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i hc bun ba

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dng ph bin v ngoi nhng tnh u vit nu trn chng cn d cho nhiu mu sc hp dn, d lp t v lau chi khi lm v sinh.

2.3. Cc phng php sn xut PVC t VCM Ph thuc vo yu cu ca polyme, iu kin gia cng v s dng ngi ta dng cc phng php khc nhau. C 4 phng php trng hp c ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut PVC:

Trng hp khi. Trng hp trong dung dch. Trng hp nh tng. Trng hp huyn ph.

Trong ph bin v chim sn lng ln nht l trng hp huyn ph, tip n l trng hp nh tng, trng hp trong dung dch v cui cng l trng hp khi. Trng hp trong dung dch tuy d thc hin v d iu khin nhng c bt li l phi s dng lng ln dung mi hu c (v monome khng tan trong nc) nn rt tn km v rt c hi. Chnh v vy phng php ny ch p dng cho nhng trng hp m cc yu t k thut khng cho php dng nhng phng php khc hoc v nhng yu cu c bit, nh sn xut lai polyme lm cht sn ph b mt. Mc d trng hp khi dng nh l phng php n gin nht sn xut PVC nhng phng php huyn ph li c s dng ch yu trong cng nghip (sn xut 75% PVC trn th gii) trnh nguy c pht n trong qu trnh trng hp khi. Qu trnh trng hp gc VCM, monome c hng s chuyn mch tng i ln (Cm = 1,23 103, 60oC) dn n gii hn trn ca polyme thp (Pn < 2000). Lin kt tng phn l phng php hu ch c s dng tng hp polyme c khi lng phn t cao. Trong qu trnh trng hp gc ca VCM, c rt nhiu nghin cu tng tnh bn nhit. V d, chuyn ho ca qu trnh trng hp VCM thng khng cao chng li s to thnh nhng mch nhnh di. Nhnh di c to thnh do s ly nguyn t hydro t mch chnh. V vy u tin xy ra giai on cui ca qu trnh

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i hc bun ba

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trng hp. Ni i ni phn t c to thnh do s ly nguyn t hydro t mch chnh ca polyme trong qu trnh trng hp. C th trnh iu ny bng cch a vo hp cht c nguyn t hydro linh ng nh xyclohexen. So snh cc phng php trng hp gc khc nhau ca VCM c trnh by trong bng 2.4

Bng 2.4. So snh cc phng php trng hp gc ca VCM Yu t Khi Kh nng ho tan ca cht khi u Ph gia tan trong VCM Phng php trng hp VCM Dung dch tan trong VCM Nh tng khng tan trong VCM nc, cht to nh tng cn thit d dng Huyn ph tan trong VCM

khng

dung mi

nc, tc nhn phn tn cn thit d dng

Khuy trn iu khin nhit S c lp PVC Kch c ht (m)

khng cn thit kh

khng cn c th c

thu VCM 60 300

c th c < 0,1

d dng 0,1

d dng 20 300

2.3.1. Trng hp khi

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Phn ng tin hnh khi c monome, cht kch thch v khi cn cho thm cht iu ho v cht ho do. Phn ng c thc hin bng cch gi nhit xc nh khi khuy mt dung dch cht kch thch trong monome v cc cht khc. Phng php trng hp khi VCM vi cht khi mo c bit t nm 1930 nhng khng c p dng ph bin. Trng hp khi ch dng cho nhng trng hp cng sut nh v sn xut ra nhng sn phm c t khi thp, t hp th cht ha do. L phng php n gin tuy nhin t c s dng:
1. V phn ng din ra trong trng thi nng chy, nht ca dung dch ln nn

tnh dn nhit km.


2. V khng u nhit, cc khi phn ng xy ra nhit khc nhau nn cu

trc mch polyme iu ho b ph hu, tnh ng nht v khi lng phn t gim, ngha l tng a phn b v khi lng phn t.
3. Kh iu chnh nhit phn ng, kh lm lnh cng nh kh thu hi v lm

sch monome d ti s dng.


4. Qu trnh phn ng kh ly nhit ra lm phn hu polyme to kh HCl v lm

cho polyme c mu. 5. Sn phm polyme to thnh dng khi, kh gia cng v tho sn phm. Phng php trng hp khi chim 8% tng sn lng PVC. Tng cng sut nha PVC sn xut bng phng php ny trn th gii ch khong 1 triu tn/nm.

2.3.2. Trng hp dung dch Phn ng trng hp xy ra trong dung dch, trong monome tan cn polyme c th tan hay khng tan. Phn ng trng hp to ra polyme tan, thu c dung dch polyme tan trong dung mi c th trc tip dng lm lc, keo, sn hay cht ph do cn gi l phng php trng hp lc. Cn nu mun tch polyme ra th dng phng php kt ta bng dung mi khng ho tan polyme hoc bng cch chng ct loi dung mi bng li cun hi nc nu polyme bn.

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Trong phng php trng hp lc ny khng c hin tng qu nhit nh ch nh trng hp khi, nhit tch ra phn tn nhanh, nhng c phn ng chuyn mch qua dung mi nn thng khi lng phn t ca polyme thp hn. Qu trnh trng hp trong dung dch ko di tng i lu v i hi lng dung mi ln v c tinh khit cao cho nn t c s dng trong cng nghip.

