Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

1. M HNH D BO NHIM NGUN NC Hin nay, c nhiu m hnh d bo nhim ngun nc ang c s dng ti Vit Nam nh: IPC, QUAL, QUAL2EU, QUAL2K, BASIN, SWAT Nhn chung, c th phn chia m hnh cht lng nc sng thnh 3 nhm nh sau: Nhm 1: m hnh dng nh gi nhanh + D bo cht lng nc sng trng thi n nh (steady state) + D liu u vo tng i n gin + H tr nhanh trong vic ra quyt nh + Cc m hnh nh IPC Nhm 2: m hnh d bo cht lng nc khng tch hp trn nn GIS + D bo cht lng nc sng theo thi gian (dynamic) + D liu u vo tng i phc tp + C nhiu thng s ng hc, thng s thc nghim cn phi nghin cu theo thi gian hon thin m hnh + Cc m hnh nh QUAL, QUAL2EU, QUAL2K Nhm 3: m hnh d bo cht lng nc tch hp trn nn GIS + D bo cht lng nc sng theo thi gian (dynamic) + Tch hp cc lp thng tin u vo cho m hnh nh: a hnh, mng li sng sui + Hin th kt qu v khng gian trn nn GIS + D liu u vo tng i phc tp + C nhiu thng s ng hc, thng s thc nghim cn phi nghin cu theo thi gian hon thin m hnh + Cc m hnh nh BASIN, SWAT i vi vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng, c th s dng cc nhm m hnh 1 hoc 2 l . Nhm m hnh 3 l khng cn thit v tnh phc tp trong vic s dng rt cao. 1. Nhm m hnh 1 - M hnh IPC Version: 2.0 1998 T chc pht trin m hnh + Ngn hng Th gii + T chc Y t Th gii + T chc Y t Hoa K Cc c trng chnh - M hnh gm cc mun c lp v 01 mun lin kt. o M hnh cht lng nc sng (BOD, COD, DO, Coliform, cht nhim c coi khng b bin i) o M hnh cht lng nc h (ch yu l BOD v dinh dng N, P) o Ring m hnh tnh ton chi ph kinh t h tr ra quyt nh c lin kt vi cc mun trn

79

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Ngun din v ngun im Danh sch cc loi ngnh ngh c phn loi v lit k trong m hnh, qun l di dng cc ISIC. C s d liu v cc ngnh sn xut cho php cp nht Qu trnh tnh ton ti lng nhim pht thi t cc ngnh ngh, cc nh my, d n s dng bng h s pht thi ca T chc Y t Th gii. Bng h s ny c thit lp sn trong m hnh v cho php cp nhp ph hp cho tng a phng. Kt qu d liu u ra di dng cc bng d liu, th v c th xut qua GIS di dng Atlas. Cc thng s u vo chnh M hnh cht lng nc sng o Ch thy lc ca sng o Hin trng cht lng nc sng o Tiu chun cht lng mong mun o Cc ngun im (lu lng, ti lng nhim) o Cc ngun din (non-point source) o Qui m pht trin kinh t x hi M hnh cht lng nc h o Din tch h o Hin trng cht lng nc h o Tiu chun cht lng mong mun o Cc ngun thi vo h M hnh tnh ton chi ph kinh t h tr ra quyt nh: cc thng tin kinh t ti thiu yu cu trong m hnh o Gi nhn cng o Gi nng lng (in) o Gi vt t chuyn dng nh nc gii nhit, x l nc cp, du DO, xng, than hot tnh. Kt qu T trng gy nhim ca tng ngun- bng c th xut ra phn mm excel Ch kinh t kim sot nhim tng hp (long-run)- th M hnh cht lng nc sng o nh gi ti tng nhim cho php thi vo sng o D bo bin i cht lng nc sng trng thi steady state o Xy dng cc kch bn ct gim ti lng nhim o Tnh ton ti lng cn ct gim ca tng ngun thi cht lng nc sng t tiu chun mong mun. o Tnh ton kinh t ca cc gii php ct gim ti lng nhim i vi tng ngun thi khc nhau bng cc phng php khc nhau nh x l ha l, x l bc 1, x l bc 2, x l bc 3

