Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Mc lc
A. Vi nt tng quan v bi chn lp hp v sinh ................................................4
I. Khi nim bi chn lp hp v sinh ..................................................................4
II. u - nhc im ca bi chn lp hp v sinh ...............................................4
II.1. u im.....................................................................................................4
II.2. Nhc im................................................................................................5
B. Tnh ton v thit k bi chn lp ....................................................................6
I. Tnh ton lng cht thi rn cn x l.............................................................6
I.1. Tnh hnh pht trin ca dn s...................................................................6
I.2. Tnh ton lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on 2007 2036.........7
I.2.1. Lng cht thi rn sinh hot...................................................................7
I.2.2. Lng cht thi rn cng nghip............................................................10
I.2.3. Lng cht thi rn y t..........................................................................12
II. Cc phng php thu gom v x l cht thi rn th.................................17
II.1. Cc phng php thu gom cht thi rn..................................................17
II.2. Mt s phng php x l cht thi rn c s dng...........................21
II.2.1. Phng php ha hc............................................................................21
II.2.2. Phng php sinh hc...........................................................................22
II.2.3. Phng php ti ch..............................................................................23
III. Thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn.................................................................25
III.1. Cc yu cu v bi chn lp...................................................................25
III.1.1. Nguyn tc chung khi thit k bi chn lp.........................................25
III.1.2. Yu cu khi la chn a im bi chn lp v quy m bi chn lp 25
III.1.3. Cc cng trnh n v trong bi chn lp ...........................................27
III.2. Thit k k thut bi chn lp................................................................27
III.2.1. Thit k chn lp..............................................................................28
III.2.2. Quy m bi chn lp ...........................................................................33
III.2.3. Cc giai on vn hnh bi chn lp ..................................................35
III.2.4. Thit k lp lt y v lp ph b mt................................................36
III.2.5.Thit k lp ph trung gian..................................................................39
III.2.6. Chng thm cho (thnh) vch chn lp............................................40
III.2.7. H thng thu gom nc mt................................................................41
III.2.8. Nc rc - h thng thu gom v x l nc rc..................................42
III.2.8.1. Nc rc...........................................................................................42
III.2.8.2. H thng thu gom v x l nc rc................................................44
III.2.9. Kh rc - h thng thu gom v x l kh rc........................................48
III.2.9.1. Kh rc..............................................................................................48
III.2.9.2. H thng thu gom v x l kh rc...................................................48
III.2.10. Cc cng trnh ph tr.......................................................................49
Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Ngy 7.11.2006, Vit Nam chnh thc l thnh vin ca t chc thng mi th gii
(WTO), s kin ny nh du mt bc ngot rt ln ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. l
s cng nhn ca th gii i vi nn kinh t nng ng ca Vit Nam trong gn 1 thp k
qua - s cng nhn mang li rt nhiu thun li nhng cng khng t kh khn vi nn
kinh t cn non tr ca nc ta.
t nc ta ang trong qu trnh pht trin, pht trin mt cch mnh m. i dc
theo chiu di t nc, u u cng thy cng trng xy dng, cc th pht trin c
v s lng v cht lng.
Cng vi s gia tng v thi gian l s pht trin v kinh t, s pht trin v dn s,
s pht trin ca cc th, trnh dn tr ca ngi dn c nng cao. Nhng bn cnh
vn mi trng li cng tr nn cp bch hn bao gi ht. Nu ch xt ring trong
cc th, s gia tng v kinh t, s pht trin v dn s, th nhu cu ca ngi dn cng
ln (nhu cu v s dng nc, nhu cu v mc x thi cht thi rn,) ko theo l cc
cht thi c x thi vo mi trng ngy cng nhiu hn. y l bi ton i hi cc c
quan chc nng, cc nh mi trng cng vi ngi dn phi c mt ci nhn xa hn.
Trong cc bi ton th qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn v thit k h thng x l,
bi chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh l vn c quan tm c bit ca tt c cc
th.
Nhn chung, cht thi rn th bao gm:
- Cht thi rn sinh hot.
- Cht thi rn cng nghip.
- Cht thi rn y t.
Vi thnh phn a dng v phong ph. Vi khi lng rc cn c x l ngy
cng ln. V vy, vn qun l cht thi rn l rt phc tp. Qu trnh qun l cht thi
rn bao gm:
- Qu trnh thu gom cht thi rn trong cc th.
- Qu trnh vn chuyn cht thi rn ti cc trm trung chuyn v ti ni x l.
- Qu trnh phn loi cht thi rn.
- Qu trnh x l cht thi rn.
Thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn l dng bi tp nhm gip cho sinh vin mi
trng va vn dng cc kin thc hc vo qu trnh thit k l thuyt, va c nhn
thc c cng vic cn phi lm sau khi ra trng.
Vi m hnh v cc s liu gi nh, mc tiu ca bi tp ln l thit k bi chn lp
cht thi rn sinh hot, a ra cc h thng, s cng ngh x l cht thi y t, cht
thi nguy hi, s dng cho th A (loi III) trong thi gian l 30 nm theo s liu nh
trn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n c V Kim Hnh v c Nguyn Thu Huyn gip
em rt nhiu trong qu trnh lm bi tp ln ny.

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

A. Vi nt tng quan v bi chn lp hp v sinh

I. Khi nim bi chn lp hp v sinh
X l cht thi bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh l phng php c s
dng ph bin nht trn hu ht tt c cc quc gia. Phng php chn lp cht thi hp v
sinh thc cht c ngha l lu gi cht thi trong mt bi t v c lp ph ln trn b mt
cht thi.
Chn lp hp v sinh l mt phng php kim sot s phn hy ca cht thi rn
khi chng c chn nn v ph lp b mt. Cht thi rn trong bi chn lp s b tan ra
nh qu trnh phn hy sinh hc bn trong to ra cc sn phm cui cng l cc cht
giu dinh dng nh axit hu c, Nit, cc hp cht amn v mt s kh nh CO2; CH4.
Nh vy, v thc cht chn lp hp v sinh cht thi rn th l phng php tiu hy
sinh hc, va l bin php kim sot cc thng s cht lng mi trng trong qu trnh
phn hy cht thi khi chn lp.

II. u - nhc im ca bi chn lp hp v sinh

II.1. u im
X l cht thi rn bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh c nhng u im sau:
-

nhng th c qu t d tr rng, bi chn lp hp v sinh thng l gii

php kinh t nht cho vic b cht thi.

Chi ph ban u v chi ph hot ng ca bi chn lp hp v sinh thp hn so

vi cc phng php khc.

Bi chn lp hp v sinh c th tip nhn tt c cc lai cht thi rn m khng

cn thu gom ring l hay phn loi tng loi.

Bi chn lp hp v sinh rt linh hot khi s dng, khi khi lng rc tng ta c
th tng cng thm cng nhn v thit b c gii, trong khi cc phng php
khc phi m rng quy m cng ngh tng cng sut.

- Do cht thi c nn cht v c mt lp ph ln trn mi ngy nn cc loi cn

trng , chut, rui, mui kh c c hi sinh si ny n.
-

Cc hin tng chy ngm hay chy bng kh c th xy ra, ngoi ra cn gim
thiu c mi hi thi pht sinh, t gy nhim khng kh.

Do h thng c lp lt v h thng thu gom nc rc nn c th gim thiu n

mc ti a kh nng gy nhim nc ngm v nc mt.

Cc bi chn lp hp v sinh sau khi ng bi c th s dng mt bng xy

dng cc cng vin, sn vn ng, hay cc cng trnh cng cng khc.

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

II.2. Nhc im
Tuy nhin, vic hnh thnh cc bi chn lp hp v sinh cng c mt s nhc im sau:

- Cc bi chn lp hp v sinh thng sinh ra kh CH4, SO2 v nhiu kh c hi

khc c kh nng gy chy n hay gy c hi. Tuy nhin, kh CH4 c th c
thu hi lm kh t.
-

Nu bi chn lp khng c thit k, xy dng v qun l tt c th gy ra

nhim nc ngm, nhim nc mt, nhim khng kh, nhim t.

Cc lp ph cc bi chn lp thng b gi thi mn lm rc thi pht tn i

xa.

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

B. Tnh ton v thit k bi chn lp

I. Tnh ton lng cht thi rn cn x l
I.1. Tnh hnh pht trin ca dn s
Theo bi ra, th A c:

- Din tch l: 3781 km2

- Mt dn s hin nay l: 92 ngi/km2
S dn hin nay = 3781 92 = 347.852 (dn)

Vi t l gia tng hng nm l 1,8%

T , ta c bng thng k tnh hnh tng dn s ca th A t giai on 2007 2036 (30
nm).
Bng 1: Tnh hnh tng dn s ca th A giai on 2007 2036
n v: Dn
Nm
Dn s
Nm
Dn s
2007
347.852
2022
454.581
2008
354.113
2023
462.763
2009
360.487
2024
471.093
2010
366.976
2025
479.573
2011
373.582
2026
488.205
2012
380.306
2027
496.993
2013
387.152
2028
505.939
2014
394.120
2029
515.046
2015
401.215
2030
524.316
2016
408.436
2031
533.754
2017
415.788
2032
543.362
2018
423.273
2033
553.142
2019
430.891
2034
563.099
2020
438.647
2035
573.234
2021
446.543
2036
583.553

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

I.2. Tnh ton lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on 2007 2036
Gi:

QSH l tng lng CTR sinh hot thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.

QNHCN l tng lng CTR nguy hi cng nghip thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.

QNHYT l tng lng CTR nguy hi y t thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.

QTC l tng lng CTR ti ch thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.

