TM CH S TN CNG

Tnh cht 1 :
a) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 5, 6 khi nng ln ly tha bc bt k th ch
s tn cng vn khng thay i.
b) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 4, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc l th ch s tn
cng vn khng thay i.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 3, 7, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th
ch s tn cng l 1.
d) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 2, 4, 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th
ch s tn cng l 6.
Bi ton 1 : Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s :
a) 799 b) 141414 c) 4567
Li gii :
a) Trc ht, ta tm s d ca php chia 99 cho 4 :
99 - 1 = (9 - 1)(98 + 97 + + 9 + 1) chia ht cho 4
=> 99 = 4k + 1 (k thuc N) => 799 = 74k + 1 = 74k.7
Do 74k c ch s tn cng l 1 (theo tnh cht 1c) => 799 c ch s tn cng l 7.
b) D thy 1414 = 4k (k thuc N) => theo tnh cht 1d th 141414 = 144k c ch s tn cng l
6.
c) Ta c 567 - 1 chia ht cho 4 => 567 = 4k + 1 (k thuc N)
=> 4567 = 44k + 1 = 44k.4, theo tnh cht 1d, 44k c ch s tn cng l 6 nn 4567 c ch s tn
cng l 4.
Tnh cht sau c => t tnh cht 1.
Tnh cht 2 : Mt s t nhin bt k, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 1 (n thuc N) th ch
s tn cng vn khng thay i.
Ch s tn cng ca mt tng cc ly tha c xc nh bng cch tnh tng cc ch s
tn cng ca tng ly tha trong tng.
Bi ton 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca tng S = 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20048009.
Li gii :
Nhn xt : Mi ly tha trong S u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d 1 (cc ly tha u c
dng n4(n - 2) + 1, n thuc {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 2, mi ly tha trong S v cc c s tng ng u c ch s tn cng
ging nhau, bng ch s tn cng ca tng :
(2 + 3 + + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 200(1 + 2 + + 9) + 9 =
9009.
Vy ch s tn cng ca tng S l 9.
T tnh cht 1 tip tc => tnh cht 3.
Tnh cht 3 :
a) S c ch s tn cng l 3 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn
cng l 7 ; s c ch s tn cng l 7 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch
s tn cng l 3.
b) S c ch s tn cng l 2 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn
cng l 8 ; s c ch s tn cng l 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch
s tn cng l 2.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s
khng thay i ch s tn cng.

Bi ton 3 : Tm ch s tn cng ca tng T = 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20048011.

Li gii :
Nhn xt : Mi ly tha trong T u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d 3 (cc ly tha u c
dng n4(n - 2) + 3, n thuc {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 3 th 23 c ch s tn cng l 8 ; 37 c ch s tn cng l 7 ; 411 c ch s
tn cng l 4 ;
Nh vy, tng T c ch s tn cng bng ch s tn cng ca tng : (8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3
+ 2 + 9) + 199.(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 1 + 8 + 7 + 4 = 200(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 +
6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 8 + 7 + 4 = 9019.
Vy ch s tn cng ca tng T l 9.
* Trong mt s bi ton khc, vic tm ch s tn cng dn n li gii kh c o.
Bi ton 4 : Tn ti hay khng s t nhin n sao cho n2 + n + 1 chia ht cho
19952000.
Li gii : 19952000 tn cng bi ch s 5 nn chia ht cho 5. V vy, ta t vn l
2
liu n + n + 1 c chia ht cho 5 khng ?
Ta c n2 + n = n(n + 1), l tch ca hai s t nhin lin tip nn ch s tn cng ca n2 + n
ch c th l 0 ; 2 ; 6 => n2 + n + 1 ch c th tn cng l 1 ; 3 ; 7 => n2 + n + 1 khng chia
ht cho 5.
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n sao cho n2 + n + 1 chia ht cho 19952000.
S dng tnh cht mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 0 ; 1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
; 9, ta c th gii c bi ton sau :
Bi ton 5 : Chng minh rng cc tng sau khng th l s chnh phng :
a) M = 19k + 5k + 1995k + 1996k (vi k chn)
b) N = 20042004k + 2003
S dng tnh cht mt s nguyn t ln hn 5 ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 1 ; 3 ;
7 ; 9, ta tip tc gii quyt c bi ton :
Bi ton 6 : Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 5. Chng minh rng : p8n +3.p4n - 4 chia
ht cho 5.
* Cc bn hy gii cc bi tp sau :
Bi 1 : Tm s d ca cc php chia :
a) 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20038005 cho 5
b) 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20038007 cho 5
Bi 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca X, Y :
X = 22 + 36 + 410 + + 20048010
Y = 28 + 312 + 416 + + 20048016
Bi 3 : Chng minh rng ch s tn cng ca hai tng sau ging nhau :
U = 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20058013
V = 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20058015
Bi 4 : Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s t nhin x, y, z tha mn :
19x + 5y + 1980z = 1975430 + 2004.
* Cc bn th nghin cu cc tnh cht v phng php tm nhiu hn mt ch s tn cng
ca mt s t nhin, chng ta s tip tc trao i v vn ny.

