ng tnh ton ra ta khung ca mi mnh bn trn c s gi tr ca cc im o v t l bn tng ng. g. To bn a chnh To Topology thc cht l to vng cho cc i tng c khp kn bi nhiu ng thng vi nhau.
Trong qu trnh xy dng bn a chnh, cc i tng cn to Topology l cc tha t, bi v y l cc vng khp kn, ng thi khi to Topology mi thc hin c cc bc nh v nhn, m s tha. to Topology, cn thc hin cc bc nh sau: T Menu chn To Topology/To vng, xut hin hp thoi to vng. T hp thoi trn, chng ta nhp cc thng s, c bit cn phi lu n thng s level, v trn mnh bn c rt nhiu i tng khc nhau nh dng vng khp kn, dng im, dng tuyn mi mt loi i tng c a vo mt level khc nhau, chnh v vy cn phi bit chnh xc, ranh gii tha t nm level no to cho chnh xc. Khi to xong, s cc tha t s xut hin cc tm tha, lm ln lt cho tng t bn c to mnh (DC1.dgn, DC2.dgn..). Sau khi to Topology xong, cn nh s tha t ng cho tng t bn .
Hnh 89: Mt bn gc c chy Topology

Trc khi thc hin to bn a chnh, cn phi to mt th mc mi lu cc mnh bn .T Menu chn Bn a chnh/To bn a chnh, xut hin hp thoi to mnh bn . Trn c s bn gc c phn mnh, chng ta chn s th t ca mnh bn ri kch chut vo Chn bn sau kch vo mt tha m nm gn trong mnh bn t mnh bn gc. Trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi chng ta lu mnh bn . Tn file s l DCn.dgn (Trong n l s th t mnh bn ) v chng ta chn th mc to sn l bn . Khi chng ta chn xong, file bn gc s b ng li v file DCn.dgn s m ra. Sau , m li file bn gc, lp li cc bc nh trn, to ra mnh bn a chnh tip theo cho n ht cc phn mnh bn . h. Cp nht thng tin cho tha t Cc thng tin trong tng tha t s c cp nh vo cc chc nng gn thng tin a chnh. i. To khung bn v v nhn tha Bc tip theo l to khung bn a chnh, lu cn la chn t l khung ph hp vi t l bn c phn mnh v in y cc thng tin cn thit (tn n v hnh chnh). Level cha khung bn a chnh lp 63. v c nhn tha, t Menu chn X l bn /V nhn tha xut hin hp thoi v nhn tha. Quy trnh v nhn tha c trnh by phn trn, tuy nhin trong qu trnh v nhn tha cho bn a chnh cn phi lu v cc tha nh. Cc tha nh l cc tha c din tch qu nh, khng th hin c nhn ca tha trn t bn , m ch th hin c s tha t. v nhn tha cc tha nh, cn thc hin nh sau: Gii hn v din tch tha nh, nhp ta gc khung tri di vo hp thoi.

108
Hnh 90: Mt vi tha t trong mt mnh bn a chnh 4.3.2. Xy dng cc loi h s t ai Trong phn ny s trnh by phng php xy dng cc loi h s t ai nh: h s k thut, giy chng nhn quyn s dng t. 4.3.2.1. Cc bc chung xy dng h s t ai, t menu Chn bn a chnh/to h s k thut tha, xut hin hp thoi nh sau:
Hnh 91: To h s tha t

T hp thoi trn, chn loi h s k thut ph hp v in cc thng s nh: T l bn v, cc yu t th hin, m s dng t hin th trn h s. Sau , bm vo chn tha v kichs chut vo tm tha t. Lc ny mt file templace.dgn s xut hin, lu file ny li vi mt tn bt k (v d: Hsthua6.dgn.). 4.3.2.2. Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t l c s php l quan trng nht trong h s t ai. Chnh v vy vic xy dng GCNQSD c mt s s khc bit nh sau: - Khi xut hin hp thoi xy dng h s k thut tha t, chn loi h s cn xy dng l GCN - Chn cc thng s ph hp - Chn tha, lc ny mt file templace.dgn s xut hin cha khun mu ca GCN nhng cha c cc ni dung. - Sau , bm vo GCN gc phi di ca hp thoi, s xut hin mt ca s cho php chng ta in cc ni dung vo.

110
Hnh 92: Ca s nhp thng tin GCNQSD Sau khi in cc thng tin vo, chng ta chn chuyn ra in v ghi li GCN lc mi hon thnh vic Cp GCN quyn s dng t.