QTM l tng lng CTR thng mi thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.
QXD l tng lng CTR xy dng thu c trong giai on 2007 2036.
+ qiSHSH : Lng CTR sinh hot trong CTRSH thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiXDSH : Lng CTR xy dng trong CTRSH thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiTMSH : Lng CTRTM trong CTRSH thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiSHCN : Lng CTR sinh hot trong CTRCN thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiTCCN : Lng CTR ti ch trong CTRCN thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiNHCN : Lng CTR nguy hi trong CTRCN thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiSHYT : Lng CTR sinh hot trong CTRYT thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
+ qiNHYT : Lng CTR nguy hi trong CTRYT thu c trong mt ngy nm th i.
Vi i =1 30
I.2.1. Lng cht thi rn sinh hot
Theo bi ra:
Tiu chun thi
T l thu gom
(kg/ngi.ng)
(%)
Hin ti
0,72
70
Sau 5 nm
0,80
78
Sau 10 nm
0,83
88
Kt hp vi s dn trn, ta tnh c lng cht thi rn sinh hot thi ra v lng cht
thi rn sinh hot thu gom c trong giai on 2007 2036
Mt khc, theo bi ra trong cht thi rn sinh hot c cha:
30% Cht thi rn xy dng.
12% Cht thi rn thng mi.
58% Cht thi rn sinh hot.
Khi , ta c:

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Bng 2: Lng cht thi rn sinh hot thi ra v lng cht thi rn sinh hot thu gom
c trong giai on 2007 2036

Nm

Tiu chun thi

(kg/ngi.ng)

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036

Nguyn Vn c

0,72
0,72
0,72
0,72
0,72
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83
0,83

Lng CTR
sinh hot thi
ra
(Tn/ng)
250
255
260
264
269
304
310
315
321
327
345
351
358
364
371
377
384
391
398
405
413
420
427
435
443
451
459
467
476
484

T l thu
gom
(%)
70
70
70
70
70
78
78
78
78
78
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88

Lng CTR
sinh hot thu
gom
(Tn/ng)
175
179
182
185
188
237
242
246
250
255
304
309
315
320
326
332
338
344
350
356
363
370
376
383
390
397
404
411
419
426

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Bng 3: Thnh phn cc cht thi c trong cht thi rn sinh hot tnh theo lng thu gom
n v: Tn/ngy m
Nm
CTR xy dng
CTR thng mi
CTR sinh hot
2007
52,50
21,00
101,50
2008
53,70
21,48
103,82
2009
54,60
21,84
105,56
2010
55,50
22,20
107,30
2011
56,40
22,56
109,04
2012
71,10
28,44
137,46
2013
72,60
29,04
140,36
2014
73,80
29,52
142,68
2015
75,00
30,,00
145,00
2016
76,50
30,60
147,90
2017
91,20
36,48
176,32
2018
92,70
37,08
179,22
2019
94,50
37,80
182,70
2020
96,00
38,40
185,60
2021
97,80
39,12
189,08
2022
99,60
39,84
192,56
2023
101,40
40,56
196,04
2024
103,20
41,28
199,52
2025
105,00
42,00
203,00
2026
106,80
42,72
206,48
2027
108,90
43,56
210,54
2028
111,00
44,40
214,60
2029
112,80
45,12
218,08
2030
114,90
45,96
222,14
2031
117,00
46,80
226,20
2032
119,10
47,64
230,26
2033
121,20
48,48
234,32
2034
123,30
49,32
238,38
2035
125,70
50,28
243,02
2036
127,80
51,12
247,08

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

I.2.2. Lng cht thi rn cng nghip
Theo bi ra:
Lng thi hin ti
(Tn/ngy)
Tc tng hng nm
(%)
Lng CTR c th ti
ch (%)
Lng CTR sinh hot
(%)
Lng CTR nguy hi (%)

X nghip I
4,6

X nghip II
3,7

X nghip III
6,2

32

11

29

46

89

53

22

18

T , ta tnh c lng cht thi rn cng nghip ca cc x nghip thi ra, v

thnh phn cc cht thi c trong trong giai on 2007 2036

Bng 4: Lng cht thi rn cng nghip ca cc x nghip thi ra trong giai on

Nguyn Vn c

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

2007 2036

Nm

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036

X nghip I
Tc Lng thi
tng
hng nm
hng
(Tn/ngy)
nm
(%)
7
4,60
7
4,92
7
5,26
7
5,63
7
6,02
7
6,44
7
6,89
7
7,37
7
7,89
7
8,44
7
9,03
7
9,66
7
10,34
7
11,06
7
11,83
7
12,66
7
13,55
7
14,50
7
15,52
7
16,61
7
17,77
7
19,01
7
20,34
7
21,76
7
23,28
7
24,91
7
26,65
7
28,52
7
30,52
7
32,66

X nghip II
Tc Lng thi
tng
hng nm
hng
(Tn/ngy)
nm
(%)
9
3,70
9
4,03
9
4,39
9
4,79
9
5,22
9
5,69
9
6,20
9
6,76
9
7,37
9
8,03
9
8,75
9
9,54
9
10,40
9
11,34
9
12,36
9
13,47
9
14,68
9
16,00
9
17,44
9
19,00
9
20,71
9
22,57
9
24,60
9
26,81
9
29,22
9
31,85
9
34,72
9
37,84
9
41,25
9
44,96

X nghip III
Tc Lng thi
tng
hng nm
hng
(Tn/ngy)
nm
(%)
8
6,20
8
6,70
8
7,24
8
7,82
8
8,45
8
9,13
8
9,86
8
10,65
8
11,41
8
12,32
8
13,31
8
14,37
8
15,52
8
16,76
8
18,10
8
19,55
8
21,11
8
22,80
8
24,62
8
26,59
8
28,72
8
31,02
8
33,50
8
36,18
8
39,07
8
42,20
8
45,58
8
49,23
8
53,17
8
57,42

Bng 5: Thnh phn cc cht thi c trong cht thi rn cng nghip trong giai on

Nguyn Vn c

10

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

2007 2036
Nm
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036

X nghip I
X nghip II
CTRT CTRS CTRN CTRT CTRS CTR
C
H
H
C
H
NH
1,47
2,12
1,01
0,41
3,29
0
1,57
2,26
1,08
0,44
3,59
0
1,68
2,42
1,16
0,48
3,91
0
1,80
2,59
1,24
0,53
4,26
0
1,93
2,77
1,32
0,57
4,65
0
2,06
2,96
1,42
0,63
5,06
0
2,20
3,17
1,52
0,68
5,52
0
2,36
3,39
1,62
0,73
5,94
0
2,52
3,63
1,74
0,81
6,56
0
2,70
3,88
1,86
0,88
7,15
0
2,89
4,15
1,99
0,96
7,79
0
3,09
4,44
2,13
1,05
8,49
0
3,31
4,76
2,27
1,14
9,26
0
3,54
5,09
2,43
1,25
10,09
0
3,79
5,44
2,26
1,36
11,00
0
4,05
5,82
2,79
1,48
11,99
0
4,34
6,23
2,98
1,61
13,07
0
4,64
6,67
3,19
1,76
14,24
0
4,97
7,14
3,41
1,92
15,52
0
5,32
7,64
3,65
2,09
16,91
0
5,69
8,17
3,91
2,28
18,43
0
6,08
8,74
4,18
2,48
20,09
0
6,51
9,37
4,47
2,71
21,89
0
6,96 10,00
4,79
2,95
23,86
0
7,45 10,71
5,12
3,21
26,00
0
7,97 11,46
5,48
3,50
28,35
0
8,53 12,26
5,86
3,82
30,90
0
9,13 13,12
6,27
4,16
33,68
0
9,77 14,04
6,71
4,54
36,71
0
10,45 15,02
7,19
4,95
40,01
0

n v: Tn/ngy m
X nghip III
CTRT CTRS CTRN
C
H
H
1,80
3,29
1,12
1,94
3,55
1,21
2,10
3,84
1,30
2,27
4,14
1,41
2,45
4,48
1,52
2,65
4,84
1,64
2,86
5,23
1,77
3,09
5,64
1,92
3,31
6,05
2,05
3,57
6,53
2,22
3,86
7,05
2,40
4,17
7,62
2,59
4,50
8,23
2,79
4,86
8,88
3,02
5,25
9,59
3,26
5,67 10,36
3,52
6,12 11,19
3,80
6,61 12,08
4,10
7,14 13,05
4,43
7,71 14,09
4,79
8,33 15,22
5,17
9,00 16,44
5,58
9,72 17,76
6,03
10,49 19,18
6,51
11,33 20,71
7,03
12,24 22,37
7,60
13,22 24,16
8,20
14,28 26,09
8,86
15,42 28,18
9,57
16,65 30,43 10,34

I.2.3. Lng cht thi rn y t

Theo bi ra:

Nguyn Vn c

11

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

th A c mt bnh vin vi s ging l 170.

- Tc gia tng s ging hng nm l 5%.

-

Tiu chun thi l 1,68 kg/ging.ng.

Ta hon ton c th tnh c s ging cng nh lng cht thi rn y t thi ra hng
nm trong giai on 2007 2036
Mt khc, trong cht thi rn y t c cha:
74% t sinh hot.
10% bng, bng, gc.
4,7% chai l, ng tim.
3,3% ha cht, dc phm ht hn s dng, b bt.
7,3% dy truyn dch, gng tay cao su.
0,7% b phn ct b sau phu thut.
Nh vy, ta c th phn cht thi rn y t thnh 2 loi chnh:
74% cht thi rn y t sinh hot.
26% cht thi rn y t nguy hi.
T ta c:

Bng 6: S ging v lng cht thi rn thi ra hng nm trong giai on

2007 2036

Nguyn Vn c

12

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Nm
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036

Tc tng s
ging
(%)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

S ging
(chic)

Tiu chun thi

(kg/ging.ng)

170
179
188
198
208
219
230
242
255
268
282
297
312
328
345
363
382
402
423
445
468
492
517
543
571
600
630
662
696
731

1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68
1,68

Lng cht thi

(Tn/ng)
0,29
0,30
0,32
0,33
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,41
0,43
0,45
0,47
0,50
0,52
0,55
0,58
0,61
0,64
0,68
0,71
0,75
0,79
0,83
0,87
0,91
0,96
1,01
1,06
1,12
1,17
1,23

Bng 7:Khi lng ca cc thnh phn ca cht thi rn y t trong giai on

2007 2036

Nguyn Vn c

13

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Nm
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036

Cht thi rn y t sinh hot

Hm lng
Khi lng
(%)
(Tn/ng)
74
0,21
74
0,22
74
0,24
74
0,24
74
0,26
74
0,27
74
0,29
74
0,30
74
0,32
74
0,33
74
0,35
74
0,37
74
0,38
74
0,41
74
0,43
74
0,45
74
0,47
74
0,50
74
0,53
74
0,56
74
0,58
74
0,61
74
0,64
74
0,67
74
0,71
74
0,75
74
0,78
74
0,83
74
0,87
74
0,91

Cht thi rn y t nguy hi

Hm lng
Khi lng
(%)
(Tn/ng)
26
0,08
26
0,08
26
0,08
26
0,09
26
0,09
26
0,10
26
0,10
26
0,11
26
0,11
26
0,12
26
0,12
26
0,13
26
0,14
26
0,14
26
0,15
26
0,16
26
0,17
26
0,18
26
0,18
26
0,20
26
0,21
26
0,22
26
0,23
26
0,24
26
0,25
26
0,26
26
0,28
26
0,29
26
0,30
26
0,32

T ta c:
Tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot thu c trong giai on 2007 2036

Nguyn Vn c

14

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

30

i
i
QSH = [(q SHSH
+qSHCN
+qiSHYT ) 365]
i =1

(Tn)

Tng lng CTR nguy hi cng nghip thu c trong giai on 2007 2036
30

QNHCN = (q iNHCN 365)

i =1

(Tn)

Tng lng CTR nguy hi y t thu c trong giai on 2007 2036

30

QNHYT = (q iNHYT 365)

(Tn)

i =1

Tng lng CTR ti ch thu c trong giai on 2007 2036

30

QTC = (q iTCCN 365)

(Tn)

i =1

Tng lng CTR thng mi thu c trong giai on 2007 2036

30

QTM = (q iTMSH 365)

(Tn)

i =1

Tng lng CTR xy dng thu c trong giai on 2007 2036

30

QXD = (q iXDSH 365)

