Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Mc lc:

Bi 1: Kim tra v nhn dng linh kin in t Bi 2: Lp mch chnh lu v bi p Bi 3: Lp mch n nh in p Bi 4: Lp mch nhy cm nh sng Bi 5: Lp mch to tr Bi 6: Lp mch dao ng a hi Bi 7: Lp mch iu khin ng c in mt chiu Bi 8: Lp mch ng dng khuch i tht ton Ph lc 1: Gii thiu dng c thit b thc tp Ph lc 2: S chn v thng s k thut ca mt s linh kin v vi mch bn dn (IC)

Trang 2 Trang 10 Trang 14 Trang 17 Trang 20 Trang 23 Trang 21 Trang 29 Trang 32

Trang 37

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 1: KIM TRA V NHN DNG LINH KIN IN T

I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu - c c cc thng s k thut ca in tr v t in. - Kim tra c cht lng v phn bit, nhn dng c gia in tr, t in, diode,

SCR, triac, transistor

2. Yu cu

Thao tc ng k thut, khng lm hng linh kin khi kim tra

3. Dng c thit b - in tr: 100, 220, 470, 680, 1K, 3.3k, 10k, 22k, 33k, 100k. SCR, triac, transistor

- VOM s, ngun DC, Project board II. Thc hnh 1.a.c gi tr in tr theo quy c mu Ghi kt qu vo bng 1, ghi theo th t tng dn ca gi tr in tr STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bng 1 Vng mu Gi tr c Gi tr o Sai s

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

b. o in tr bng VOM s Ln lt dng VOM o in tr Tnh sai s:

R = R oc R o x100% R oc

Ghi kt qu vo bng1 (Ct gi tr o V ct sai s)

c. Lp mch in tr ni tip

Lp mch theo s hnh1 o in p trn cc in tr Tnh dng in qua cc in tr

I= U .1000 (mA) R do + 12 - VDC

R1

R2

R4 Hnh1

R3

Ghi kt qu vo bng 2 R1 R2 R3 R4

R U(V) I(mA)

Bng 2 d. Lp mch in tr hn hp R4 R1 + 12VDC R3 R5 R2

Lp mch theo s hnh2 o in p trn cc in tr Tnh dng in qua cc in tr

I= U Do R Doc .1000 (mA)

Ghi kt qu vo bng 3

o in p trn cc in tr Tnh dng in qua cc in tr

o v tnh RT (in tr ton mch): Tho ngun ra khi mch, o in tr

Hnh2

R1 U(V) I(mA)

R2

R3

R4

R5

2 u mch
3

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Kt qu ghi vo bng 4: RT (gi tr c) RT (gi tr o)

RT

bng 4

2. Kim tra cht lng t in Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc thng s lm vic ca cc t in v ghi vo bng 5: C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 3. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca diode - o in p ri (V ), in tr thun (Rt) in tr ngc (Rng) ca cc Diode v Led.
Ghi kt qu vo bng 6

in dung C

Dung sai

n v

in p lm vic

Loi t C/ khng phn cc (gm/ ho)

D V Rt Rng

D1

D2

Zener

Led

Bng 6 4. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc ca transistor lng cc o in p ri (V ), gia cc cp chn ca transistor, xc nh loi, tn cc theo th t (xem hng dn mc III), ghi kt qu vo bng 7: S hiu C828 A1015 D882 D718 2N3055
4

V12

V21

V23

V32

V13

V31

Loi Th t cc (NPN, PNP) (E-C-B, B-C-E)

Cht lng

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

5. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc ca SCR o in p ri (V ), gia cc cp chn ca SCR, xc nh tn cc theo th t (xem hng dn mc III), ghi kt qu vo bng 8: S hiu 2P4M 6. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc ca triac o in p ri (V ), gia cc cp chn ca triac, xc nh tn cc theo th t (xem hng dn mc III), ghi kt qu vo bng 9: S hiu BT138 III. Hng dn k nng 1. Cch c gi tr in tr Bng mu: V12 V21 V23 V32 V13 V31 Th t cc Cht lng V12 V21 V23 V32 V13 V31 Th t cc Cht lng

Mu en Nu Cam Vng Lc Xanh (dng) Tm Xm Trng Nh vng Nh bc Khng mu

Di 1 (Hng chc)

Di 2 (Hng n v) 0

Di 3 (S nhn) 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 0.1 0.01

Di 4 (Dung sai)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1% (F) 2% (G)

0.5% (D) 0.25% (C) 0.1% (B) 0.05% (A)

5% (J) 10% (K) 20% (M)

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

A B C D V d: Nu en nh vng
Gi tr in tr: R=AB.10C D% AB: l s c 2 ch s (A hng chc, B hng n v)
2. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca t

Tin hnh o in tr hai u t, Nu gi tr in tr tng dn tin ti v cng, sau hon i v tr que o th gi tr in tr t m n 0 ri tng dn n v cng th t in tt. Nu khi o in tr hai u t m gi tr in tr khng tin n v cng th t hng. i vi t c cc th chn di l chn dng ca t, hoc chn ngn ng vi bn hng t c k hiu du - th l chn m. T khng c cc th hai chn di bng nhau, t gm l t khng c cc tnh (hai chn di bng nhau) Thng thng khi kim tra t c in dung ln ta chn thang o in tr nh, kim tra t c in dung nh th ta chn thang o in tr ln. Vi t gm, in dung c ghi bi 3 ch s v 1 ch ci. Ch th nht v th 2 to thnh s c 2 ch s, ch th 3 l h s nhn v ch ci th 4 l dung sai (xem ct dung sai thuc bng mu ca in tr). T gm c n v l PF (=10-6 micro fara) V d: T gm c ghi: 104K. in dung ca t l 10.104 (PF)=0,1F 10%
Gi tr in dung, in p chu ng v cng sut ti a ca t 100F 25V 6W Chn di: du hiu nhn bit cc dng Du -: du hiu nhn bit cc m