111
Cu hi n tp chng 4 1./ Hy trnh by ngha ca cc thc n trong h thng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o ?
2./ Hy trnh by ngha cc thc n trong h thng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh ?
3./ Xy dng file d liu tr o cho cc s liu o cnh ngang v o cnh nghing ?
4./ V, gii thch quy trnh xy dng bn a chnh bng Famis ?
5./ Thc hnh xy dng bn a chnh hon chnh, ng quy phm ?
6./ Thc hnh xy dng, trch xut h s k thut, giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, bin bn hin trng s dng t t bn a chnh ?

112
Ph lc chng 4



TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Nguyn Th Vit Bi Ngc Qu; H M a cht H Ni; Hng dn thit k,bin tp v thnh lp bn s trn my tnh vi phn mm MicroStation; NXB H Ni, 2006. 2. H Kit Hunh Vn Chng Nguyn Hu Ng; i hc Nng lm Hu; Bi ging Trc a; 2001. 3. B Ti nguyn Mi trng; Quy nh k thut s ha bn ; NXB Bn ; 2000. 4. Tng cc a chnh; Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh; NXB Bn ; 1999. 5. B Ti nguyn Mi trng; Hng dn s dng phn mm Famis 2006; H Ni; 2006. 6. Nguyn Trng San; o c a chnh; NXB H Ni; 2006. 7. Trn Quc Vinh; HNN H Ni; Bi ging Tin hc v bn ; 2005 8. Nguyn Quang Khnh; H M a cht; Hng dn s dng ProNet; 2008.

MC LC
Trang CHNG 1: NG DNG TIN HC BNH SAI S LIU O C 1.1. 1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.2.1. 1.1.2.2. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.3.1. 1.2.3.2. 1.2.3.3. Nhng vn c bn v bnh sai s liu trong o c Khi nim v bnh sai v phng php bnh sai Quy trnh bnh sai gin tip v bnh sai trc tip Quy trnh bnh sai gin tip Quy trnh bnh sai trc tip ng dng tin hc bnh sai s liu Mt s phn mm bnh sai hin nay Gii thiu phn mm Pronet S dng phn mm Pronet bnh sai kt qu o c Cc bc chun b Bnh sai li khng ch mt bng Bnh sai li o cao CHNG 2: XY DNG BN BNG MICROSTATION 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.2.1. 2.1.2.2. 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.4. 2.1.2.5. 2.1.2.6. 2.1.2.7. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.1.1. 2.2.1.2. 2.2.1.3. 2.2.1.4. 2.2.1.5. 2.2.2. 2.2.2.1. 2.2.2.2. 2.2.2.3. 2.2.3. 2.3. 2.3.1. Quy trnh XDB s v h thng phn mm Mapping office Quy trnh xy dng bn s H thng phn mm Mapping office MicroStation IrasB Geovec MSFC MRFClean MRFflag Iplot T chc file trong MicroStation Cc file trong MicroStation v lm vic vi cc file File trong MicroStation Cch to mt file mi Cch m file Cch ghi file d phng v nn file Cch trn file Khi nim level v lm vic vi cc level t tn level Chn Active level n, hin lp i tng ha S dng MicroStation bin tp bn s Thanh cng c v cc nt iu khin mn hnh
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 8 8 8 20
26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 36
2.3.1.1. 2.3.1.2. 2.3.1.3. 2.3.1.4. 2.3.2. 2.3.2.1. 2.3.2.2. 2.3.2.3. 2.3.2.4. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.2.1. 2.4.2.2. 2.4.2.3. 2.4.2.4. 2.5.
Thanh cng c chnh Cc chc nng iu khin mn hnh Cch s dng chut Cch bt im chnh xc To cc i tng trong MicroStation To cc i tng dng im To cc i tng dng ng To cc i tng dng vng To cc i tng dng text Bin tp cc i tng ha Bin tp cc d liu thuc tnh cho cc i tng ha Bin tp d liu khng gian Bin tp i tng dng im Bin tp cc cc i tng dng ng Bin tp cc i tng dng vng Bin tp cc i tng dng text S dng Fence CHNG 3: NN NH V S HA BN
36 40 40 41 41 41 43 47 49 49 49 50 50 51 53 56 58
3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.2.1. 3.1.2.2. 3.1.2.3. 3.1.2.4. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.1.1. 3.2.1.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.2.1. 3.2.2.2. 3.2.2.3. 3.3.
Nn nh Dng li Km Cc bc nn nh Khi ng IrasB M file nh raster cn nn nh v tng i nh so vi bn Nn chnh xc bn S ha bn Phn nhm lp, thit k bng mu Thit k bng mu Phn lp i tng Phn mm Geovec Kh ng Geovec t ch t ng iu khin mn hnh S ha cc i tng Bin tp d liu sau khi s ha CHNG 4: PHN MM FAMIS
60 60 61 61 62 63 65 70 70 70 72 74 74 75 76 77
4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.1.1. 4.1.1.2. 4.1.1.3. 4.2.
Gii thiu chung Cc chc nng ca phn mm Famis Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o Cc chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh Ci t v khi ng Famis Gii thiu mt s chc nng quan trng ca Famis
85 85 85 86 88 89
4.2.1. 4.2.1.1. 4.2.1.2. 4.2.1.3. 4.2.1.4. 4.2.2. 4.2.2.1. 4.2.2.2. 4.2.2.3. 4.2.2.4. 4.3. 4.3.1. 4.3.1.1. 4.3.1.2. 4.3.1.3. 4.3.2. 4.3.2.1. 4.3.2.2.
Cc chc nng thao tc c s d liu tr o Qun l khu o Hin th Nhp s liu X l, tnh ton Cc chc nng thao tc bn a chnh To Topology Gn thng tin a chnh ban u Bn a chnh X l bn Xy dng bn a chnh v cc loi h s t ai bng Famis Xy dng bn a chnh v cc loi h s t ai bng Famis Quy trnh xy dng bn a chnh Phn lp i tng th hin ni dung BC trong MicroStation Cc bc xy dng bn a chnh bng Famis Xy dng cc loi h s t ai Cc bc chung Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t
89 89 90 90 91 94 94 96 97 98 100 100 100 102 103 109 109 110