(Tn)

i =1

Ta c:
Bng 8: Bng tng hp cc thnh phn cht thi rn thu gom c trong giai on

Nguyn Vn c

15

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

2007 2036
Nm
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
Tng
cng

QSH
40.300
41.406
42.329
43.263
44.238
54.965
56.418
57.652
58.969
60.513
71.416
73.051
74.945
76.676
78.672
80.731
82.855
85.049
87.323
89.673
92.323
95.075
97.725
100.685
103.780
107.014
110.383
113.917
117.829
121.709

QNHCN
777
836
898
967
1.037
1.117
1.201
1.292
1.383
1.489
1.602
1.723
1.847
1.989
2.015
2.303
2.475
2.661
2.862
3.081
3.314
3.562
3.833
4.125
4.435
4.774
5.132
5.522
5.942
6.398

QNHYT
29
29
29
33
33
37
37
40
40
44
44
47
51
51
55
58
62
66
66
73
77
80
84
88
91
95
102
106
110
117

QTC
1.343
1.442
1.555
1.679
1.807
1.949
2.095
2.256
2.424
2.610
2.814
3.033
3.267
3.522
3.796
4.088
4.406
4.749
5.121
5.519
5.950
6.409
6.913
7.446
8.026
8.654
9.333
10.063
10.851
11.698

QTM
7.665
7.840
7.972
8.103
8.234
10.381
10.600
10.775
10.950
11.169
13.315
13.534
13.797
14.016
14.279
14.542
14.804
15.067
15.330
15.593
15.899
16.206
16.469
16.775
17.082
17.389
17.695
18.002
18.352
18.659

2.360.884

80.592

1.874

144.836

410.494

n v: Tn/nm
QXD
19.163
19.601
19.929
20.258
20.586
25.952
26.499
26.937
27.375
27.923
33.288
33.836
34.493
35.040
35.697
36.354
37.011
37.668
38.325
38.982
39.749
40.515
41.172
41.939
42.705
43.472
44.238
45.005
45.881
46.647
1.026.234

II. Cc phng php thu gom v x l cht thi rn th

II.1. Cc phng php thu gom cht thi rn
Thu gom cht thi rn l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh dn, cc cng s, khu
cng nghip, khu thng mi, bnh vin,hay cc im thu gom, cht chng ln xe v
ch n cc a im x l, chuyn tip, trung chuyn hay chn lp.

Nguyn Vn c

16

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Dch v thu gom rc thi thng chia ra thnh cc dch v: thu gom s cp v thu
gom th cp. S phn bit ny phn nh cc yu t l nhng khu vc vic thu gom cht
thi phi i qua mt qu trnh gm hai giai on: Thu gom rc t cc nh v tp trung v
ch cha trung gian rri t li chuyn tip v trm trung chuyn hay bi chn lp.
Thu gom s cp (thu gom ban u) l cch m theo rc thi c thu gom t
ngun pht sinh (nh hay c s thng mi) v ch n cc bi cha chung, cc a im
hoc bi chuyn tip. Thng th cc h thng thu gom s cp cc nc ang pht trin
bao gm cc xe ch rc nh, cc xe hai bnh ko tay thu gom rc v ch n cc bi
cha chung hay nhng im chuyn tip.
Thu gom th cp (thu gom tp trung) l thut ng bao hm khng ch vic gom nht
cc cht thi rn th nhng ngun khc nhau m cn c vic chuyn ch cc cht thi
ti a im tiu hy. Vic d, cc xe rc cng c coi l mt phn ca hot ng thu
gom th cp. Nh vy, thu gom th cp l cch thu gom cc loi cht thi rn t cc im
thu gom (im cu rc) trc khi vn chuyn chng theo tng phn hoc c tuyn thu gom
n mt trm trung chuyn, mt c s x l hay mt bi chn lp bng cc phng tin
chuyn dng c ng c.
Hin nay, do c im a hnh khng c thun li cho cc phng tin chuyn
dng c ng c c th i n tng h gia nh thu gom rc. Nn qu trnh thu gom cht
thi rn ti cc th Vit Nam u c thc hin bng cch phi hp gia thu gom s
cp v thu gom th cp.
th A (loi III) cng l mt th Vit Nam nn phng php thu gom cht
thi rn c s dng l kt hp qu trnh thu gom s cp v qu trnh thu gom th cp.
Vic b tr phng php thu gom v tuyn ng thu gom hp l cn phi c
xem xt n cc kha cnh sau:
-

Xt n chnh sch v quy tc hin hnh c lin quan n vic tp trung cht tht
rn, s ln thu gom trong mt tun.

iu kin lm vic ca h thng vn chuyn, cc loi xe my vn chuyn.

Tuyn ng cn phi chn sao cho lc bt u hnh trnh v lc kt thc hnh

trnh phi cc tuyn ph chnh.

vng a hnh dc th hnh trnh nn xut pht t ch cao xung ch thp.

Cht thi pht sinh t cc nt giao thng, khu ph ng c cn phi c thu

gom vo cc gi c mt giao thng thp.

Nguyn nhn ngun to thnh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln cn phi t chc
vn chuyn vo t gy ch tc, nh hng cho mi trng.

- Nhng v tr c cht thi rn t v phn tn th vic vn chuyn phi t chc cho

ph hp.
Xt ring ch th A:

Nguyn Vn c

17

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Cht thi rn sinh hot: l nhng cht thi c lin quan n hot ng ca con

ngi. Ngun to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c, cc c quan, trng hc,.Thnh

phn bao gm:
Cht thi rn sinh hot ca ngi dn.
Cht thi rn xy dng.
Cht thi rn thng mi.
Cht thi rn sinh hot ca ngi dn: l nhng cht thi c lin quan n cc hot ng
ca con ngi, ngun pht sinh l t cc khu dn c, c quan, trng hc. Thnh phn
gm: cht thi thc phm, cht thi hu c, v c, x than,
Qu trnh thu gom gm 2 giai on:
Giai on 1 (thu gom s cp): C mi gi nht nh trong ngy, nhng ngi thu
gom rc vi nhng xe ch rc nh, xe 2 bnh ko tay i su vo cc khu dn c tin hnh
thu gom rc ca cc h gia nh bng bin php rung chung bo hiu cho h gia nh bit
v em rc ra vo xe. Ty thuc vo quy m ca khu dn c m c th b tr t hay
nhiu xe ch rc. Sau khi xe ch y rc, ngi thu gom y xe n a im tp kt
(im cu rc). i vi nhng h gn cc trc giao thng, h c th rc ra pha trc
ca nh hoc mt ni no m bo cnh quan v tin thu gom. Vo mi gi nht
nh, nhng ngi thu gom s y xe i dc trc giao thng v tin hnh thu gom rc
(khng cn rung chung bo hiu). Sau khi xe ch y rc, ngi thu gom y xe n
a im cu rc.
Giai on 2 (thu gom th cp): Sau khi tin hnh thu gom rc trong cc khu dn c,
ngi thu gom phi y xe ch y rc n a im tp kt vo mt gi nht nh. Vo
khong gi s c cc xe chuyn dng tin hnh cu rc t cc xe nh vo thng xe
chuyn dng v vn chuyn n cc trm trung chuyn hay ni x l, chn lp.
Cht thi rn xy dng: l nhng cht thi do cc hot ng ph d, xy dng cng trnh.
Thnh phn ca cht thi rn xy dng gm: vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh d b cng
trnh xy dng; t do vic o mng trong xy dng; cc vt liu nh kim loi, cht
do,
Qu trnh thu gom: cc ph thi xy dng c cc ch cng trnh hoc cng ty mi trng
th thu gom v vn chuyn n ni quy nh cho php ph thi xy dng. Ph thi
xy dng c th s dng gia c cng trnh, nng cao nn mng cho cc cng trnh,
Cht thi rn thng mi: l cc cht thi pht sinh t qu trnh hot ng ca cc trung
tm thng mi, ch ba, thnh phn ch yu ca cht thi rn thng mi l cc cht
thi giu hu c.
Qu trnh thu gom cng c tin hnh theo 2 giai on (thu gom s cp v thu gom th
cp). Cht thi rn thong mi c vn chuyn n ni x l sn xut phn bn.

Nguyn Vn c

18

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Cht thi rn cng nghip: l nhng cht thi pht sinh t hot ng sn xut cng
nghip, tiu th cng nghip. Cc ngun pht sinh: cc ph thi t vt liu trong qu
trnh sn xut cng nghip; tro, x trong cc nh my nhit in; cc ph thi t nhin
liu phc v cho qu trnh sn xut; cc ph thi trong qu trnh cng ngh; bao b ng
gi sn phm; cht thi t qu trnh sinh hot ca cng nhn vin;. Ta c th chia
thnh:
Cht thi rn c th ti ch.
Cht thi rn sinh hot.
Cht thi rn nguy hi.
Qu trnh thu gom cht thi rn: Qu trnh thu gom cht thi rn cng nghip c tin
hnh theo phng php thu gom th cp sau khi phn loi rc ti ngun theo 3 tiu ch
trn. Cc xe chuyn dng cng vi h thng thng xe di ng c s dng. Cc xe
chuyn dng ch cc thng khng n v mang cc thng y rc n cc ni x l
ring.
i vi cht thi rn c th ti ch: cc xe chuyn dng s ch n ni x l v tin hnh
ti ch rc thi.
i vi cht thi sinh hot: cc xe chuyn dng s ch n ni chn lp.
i vi rc thi nguy hi: s c vn chuyn n ni x l dnh ring cho cht thi nguy
hi (chn lp).
Cht thi rn y t: l cht thi pht sinh t cc bnh vin. cc trung tm y t. Thnh
phn bao gm: rc thi t sinh hot; b phn ct b sau phu thut; ha cht, dc
phm ht hn s dng; chai l, ng tim; bng bng gac; Ta c th chia rc thi y t
lm hai loi c bn:
Cht thi y t khng nguy hi (rc thi t sinh hot).
Cht thi y t nguy hi.
Qu trnh thu gom cht thi rn y t phi tun theo mt quy trnh ht sc cht ch. Phng
php thu gom c p dng l phng php thu gom th cp, cc cht thi sau khi c
phn loi ti ngun s c cc xe chuyn dng vi h thng thng xe di ng vn chuyn
ti cc ni x l ring.
i vi cht thi y t khng nguy hi: s c vn chuyn ti ni chn lp rc thi sinh
hot.
i vi cht thi y t nguy hi: s c vn chuyn ti ni x l theo phng php t.
Qu trnh vn chuyn cht thi rn nguy hi phi tun th theo nguyn tc, trnh hin
tng ri vi, r r trong thi gian vn chuyn. Sn phm ca qu trnh t (tro) c vn
chuyn ti ni chn lp dnh cho cht thi nguy hi.