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

3. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca Diode.

a. Phng php o in p ri. - Chn thang o Diode ()

- o in p ri (V ) ca Diode, qua hai ln o (tr que o ln o 2) - Nu hai gi tr o khc nhau; 0,2V<V <0,8V v gi tr cn li bng th Diode tt. - Nu V 0 th diode hng. - ng vi ln o c V nh (0,2V<V <0,8V) th que ca VOM s trng vi cc

dng ca Diode (Anode). b. Theo phng php o in tr - Chn thang o in tr, o in tr ca Diode, qua hai ln o (tr que o ln o 2)
- ng vi ln o c gi tr nh hn, gi l Rt (in tr thun, Rt thng vo khong vi

chc n vi trm K), gi tr ln hn gi l Rng (in tr ngc) - Nu Rng>>Rt>0 th Diode tt, ng vi trng hp o c gi tr nh, que dng ca VOM (que i vi VOM s, que en i vi VOM khung quay) s trng vi cc dng ca Diode (Anode)
- Nu Rng=Rt 0 th Diode hng.

Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca Diode Zener. Diode Zener l mt dng c bit ca Diode nn ta c th kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh tng t nh kim tra Diode chnh lu bnh thng. Gi tr in p nh thng (n p) ghi sn trn thn Zener. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca Led xc nh cht lng v cc tnh, ta tin hnh tng t Du hiu nh kim tra diode chnh lu.Tuy nhin, ta c th nhn bit nhn bit cc dng l chn di, cc m l chn ngn. Gi tr in p ri cc dng ca Led vo khong 1.7V n 2,5V. Khi o in tr hai chn ca Led (chn thang o nh) nu Led sng th cn tt v que ng vi cc dng i vi VOM s ( VOM khung quay th ngc li). Khng c ni trc tip led vo ngun, Led phi c ni tip vi mt in tr. Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc tnh ca cu chnh lu - S dng phng php kim tra diode ca VOM,. Kim tra cht lng ca 4 Diode, nu c t nht 1 trong 4 diode ca cu hng th cu hng.
7

Cc m

AC AC +

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

- Vi cu tt, nu V = cho c hai ln o (tr que o), th l 2 chn vo xoay chiu

v nu V = v V 1 (tr que o) th l 2 chn ra mt chiu, chn dng ng vi que en, chn m ng vi que . 4. Phng php kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc ca SCR i vi Thyristor (SCR), kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc: dng (Anode), m (Cathode), cc iu khin (Gate) ngoi cch tra cu ti liu ta c th tin hnh nh sau: - Chn chc nng o in p ri ca Diode (VOM s) - Ln lt o in p ri gia 2 chn (ch o que o) ca SCR - Nu qua hai ln o in p ri ca 2 chn m c gi tr bng v cng th hai chn l Dng (Anode) v m (Cathode) hoc cc iu khin (G) v Dng (Anode)

- Nu qua hai ln o in p ri ca 2 chn c gi tr: 0,16V V 0,7V cn ln o khc

bng v cng th hai chn l m (Cathode) v G. Vy que ng vi chn G v que en ng vi chn m.

- Nu qua hai ln o in p ri ca 2 chn u c gi tr: 0,16V V 0,7V th hai chn

l m (Cathode) v G. Vy loi tr ta xc nh c cc Dng (Anode), ng thi cc m thng ng trc G. (th t: KAG hoc KGA) - Nu khi o in p ri m khng tha mn cc trng hp trn th SCR hng. - Thng thng i vi cc SCR cng sut ln, c v kim loi th cc Dng (Anode) ni v v chn G thng c kch thc nh hn cc chn cn li. 5. Phng php kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc ca Triac i vi Triac, bit cc cc T1 (MT1), T2 (MT2), G ta phi tra cu s tay (ti liu). Tuy nhin, phn ln cc Triac thng cu to c th t cc cc nh sau: T1, G, T2 hoc T1, T2, G (T1 ng trc G, T1 ng trc T2). kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc ta tin hnh nh sau: Chn chc nng o in p ri ca Diode (VOM s) Ln lt o in p ri gia 2 chn (ch o que o) ca Triac

- Nu qua hai ln o in p ri ca 2 chn c gi tr bng v cng th hai chn l T1 (MT1) v T2 (MT2) hoc G v T2

- Nu qua hai ln o in p ri ca 2 chn u c gi tr: 0,2V V 0,5V th hai chn

l T1 (MT1) v G. Vy loi tr ta xc nh c cc T2, ng thi T1 ng trc G (th t: T1T2G, T1GT2). Nu khi o in p ri m khng tha mn cc trng hp trn th Triac hng.

- Thng thng i vi cc triac cng sut ln, c v kim loi th cc T2 (MT2) ni v v chn G thng c kch thc nh hn cc chn cn li.
8

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

6. Phng php kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc ca

Transistor. K hiu:
E B C E C

Cu to nguyn L
P N P N P N

E B

E B

- Chn chc nng o in p ri ca Diode (VOM s) o in p ri gia 2 chn (1-2, 2-1, 2-3, 3-2, 1-3, 3-1) ca Transistor xc nh chn chung ca 2 diode tt (BE v BC), l chn B ca Transistor. Nu chn B ca Transistor trng vi que ca VOM s (trong khi xc nh chn B, kt qu cho gi tr nh khong 0,7V) th Transistor thuc loi NPN v ngc li. Nu chn chung l que en th transistor loi PNP - Diode no c in p ri nh hn th l Diode BC (chn chung l chn B v chn cn li l chn E), Sau khi xc nh c chn B, chn C th chn E l chn cn li.