2.3.3. Trng hp nh tng Trng hp nh tng l phng php c ng dng vo cng nghip u tin tng hp PVC. nc Anh ch duy nht c phng php ny c s dng cho mi n nm 1944. Khi trng hp nh tng, mi trng khuch tn l nc, monome c phn tn trong nc di dng nh n nh. Phn ng c tnh k thut khi hm lng monome trong nh tng l 30 60%, nhng kh nng monome thng hay to thnh nh tng khng bn, cho nn n nh chng ngi ta cho thm cht nh ho lm tng tnh nh tng ca monome trong nc. Thng dng x phng hay mui ca axt bo. Vai tr ca cht nh tng ho l lm gim sc cng b mt phn chia gia hai pha nc monome, lm tng kh nng ho tan monome trong nc, gim kh nng t hp monome thnh ht ln. Ngha l khi khng c cht nh tng ho, khi khng khuy, monome tch ra thnh hai lp. Nu c cht nh tng ho, nh tng hp ph trn b mt git monome to nn lp bo v bn ngn cn s t hp. Khi mch hydrocacbon k nc hng ti monome, nhm ho nc hng ti nc. phn tn monome vo pha nc cn phi dng cht phn tn (cht to nh) v khuy mnh. T l gia monome v nc cng ln th nhit phn ng ta ra cng ln v do , lng nhit cn phi ti ra khi thit b phn ng bng tc nhn lm lnh cng ln nu mun duy tr nhit phn ng khng i. Khi lng phn t ca polyme thu c t qu trnh trng hp nh tng tng t khi lng phn t ca polyme thu c t trng hp khi hay huyn ph. Khi tng nng cht nh tng trong h, tc trng hp tng. Nu lng cht nh tng c bo ton, nhng thay i t l nc monome th tc cng tng khi tng t l ny.

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Ngoi cht nh tng v cht kch thch, thng ngi ta thm vo cht iu ho pH, cht iu ho sc cng b mt (ru n chc bo) lm thay i ln ca git nh tng theo mun, cht iu ho, cht n nh v cht ho do. Nhc im ca trng hp nh tng l polyme b nhim bn bi cht nh tng ho (l cht in ly) nn gim tnh in ca polyme.

2.3.4. Trng hp huyn ph Phn ng trng hp huyn ph ging nh trng hp nh tng, trong cc monome c phn tn trong pha nc thnh cc ht rt nh. Tuy nhin, thng khuy trn monome vi nc v cht n nh l nhng polyme ho nc nh polyvinyl ancol, tinh bt oxit nhm Thu c polyme dng ht, do cn gi l phng php trng hp ht. Cht n nh thng dng 3 5%, hp ph trn b mt ca git monome to thnh khi khuy. Cc git monome tng i ln, khong 0,1 5 mm ph thuc vo kh nng khuy, lng v bn cht n nh. Bi v cht kch thch thng tan trong monome, phn ng xy ra trong cc git monome to nn cc tiu phn hay ht hnh cu, d tch ra khi ngng khuy v khng cn dng cc cht ng t c bit. Mt khc, trong trng hp huyn ph ngi ta s dng cc cht khi mo ho tan c trong monome. Do v kha cnh no y, c th coi nh trong mi ht polyme nh li ti to thnh din ra qu trnh trng hp khi. C ch phn ng trng hp huyn ph ging nh trng hp khi, v mi git hay ht nh l mt bnh phn ng nn cn gi l trng hp git, phn ng xy ra vi tnh dn nhit tt hn, khi lng phn t cao, a phn tn nh. Vic la chn cht khi mo thch hp ph thuc vo nhit phn ng trng hp. Nng ca cht khi mo thng mc 0,01 0,1% ty thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca cht khi mo, nhit phn ng v mc chuyn ha. Cht to huyn ph c s dng ph bin nht l polyvinyl alcol (PA). PA c nhiu loi ty thuc vo mc thu phn cng nh khi lng phn t. Lng PA thng chim t 0,05 0,5% khi lung monome.

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Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng cc loi mui m nh natri hydro pht pht trnh gim pH ca pha nc khi phn ng trng hp xy ra. i khi mt s cht chng to bt nh polyetylen silicat cng c s dng gim thiu s hnh thnh bt khi tch monome d cui giai on phn ng. Cht khi u nh hng mnh n kch thc ht PVC v s phn b kch thc. Qu trnh kt hp cc git trong trng hp huyn ph ca PVC c xc nh bng s dng k thut nhum mch lm sng t nh hng ca cng xoy, thi gian khuy, loi v nng ca tc nhn to huyn ph. Phng php trng hp huyn ph l phng php c s dng rng ri nht trong cng nghip sn xut PVC v n c nhiu u im nh:

Sn phm to ra dng ht, bi d gia cng.

Vn tc trng hp cao, nhit phn ng thp.

Khng xy ra hin tng qu nhit cc b nh trng hp khi.

Tuy nhin c nhc im l sn phm b nhim bn bi cht n nh, cht nh ho Do cn lc ra nc thi nn tn km hn trng hp khi. 2.4. Cng ngh sn xut PVC bng phng php huyn ph ti nh my nha v ho cht Ph M 2.4.1. S khi Vic sn xut PVC c tin hnh theo tng m bng phng php huyn ph theo s hnh 2.4.

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