Nguyn Vn c

19

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

II.2. Mt s phng php x l cht thi rn c s dng
II.2.1. Phng php ha hc
Phng php t
S cng ngh x l ca phng php t
Nh my in

ng khi

Ni hi
Cn trc

Trm cn

Bung t

Tro a i Ra kh
chn lp

H cha

Lc tay o

Qut

Hnh 1: H thng t tiu hy cht thi

u im

Nhc im

- Phm vi s dng rng ri, c th s dng

cho nhiu loi rc khac nhau.
- C th p dng i vi cc cht hu c
nguy hi c trong rc sinh hot.
- Gim ng k lng cht thi cn chn
lp, do gim nhu cu t chn.

- Chi ph u t v vn hnh cao, k thut

vn hnh phc tp, kh kim sot khi
thi,
- Ch ph hp vi rc thi c hi, rc thi
y t.
- i vi rc thi sinh hot chi ph s cao
hn v m cao.

Phng php nhit phn

Nhit phn l phng php rc nhit cao, khng c xy. C th tn dng nhit cho
qu trnh hu ch khc. Tro bi thu c s em i chn lp hp v sinh.

Nguyn Vn c

20

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

II.2.2. Phng php sinh hc
Sn xut phn compost bng phng php hiu kh
Sn xut phn compost bng phng php hiu kh l s dng cc chng vi sinh vt hiu
kh phn hy rc. Yu cu quan trng ca cng ngh ny l khng kh ca quy trnh x
l phi t mc iu ha ng k.

Rct
i

Ph
nh
mc
u
C
n
i
nt

S
ntpk
t
Cngnh
nnh
t
thcng

Bngph
nloi

Ti ch

Bcha

Nghi
n
Trn
Myxc
Ki
msott
t
ng

Cungcp
m

Lnm
en
Th
i khcngbc
Myxc
ch
n
Myxc
Sng
Vvin
Tinhch

ngbao

TrnphgiaN.P.K

Hnh 2: Quy trnh cng ngh sinh hc quy m cng nghip

u im

Nhc im

- Gim lng rc cn chn lp, do

gim nhu cu t chn.
- Kim sot c mi hi t rc.
- Quy trnh x l linh hot, d kim sot.
- Thu c sn phm l phn hu c tt
cho nng nghip.

- Yu cu u t quy trnh hon chnh, bao

gm nhiu cng on phc tp, do chi
ph cao.
- Chi ph vn hnh cao.
- Yu cu cng nhn c trnh chuyn
mn.
- Thit b nhanh b h hng.

Sn xut phn compost bng phng php k kh

Nguyn Vn c

21

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

K hha lng
Trn

R c th

Thy phn

M tan ha
Tr m pht in

M en vi sinh
Nhit nng
R c th

Trn

Sy

in nng

K h n c

NPK
Thi vo ngun

Tr m x l n c

Hnh 3: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut phn compost bng phng php k kh
u im

Nhc im

- Gim lng rc cn phi chn lp, do

gim nhu cu t chn.
- Kim sot mi tt.
- Kim sot c kh thi v nc thi.
- To ra sn phm l phn hu c, tt cho
nng nghip.
- To ra in: 32 KWh/tn rc

- Chi ph u t cao.
- Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thit b
cao.
- Ch p dng vi quy m >1500
(tn/ngy).

X l cht thi bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh

V y l bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn nn phng php ny s c ni
k phn sau.
II.2.3. Phng php ti ch
Phng php n nh cht thi bng cng ngh Hydromex
y l phng php mi, ln u tin c p dng Hawaii ( Hoa K) vo thng
2.1996. Cng ngh Hydromex nhm x l rc thi th thnh cc sn phm phc v xy
dng, lm vt liu, nng lng v sn phm nng nghip hu ch.
Bn cht ca cng ngh Hydromex l nghin nh rc sau Polyme ha v s dng
p lc ln p nn, nh hnh cc sn phm.

Nguyn Vn c

22

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Cht thi rn
cha phn loi

Kim tra bng

mt
Ct x hoc
nghin ti nh

Cht thi lng

hn hp

Lm m

Thnh phn
Polyme ha

Trn u

p hay n ra

Sn phm mi
Hnh 4: S s l rc theo cng ngh Hydromex

Nguyn Vn c

23

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

III. Thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn
III.1. Cc yu cu v bi chn lp
III.1.1. Nguyn tc chung khi thit k bi chn lp
Khi thit k bi chn lp phi tun th theo tiu chun thit k TCXDVN 2612001 v
theo mt s quy nh c bn sau:
-

Khu vc chn phi c kh nng tiu thot nc nhanh,ngn nga ng trong

bi rc.

- Gim thp nht nhim b mt do rc thi gy ra v nhim ngun nc ngm.

-

Bi chn lp phi t xa thnh ph, xa dn c t nht 1000m.

Bi chn lp t cui hng gi v phi c hng cy cch ly bo v.

Bi chn lp phi c h thng thu gom v x l nc r rc t tiu chun trc

khi x ra mi trng.

Bi chn lp phi c h thng thng kh m bo yu cu.

a im chn lp phi c cc iu kin t nhin thch hp hn ch cc tc

ng tiu cc ti mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng, vn hnh v ng bi.

Khi la chn a im chn lp cn phi ch n cc yu t nh: a l t

nhin, c im a hnh, a cht thy vn, a cht cng trnh, vn ha, x hi,
lut nh ca a phng, nh nc, kin cng ng, khong cch vn chuyn
cht thi, di tch lch s, cnh quan, du lch,

Bi chn lp c b tr sao cho t l din tch s dng hu ch l ln nht. T

l din tch s dng hu ch ca bi chn lp l t l gia tng din tch s dng
hu ch ca cc hng mc cng trnh so vi tng din tch mt bng cu bi
chn lp. Tc l kt cu b mt ca chn lp phi ph hp vi mt bng tng
th ca bi chn lp.

Kch thc v kt cu ca mt chn lp phi c b tr sao cho ch s b mt

gia c chng thm, chu lc l nh nht. Ch s b mt gia c chng thm, chu
lc c xc nh bng t s tng th tch b mt cn gia c so vi tng din
tch mt bng ca bi chn lp. Vi quy m (th tch) chn lp nht nh th
kt cu b mt hnh vung c ch s nh nht.

- m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng trong sut thi gian vn hnh bi.

III.1.2. Yu cu khi la chn a im bi chn lp v quy m bi chn lp
V tr bi chn lp phi gn ni pht sinh cht thi, nhng phi c khong cch thch
hp vi nhng vng dn c gn nht. Cc yu t nh hng n vng dn c ny l loi
cht thi, iu kin hng gi, nguy c gy lt li,

Nguyn Vn c

24

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Vic la chn a im phi cn c vo cc yu t t nhin, kinh t, x hi, h
thng h tng k thut ti khu vc d kin xy dng bi chn lp.
Khong cch xy dng bi chn lp ti cc a im dn c, khu th c quy
nh theo bng sau:
Bng 9: Khong cch xy dng bi chn lp ti cc im khu dn c, th
Cc cng
trnh
th
Sn bay, cc
khu cng
nghip, hi
cng
Cm dn c
ng bng v
trung du

c im v
quy m cng
trnh
Cc thnh ph,
th x,
T quy m nh
n ln

15 h
Cui hng gi
chnh
Cc hng khc
Cm dn c Theo khe ni (c
min ni
dng chy
xung).
Khng theo khe
ni
Cc cng trnh Cng sut <100
khai thc nc m3/ng
ngm
Cng sut
<10.000 m3/ng
Cng sut >100
m3/ng

Khong cch ti thiu t vnh ai cng trnh ti

bi chn lp (m)
BCL nh v
BCL ln
BCL rt ln
va
3.000 5.000
5.000 15.000
15.00030.000
1.000 2.000

2.000 3.000

3.000 5.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

300
3.000 5.000

300
> 5.000

300
> 5.000

Khng quy
nh
50 -100

Khng quy nh

Khng quy nh

> 100

> 500

> 100

> 500

> 1.000

> 500

> 1.000

> 5.000

c bit quan tm: Khng c b tr bi chn lp cht thi trn nhng vng c tr lng
nc ngm ln. Trong trng hp bt buc phi b tr trn vng c tr lng nc ngm
ln phi xy lp chng thm phn y cc vi b dy 1m v thit k chng thm
nc phi c c quan nh nc c thm quyn v bo v mi trng ph duyt trc
khi thi cng xy dng.
Bi chn lp phi ha nhp vi cnh quan mi trng tng th trong vng bn knh 1000m.
t c iu ny, ta c th s dng cc bin php nh to vnh ai cy xanh, cc m
t hoc cc hnh thc khc bn ngoi khng nhn thy c.
Quy m, din tch bi chn lp c xc nh trn c s:

Nguyn Vn c

25

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

Dn s v lng rc thi hin ti, t l tng dn s v tng lng cht thi trong
sut thi gian vn hnh bi chn lp.

Kh nng tng trng kinh t, nh hng pht trin ca th.

Vic thit k bi chn lp phi m bo sao cho chiu dy ca bi t y n nh

t 15 25m, ty thuc vo loi a hnh bi chn lp v iu kin xung quanh bi chn lp.
T l din tch xy dng cc cng tnh ph tr: ng, , k, h thng thot nc,
dn nc,trong bi chn lp phi chim khong 20% din tch bi.
Phi tin hnh trng cy xanh to thnh tng bao xanh quanh khu vc bi chn lp
ngay trong khi t chc thi cng cc hng mc ca bi chn lp.
Thi gian hot ng ca bi chn lp t nht l 5 nm. Hiu qu nht t 25 nm tr
ln.
III.1.3. Cc cng trnh n v trong bi chn lp
Cc cng vic thit k c bn ca mt bi chn lp cht thi rn ca bt k mt th no
cng bao gm:
-

Dn mt bng bi rc.

nh hng nc chy.

Lp lt y v lp che ph cui cng.

ng ra vo.

Ro chn, bin hiu.

Hnh thnh , k.

- H thng thu gom v x l nc rc.

-

H thng thu gom v x l kh rc.

Ni v sinh gm xe.

H thng quan trc mi trng.

Cc cng trnh phc v: vn phng, nh kho, h thng in nc, cng trnh

phong ha, trm my pht, ni sa cha thit b, trm cn,

III.2. Thit k k thut bi chn lp

Qu trnh thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn th c tin hnh theo thng t lin tch s
01/2001/TTLT BKHCNMT BXD ra ngy 18.1.2001
Thit k k thut bi chn lp phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
-

Ph hp vi cng ngh v thit b c chn, m bo khu cng ngh c

thc hin lin tc v k tip nhau theo ng s cng ngh.

Nguyn Vn c

26

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

m bo iu kin v sinh, an ton lao ng.

Tha mn cc quy nh v ting n, bi chiu sng.

m bo bn cng trnh phi ph hp vi cp cng trnh.

B tr vn phng, kho bi, nh xng, h chn rc phi tin li, hp l.

Tha mn cc yu cu v phng chy, cha chy, phng nga dch bnh,

Tun th cc tiu chun, quy nh, quy phm hin hnh ca nh nc trong khi
thit k v thi cng cng trnh.