- Nu c t nht mt Diode (BE hoc BC hoc c hai) hng th Transistor hng ECB hoc BCE hoc EBC. i vi cc Transistor cng sut ln, v bng kim loi th cc C ni v.
7. Mt s hnh dng (dng v) ca cc linh kin bn dn 3 chn 4 1
1

3 1 TO-3 2

TO-92

TO-220

TO-5,18

Cc chn linh kin c nh s theo th t (1,2,3) theo ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn t trn xung (Top view) hoc nhn vo mt ch.

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 2: LP MCH CHNH LU V BI P
I. Hng dn m u 1. Mc tiu -

Kho st c c tuyn V-A ca diode Lp thnh tho cc mch in chnh lu v bi p Tm v sa c cc li thng gp ca mch chnh lu v bi p.

2. Yu cu

Chn ng vt t, thit b Lp mch cn thn, thao tc ng trnh t, s dng dng c o chnh xc v an ton

3. Dng c, thit b
- in tr: 1K, 100K, t in: 1, 10 (2 ci), 100(2 ci), bin tr 100K. - VOM, hp diode, ngun DC, ngun 6,12VAC (bin th), Project board.

IV. Thc hnh

1. Kho xc c tuyn V-A thun ca diode

Lp mch nh hnh v:

D1
RV1 V1
12V 100k

Chnh bin tr theo cc gi tr cho trong bng. o in p trn in tr R1 (VR1) o in p trn diode (VD) Tnh dng in qua diode nh sau:

R1
1k

V I D = I R = R , ghi kt qu vo bng1 R
VR 100k 50k 20k 10k 5k 2k 1k

500

200

VD VR ID Bng 1
-

V th. VD-ID

10

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn 2. Lp mch chnh lu hnh tia mt pha a. Lp mch chnh lu hnh tia mt pha bn k

T Hu Tuyn

- Kim tra cht lng v xc nh ng cc tnh ca t in v diode. - Lp mch nh hnh v.

- o in p DC trn in tr 1k, ghi vo ct C0 6VAC
RT1 1k D1

(khng c t)
- Kim tra cht lng v xc nh ng cc tnh

ca cc t C1=1F, C2=10F, C3=100F. ghi kt qu vo bng 3.

0VAC

- Ln lt gn cc t C1, C2, C3 song song vi ti R1, o in p DC trn in tr 1k,

- Kim tra cht lng v xc nh ng cc tnh 12VAC ca t in v diode. - Lp mch nh hnh v.

- Tin hnh tng t cu 1a, ghi kt qu vo

D1

b. Lp mch chnh lu hnh tia 1 pha ton k

RT2 1k

6VAC 0V
D2

bng 3
3. Lp mch chnh lu cu mt pha - Lp mch nh hnh v: Lp cu diode,

kim tra cu v xc nh cc ng vo AC v ng ra +, - ca cu. Ni ng vo AC vi 0 v 6VAC. Ni ng ra +, - vi ti RT3.

- o in p DC trn RT3 vi cc trng

6VAC
D4

~ -

D1 BRIDGE

~ 0VAC

D2

RT3 1k

hp khng c t lc v c t lc (tng t bi trn) - Ghi kt qu vo bng 3

C0 VRT1 VRT2 VRT3

C1

C2

C3

Bng 3

11

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn 4. Lp mch ngun mt chiu 2 cc

T Hu Tuyn

- Kim tra cht lng v xc nh ng cc tnh ca t in v diode.

-

D1

12VAC

A
100uF
C1 + + D2

10k

R1

Lp mch nh hnh v: 6VAC Lp cu chnh lu, ni ng vo AC vi 0 v 12V, ni ng ra + vi A v ng ra vi B, 0VAC ni 6VAC vi O. o in p VAO , VBO v VAB ghi kt qu vo bng 4:
-

D3 D4

O
100uF 10k
C2 R2

VAO

VBO

VAB

Bng 4
5. Lp mch nhn i a. Lp mch nhn i na

sng - Xc nh ng cc tnh ca t v Diode Lp mch nh hnh v. o in p DC trn

+ 6VAC 0VAC
C1 100uF D2 D1

C2 100uF

RT 100k

in tr RT4 v ghi kt qu vo bng5:

b. Lp mch nhn i ton sng

- Xc nh ng cc tnh ca t v 6VAC Diode Lp mch nh hnh v: o in p DC trn in tr RT5 0VAC v ghi kt qu vo bng5:
6. Lp mch nhn bn
D2

C1 100uF C2 100uF

RT 100k

Xc nh ng cc tnh ca t v Diode Lp mch nh hnh v: Ch cc tnh ca t v diode.

- Kim tra mch: o in p ri (thang o kim tra diode) gia 2 cc ca t C2, C3, C4 vi que ng vi cc m t v que en ng vi cc dng t. Kt qa khong 1V th mch ng.
12

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn -

T Hu Tuyn

o in p DC trn in tr RT v ghi kt qu vo bng 5:

6VAC

C1 10uF
+

C3 10uF

Mch x2 na sng
D1 100uF
C2 +

Mch x2 ton sng

D3 100uF +
C4

Mch x4
D4

VRT
0VAC

D2

RT

100k

Bng 5

13

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 3: LP MCH N NH IN P
I. Hng dn m u 1. Mc tiu -

Kho st c c tuyn V-A ca zener Lp c mch in n p n gian, n p thng s v b tuyn tnh. Yu cu Chn ng vt t, thit b Lp mch cn thn, thao tc dng c o chnh xc, an ton

2. -

3.
-

Dng c, thit b
Transistor C828, D613 in tr 220, 6,8K, t in 1F, 100F, Diode chnh lu, Zener VOM, Test Bo, ngun DC.