Bai Giang Tin Hoc Chuyen Nganh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bai Giang Tin Hoc Chuyen Nganh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC NNG LM HU

KHOA TI NGUYN T & MI TRNG NNG NGHIP B MN CNG NGH QUN L T AI

TIN HC CHUYN NGNH

BIN SON: PHM GIA TNG

Ti liu lu hnh ni b Hu, 2010

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Nhp s liu (Notepad) KQ Bnh sai -Gc, cnh -Ta .....

Phn mm Bnh sai

S 1: Quy trnh ng dng tin hc bnh sai s liu

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Hnh 1: Giao din phn mm AD-PNET

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

s dng c phn mm ny, ta cc im bit phi ln hn 3 im.

Hnh 2: Giao din phn mm kho st ca V Mnh Tng

Hnh 3: Giao din phn mm NIN

Hnh 4: Giao din phn mm Pronet

Hnh 5: La chn cc tham s bnh sai

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Khng tha mn cc iu kin

Nhp Ktra D liu

Ktra file bo li (*.err)

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Khai bo tn im: Tn im 8 k t S dng=S im cn xc nh+S im gc (I4 + I5) C1: Tn im

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Cc iu kin kim tra 1 : s th t iu kin kim tra 010,002,... s hiu im ca cc im

Kt thc file s liu

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

2316817,000 574444,000 2316881,000 574499,000

Ghi ch: o tri ng chuyn, sai s cho php 5, h s a, b ca my o l 3mm.

Hnh 6: hnh li mt bng

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Hnh 8: ng chuyn khng ph hp khuyt 1 phng v

Hnh 9: ng chuyn khng ph hp khuyt 2 phng v

Hnh 10: Li tam gic

* Nu l a gic trung tm cc iu kin c khai bo nh sau: 005007008010015017000019

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Hnh 12: Chn file s liu

Nu file s liu nhp ng, phn mm s xut hin hp thoi nh sau:

Hnh 13: Hp thoi thng bo kt qu kim tra u vo

Nu file d liu u vo cha ng, phn mm s xut hin hp thoi sau:

Hnh 14: Hp thoi bo li

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Hnh 15: Tnh khi lc mng li

Bc 3: T thanh cng c, chn Bnh sai li mt bng, chn hin th s li.

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

cao gc: S dng=S im gc I1: S hiu im gc R2: cao (m)

Du hiu kt thc tp s liu.

B mn Cng ngh QL, Khoa TN&MTNN, Trng H Nng lm Hu

Hnh 20: Chn file s liu

Hnh 21: Bnh sai li o cao

Nh vy l chng ta kt thc phn bnh sai li cao. c. c kt qu bnh sai

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

| 3 |DC3 | 119.077 | 0.024 | | 4 |DC4 | 119.880 | 0.017 | ========================================

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

B mn Cng ngh QL, Khoa TN&MTNN, Trng H Nng lm Hu

Hon thin d liu

Bin tp, trnh by bn

Bin son: Phm Gia Tng

Hnh 23: Trn cc file vi nhau

Main Tool Box