Tm hai ch s tn cng
Nhn xt : Nu x N v x = 100k + y, trong k ; y N th hai ch s tn cng
ca x cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca y.
Hin nhin l y x. Nh vy, n gin vic tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x
th thay vo ta i tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin y (nh hn).
R rng s y cng nh th vic tm cc ch s tn cng ca y cng n gin hn.

T nhn xt trn, ta xut phng php tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x = am

nh sau :
Trng hp 1 : Nu a chn th x = am 2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 25.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq 4 ta c :
x = am = aq(apn - 1) + aq.
V an - 1 25 => apn - 1 25. Mt khc, do (4, 25) = 1 nn aq(apn - 1) 100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip
theo, ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2 : Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 100.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c :
x = am = av(aun - 1) + av.
V an - 1 100 => aun - 1 100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo,
ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca av.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, cha kha gii c bi ton l chng ta phi tm
c s t nhin n. Nu n cng nh th q v v cng nh nn s d dng tm hai ch s tn
cng ca aq v av.
Bi ton 7 :
Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc s :
a) a2003 b) 799
Li gii : a) Do 22003 l s chn, theo trng hp 1, ta tm s t nhin n nh nht
sao cho 2n - 1 25.
Ta c 210 = 1024 => 210 + 1 = 1025 25 => 220 - 1 = (210 + 1)(210 - 1) 25 =>
23(220 - 1) 100. Mt khc :
22003 = 23(22000 - 1) + 23 = 23((220)100 - 1) + 23 = 100k + 8 (k N).
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 22003 l 08.
b) Do 799 l s l, theo trng hp 2, ta tm s t nhin n b nht sao cho 7n - 1
100.
Ta c 74 = 2401 => 74 - 1 100.
Mt khc : 99 - 1 4 => 99 = 4k + 1 (k N)
Vy 799 = 74k + 1 = 7(74k - 1) + 7 = 100q + 7 (q N) tn cng bi hai ch s 07.
Bi ton 8 :
Tm s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25.
Li gii : Trc ht ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca 3517. Do s ny l nn theo
trng hp 2, ta phi tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho 3n - 1 100.
Ta c 310 = 95 = 59049 => 310 + 1 50 => 320 - 1 = (310 + 1) (310 - 1) 100.
Mt khc : 516 - 1 4 => 5(516 - 1) 20
=> 517 = 5(516 - 1) + 5 = 20k + 5 =>3517 = 320k + 5 = 35(320k - 1) + 35 = 35(320k - 1) + 243, c hai
ch s tn cng l 43.
Vy s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25 l 18.
Trong trng hp s cho chia ht cho 4 th ta c th tm theo cch gin tip.
Trc tin, ta tm s d ca php chia s cho 25, t suy ra cc kh nng ca hai ch
s tn cng. Cui cng, da vo gi thit chia ht cho 4 chn gi tr ng.
Cc th d trn cho thy rng, nu a = 2 hoc a = 3 th n = 20 ; nu a = 7 th n = 4.
Mt cu hi t ra l : Nu a bt k th n nh nht l bao nhiu ? Ta c tnh cht sau y
(bn c t chng minh).
Tnh cht 4 : Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a20 - 1 25.
Bi ton 9 : Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc tng :
a) S1 = 12002 + 22002 + 32002 + ... + 20042002
b) S2 = 12003 + 22003 + 32003 + ... + 20042003