II.

Thc hnh
1. -

Lp mch n p kiu thng s n gin

R1

Lp mch nh hnh v: ch kim tra cht lng Zener trc khi lp mch. 100
+ Ln lt iu chnh in p ngun Vcc theo cc cc gi tr cho trong bng Zener K RT 1k

o in p DC trn in tr R1, RT.

-

Vcc

Ghi kt qu vo bng 1

Vcc VR1 I1 VZ =VRT IRT Iz

10

12

Bng 1

Tnh: I1=

V R

VZ

R1 1

;
14

IZ

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

IRT=

V R

RT T

Iz = I1- IRT Ghi vo bng 1 +

D1

+ Vin -

D613
R1 680

C1 100uF Zener

C2 1uF

Ti

V th
2.

Lp mch n p kiu thng s ti ni tip

- Lp mch nh hnh v: - Thay i in p Vin (ngun DC) theo cc gi tr cho trong bng 2,
- o in p ti (VT), in p gia chn C v E ca Transistor (VCE), in p trn Zener

(VZ) Ch cn thn khi o VCE, trnh chm chn C v B gy hng Zener. - Ghi kt qu vo bng 2:

Vin (V) VZ (V) VT (V) VCE (V)

10

12

14

Bng 2 V th:
VT

Vin

15

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

3.

Lp mch n p kiu b tuyn tnh - Lp mch nh hnh v

- Chnh
D613

Vi=15V, chnh bin tr RV1 sao cho VT=10V

- o V1 (in p trn bin

R2

470

R3 1k

D1
C828 RV1 R4 100k

tr) VZ, VB2

- Tng Vi=20V, o V1, VZ,

Vi

R1 1K

VB2
- Ghi kt qu vo bng 3:

10k

Vi 15 20

V1

VZ

VB2

VT

Bng 3 Lp mch n p 5V dng IC 7805

4. -

Kim tra cht lng v xc nh ng cc tnh ca t, diode v Led. Ct ngun, lp mch nh hnh v:
VAC

D1

D2 D3 D4

7805
IN OUT COM

3
LED

470uF

C1

Kim tra mch, ng in, cho mch hot ng,

1k

RT

o in p VI (gia chn 1: In vi chn 2: Com) v in p ra VO (gia chn 3: Out v chn 2: Com; 0VDC), ghi kt qu vo bng:

VAC 6V 12V

VI

VO

Bng 4

16

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 4: LP MCH CM BIN NH SNG

I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu

- Bit ng dng ca quang tr, - Bit phng php iu khin Rle v SSR. - Thc hin c mch in nhy cm nh sng.
- Hiu c nguyn l hot ng mch transistor ghp Darlington

2. Yu cu - Lp mch ng, cn thn - Chn ng linh kin v thit b. 3. Dng c, thit b

- Transistor C828, A1015, in tr 1k, 22k, quang tr, hp bin tr - VOM s, Test bo, ngun DC, R le, SSR

I. Thc hnh 1. a. Lp mch nhy cm nh sng r le tc ng sng Lp mch 1 transistor

- Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc (nu c) ca cc linh kin v thit b - Kim tra quang tr, o gi tr in tr ca quang tr khi tri sng v khi tri ti (che kn quang tr), ghi kt qu vo bng ( chnh xc tng i)
-

Lp mch nh hnh v

iu chnh bin tr BT sao cho mch hot ng theo yu cu: khi tri ti thi Led tt v khi tri sng th Led sng:
Gim bin tr n gi tr nh nht, cho nh sng chiu

vo quang tr, nu Led tt th t t tng bin tr cho n khi Led sng th dng li.
Kim tra s hot ng ca mch (che kn quang tr th

12V
R1 1k LED

Led tt. Nu Led khng tt th kim tra li mch).

- Khi tri sng (Led sng): o VCE (in p gia chn C v

QT

C828 BT

E ca Transistor), o VLED (in p ca LED). Kt qu ghi vo bng 1:

- Khi tri ti (che kn quang tr): o VCE, VRC 17

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

RQT Tri sng Tri ti

VBE

VCE

Led

Bng 1 b. Lp mch dng 2 transistor ghp darlington Vcc

12V RLY1

Tin hnh tng t nh phn trn (mc a). o v ghi kt qu vo bng 2:

QT

VB1 Tri sng Tri ti

VE1

VC2

n (AC)
Q1 NPN

Bng 2

RV

Q2 NPN

2. Lp mch nhy cm nh sng r le tc ng ti

a.
-

Lp mch 1 transistor

Kim tra cht lng v xc nh cc cc (nu c) ca cc linh kin v thit b Lp mch nh hnh v
Vcc 12V

iu chnh bin tr BT sao cho mch hot ng theo yu cu: khi tri ti thi Led sng v khi tri sng th Led tt: R2
1k

Cho nh sng chiu vo quang tr

BT R1 22k

Nu Led tt th gim bin tr, sao cho led sng th dng li, sau tng tr li LED cho

led tt th dng li.

Nu Led sng th tng bin tr cho n khi Led tt th dng li.

Q1 NPN

Kim tra s hot ng ca mch (che kn quang tr th Led sng. Nu Led khng LDR

sng th kim tra li mch).

- Khi tri sng: o VBE (in p gia chn B v E ca Transistor), o VCE (in p

gia chn C v E ca Transistor), quan st trng thi ca Led. Kt qu ghi vo bng 3

- Khi tri ti (che kn quang tr): o VBE, VCE v ghi kt qu vo bng 3

VBE Tri sng Tri ti

VCE

Led

18

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Bng 3
b.

