Fluid Mechanics

Dr Farid Khan
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Head Loses in pipes

Major loss - Head loss due to friction Minor losses -Head loss due to sudden enlargement -Head loss due to sudden contraction -Head loss at the entry -Head loss at the exit -Head loss due to obstruction -Head loss at bends -Head loss at fittings

Head loss due to sudden enlargement

Q A1V1 A2V2
p1 A1 p1 ( A2 A1 ) p2 A2 A2 ( p1 p2 ) ( p1 p2 )

Q
g

V2 V1

A2V2
g

V2 V1

V2 V2 V1 g

p1

p2

Head loss due to sudden enlargement

Darcys equation

( p1 p2 )

V2 V2 V1 g
2

p1

V p2 V2 hL 2g 2g p1

2 1

p1

p2

p2

V2 V1 hL 2g 2g
2 2 1

V2 V2 V1 V2 V hL g 2g 2g
4

Head loss due to sudden enlargement

V2 V2 V1 V2 V1 hL g 2g 2g
2 2

hL

2
2

V1V2 g
2 1 2

V2 V1 2g 2g
p1 p2

V V2 V1V2 hL 2g 2g g V1 V2 2V1V2 hL 2g
2 2

hL

V1 V2 2
2g
5

Head loss at exit

(a) When a pipe carrying a fluid discharges into a air The entire velocity is dissipated in air
2

V hL 2g

(b) When a pipe carrying a fluid discharges into a reservoir The entire velocity is dissipated

V2 hL 2g
6

Head loss at exit

(b) When a pipe carrying a fluid discharges into a reservoir The entire velocity is dissipated

V2 hL 2g

Head loss due to sudden contraction

Q A1V1 ACVC A2V2
p1 A1 p1 ( A2 A1 ) p2 A2 A2 ( p1 p2 ) ( p1 p2 )

Q
g

V2 V1

A2V2
g

V2 V1
p2 p1

V2 V2 V1 g

Projects

Update?

Head loss due to friction in the pipe

Assignment
Examples: 7.2, 7.3,
8.1,8.2,8.3,8.4,8.5,8.6,8.8,8.9,8.10,8.11,8.12,8.13,8.14,8.15,8.16,8.17, 8.18,8.18,8.19,8.20,8.21,8.22,8.24,8.25,8.26 9.1, 9.5,9.28,9.29,9.30,9.31,9.33,9.36 10.1,1.02,10.4,10.5 Problems: Do the relevant problems for your practice for the final exam (Not part of the assignment)
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