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Bo co
Tm hiu cc vn c bn v Nng lng nguyn t
Cc ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn
S pht trin ca in ht nhn trn th gii v nc ta
Knh gi
H ni, 8 - 2011
MC LC
Mc lc ......................................................................................................... 1
Danh mc hnh nh ..................................................................................... 2
Phn 1: Gii thiu ........................................................................................ 3
1.1. Nng lng Nguyn t ...................................................................................... 10
1.1.1. nh ngha .................................................................................................. 10
1.1.2. L thuyt v nng lng nguyn t............................................................. 11
1.2. Cc ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn ................................................................. 6
1.2.1. Trong lnh vc y t ....................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Trong lnh vc nng nghip, sinh hc .......................................................... 7
1.2.3. Trong lnh vc khoa hc, k thut v cng nghip ........................................ 7
1.2.4. Trong lnh vc nghin cu cc qu trnh t nhin v bo v mi trng ...... 8
1.2.5. Trong lnh vc cung cp nng lng............................................................. 8
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Danh mc hnh nh
1.1. M hnh cu trc ca nguyn t .................................................. 4
1.2. Phn ng phn hch ht nhn U235 ............................................ 5
1.3. Phn ng tng hp ht nhn Heli ................................................ 5
2.1. T l sn xut in trn th gii................................................. 10
2.2. S phn b Uranium...................................................................11
2.3. V tr cc nh my in ht nhn trn th gii ........................... 13
2.4. Quy hoch pht trin in Vit nam n nm 2025 ................... 14
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=
E l nng lng trong qu trnh bin i
m : chnh lch khi lng trc v sau phn ng (m=mt-ms)
C l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c gi tr xp x 3x10 m/s
Theo nh phng trnh trn, khi c s bin i ht nhn nguyn t thnh
cc ht mi th km theo s bin i s sinh ra nng lng (nu m > 0) hoc
thu nng lng vo (nu m < 0).
Do phn ng phn hch ht nhn c tng khi lng cc ht trc phn
ng ln hn nhiu so vi khi lng cc ht sau phn ng nn theo h thc
trn n sinh ra mt nng lng khng l.
d) Phn loi :
Theo nh ngha: Nng lng nguyn t l nng lng c gii phng
trong qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t sinh ra di cc dng:
Nng lng nhit: Phn ln nng lng nguyn t c sinh ra di
dng nhit nng, pht trc tip ra mi trng xung quanh.
ng nng cho cc ht mi sinh: Mt phn nng lng s cung cp
ng nng cho cc ht mi sinh ra, v lm cho cc ht c khi lng
nh (cc ht mang in dng nh ht ,Ion dng, cc ht mang in
m nh Electron v cc ht khng mang in nh Neutral, tia ) c vn
tc ban u rt ln. y cng chnh l ngun gc sinh ra cc tia phng
x trong phn ng ht nhn.
1.2. ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn
Cng ngh ht nhn v ng v phng x c ng dng c hiu qu vo
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca i sng x hi. Trong mt s lnh vc n cn c
vai tr ch o v khng th thay th:
1.1.1. Trong lnh vc y t
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2.1.2. u im ca in ht nhn
u im to ln nht khi so snh in ht nhn vi cc loi nng lng in
khc chnh l s thn thin vi mi trng sng, do vic s dng nhit nng t
cc phn ng phn hch ca ht nhn nguyn t, pht thi rt t kh CO2 gy
hiu ng nh knh ging nh cc nh my nhit in dng nguyn liu ha thch
ang tng ngy thi vo mi trng hng triu tn khi bi c hi, hay nh
vic xy dng cc thy in c th lm ph v cn bng h sinh thi ca c mt
vng rng ln.
Nhin liu chnh dng cho sn xut in ht phn b ng u trn th gii
cc khu vc c s n nh v mt chnh tr nn thun tin cho vic khai thc
v t c bin ng ln v gi thnh.
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Hin nay trn th gii c 442 l phn ng ht nhn ang hot ng (phn
b ch yu Bc m, Ty u v Nht bn), 65 l ang trong qu trnh xy dng,
v rt nhiu l khc trn d n. Cc quc gia tiu biu cn k n l:
1. M : c 104 l ang hot ng, M l cng quc s mt v in ht
nhn, cung cp khong 20% tng nhu cu v in nng ca c nc.