III.2.1. Thit k chn lp

Trong mi bi chn lp cht thi rn, thng thit k s chn lp ph hp vi
cng sut ca bi chn lp v cc iu kin thc t ca a phng.
Kch thc cc chn lp nn thit k sao ch mi chn lp c thi gian vn hnh
khng qu 3 nm phi ng ca v chuyn sang chn lp mi.
Cc nn c ngn cch vi nhau bi cc con v trng cy xanh hn ch
nhim v to cnh quan mi trng.
Bi chn lp c la chn l bi chn lp na chm na ni.
bao p cao 5,204m.
Chiu rng mt l 5m
Cc thng s ca chn lp bao gm: chiu su, chiu rng, chiu di, dc y
v c dc vch.
Yu cu v chiu su v chiu cao chn lp
Chiu su l khong cch t y ti mt t t nhin, cn chiu cao ca l khong cch
t mt chn lp ti mt t hin ti. Tng chiu su v chiu cao c gi l chiu su
ton th.
Chiu su v chiu cao chn lp c xc nh trn c s cc yu t ph thuc
sau:
-

Chiu su ton th cng ln s cho php gim c din tch mt bng cn thit
cho vic chn lp. Hay ni cch khc, chiu su ton th cng ln s ko di
c thi gian s dng ca bi chn lp.

- Chiu su ca chn lp khng c qu su, mt y ca chn lp v cc

cng trnh xy dng ph tr phi cao hn mc nc ngm t nht 1m.
-

Chiu su ln s ko theo phi xy dng cc h thng thu gom v x l nc rc

t bi s su, gy tn km.

Nguyn Vn c

27

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

- Chiu cao mi chn lp s ko theo chiu cao ca cc cng trnh ph tr nh
ng vn chuyn, h thng thot nc ma, bao, v t nng chiu
cao.
Theo bi ra, cao mt t:
Max:

+71m

Trung bnh: +65m

Min:

+60m

Nh vy, th c a hnh tng i bng phng.

Vi chiu su ton th c la chn l 25m.
So vi cao mt t t nhin., ta c:
Chiu su ca chn lp l: -12,5 m
Chiu cao ca chn lp l: +12,5 m
dc y chn lp
Khi tnh ton thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn, th yu cu v dc y chn
lp l khng th b qua. y phi t mt dc nht nh gip cho vic thu gom nc
rc c d dng v thun tin hn.
Vic tnh ton dc thch hp cng gp phi nhng vn rt kh khn. Nu
dc qu nh th lng nc rc c thu gom v a ra ngoi l rt nh, khng p ng
yu cu, nhng ngc li, nu dc qu ln th rt d gy tnh trng trn trt, st ln
lng rc thi trong chn lp, ngoi ra cn lm cho phn th tch chn lp khng p
ng c yu cu chn lp.
La chn dc y chnh chn lp thit k l 2%

dc vch ( m mi)
dc vch ph thuc vo:
-

a cht cng trnh khu vc d n.

Lng ma v ch ma.

Cng ngh chn lp v kh nng gia cng b mt.

dc ln cho php gim din tch b mt, d thot nc nhng kh thi cng v d st l
khi vn hnh.
Thng thng dc c xc nh ph hp l 1:1

Yu cu v chiu rng v chiu di chn lp

Nguyn Vn c

28

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Vi dc vch c la chn l 1:1. Khi , chiu rng v chiu dai chn lp c
chia thnh:

- Chiu di:
+ Chiu di y trn.
+ Chiu di y di.

- Chiu rng:
+ Chiu rng y trn.
+ Chiu rng y di.
Chiu di v chiu rng ca c y trn ln di phi ln cc phng tin thi cng,
vn chuyn rc c th hot ng d dng ngay ti y h.
Gi:
a: chiu di y di chn lp. Chn a = 125m
b: chiu rng y di chn lp. Chn b = 85m
Khi :
Chiu di y trn = 125 + 32 =157 ( m )
Chiu rng y trn = 85 + 32 = 117

( m)

Lng t o ln c s dng p bao v l lp che ph trung gian cng nh mt

phn c trong lp lt y v lp ph b mt.

Nguyn Vn c

29

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

L p ph bm
t

VI

L p rc chn lp

2%

L p chng thm thnh

ng thu n c rc

85.000

L p lt y

117.000

2%

L p ph trung gian

VII
16.000

5.204

5.400

5.000

125.000
157.000

Hnh 5: Mt ct ngang chn lp

Vi cc thng s sau c la chn thit k (theo TCVN 6696 - 2000):
Thi gian vn hnh ca bi chn lp l 30 nm.
S lp rc trong mi chn lp l 18 lp.
Chiu dy ca mi lp rc sau khi m nn trong chn lp l 1 m.
S lp ph trung gian trong mi chn lp l 17 lp.
Chiu dy ca mi lp ph trung gian sau khi m nn trong chn lp l 0,2 m.
T trng m nn l 0,85 Tn/m3.
Nh vy:
+ Din tich mt bng (din tch y trn) ca mi chn lp:
S =157 117 =18.369 (m2)

+ Th tch mi chn lp (khng bao gm lp lt y, lp ph b mt, v h thng chng

thm vch ) l:
VOCL = VI + VII

Nguyn Vn c

(m3)

30

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Tnh VI:
B
85
.00
0

16.000

125.000

V2

B'
11
7.0
00

A'

V3

V4

157.000

C'

Ta c:
V1 = 125 85 16 =170.000

(m )
3

1
V2 = 16 16 85 = 10.880
2

(m )
3

1
V3 = 16 16 125 = 16.000
2
1
4.096
V4 = 16 16 16 =
3
3

(m )
3

(m )
3

T :
VI = V1 + 2 V2 + 2 V3 + 4 V4
VI = 170.000 + 2 10.880 + 2 16.000 + 4

4.096
3

VI 229.221 ( m 3 )

5.400

Tnh VII:

A'
11
7.0
00

B'

D'

Nguyn Vn c

157.000

31

C'

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Ta c:
1
VII = 157 117 5, 4 = 33.064
3

(m )
3

Khi , th tch mi chn lp (khng bao gm lp lt y, lp ph b mt, v h thng

chng thm vch ) l:
VOCL = VI + VII
VOCL = 229.211 + 33.064 = 262.275

(m )
3

+ Nu ch tnh ring phn th tch cc lp t ph trung gian (tnh mt cch tng i)

trong mi th:
VDP =17 0, 2 146, 4 106, 4
3
VDP 52.962 (m )

Khi phn th tch rc c chn lp trong mi :

VRCL = VOCL VDP
VRCL = 262.275 52.962
VRCL 210.000

(m3/)

Mt khc, theo bng 8 ta c tng lng rc phi chn lp trong 30 nm l:

S = 2.360.884

(Tn) =

2.360.884
2.777.511 (m3)
0,85

S chn lp trong bi chn lp l:

N=

2.777.511
14 ()
210.000

III.2.2. Quy m bi chn lp

Vi:
S chn lp: N = 14 ()
Din tch mi chn lp: S = 18.369

(m2)

T , ta tnh c din tch mt bng cn thit chn lp ton b lng rc trong 30

nm l:
14

S =14 18.369= 257.166

(m2) = 25, 7 (ha)

i =1

Nguyn Vn c

32

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

M theo thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT BKHCNMT BXD, th din tch
phn mt bng cn thit chn lp rc chim 80% tng din tch bi chn lp, cn li l
20% din tch xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr. V vy ta tnh c quy m bi chn
lp:
VRCL =

25, 7 100
32 (ha)
80

Vy quy m bi chn lp l 32 (ha)

Nguyn Vn c

33

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

III.2.3. Cc giai on vn hnh bi chn lp
Bng 10: Lng rc tch ly trong giai on 2007 2036
Lng rc
Dn s
Lng rc tch ly
Nm
thu gom
(dn)
(m3)
(Tn/nm)
2007
347.852
40.300
47.412
2008
354.113
41.406
96.125
2009
360.487
42.329
145.924
2010
366.976
43.263
196.821
2011
373.582
44.238
248.866
2012
380.306
54.965
313.531
2013
387.152
56.418
379.905
2014
394.120
57.652
447.731
2015
401.215
58.969
517.106
2016
408.436
60.513
588.298
2017
415.788
71.416
672.316
2018
423.273
73.051
758.259
2019
430.891
74.945
846.429
2020
438.647
76.676
936.636
2021
446.543
78.672
1.029.192
2022
454.581
80.731
1.124.169
2023
462.763
82.855
1.221.646
2024
471.093
85.049
1.321.704
2025
479.573
87.323
1.424.436
2026
488.205
89.673
1.529.934
2027
496.993
92.323
1.638.549
2028
505.939
95.075
1.750.402
2029
515.046
97.725
1.865.373
2030
524.316
100.685
1.983.826
2031
533.754
103.780
2.105.920
2032
543.362
107.014
2.231.819
2033
553.142
110.383
2.361.681
2034
563.099
113.917
2.495.701
2035
573.234
117.829
2.634.324
2036
583.553
121.709
2.777.511
Vi quy m bi chn lp l rt ln, qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp din ra trong nhiu
nm. Ta khng th tin hnh xy dng tt c cc chn lp ri mi tin hnh rc, v
nh vy s xy ra cc s vic sau:
- Thi gian xy dng lu, khng p ng c yu cu cn din tch chn lp
trc mt.

Nguyn Vn c

34

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

Cc chn lp c s dng sau s b lp y do thi gian, s dng c cc

chn lp ta li phi tin hnh khi phc li trng thi ban u mi c th
chn lp c.
- H thng thu gom nc rc c xy dng cng vi cc chn lp s gy ra
lng ph do b hng hc hoc phi bo dng li mi c th s dng c.
Do vy, qu trnh xy dng bi chn lp phi c tin hnh theo cc giai on nhm trnh
mi bt li c th xy ra.
Da vo bng 10 v th tch rc c chn lp trong mi , ta c th a ra h hoch xy
dng bi chn lp nh sau:
Bng 11: K hoch xy dng bi chn lp
Lng rc yu cu
S chn lp p ng yu cu
chn lp
Giai on
Th tch
S
s
(m3)
rc (m3)
I
2007 2010
196.821
210.000
1
1
II
2011 2016
391.477
420.000
2
2;3
III
2017 - 2022
535.871
630.000
3
4;5;6
IV
2023 2028
626.233
630.000
3
7;8;9
V
2029 2033
611.279
630.000
3
10;11;12
VI
2034 2036
415.830
420.000
2
13;14
Ta thy tt c cc giai on, lng rc yu cu chn lp u nh hn th tch chn
lp p ng. iu ny hon ton d hiu v lng rc pht sinh thc t c th ln hn
lng rc pht sinh tnh ton thit k, khi phn th tch d c th p ng yu cu chn
lp.
III.2.4. Thit k lp lt y v lp ph b mt
Mc ch thit k lp lt y chn lp l nhm gin thiu s thm nc rc vo
lp t di chn lp v nh loi tr kh nng gy nhim ngun nc ngm.
Mc ch thit k lp ph b mt l nhm ngn chn khng cho nc ma, ngun
nc mt i vo chn lp. ng thi, ngn chn khng cho kh rc thot ra ngoi v pht
tn vo mi trng khng kh. Ngoi ra, lp ph b mt cn l ni trng cy xanh sau
khi ng mi chn lp to cnh quan mi trng.
Vic thit k lp lt ay v lp ph b mt ph thuc rt nhiu vo hin trng a
cht, iu kin kh hu, yu cu v mi trng ca khu vc d n.
Vi gi thit tng a cht, iu kin kh hu v cc yu cu v mi trng c
tha mn ta tin hnh thit k.