Lp mch dng 2 transistor ghp darlington

Vcc 12V RLY1

Tin hnh tng t nh phn trn (mc a). o v ghi kt qu vo bng 4: VB1 Tri sng Tri ti Bng 4
22k LDR

VC1

VE2

BT R1
Q1 NPN Q2 PNP

19

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 5 : LP MCH TO TR
I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu - Lp c mch to tr dng transistor v IC 555.

- Phn bit c mch ng tr v ngt tr

2. Yu cu

- Chn v s dng ng vt t, thit b - Lp mch cn thn, thao tc dng c o chnh xc, an ton - Lp mch tun t theo theo s v theo hng dn.
3. Dng c thit b - in tr: 1K, 10k, 22k, 33k, bin tr, t in: 1, 10, led v C828 v IC 555 - VOM, Ngun DC, Project board, nt nhn.

II. Thc hnh 1. Lp mch to tr dng transistor a. mch ng tr Lp

K Relay

- Lp mch nh hnh v (dng cng

tc ngun DC lm kho K), chnh bin tr v 100k (tuyt i khng c chnh v 0).
- Quan st trng thi r le: khi bt

VCC 12V

BT R2 22k Q1

u ng K; sau mt thi gian th nhn RST; sau nh RST.

- m thi gian (T) khi ng K

RST

C1 100

hoc nh nt nhn RST (reset) n khi r le bt u tc ng, vi cc trng hp sau:

BT C 47F 100F 220F 20 100K 150k 200k 250k

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

b. Lp mch ngt tr Lp mch nh hnh v (dng cng tc ngun DC lm kho K), chnh bin tr v 100k (tuyt i khng c chnh v 0).
-

- Quan st trng thi r le khi bt u ng K; sau mt thi gian th nhn RST sau nh RST - m thi gian (T) khi ng K hoc nh nt nhn RST n khi r le ht tc ng, vi cc trng hp sau:

BT C 47F 100F 220F

100K

200k

300k

400k

3. Lp mch to tr dng IC 555

K

- Kim tra, o in dung ca t

12V
Relay

C2 -

1k BT
8 7 6 5
C1 C2

Lp mch nh hnh v

R1

10k
1 Gnd 2 Trg 3 Out 4 Rst Q1
555 Vcc Dis Thr Ctl

Thay i RST tr BT theoC1 bin cc gi tr cho trong bng.

VCC 12V m thi gian led sng R1 ( bt u tnh thi gian k t khi ng kha K, ng v m R2 BT nhanh kha K)

Kha K

1uF

100uF

Tm hng s k: S dng VOM c chc nng o in dung o in dung t C2, tnh: T=k.R.C
-

1k

R(): in tr ca bin tr C(F): in dung ca t in C2 T(s): thi gian Led sng (thi gian tr, c tnh bng giy)

BT T k

40K

50K

80K

100K

21

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 6: LP MCH DAO NG A HI
I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu -

Hiu c nguyn l hot ng ca mch dao ng a hi. Thc hin c mch dao ng a hi Rn luyn k nng tm li v sa li.

2. Yu cu

Lp mch ng, cn thn Chn ng linh kin v thit b.

3. Dng c, thit b -

Transistor loi C828, in tr:1K, 10K, 22K, 33K, t in: 22, 47. VOM, Test bo, ngun DC

II. Thc hnh 1. Lp mch dao ng a hi s dng Transistor

Chn, kim tra linh kin v lp mch nh hnh v,

-

12VDC

vi C1=C2; R3=R4 theo cc gi tr trong bng di. Led 1 v 2 nhp nhy lun phin. - m s ln (n) nhp nhy ca Led trong thi gian 10 giy; khi tn s: f = n /T. - Ghi kt qu vo bng.

R1 1k
LED1

R3 C1 +

R4
+ C2

R1 1k
LED2

Q1 C828

Q2 C828

10K

22K

F 22F 47F

10K 22K

22F 47F

22

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn 2. Lp mch dao ng a hi s dng IC555

T Hu Tuyn 12V

Lp mch nh hnh v:

Thay i gi tr bin tr BT v R3 C2 theo cc gi tr cho trong bng, sao cho Led t R1 2.2K sng nhp nhy, m s ln Led nhy tm tn s in p ng ra. Nu Led nhy1k chm 555 8 1 v tng chnh xc, ta c th m s ln Led nhp nhyVcc 7 thi gian lu hn (V trong Gnd 2 Trg Dis 3 Out 6 d:T=10 giy). Khi : f=n/T Thr 4 Rst Ctl 5 BT
R2

2.2k

n 22F 47F

10K

22K

f 22F 47F

10K

C1

22K

C2 10F

1uF

23

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 7: LP MCH IU KHIN NG C IN MT CHIU

I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu -

Hiu c nguyn l hot ng ca mch khi ng, o chiu quay ng c DC. Thc hin c mch iu chnh tc v o chiu quay ng c DC Rn luyn k nng tm li v sa li.

2. Yu cu

Lp mch ng, cn thn Chn ng linh kin v thit b.

3. Dng c, thit b -

Transistor C828, A1015, in tr:1K, 10K, 22K, t 1F, , IC 555, diode, Opto

VOM, ng c DC, test bo, ngun DC, cng tc On/Off, cng tc o, nt nhn thng ng, thng m, bin tr
II. Thc hnh

1. Mch iu khin khi ng

a.

Mch iu khin dng transistor

Q1 C828 R1 1k V1 12V SW1

Lp mch nh hnh v v o in p trn ng c, trn in tr R1, gia cc C v E khi ng v m SW1. Ghi kt qu vo bng:

SW1 Off On
b.