Li gii :
a) D thy, nu a chn th a2 chia ht cho 4 ; nu a l th a100 - 1 chia ht cho 4 ; nu a chia
ht cho 5 th a2 chia ht cho 25.
Mt khc, t tnh cht 4 ta suy ra vi mi a N v (a, 5) = 1 ta c a100 - 1 25.
Vy vi mi a N ta c a2(a100 - 1) 100.
Do S1 = 12002 + 22(22000 - 1) + ... + 20042(20042000 - 1) + 22 + 32 + ... + 20042.
V th hai ch s tn cng ca tng S1 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca tng 12 + 22 +
32 + ... + 20042. p dng cng thc :
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6
=>12 + 22 + ... + 20042 = 2005 x 4009 x 334 = 2684707030, tn cng l 30.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S1 l 30.
b) Hon ton tng t nh cu a, S2 = 12003 + 23(22000 - 1) + ... + 20043(20042000 - 1) + 23 + 33
+ 20043. V th, hai ch s tn cng ca tng S2 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca 13 +
23 + 33 + ... + 20043.
p dng cng thc :

=> 13 + 23 + ... + 20043 = (2005 x 1002)2 = 4036121180100, tn cng l 00.

Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S2 l 00.
Tr li bi ton 5 (TTT2 s 15), ta thy rng c th s dng vic tm ch s tn
cng nhn bit mt s khng phi l s chnh phng. Ta cng c th nhn bit
iu thng qua vic tm hai ch s tn cng.
Ta c tnh cht sau y (bn c t chng minh).
Tnh cht 5 : S t nhin A khng phi l s chnh phng nu :
+ A c ch s tn cng l 2, 3, 7, 8 ;
+ A c ch s tn cng l 6 m ch s hng chc l ch s chn ;
+ A c ch s hng n v khc 6 m ch s hng chc l l ;
+ A c ch s hng n v l 5 m ch s hng chc khc 2 ;
+ A c hai ch s tn cng l l.
Bi ton 10 : Cho n N v n - 1 khng chia ht cho 4. Chng minh rng 7n + 2
khng th l s chnh phng.
Li gii : Do n - 1 khng chia ht cho 4 nn n = 4k + r (r {0, 2, 3}). Ta c 74 - 1
= 2400 100. Ta vit 7n + 2 = 74k + r + 2 = 7r(74k - 1) + 7r + 2.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 7n + 2 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca 7r + 2 (r = 0, 2, 3)
nn ch c th l 03, 51, 45. Theo tnh cht 5 th r rng 7n + 2 khng th l s chnh
phng khi n khng chia ht cho 4.

tm ba ch s tn cng
Nhn xt : Tng t nh trng hp tm hai ch s tn cng, vic tm ba ch s
tn cng ca s t nhin x chnh l vic tm s d ca php chia x cho 1000.
Nu x = 1000k + y, trong k ; y N th ba ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l ba ch s
tn cng ca y (y x).
Do 1000 = 8 x 125 m (8, 125) = 1 nn ta xut phng php tm ba ch s tn cng ca
s t nhin x = am nh sau :
Trng hp 1 : Nu a chn th x = am chia ht cho 2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho
an - 1 chia ht cho 125.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq chia ht cho 8 ta c :
x = am = aq(apn - 1) + aq.