Nguyn Vn c

35

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

0.0

t t nhin

2.0

N c ngm nng

4.5

7.0
8.0

St pha
St pha nu vng

9.5
10.2

St pha nh, mu xm d o

C t xm

13.5

C t xm vng h t nh, cht va

17.7

Hnh 6: Mt ct ngang a cht khu vc d n

Lp lt y
Lp lt y c thit k m bo lng nc rc sinh ra khng thm vo t pha di
gy nhim t, nhim nc ngm, ng thi m bo s bn vng ca bi chn lp.
Nu y chn lp c t ni c lp t t nhin ng nht vi h s thm
k 110-7 ( cm/s ) v c chiu dy ti thiu l 6m. H s thm ny phi c xc nh ti
ch. Th khng cn phi xy dng lp chng thm nhn to. B mt ca lp t t nhin
ca y chn lp phi c x l sao cho t dc t nht 2% cho php nc rc t
chy tp trung v pha cc rnh thu gom nc rc.
Nu a cht khu vc d n khng t c 1 trong 2 yu t trn th ta phi tin
-7
hnh xy dng lp lt y. Lp lt ny phi m bo c h s thm k 1 10 ( cm/s ) . Kt
cu ca lp lt y t di ln bao gm cc lp sau:
-

Lp t nn m cht.

- Lp t st dy 60cm m cht.
- Lp vi a k thut HDPE dy 2mm (loi c gai dng cho b dc, loi khng
c gai dng cho mt bng trnh s trn trt) c tc dng nh mt lp ngn
cn s di chuyn ca nc rc t trn xung di (khng cho nc rc thm
qua), ngn chn li t, ct nhm gim thiu s xo trn gia cc lp t v lp
ct si.
-

Lp si hay ct thot nc dy 30cm, c h s m nn k = 0,9 v c t h

thng thu gom nc rc.

Lp vi lc a cht (Geotxttile) dy 2mm.

Lp t bo v dy 60cm.

Nguyn Vn c

36

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

Lp rc nn dy 60cm.

Lp lt y phi c thit k sao cho khong cch t lp lt y n mc nc ngm ti

thiu l 2,5m

L p rc chn lp
L p
t bo vdy 600 mm
L p vi lc
acht dy 2 mm
L p
, ct thot n c dy 500 mm
L p vi
ak thut HDPE dy 2 mm
L p
t st
mch
t dy 600 mm
L p
t nn
mch
t

Hnh 7: Mt ct ngang lp lt y
Lp che ph b mt
Hin trng ca cc bi chn lp hin nay l thiu lp lt y, lp ph b mt v
khng c bin php thu kh rc.
Lp che ph b mt c nhim v ngn chn s pht tn ca kh rc v mi hi vo
mi trng khng kh xung quanh, tt c lng kh rc c thu hi, ng thi trnh lng
nc ma ri v thm co chn lp lm tng lng nc rc. Lp che ph b mt phi
m bo c dy, co gin chng dn nt bi rc t qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ca
cc cht hu c. Vn st ln rc do qu trnh phn hy c gii quyt bng cch lm
tng t trng m nn ca rc, vi t trng m nn l 0,85 (Tn/m3) bng thit b m nn
chuyn dng m bo thot nc tt, khng trt l, st ln. ng thi to cnh quan
cho b mt bi chn lp, lp thm thc vt s c trng ln lp ph b mt vi cc cy d
chm hoc cy bi.
Khi lng rc trong chn lp t c dung tch ln nh thit k k thut, chn
lp c tin hnh che ph b mt.
Lp ph b mt phi c dc ti thiu l 2% nhng khng c vt qu 30%
hng dng chy ra pha ngoi v trnh si mn.
Lp vt liu kt thc lp lp ph cui cng ca chn lp phi l loi t trng
trt. Cc cy, c c trng ln lp ny khng c php lm h hi lp chng thm.
Nhng ch thng, rn nt hoc st ln khi pht hin thy lp trn cng ny phi
c x l v gia c.

Nguyn Vn c

37

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Nhm tha mn nhng yu cu v sinh mi trng v nhu cu ti s dng mt bng, trnh
t lp ph b mt t di ln nh sau:
-

Lp rc chn lp.

- Lp t ph trc tip ln b mt cht thi c chiu dy 60cm vi hm lng st

ko nh hn 30% m bo tnh m nn v chng thm. Lp ph trc tip ny
c m nn k v c to mt dc thot nc l 3%.
-

Lp ct thot nc dy 30cm.

- Lp mng a cht loi HDPE dy 2mm ngn ko cho nc ma i vo chn

lp. Sau khi ng ca, do c co gin tt nn khc phc c anh hng do
qu trnh st ln rc.
-

Lp t pha st dy 60cm m cht.

Lp th nhng.

gim chi ph XD, t st ti BCL khi o cung vi t o t h sinh vt v h thng

x l nc rc c dng lm tng t ph.

L p thnh ng m cht dy 94 mm
L p t pha st m cht dy 600 mm
L p vi a k thut HDPE dy 2 mm
L p ct thot n c dy 300 mm
L p t ph trc tip m ch
t dy 600 mm
L p rc chn lp

Hnh 8: Mt ct ngang lp ph b mt
III.2.5.Thit k lp ph trung gian
T l vt liu che ph chim khong 10 15% tng th tch bi chn lp v lp
ph hng ngy. t s dng ph c thnh phn ht st chim khong 30 35%, t phi
m m nn. Lp ph trung gian phi c tri u khp v kn lp rc vi cao
chn lp ca rc sau khi m nn l 0,6m. Sau khi m nn k b dy t ph cn khong
20cm.
Phng n c la chn y l s dng lp t o ln t cc chn lp lm
lp ph trung gian dy 20cm.

Nguyn Vn c

38

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

m bo thun tin cho vic vn hnh xe ch rc trong cc chn lp vo ma
ma, mt lp x bn 15cm, k tip l t st dy 10cm c ph ln trn lp rc dy 0,6m.
X bn v cht st c m cht.
Sau mi ngy khi cng vic chn lp kt thc v cha cao quy nh ph
t, ta nn ph tm ln phn rc chn lp 1 lp vi a cht. Mi ngy khi ta vn hnh
bi chn lp, lp ph ny s c cun ln tin hnh chn lp.
Vt liu ph phi t cc yu cu sau:
-4
- C h s thm k 1 10 ( cm/s ) v c t nht 20% khi lng c kch thc

0, 08 mm .

C kh nng ngn mi.

Khng gy chy.

C kh nng ngn cc loi cn trng, ng vt o bi.

C kh nng ngn chn cc rc thi nh bay i.

C kh nng ngn chn nc ma ri vo bi chn lp.

C kh nng ngn chn s thot kh ra khi bi chn lp.

III.2.6. Chng thm cho (thnh) vch chn lp

Khi a cht khong cch gia cao mt t t nhin v y chn lp khng
c m bo, c bit nu trong khong cch c tng nc ngm nng th chng
thm cho thnh chn lp l cng vic rt cn thit nhm lm gim hoc trnh khng cho
nc rc trong qu trnh phn hy rc ngm vo cc tng a cht bn ngoi thnh chn
lp cng nh tng nc ngm c trong khu vc, ng thi m bo kt cu chu lc y
ngang ca a cht khi thi cng v vn hnh bi chn lp.
Thnh chn lp cng phi c tha mn cc iu kin chng thm nh y
chn lp. Khi lp t t nhin ca thnh chn lp khng p ng c cc iu kin
chng thm ny th phi xy dng mt vnh ai thnh chn (hoc tng chn) chng thm
theo mt trong cc gii php di y:

- Vnh ai thnh chn chng thm bao bc xung quanh chn lp c kt cu nh

sau:
+ Thnh chn phi c cu to bng vt liu c h s thm
k 110-7 ( cm/s ) .
+ Chiu rng ti thiu ca thnh chn l 1m.
+ nh thnh chn ti thiu phi t bng mt t v y ca n phi xuyn
vo lp st y tha mn cc iu kin v h s chng thm
k 110-7 ( cm/s ) v dy trn 1m.

Nguyn Vn c

39

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

To mt lp st sau khi m cht v x l phi c chiu dy ti thiu 60cm. Ph

ln lp st ny 1 lp mng tng hp chng thm HDPE c chiu dy t nht
1,5mm.

III.2.7. H thng thu gom nc mt

H thng thot nc b mt l cng trnh quan trng trong bi chn lp. Cng trnh
ny c xy dng ch yu nhm kim sot v dn nhanh nc ma ra khi khu vc chn
lp. Nu khng c bin php ngn chn v tiu thot nc ma thch hp, nc ma s
ha ln vi nc rc dn n va lm tng lng nc rc, va lm tng nguy c gt
nhim mi trng xung quanh, lm tng chi ph x l nc rc.
Mi chn lp u c lp t lp ph bi gim thiu lng nc ma xm
nhp vo chn lp, nhng lp ph bi cng ng thi khin nc ma chy trn xung
quanh chn lp. H thng thot nc b mt trong trng hp ny li gi vai tr kim
sot v dn nhanh nc ma ra khi khu vc chn lp, trnh tnh trng ng nc ti
khu vc bi chn lp.
Thot nc ma ti tng chn lp
Trong qu trnh chn lp cht thi nu c ma, nc ma s ri xung b mt v
thm vo chn lp, tr thnh nc rc v c thu gom bng cc ng thu gom di y
chn lp. Lng nc ny c tnh ton d phng khi thit k h thng thu gom nc
rc.
Khi rc thi c chn n cao mt t t nhin hoc cao hn, khi c ma s
c lp ph bi ngn khng cho nc ma thm vo chn lp m c chy trn ra ngoi
chn lp, lng nc chy trn ny c cc mng x xung quanh chn lp dn vo
cc knh thot nc ma bi chn lp v c thi ra mi trng.
Mng thot nc ma xung quanh chn lp l mng h
Thot nc ma trn ng dn vo bi chn lp
trnh tnh trng ng nc trn ng dn vo bi chn lp, va gy nguy
him cho qu trnh vn chuyn, va nh hng n cht lng nn ng th hai bn l
ng phi c xy dng knh thot nc cho php nc chy trn mt ng c ni tiu
thot. Nc ma c dn vo cc knh sau c tp trung ti h thng thu gom nc
ma v c thi ra ngoi mi trng.
Thot nc ma cho ton b bi chn lp
y l cng trnh chung, thit k vi mc ch trnh tnh trng nc ma ng
gy ngp lt trong bi chn lp v ng thi hn ch nc ma chy trn, xm nhp vo
cc cng trnh trong bi chn lp.
Mng li thi cng u tin hng dng nc ma ra khi bi chn lp v thi ra
ngun nc mt ngoi bi chn lp.