VC

VR1

VCE

Mch iu khin dng SCR

24

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Lp mch v o in p trn ng c, gia cc G v K, gia cc A v K., khi ng c chy (nhn M) v dng (nhn D). Ghi kt qu vo bng sau:

C Dng Chy

VC

VGK

VAK

NC PB

V1 12V
NO PB

D1

2. Lp mch o chiu dng kho o chiu - Lp mch nh hnh v

- Ban u cng tc o SW
SW1 V1 12
V

1 2

v tr 1, o in p trn ng c (VAB).
- Chuyn cng tc o v v tr 2, o in p

trn ng c (VAB). Ghi kt qu vo bng. V tr SW 1 2 3. Lp mch iu khin tc v o chiu dng cu transistor -

VAB

Lp mch nh hnh v.

VCC iu chnh bin tr RV theo cc gi tr cho trong bng v o in p gia cc cc C RV 12V SW1 v E ca cc transistor (VCE) v trn ng c (VC). Ghi kt qu vo bng

Thay i v tr tc ng ca cng tc, tin hnh o nh trn.

Q1 R4
1k

Q2 R3
1k

R2
22k

R1
22k

Q4

25

Q3

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

RV VCE1 Quay thun VCE3 VCE2 VCE4 VC VCE1 VCE3 Quay ngc VCE2 VCE4 VC

1k

2k

3k

4k

5k

4. Mch iu khin tc ng c theo phng php iu rng xung

Lp mch nh hnh v, thay i v tr bin tr (in tr gia chn 1 v chn 2) theo cc gi tr cho trong bng, o in p trn ng c (VC) v in p VCE ca transistor. S dng VOM MT310, chc nng o Hz/Duty.
-

26

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn -

T Hu Tuyn

V th quan h gia VC v RV 0 10k 20k

12V

R12 VC VCE

30k

40k
D1

50k

60k

70k

80k

90k

100k

1 Q DC 3 7 2 3

VCC

Duty

RV1
10k

R1
1k

D2

R2
10k

CV

TR

GND

TH

6 1 4 2

C1
1u OPTO

Q1
2SD613

VC

27

R12

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

BI 8: LP MCH NG DNG KHUCH I THUT TON

I. Hng dn m u
1. Mc tiu

- Lp v kho st c c tuyn truyn t ca cc mch khuch i o v khng o Lp v xc nh c cc thng s ca mch trigger smith Rn luyn k nng tm li v sa li.

2. Yu cu

Lp mch ng, cn thn Chn ng linh kin v thit b.

3. Dng c, thit b -

IC LM741 (HA17741), in tr 1K, 8,2K, 10K, 22K VOM, test bo, ngun DC, bin tr x10 (10k), bin tr 4x10 (10K)
II. Thc hnh

1. Lp mch khuch i o - Lp mch nh hnh

v, chn 7 ni n 12V, chn 4 ni n -12V

- Chnh bin tr n

12V R3 8.2k V1 12V RV1 10k 0V V2 12V R4 8.2k Vi R2 10K

3

12V
7 6 4

cc gi tr cho trong bng, o Vi v VO, ghi kt qu vo bng.

- Xc

-12V
R1

22k

Vo

nh h s khuch i ca mch KV= VO /Vi

- V c tuyn truyn

-12V

t ca mch. (VO,Vi)

28

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

RV1 Vi VO KV

0K

1K

2K

3K

4K

5K

6K

7K

8K

9K

10K

2. Lp mch khuch i khng o

- Tin hnh tng t nh trn, t mch in hnh 1, thay i cc R3 v R4 theo bn v, ni Vi vo ng vo khng o, chn cn li ca R2 ni vi 0V. Chnh bin tr n cc gi tr cho trong bng, o Vi v VO, ghi kt qu vo bng.
-

RV1 Vi VO
-

0K 1K

2K

3K

4K

5K

6K

7K 8K 9K

10K

KV Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch KV= VO /Vi V c tuyn truyn t ca mch. (VO,Vi)

R3

R1 RV1 10k 22k 12V R2 10k

2 3 4 7 6

1K
V1

12V

-12V Vi
V2

Vo

12V
R4

1K

29

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn 3. Lp mch trigger Smith - Lp mch nh hnh v, chn 7 ni n (12V), chn 4 ni n -12V

T Hu Tuyn

- Ban u chnh bin tr n gi tr nh nht , o VO, tng dn bin tr sao cho o VO

i trng thi (dng sang m hoc m sang dng), o Vi- , VO. Tip tc tng bin tr n ln nht, sau gim bin 12V tr sao cho VO i trng thi, 12V o Vi- v VO. RV1 V1 7 2
12V 10k
3 4 6

0V

-12V

R1

1k

- V c tuyn truyn t ca

mch: Xc nh cc im: (ViL; VOL), (ViL; VOH), (ViH; VOH), (ViH; VOL). Ni 4 im li theo hnh ch nht. Xc hng ca chu trnh: nh mi tn trn cc cnh hnh ch nht theo hng thay i in p ng ra theo ng vo (Vi tng t ViL n ViH sau gim n ViL)

V2

R2

12V -12V

1k

VO VOH ViH ViL VOL Vi

4. Lp mch to

xung vung
- Lp mch nh hnh v, chn 7 ni n (12V), chn 4 ni n -12V

- Thay i gi tr bin tr RV v t C1 theo cc gi tr cho trong bng, sao cho Led sng nhp nhy, m s ln Led nhy tm tn s in p ng ra. . N 22F 47F
C1 R3 10k 3 2 R2 10k 7 6 4 R3 1k Led RV