V an - 1 chia ht cho 125 => apn - 1 chia ht cho 125. Mt khc, do (8, 125) = 1 nn aq(apn 1) chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip theo, ta tm ba
ch s tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2 : Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c :
x = am = av(aun - 1) + av.
V an - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => aun - 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo, ta tm ba
ch s tn cng ca av.
Tnh cht sau c suy ra t tnh cht 4.
Tnh cht 6 :
Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a100 - 1 chia ht cho 125.
Chng minh : Do a20 - 1 chia ht cho 25 nn a20, a40, a60, a80 khi chia cho 25 c
cng s d l 1
=> a20 + a40 + a60 + a80 + 1 chia ht cho 5. Vy a100 - 1 = (a20 - 1)( a80 + a60 + a40 + a20
+ 1) chia ht cho 125.
Bi ton 11 :
Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 123101.
Li gii : Theo tnh cht 6, do (123, 5) = 1 => 123100 - 1 chia ht cho 125 (1).
Mt khc :
123100 - 1 = (12325 - 1)(12325 + 1)(12350 + 1) => 123100 - 1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra : 123100 - 1 chi ht cho 1000
=> 123101 = 123(123100 - 1) + 123 = 1000k + 123 (k N).
Vy 123101 c ba ch s tn cng l 123.
Bi ton 12 :
Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98.
Li gii : Theo tnh cht 6, do (9, 5) = 1 => 9100 - 1 chi ht cho 125 (1).
Tng t bi 11, ta c 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra : 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => 3399...98 = 9199...9 = 9100p + 99 =
999(9100p - 1) + 999 = 1000q + 999 (p, q N).
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98 cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca 999.
Li v 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => ba ch s tn cng ca 9100 l 001 m 999 = 9100 : 9 =>
ba ch s tn cng ca 999 l 889 (d kim tra ch s tn cng ca 999 l 9, sau da vo
php nhn
xc nh
).
399...98
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3
l 889.
Nu s cho chia ht cho 8 th ta cng c th tm ba ch s tn cng mt cch gin tip
theo cc bc : Tm d ca php chia s cho 125, t suy ra cc kh nng ca ba ch
s tn cng, cui cng kim tra iu kin chia ht cho 8 chn gi tr ng.
Bi ton 13 :
Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2004200.
Li gii : do (2004, 5) = 1 (tnh cht 6)
=> 2004100 chia cho 125 d 1
=> 2004200 = (2004100)2 chia cho 125 d 1
=> 2004200 ch c th tn cng l 126, 251, 376, 501, 626, 751, 876. Do 2004200 chia
ht cho 8 nn ch c th tn cng l 376.
T phng php tm hai v ba ch s tn cng trnh by, chng ta c th m rng
tm nhiu hn ba ch s tn cng ca mt s t nhin.
Sau y l mt s bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Chng minh 1n + 2n + 3n + 4n chia ht cho 5 khi v ch khi n khng chia ht
cho 4.

Bi 2 : Chng minh 920002003, 720002003 c ch s tn cng ging nhau.

Bi 3 : Tm hai ch s tn cng ca :
a) 3999 b) 111213
Bi 4 : Tm hai ch s tn cng ca :
S = 23 + 223 + ... + 240023
Bi 5 : Tm ba ch s tn cng ca :
S = 12004 + 22004 + ... + 20032004
Bi 6 : Cho (a, 10) = 1. Chng minh rng ba ch s tn cng ca a101 cng bng ba
ch s tn cng ca a.
Bi 7 : Cho A l mt s chn khng chia ht cho 10. Hy tm ba ch s tn cng
200
ca A .
Bi 8 : Tm ba ch s tn cng ca s :
199319941995 ...2000
Bi 9 : Tm su ch s tn cng ca 521.