Tng thng Obama gn y cam kt khon vay 8 t USD xy
dng thm cc nh my ht nhn ca M k t nm 1979.
2. Php : C 58 l phn ng, Php ang ng v tr th hai trn th gii v
in ht nhn. Hin ti, khong 77% in nng ca Php l t cc l
phn ng, mt t l cao nht th gii.
3. Nht bn : Tuy l quc gia nm trn vng a cht khng n nh,
thng xuyn hng chu cc thm ha ng t, sng thn nhng do
thiu thn v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh nhu cu v nng
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bin kin thc cho ngi dn v li ch ca vic pht trin nng lng
ht nhn. y l vn u tin v ti quan trng v ch khi c c
nhng quy nh cht ch v s ng thun ca ngi dn th mi c th
tin hnh c cc cng vic tip theo.
2. Phi o to c mt i ng nhn lc bc u c kh nng p ng
c cc nhu cu v vn hnh nh my in ht nhn, cao hn na l
cc cng vic duy tuy, bo dng hoc thm ch x l khi pht sinh s
c.
3. m bo an ninh, an ton tuyt i v cc cht thi phng x sinh ra
trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my in ht nhn. Cc cht thi ny phi
c kim tra v qun l nghim ngt nht trnh r r ra mi trng
hoc tht thot ra bn ngoi v s gy ra cc hu qu to ln.
4. Xy dng cc phng n d phng khi pht sinh cc s c v in ht
nhn (k c cc tnh hung c xc sut thp nht). Bi v, tuy c
xy dng theo cc tiu chun nghim ngt nht v an ton nhng chng
ta vn khng bao gi c th tnh ht c n mi tnh hung c th
xy ra, c bit l s tht thng ca t nhin. Do , phi dng sn
cc phng n i ph ph hp.
V d: Ngy 11/3 khi trn ng t mnh 9 richter lm rung chuyn b
bin pha bc Nht Bn v gy ra sng thn hn 10m b vo cc khu vc ven
bin, gy ra s c ht nhn nghim trng ti nh my in FukushimaI v lm
cho th gii hong s mt phn l do cng ngh s dng lc hu, mt phn v
nhng ngi thit k nh my cha bao gi tnh ton n vic s xy ra mt trn
ng t vi cng mnh n nh vy (mc d cc nh my in nguyn t
ca nht c thit k c th chu c cc trn ng t mnh m 10,000 nm
ch xy ra mt ln).
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Phn 3 : Kt lun
Lch s chng kin nhng iu ng s v nng lng nguyn t. l
nhng hnh nh hy dit kinh hong sau khi qun i M nm hai qu bom
nguyn t xung Nht bn trong nh th chin, hay cc thm ha v in ht
nhn nghim trng xy ra M (1979); Lin x (1986) v mi y nht l s
c ht nhn Nht bn V th, cc vn v nng lng ht nhn, in
nguyn t lun l vn v cng nhy cm m khi cp n vn lm cho
nhiu ngi e ngi v trc mt ch nhn thy nhng mt tri v qun i nhiu
mt tch cc khc ca n.
Vic s dng nng lng ht nhn ang nhn c nhng kin tri chiu.
Nhng c mt iu quan trng m nhng ngi v ang phn i gay gt
vic s dng nng lng ht nhn qun mt rng : Tuyt i a s ngi dn
trn th gii u mong mun c mt cuc sng tt hn ( l nhng iu kin
v mi trng sng, mc sng v s pht trin ca x hi sng). Nu hon ton
chi b nhng mt tch cc ca vic s dng nng lng ht nhn th trong
tng lai, mt cuc sng vi bu khng kh b nhim nng n, cc ngun ti
nguyn cn kit, x hi thiu thn nng lng pht trin s vin cnh cho
nhn loi?
Pht trin v s dng nng lng ht nhn c nhiu li ch to ln v cng
c v s nhng n ha khn lng nhng n v ang tham gia tch cc vo
tt c mi mt i sng ca chng ta v chc chn s l mt la chn ph hp
trong tng lai nhm m bo an ninh nng lng v m bo cc yu t v mi
trng sng cho nhn loi.
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