10K 22K

F 22F 47F

10K 22K

22u

30

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Bi 9: LP MCH CM BIN NH SNG

I. Mc tiu: II. Ni dung 1. Mch cm bin dng IC555 Lp mch nh hnh v
+12

RL1 U1
Q DC 3 7 12V CCV 4 R 8

RV1
100k 5 CV

R2
100k D NG 6

TR

TH

555

LDR

Chnh bin tr sao cho khi tri ti (che quang tr) th relay tc ng, khi tri sng (khng che quang tr) th relay khng tc ng 2. Mch cm bin dng Op-Amp (LM741) 31

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn -

T Hu Tuyn

Lp mch nh hnh v Cho nh sng chiu vo quang tr, chnh bin tr v gi tr nh nht th relay tc ng, sau tng dn bin tr sao cho relay ngng tc ng. Kim tra hot ng ca mch: che quang tr th relay tc ng
+12V R3 47k 3 2 RV1 10k 4 7 U1 6 LM741

R4 10k

Q1 C828

R1 1k

Bi 10: LP MCH IU KHIN NHIT

1. Mc tiu: 2. Ni dung 1. Kho st TC loi K (M phng bng Proteus)
+ 0.00 +88.8 mV
R E L A Y O UT P U

TC INPUT 20.00

+88.8 V

TC1
TCJ

TC2
TCK

T0C
2 0. 0 0

RL1

Lp mch nh hnh v; 220VAC, 50Hz Thay i nhit theo bng, o v ghi gi tr vo bng -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 110 120 130 140 T (oC) Vout (mV) S (V/oC) Tm phn gii ca cm bin
T Heater

32
220VAC, 50Hz

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn S1 + S2 + ... + Sn n 2. Lp mch o nhit v kho st PT100: Dy ngun ni vo cc 0-220VAC Lp cm bin nhit TC (loi K) vo thit b o. Kim tra thit b o: Cp ngun, ng h bo nhit mi trng. Ngt ngun, buc chc TC vi PT100 ri t 2 cm bin vo thit b nhit - Cp ngun cho thit b nhit, thit b o - o in tr ca PT100 (dy v dy trng) ti cc nhit theo bng sau: T (oC) 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 R () S (/oC) - Tm hm R(T)=R0(1+T) Tm R0 v trung bnh S= 3. Lp mch lm mt t ng dng LM35

T Hu Tuyn

Mch t ng iu khin qut lm mt dng Op-Amp phn cc ngun n

+12V

R3 10k

R1

100k
30.0 7 1 2 3 6 2

RL1 12V Dy

VOUT

Q2 RV2 R2
10k

Dy en
. +88 8

R4 10k

LM35 4 5

RV1

54 %

GND

+12V 1

LM35 R1 1k RV1 -12V 10k R2 100k 3 2 4 LM741 6 R3 1k R4 1k LED Q1 C828 7

2 VOUT 3

GND

33

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

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Bi 11: Lp mch cm bin tim cn

1. Mc tiu: 2. Ni dung 1. Lp mch cm bin hng ngoi kiu xuyn thu +12V

R1
1k

RL1
12V 3

U1
1

Q1
NPN

GND

34

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

2. Lp mch cm bin hng ngoi kiu phn x - Lp mch phn thu - Chnh bin tr v gi tr nh nht, nu relay khng tc ng th c th b qua bin tr (ngn mch 2 u bin tr), nu relay tc ng th tng bin tr sao cho relay khng tc ng th dng li - Lp mch phn pht, t 2 led thu v pht song song nhau, cng hng v mt pha (cng hng ln) - Dng vt chn sng (mu trng phn x tt) tin li gn 2 led th relay tc ng.

+12V

R1
1k

VR R2
1k

RL1
12V

IR LED pht

IR LED thu

Q1
NPN Vt phn x

GND

35

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn 3. Lp mch cm bin t

T Hu Tuyn

36

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Ph lc 1: GII THIU DNG C THIT B THC TP

1. Bn phn phi Cu to:
CB bo v CB tng 3 pha Nt dng khn cp CB 1 pha

220V, 50Hz

380/220V, 50Hz

S dng: - M ngun: Ngt (gt xung) ton b cc CB 1 pha, ng CB bo v trc ri ng CB tng 3 pha sau. - Khi c s c v in, cc CB s tc ng. Phi khc phc s c trc khi ng ngun tr li. ng ngun tr li, gt cn gt xung ht ri ng li theo trnh t nh ban u - Nt dng khn cp ch s dng khi khn cp: khi c s c. - Ch ng CB cn thit, sau khi ht ca thc tp phi ngt ton b cc CB (gt xung): ngt cc CB 1 pha trc, ngt CB tng, cui cng ngt CB bo v. Ch : khng ngt CB bo v trc khi ngt CB tng. 2. Ngun DC in p nh

37

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

3. Ngun AC in p nh (Bin th)

6VAC, 50Hz 12VAC, 50Hz
12V

12
220V 50Hz 6V 0V

4 3 2 1

4. VOM s - Cc VOM thang o t ng, ch cn chn ng i lng o - Khi qu thang o VOM xut hin OL (overload) Ngoi cc i lng o c bn ra, VOM cm tay c th o h s khuch i ca transistor lng cc (BJT). Gi tr o c th dao ng lin tc, dng v c tr s th nhn data hold (DH), mun o tr li cn nhn v gi DH trong vi giy. - VOM cm tay s dng ngun pin, v vy ch tt ngun khi s dng xong. 5. Test board (bng lp mch) Cu to:

38

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Gm 2 na, na trn v na di cu to ging nhau hon ton. Na trn gm: - 4 hng (mt s board ch gm 2 hng), mi hng gm 25 l thng nhau (v in) - 65 ct, mi ct gm 5 l lin nhau. S dng: - Cc hng thng dng ni vi ngun cp. - Cc ct dng cm linh kin, cc chn ca 1 linh kin phi cm thng hng. - Mt l trn board ch c cm 1 chn linh kin hoc mt u dy ni. - Cc linh kin 2 chn: cm 2 chn vo 2 ct khc nhau (khc s) ca mt na (trn hoc di), hoc cm 2 chn vo 2 ct cng s ca 2 na. - Cc linh kin 3 chn: cm 3 chn vo 3 ct khc nhau (khc s) ca mt na (trn hoc di). - Cc IC 2 hng chn: cm 2 hng chn vo 2 na ca board, chn 1 cm vo na di. - ni cc linh kin vi nhau th cm cc chn vo cng mt ct, nu khng th dng dy ng nh ni (cu). Ch : Khng c vit, v ln board Khng c tho, b gp cc mnh ca board, Khng ghp cc board li vi nhau. Phi vut thng chn linh kin, dy ni trc khi cm vo board. 6. Bin tr a. Bin tr 4x10
2
RV3

RV1

RV2

RV4

X1K

R12=RV1+RV2+ RV3+RV4

X100

X10

X1

b. Bin tr X10

Bin tr c 10 v tr, gi tr in tr chn 1 v 2 l R12 R12=v tr x h s nhn

39

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

C th ghp nhiu bin tr (c h s nhn khc nhau) li vi nhau c phn gii nh hn. Khi ni chn 2 ca RV1 vi chn 1 ca RV2...Ti a ch ghp 2 bin tr li vi nhau.
7. Bin dung 4X10

C12=VC1+VC2+ VC3+VC4 8. Cng tc a. Cng tc 1 cc 2 v tr

VC1
1 2

VC2

VC3

VC4

Ngoi ng dng l mt cng tc khi gt xung (c gi), cng tc cn c ng dng nh mt nt nhn (khng gi) khi gt ln. Cng tc 1 c thm cu ch bo

v.

b. Cng tc 2 cc 3 v tr (cng tc o)

Khi gt ln th chn 1 ni vi chn 4 v chn 2 ni vi chn 3 Khi gt xung th chn 1 ni vi chn 3 v chn 2 ni vi chn 4. 3 9. Nt nhn Nt nhn thng h (NO) Nt nhn thng ng (NC)

10. R le a. R le in t i vi SSR, ng iu tnh, tip im (NO) ch b. R le bn dn (SSR) khin cn phi lp ng cc c dng cho ti AC.

12VDC

40

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

11. Hp diode

12. Hp kim tra IC 555, 741

Lp IC 555 vo ngn trn ca socket (nu kim tra 555) hay IC 741 vo ngn di ca socket (nu kim tra 741) sao cho chn 1 ca IC gn vi cn gt. Nhn nt nhn, nu led nhp nhy th IC cn tt.

13. Hp ti

ng c DC 12V

n si t 12V (AC hoc DC)

41

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

Symbol VCBO VCEO VEBO IC IB

1

Parameter Collector-Base Voltage Collector-Emitter Voltage Emitter-Base Voltage Collector Current Base Current TO-92 Collector Power Dissipation

Ratings 45 45 7 50 -50 400 200

Units V V V mA mA mW

PC

1. Hfe Emitter 2. Collector 3. Base

TO-92

1. Emitter 2. Collector 3. Base

Ph lc 2: S CHN V THNG S K THUT CA MT S LINH KIN V VI MCH BN DN THNG DNG (IC)

1. Transistor (C828, A1015, 2SD613)

2SC828 NPN Transistor A1015

PNP Transistor

42

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

2SD613

PNP Transistor

1 Base Collector Emitter Collector (v)

2. SCR MCR 100-6

PIN ASSIGNMENT

1
Symbol VCBO VCEO VEBO IC IB PC Hfe Parameter 2 Collector-Base Voltage 3 Collector-Emitter Voltage Emitter-Base Voltage Collector Current Base Current Collector Power Dissipation

Cathode Ratings Gate -50 Anode -50 -5 -150 -50 400 200 Units V V V mA mA mW
1 2 3

3. BT137 4. Mt nhn hng ngoi

Symbol VCBO VCEO VEBO IC IB

Parameter Collector-Base Voltage Collector-Emitter Voltage Emitter-Base Voltage Collector Current Base Current

Ratings 100 85 6 6 3 40 100

1 43 2

Units V V V A A W
3 2 1
OUTPUT GND INPUT

KEC168
5. IC LM7805 (n p)

PC Collector Power Dissipation Symbo min max unit Hfe DC Current Gain l Vi Vo Io 7,5 4.9 15 5,1 1 V V A

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

6. Opto PC 817 (Cch ly quang) 4 3

pin 1: Anode (A): Ng vo (input) pin 2: Cathode (K) : Ng vo (input) pin 3: Emitter (E) : Ng ra (output) pin 4: Collector (C) : Ng ra (output)
1 2

Parameter input Forward current Reverse voltage Power dissipation output Collector-emitter voltage Emitter-collector voltage Collector current Collector power dissipation Total power dissipation Isolation voltage

Symbol IF VR P V CEO V ECO IC PC PTOT Viso

Rating 50 6 70 35 6 50 150 200 5000

Unit mA V mW V V mA mW mW V

Internal Block Diagram 7. IC LM555 (nh th v dao ng) R R 1 GND 1

Trigger
Comp. 2 Discharging Tr. 7 R 8

Vcc

Discharge

Output

OutPut Stage

F/F

6 Comp.

Threshold

Reset

Vref

44 5 Control Voltage

8 1

Ti liu hng dn thc hnh in t c bn

T Hu Tuyn

8. IC LM741 (Op-amp)
2 3 4 7 6

Chn 1,5 2 3 4 6 7 8

Tn, chc nng Chnh Offset Ng vo o Ng vo khng o Ngun m Ng ra Ngun dng Khng ni (B trng)

8 1

45