Nguyn Vn c

40

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

gim chi ph xy dng th h thng thot nc ma trn ng dn vo bi chn
lp cng l h thng thot nc ma cho ton b bi chn lp.
Mt ct ngang ca mng thot nc cho ton b bi chn lp c trnh by theo
hnh sau:
III.2.8. Nc rc - h thng thu gom v x l nc rc
III.2.8.1. Nc rc
Nc r rc (nc rc) l nc bn thm qua cc lp rc ca cc chn lp ko theo
cc cht nhim t rc chy vo tng t di bi chn lp.
S c mt ca nc rc trong bi chn lp c c mt tch cc ln mt tiu cc cho
hot ng ca bi rc. Nc rt cn cho mt s qu trnh ha hc v sinh hc xy ra trong
bi chn lp phn hy rc. Mt khc, nc c th to ra si mn trn tng t nn v
nhng vn lng ng trong dng nc mt chy qua.
Nc rc c th chy vo
cc tng nc ngm v cc dng nc sch v t gy nhim n ngun nc ung, V
vy, vn quan tm khi thit k, xy dng cho hot ng ca mt bi chn lp l kim
sot nc rc.
Qu trnh hnh thnh nc rc
Nc rc c hnh thnh khi nc thm vo chn lp. Nc c th thm vo rc theo
mt s cch sau y:

Nc sn c v t hnh thnh khi phn hy rc hu c trong bi chn lp.

Mc nc ngm c th dng ln vo cc chn lp.

Nc c th r qua cc thnh (vch) ca chn lp.

Nc t cc khu vc khc chy qua c th thm xung chn lp.

Nc ma ri xung khu vc chn rc trc khi c ph t v trc khi

chn lp ng li.

Nc ma ri xung khu vc bi chn lp sau khi chn lp y rc ( chn

lp c ng li).

Thnh phn ca nc rc
Vic tng hp v c trng ha thnh phn nc rc l rt kh v mt lot cc iu
kin tc ng ln s hnh thnh ca nc rc. Thi gian chn lp, kh hu, ma, m ca
bi rc, ma pha long vi nc mt v nc ngm, loi rc chn lp,tt c u tc
ng ln thnh phn ca nc rc. nn, loi v dy ca vt liu ph b mt cng tc
ng ln thnh phn ca nc rc.
Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc t cc bi chn lp mi v
lu nm c th hin bng sau:

Nguyn Vn c

41

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Bng 11: Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc t cc bi chn lp mi
v lu nm
Thnh phn
BOD5 (mg/l)
TOC (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TSS (mg/l)
Nit hu c (mg/l)
Amoniac (mg/l)
Nitrat (mg/l)
Tng lng photpho (mg/l)
Othophotpho (mg/l)
kim theo CaCO3
pH
Canxi (mg/l)
Clorua (mg/l)
Tng lng st (mg/l)
Sunphat (mg/l)

Bi mi (di 2 nm)
Khong
Trung bnh
2.000-20.000
10.000
1.500-20.000
6.000
3.000-60.000
18.000
200-2.000
500
10-800
200
10-800
200
5-40
25
5-100
30
4-80
20
1.000-10.000
3.000
4,5-7,5
6,0
50-1.500
250
200-3.000
500
50-1.200
60
50-1.000
300

Bi lu nm
(trn 10 nm)
100-200
80-160
100-500
100-400
80-120
20-40
5-10
5-10
4-8
200-1.000
6,6-7,5
50-200
100-400
20-200
20-50

Thnh phn ca nc rc thay i theo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh phn

hy sinh hc. Sau giai on ho kh ngn (mt vi tun), tip n l hai giai on phn
hy: giai on phn hy ym kh ty tin to ra axit v giai on phn hy ym kh tuyt
i to ra kh Mtan.
Trong giai on to axit, cc hp cht n gin c hnh thnh nh axit bo,
amoni axit, axit cacboxulic. Giai on axit c th ko di vi nm sau khi chn lp, ph
thuc vo bn cht khng ng nhy ca rc. c trng ca nc rc trong giai on ny:
-

Nng cao cc axit bo d bay hi.

pH nghing v tnh axit.

BOD cao.

T l BOD/COD cao.

- Nng NH4 v Nit hu c cao.

Trong giai on to Mtan, vi khun to ra kh Mtan l ni tri nht. Chng thay
th cc axit bng cc sn phm cui cng l kh Mtan v Cacbonic. Giai on to thnh
kh Mtan c th tip tc n 100 nm hoc lu hn na. c trng ca nc rc trong giai
on ny l:
-

Nng cao cc axit bo d bay hi rt thp.

Nguyn Vn c

42

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

-

pH trung ha/kim.

BOD thp.

T l BOD/COD thp.

- Nng NH4 cao.

III.2.8.2. H thng thu gom v x l nc rc

Tnh ton lng nc rc sinh ra

Lng nc r r sinh ra t chn lp c th c c tnh da trn cn bng nc
chn lp . Trong cn bng ny, lng nc hnh thnh trong bi chn lp c tnh
bng tng lng nc thm vo chn lp tr i lng nc tht thot do cc phn ng
ha hc v qu trnh bay hi. Lng nc rc l lng nc thi ra do vt qu kh nng
gi nc ca rc. Phng trnh cn bng nc i vi bi chn lp c th biu din nh
sau:
Q = M ( W1 W2 ) + P ( 1 R ) E A

Trong :
Q: lu lng nc r r sinh ra trong bi chn lp (m3/ngy).
M: th tch rc trung bnh ngy (m3/ngy).
W1: m ca rc trc khi m nn (%).
W2: m ca rc sau khi m nn (%).
P: lng ma ngy trong thng ln nht (mm/ngy).
R: h s thot nc b mt, ly theo bng sau.
E: lng nc bc hi, ly bng 5mm/ngy (thng 5 6mm/ngy).
A: din tch chn lp (ly cui giai on thit k) (m2).
Bng 12: H s thot nc b mt i vi cc loi t ph
Loi t trn b mt
t pha ct, dc 0 2%
t pha ct, dc 2 7%
t pha ct, dc > 7%
t cht, dc 0 2%
t cht, dc 2 7%
t cht, dc >7%

H s thot nc b mt
0,05 0,10
0,10 0,15
0,15 0,20
0,13 0,20
0,18 0,22
0,25 0,35

Ta c:

Nguyn Vn c

43

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

+ Th tch rc trung bnh ngy (tnh cui giai on vn hnh bi chn lp) vi t
trng ca rc trc khi m nn l 0,42 (tn/m3):
M=

2036
333
QSH
121.709
793 (m3/ngy)
=
333 (Tn/ngy) =
0, 42
365
365

+ m ca rc trc khi m nn: W1 = 70%

+ m ca rc sau khi m nn: W2 = 43%
+ Lng ma ngy trong thng ln nht: P = 11,8 (mm/ngy) .
+ H s thot nc b mt: R = 0,22 (t cht, dc 2 7%).
+ Lng nc bc hi: E = 5 (mm/ngy)
+ Din tch chn lp (ly cui giai on thit k):
A = 18.369

(m2)

Khi , lng nc rc sinh ra trong ngy:

Q = 793 ( 70% 43% ) + 11,8 103 ( 1 0, 22 ) 5 103 18.369
Q 291,3 (m3/ngy)

Vy Q 291,3 (m3/ngy)

Thit k h thng thu gom v x l

Thnh phn h thng thu gom nc rc bao gm:
Tng thu gom nc rc.
H thng ng thu gom nc rc.
H thu nc rc.

- Tng thu gom nc rc (l lp , ct lc nc trong lp lt y) bao gm 2 lp

vt liu tri u trn ton b mt y chn lp. Tng thu gom nc rc phi m
bo dy dt ng thu gom nc rc v khng c nh hn 30cm. Yu ci
mi lp nh sau:
Lp di: dm nc, dy 20 30cm (la chn l 30cm).
Lp trn: Ct th, dy 10 20cm (la chn l 20cm).
Tng thu gom nc rc c h s thm ti thiu l 1.10-2 cm/s

- H thng thu gom nc rc: Mi chn lp phi c h thng thu gom nc rc

ring. H thng thu gom nc rc ca mi chn lp c thit k vi cc yu cu
sau:

Nguyn Vn c

44

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

+ C 1 tuyn chnh chy dc theo hng dc ca chn lp. Cc tuyn ph dn nc
rc v tuyn chnh. Tuyn chnh dn nc rc v h thu gom bm hoc dn thng
vo cng trnh x l nc rc.
+ Trn mi tuyn ng, c 125m li c 1 h ga phng trnh s t nghn ng. H ga
thng c xy bng gch, c kt cu chng thm. Kch thc h ga l
800mm 800mm 800mm . ng thu gom nc rc c mt pha trong nhn, ng knh
khng nh hn 150mm, ng thu gom ph c c l vi ng knh t 10 20mm
trn sut chiu di ng vi t l l rng chim t 10 15% din tch mt ng..
+ ng ng thu gom nc rc cn m bo bn ho hc v c hc trong sut thi
gian vn hnh bi chn lp.
+ dc ca mi tuyn ng ph thuc vo a hnh y chn lp nhng khng nh
hn 1%.
Tnh ton ng knh ng v vn tc nc rc trong ng:

- i vi tuyn ng ph:
Ta b tr mi chn lp 4 ng thu gom ph lm bng vt liu HDPE b tr theo dng
xng c.
Vi lu lng nc rc l Q =

291,3
= 72,825 (m3/ngy) = 0,843(l/s).
4

dc thit k ca cc tuyn ng ph l 1%
ng knh ng chnh c tra theo bng 5 trang 25 Cc bng tnh ton thu lc cng v
mng thot nc, ta c D = 150mm.
Trong bng 5, ct ng vi dc 1%, lu lng 0,843 (l/s) nm gia 0,67 (l/s) v 1,26
(l/s). Ta c:
Vi

Q = 0,67 (l/s) v = 0,42 (m/s)

Q = 1,26 (l/s) v = 0,50 (m/s)

Vn tc ca nc rc trong tuyn ng ph:

v = 0,42 + ( 0,50 0, 42 )
v = 0, 443

0,843 0, 67
1, 26 0, 67

( m/s )

25

Nguyn Vn c

45

20

45

150

50

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Hnh 9: Chi tit ng thu gom ph

- i vi tuyn ng chnh:
Vi mt bng bi chn lp c b tr nh hnh v. Ta b tr 1 tuyn ng thu gom chnh
lm bng vt liu HDPE chy gia cc nm trong cng mt hng.
+ Vi hng gm 3 chn lp:
Vi lu lng nc rc ca mi chn lp l Q = 291,3 (m3/ngy) = 3,37 (l/s).
Lu lng m tuyn ng chnh cn phi thu gom l:

= 3 Q = 3 291,3 = 873,9 (m3/ngy) = 10,11 (l/s).

dc thit k ca tuyn ng chnh l 2%

ng knh ng chnh c tra theo bng 6 trang 31 Cc bng tnh ton thu lc
cng v mng thot nc, ta c D = 200mm.
Trong bng 6, ct ng vi dc 2%, lu lng 10,11 (l/s) nm gia lu lng
8,53 (l/s) v lu lng 11,4 (l/s).
Vi

Q = 8,53 (l/s) v = 1,07 (m/s)

Q = 11,4 (l/s) v = 1,17 (m/s)

Vn tc ca nc rc trong tuyn ng chnh:

v =1, 07 + ( 1,17 1, 07 )
v 1,125

10,11 8,53
11, 4 8,53

( m/s )

+ Vi hng gm 4 chn lp:

Vi lu lng nc rc ca mi chn lp l Q = 291,3 (m3/ngy) = 3,37 (l/s).
Lu lng m tuyn ng chnh cn phi thu gom l:

= 4 Q = 4 291,3 = 1165, 2 (m3/ngy) = 13,48 (l/s).

dc thit k ca tuyn ng chnh l 2%

ng knh ng chnh c tra theo bng 6 trang 31 Cc bng tnh ton thu lc
cng v mng thot nc, ta c D = 200mm.
Trong bng 6, ct ng vi dc 2%, lu lng 13,48 (l/s) nm gia lu lng
11,4 (l/s) v lu lng 14,7 (l/s).
Vi

Q = 11,4 (l/s) v = 1,17 (m/s)

Q = 14,7 (l/s) v = 1,25 (m/s)

Nguyn Vn c

46

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Vn tc ca nc rc trong tuyn ng chnh:
v =1,17 + ( 1, 25 1,17 )
v 1, 22

13, 48 11, 4
14, 7 11, 4

( m/s )

- H thu nc rc: i vi cc bi chn lp m nc rc t h thng thu gom

nc rc khng hoc kh t chy vo cc cng trnh x l nc rc, phi thit k
cc h thu nc rc. S lng, chiu su h tun th theo cc tiu chun hin hnh
v cng trnh x l nc rc. H thu nc rc phi c kt cu vng chc, c th x
dng lu di ng thi phi m bo kh nng chng thm nc rc.
III.2.9. Kh rc - h thng thu gom v x l kh rc
III.2.9.1. Kh rc

Cc bi chn lp l ngun to kh sinh hc m trong kh mtan (CH 4) l

thnh phn ch yu v chim mt t l cao.
Kh sinh hc l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c c trong
bi chn lp. Thnh phn ca kh ga trong giai on u ch yu l CO 2 v mt s
loi kh khc nh N2 v O2. S c mt ca kh CO2 trong bi chn lp to iu kin
chi vi sinh vt k kh pht trin v t bt u giai on hnh thnh kh CH4. Nh
vy, kh ga c 2 thnh phn ch yu l CH4 v CO2, trong CH4 chim khong 50
60% v CO2 chim khong 40 - 50%.
Kh CH4 c th tr thnh mi nguy him gy ra chy n, nhim mi trng
bi chn lp v cc khu vc xung quanh. V vy vic kim sot lng kh pht
sinh l mt phn quan trng trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp.
III.2.9.2. H thng thu gom v x l kh rc

Tu theo lng kh rc pht sinh, c th s dng vo mc ch dn sinh hoc

tiu hu theo phng php t ( Vit Nam hin nay ch yu l s dng phng
php t tiu hy).
Vic thit k h thng thu gom v x l kh rc c tin hnh theo TCVN
261:2001 nhm m bo cht lng khng kh xung quanh bi chn lp heo
TCVN 5938:1995.
Vi sn lng kh c tnh khong 7,5 (m3/tn rc thi) ta hon ton c th
tnh c lng kh rc pht sinh t 1 chn lp cng nh lng kh rc pht sinh
t bi chn lp trong ton b thi gian vn hnh.
Vi th tch rc thi trung bnh trong 1 chn lp l 210.000 (m 3) th lng
kh rc pht sinh s l:
Nguyn Vn c

47

K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Q = 7,5 210.000 0,85 =1.338.750

(m )
3

Lng kh rc pht sinh t bi chn lp trong ton b thi gian vn hnh l:

Q =1.338.750 14 =18.742.500 ( m )
3

V khi lng rc em chn lp mi chn lp tng i ln nn h thng

thu gom kh rc c b tr thnh mng li dng tam gic u, bn knh thu gom
ca 1 ng l 25m, tc l khong cch gia 2 ng thu gom lin tip l 50m (ph hp
vi tiu chun)
Cc ng thu gom kh c lp t trong qu trnh vn hnh, ni ghp, nng
dn cao theo cao vn hnh bi. on ng ni ghp phi c hn gn cn
thn. Ton b phn ng thu gom pha trong chn lp c t trong lp bo v
c c cc l nh m bo thu c lng kh rc cn thit. Phn ng nm trong
lp ph b mt bi chn lp v nh cao trn mt bi chn lp phi s dng ng
ghp trng km hoc vt liu c sc b c hc v ho hc tng ng.
cao cui cng ca ng thu gom kh rc phi ln hn b mt bi ti thiu
2m (tnh t lp ph trn cng).
Trng hp phi dng ng dn kh rc ra ni thot tn xa bi chn lp , ng
dn phi c dc ti thiu 2% hng v ging thu gom nc rc thot nc
ng.
H thng thu gom kh rc nn s dng ng nha ng knh ti thiu
150mm, c l cch u sut chiu di ng vi mt l rng t 15 20% din
tch b mt ng.
III.2.10. Cc cng trnh ph tr
Cc cng trnh ph tr c vai tr quan trng trong cng tc xy dng v vn hnh bi chn
lp. Din tch ca cc cng trnh ph tr chim 20% din tch ca ton bi chn lp. Cc
cng trnh ph tr bao gm:

H thng ng giao thng ra vo bi

H thng giao thng khu vc d n phi c xy dng m bo cho cc loi xe trong bi

hot ng thun tin, d dng quay xe, trnh nhau, Cp ng phi tng thch vi cc
loi xe vn chuyn v hot ng trong iu kin thi tit xu. C th xem xt la chn
phng n b tng hoc kin c ha cc tuyn ng d kin s c s dng lin tc
trong sut thi gian vn hnh ca bi chn lp. Cn c cc bin bo hng dn cho cc xe
chy ng tuyn quy nh.
ng giao thng ra vo bi chn lp c thit k theo tiu chun ng t
Thit k vi 2 ln xe vi:

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K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

B nn ng = 1,5m + 5,5m + 1,5m = 8,5m

H thng hng ro

Mt hng ro an ton s c dng ln quanh bi chn lp ngn cn ngi ra vo v

ngn cn khng cho cac rc thi nh c th bay ra ngoi khi bi chn lp ang hot ng.

H thng cp nc.

- Trong bi chn lp cn thit phi xy dng h thng cp nc phc v cho sinh

hot, ra xe, ti cy v cc mc ch khc. Cn tch ring bit thnh hai h
thng cp nc sinh hot v nc phc v cho mc ch khc. H thng cp
nc sinh hot phi c thit k sao cho trnh c mi nh hng ca cht
thi cho d bng hnh thc hay con ng no.

- H thng cp nc sinh hat dng tuyn ng cp nc ni t ng ng cp

nc ca thnh ph dn v bi.

- Cp nc phun cho rc v ra xe dng nc h sinh hc ca khu x l nc

rc.

H thng in cho ton khu.

Xy dng trm bin p v mt tuyn ng dy dn v bi cp in cho cc nhu cu:

chiu sng dc ng dc ng vo khu chn lp cht thi, chiu sng cho nh iu hnh
sn xut, cp in ng lc cho khu x l nc rc.

H thng quan trc mi trng bi chn lp

kim sot mi trng bi chn lp, mt h thng quan trc mi trng s c b tr

khu vc bi rc.
Xung quanh bi trng cy c tn l ln, khong cch gia cc cy t 8 - 10m. Trong
khong cch ny trng xen cc loi cy mc nhanh to thnh hng cy xanh to cnh
quan mi trng v ngn rc nh b gi thi bay.

H thng bao - trng cy xanh

Trm ra xe

Tt c cc loi xe v thit b va lm vic ti nhng khu hot ng ca bi chn lp u

c ty ra trc khi ra khi bi, nc ra xe cn c x l nh nc thi, tr khi
chng minh c l chng v hi.

H thng thng tin lin lc

Cn trang b y h thng thng tin lin lc ni b v ni mng vi bn ngoi ch

o, nn thit k cc h thng camera ni t phng iu hnh ti cc b phn lin quan
theo di cc qu trnh vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi, thng tin vi cc c quan bn ngoi
khi cn thit.

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K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

Nh lu gi xe v trang thit b my mc

Sau mi ngy lm vic, cc loi xe, trag thit b, my mc cn c tp trung ti khu nh

ring bit. Khu nha ny cn phi b tr thnh cc ngn ring, mi ngn lu gi loi my
mc, thit b ph hp, trnh hin tng ln xn gy kh khn cho cng vic tip theo.

H thng cy xanh

Trong phm vi chn lp cht thi nn b tr mt phn din tch t nht nh trng cy
xanh. Din tch cy xanh nn tp trung khu vc nh hnh chnh v cc di phn cch gia
cc khu vc trong bi, cc loi cy c trng cn c la chn sao cho ph hp vi iu
kin hot ng ca bi chn lp, iu kin thi tit, ng thi m bo tng m quan ca
bi chn lp (cc loi cy thng c la chn l cc loi cy l kim, d chm).

Khu cha t v vt liu ph, ng chn lp

Ty theo phng thc chn lp mi bi m b tr cc khu cha t v cc nh

cha vt liu che ph phc v cng tc ng chn hng ngy hay hng tun.
t v vt liu che ph phi lun p ng kp thi nhu cu s dng ti bi v phi
m ba ng tiu chun thit k i vi bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi.

H thng cng trnh ngn nc mt

Ti mi chn lp v ton b bi cn xy dng cc cng trnh thu gom nc

mt. H thng ny c th l tng chn, bao hoc mng rnh. Ty iu kin c
th ca tng , tng bi m xy dng h thng thu gom nc mt cho ph hp.

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K Thut Mi Trng K45

Bi tp ln thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn

C. Ti liu tham kho

1. Qun l cht thi rn - tp 1 (cht thi rn th) GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu, TS.
ng Quc Dng, TS. Nguyn Th Kim Thi NXBXD.

2. Cc bng tnh ton thu lc cng v mng thot nc GS.TSKH. Trn Hu

Uyn NXBXD.

3. TCXDVN 261:2001 Bi chn lp cht thi rn. Tiu chun thit k - NXBXD.
4. TCXDVN 6696:2000 - Cht thi rn Bi chn lp hp v sinh Yu cu chung
v bo v mi trng NXBXD.

5. Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT BKHCNMT BXD.

6. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=386&idmid=3&ItemID=6116

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K Thut Mi Trng K45