80

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

M hnh cht lng nc h o nh gi ti tng nhim cho php thi vo h o D bo bin i cht lng nc h trng thi steady state 2. Nhm m hnh 2 - M hnh QUAL2K M hnh QUAL2K l mt phin bn ca m hnh QUAL2E, c vit bng ngn ng Visual Basic chy trn mi trng Excel. M hnh ny c pht trin do s hp tc gia trng i Hc Tufts University v Trung tm M hnh Cht lng Nc ca Cc Mi Trng M (US.EPA). M hnh c s dng rng ri d bo din bin cht lng nc sng v d on ti trng ca cc cht thi cho php thi vo sng. M hnh QUAL2K cho php m phng 15 thnh phn thng s cht lng nc sng bao gm dn in, cht rn l lng v c, BOD5, DO, to di dng chlorophyll, nit hu c (N hu c), amoni (N-NH4), nitrat (N-NO3), pht pho hu c (P hu c), pht pho v c (P), thc vt phiu sinh (Phytoplankton), vi sinh gy bnh, mnh vn t bo (dentritus), kim v tng cacbon v c. M hnh c th p dng cho cc sng nhnh xo trn hon ton. Vi gi thit rng cc c ch vn chuyn chnh ca dng l lan truyn v phn tn dc theo hng chnh ca dng (trc chiu di ca dng v knh). M hnh cho php tnh ton vi nhiu ngun thi, cc im ly nc cp, cc nhnh ph v cc dng thm vo v ly ra. M hnh QUAL2K cng c th tnh ton lu lng cn thit thm vo t c gi tr xy ho tan theo tiu chun. Phm vi ng dng: M hnh QUAL2K c p dng rng ri trong vic d bo din bin cht lng mi trng nc cc sng sui v d on ti trng ca cc cht thi cho php thi vo sng vi cc k hoch hnh ng khc nhau h tr cng tc qui hoch, bo v v s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn nc mt. iu kin bin: H thng sng c chia thnh cc on sng (reaches), trong ch thy lc, hng s tc phn ng, cc iu kin ban u, cc s liu v lu lng b sung l khng i cho tt c cc phn t tnh ton trong mt on sng. Khng xt dng triu trong qu trnh tnh ton v d bo ca m hnh. Gi thit rng cc c ch vn chuyn chnh ca dng l l lan truyn v phn tn dc theo theo hng chnh ca dng (trc chiu di ca dng v knh) C s ton hc ca m hnh: M hnh QUAL2K m phng cn bng lu lng theo hnh sau: Cn bng lu lng trong m hnh QUAL2K

Phng trnh cn bng lu lng nh sau:

Qi = Qi 1 + Qvo,i Q ra ,i

81

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Dng chnh ca sng c phn thnh cc phn on (segmentation) nh hnh v sau: Hnh 2.1. S m phng dng sng trong m hnh QUAL2K

Hnh 2.2. S phn on dng sng trong m hnh QUAL2K

Trong mi on sng s c chia thnh cc phn t tnh ton . Hnh 2.2 biu din mt on sng (n) c chia ra thnh cc phn t tnh ton, mi phn t tnh ton c chiu di x. i vi mi phn t tnh ton, vit phng trnh cn bng lu lng cc dng vo phn t t thng ngun (Qi-1), lu lng nc ly ra (Qxi) v lu lng nc i ra phn t (Qi) h ngun. Tng t ta cng c th vit phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho mt thnh phn vt cht C i vi phn t ny. Trong phng trnh cn bng vt cht chng ta xem c hai yu t vn chuyn (Q.C) v khuych tn ((A.DL.x)/ xx) nh l nhng ng lc vn chuyn vt cht dc theo trc hng dng chy. Vt cht c th c thm vo hoc ly ra khi h thng hoc loi b bi cc ngun bn ngoi v cc ngun bn trong nh qu trnh lng ng, qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc v ng vt y. Mi phn t tnh ton c xem l xo trn hon ton.
82

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Nh vy, dng chy c th c quan nim nh l chui cc phn t tnh ton xo trn hon ton, chng lin kt vi nhau bng c ch vn chuyn v khuych tn nh ni trn. Mt nhm lin tc cc phn t ny c th c xc nh nh l mt on sng m trong cc phn t tnh ton c cng c trng thy lc v hnh hc nh: dc lng sng, mt ct ngang dng chy, h s nhm, hng s tc phn ng BOD, tc lng ca to, ... Phng trnh c bn tnh ton trong QUAL2K l o hm theo khng gian v thi gian i vi mi thnh phn cht lng nc. Phng trnh ny bao gm nh hng ca s lan truyn, phn tn, pha long, phn ng trao i ca cc thnh phn vi nhau, cc ngun v s trm lng ca cc thnh phn ny. i vi bt k thnh phn no, phng trnh tng qut c th c vit nh sau:

M = t (I)

( Ax .Dt .

C ) x .dx ( Ax .U .C ) .dx + ( A .dx ). dC + S x x x dt (II) (III) (IV) (V)

Vi: (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) Trong : M x t C Ax Dt U

: c trng cho s bin thin khi lng (hay lu lng) theo thi gian. : c trng cho s khuych tn. : c trng cho s lan truyn. : c trng cho s bin thin thnh phn (nng ) theo thi gian. : c trng cho cc ngun t bn ngoi v s lng ng ca cc cht. : Khi lng : Khong cch : Thi gian : Nng : Din tch mt ct ngang : H s phn tn : Vn tc trung bnh

83

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Hnh 2.3. Biu din mt on sng (n) c chia ra thnh cc phn t tnh ton

Cc thng s u vo m hnh QUAL2K bao gm cc nhm thng s c bn sau: c trng hnh thi, thy lc/thu vn Hin trng cht lng nc sng c trng h thy sinh Cc thng s v ngun x thi Bng 2.1. Cc thng s thu vn/thu lc Cc thng s Lu lng dng chy (Q) cao so vi mc nc bin (H) p (chiu cao, chiu rng) Khc cong ( vn tc, chiu su) dc lng sng H s Manning (n) c dc sn sng Flow rate n v m3/s m m m3/s; m -

Elevation Weir (height, width) Rating curves (velocity, depth) Channel Slope Manning Side Slope

84

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Bng 2.2. Cc thng s thi tit kh hu Cc thng s Nhit khng kh Nhit im sng Vn tc gi my bao ph che ph Cc thng s v nh sng v nhit Air temperature n v
o o

C C

Dew point temperature Wind speed Cloud cover Shade Light and heat

m/s % %

Bng 2.3. Cc thng s cht lng nc Cc thng s dn in Cht rn l lng v c (SS) Oxy ho tan (DO) Nhu cu oxy sinh ho cacbon (CBOD chm) Nhu cu oxy sinh ho cacbon (CBOD nhanh) Nit hu c ho tan N NH4 N NO3 Photpho hu c ho tan Photpho v c Thc vt phiu sinh (phytoplankton) Mnh vn t bo (detritus) Vi khun gy bnh (pathogen) kim Tng cacbon v c To y Cc thng s v bn y K hiu s mi o cs cf no na nn po pi ap mo x Alk ct ab n v mhos mgD/L mgO2/L mgO2/L mgO2/L gN/L gN/L gN/L gP/L gP/L gA/L mgD/L Cfu/100mL mgCaCO3/L mole/L gD/m2

85

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Bng 2.4. Cc nhm h s Bin s Cc h s phn hy hu c H s oxy ho CBOD nhanh H s thy phn CBOD chm Cc h s v nit v photpho H s thy phn Nit hu c H s Nitrat ha H s Kh Nitrat H s thy phn Photpho hu c Cc h s phiu sinh thc vt (phytoplankton) H s tng trng cc i H s h hp H s cht Cc h s to y H s tng trng cc i H s h hp H s bi tit H s cht H s phn hy mnh vn t bo H s phn hy vi khun gy bnh Bng 2.5. Cc ngun x thi Thng s Tn ngun thi V tr ngun thi Lu lng thi Nhit nc thi Cc thng s cht lng nc thi Oxy ho tan Nhu cu oxy sinh ho cacbon chm Nhu cu oxy sinh ho cacbon nhanh Nit hu c ho tan
86
Cgb

K hiu kdc khc khn kna kdn khp kgp krp kdp

n v 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy 1/ngy

krb keb kdb kdt kdx

n v

Name Location Inflow Temperature DO Slow CBOD Fast CBOD Organic N

km m3/s
o

mgO2/L mgO2/L mgO2/L gN/L

Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot - D tho cp nht theo Thng t s05/2008-TT BTNMT

Thng s N NH4 N NO3, NO2 Photpho hu c ho tan Photpho v c Thc vt phiu sinh Mnh vn t bo Vi khun gy bnh kim axit

n v

Ammonia N Nitrate + Nitrite N Organic P Inorganic P Phytoplankton Detritus Pathogen Indicator Bacteria Alkalinity pH

gN/L gN/L gP/L gP/L gA/L mgD/L Cfu/100mL mgCaCO3/L

87