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Bo co
Tm hiu cc vn c bn v Nng lng nguyn t
Cc ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn
S pht trin ca in ht nhn trn th gii v nc ta
Knh gi

Dr. Hong Anh Tun

Ms. Nguyn Th Yn Ninh

Mr. Nguyn Vit Phng

H ni, 8 - 2011

MC LC
Mc lc ......................................................................................................... 1
Danh mc hnh nh ..................................................................................... 2
Phn 1: Gii thiu ........................................................................................ 3
1.1. Nng lng Nguyn t ...................................................................................... 10
1.1.1. nh ngha .................................................................................................. 10
1.1.2. L thuyt v nng lng nguyn t............................................................. 11
1.2. Cc ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn ................................................................. 6
1.2.1. Trong lnh vc y t ....................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Trong lnh vc nng nghip, sinh hc .......................................................... 7
1.2.3. Trong lnh vc khoa hc, k thut v cng nghip ........................................ 7
1.2.4. Trong lnh vc nghin cu cc qu trnh t nhin v bo v mi trng ...... 8
1.2.5. Trong lnh vc cung cp nng lng............................................................. 8

Phn 2: Vn pht trin nng lng ht nhn ..................................... 10

2.1 in ht nhn...................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1. Cc ngun cung cp in nng ca th gii ................................................ 10
2.1.2. u im...................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3. Nhc im ................................................................................................ 12
2.2 S pht trin in ht nhn trn th gii .............................................................. 12
2.3 Pht trin in ht nhn Vit nam .................................................................... 14
2.3.1. t vn .................................................................................................. 14
2.3.2. Thc hin ................................................................................................... 15

Phn 3 : Kt lun ....................................................................................... 17

Phn 4 : Cc nng lng nguyn t Vit nam ......................................... 18
4.1. Tm hiu v Cc nng lng nguyn t Vit nam .............................................. 18
4.2. Gii thiu v bn thn ........................................................................................ 18

Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................... 20

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 1

Danh mc hnh nh
1.1. M hnh cu trc ca nguyn t .................................................. 4
1.2. Phn ng phn hch ht nhn U235 ............................................ 5
1.3. Phn ng tng hp ht nhn Heli ................................................ 5
2.1. T l sn xut in trn th gii................................................. 10
2.2. S phn b Uranium...................................................................11
2.3. V tr cc nh my in ht nhn trn th gii ........................... 13
2.4. Quy hoch pht trin in Vit nam n nm 2025 ................... 14

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 2

Phn 1 : Gii thiu

1.1. Nng lng Nguyn t
1.1.1. nh ngha
Nng lng nguyn t l nng lng c gii phng trong qu trnh
bin i ht nhn nguyn t bao gm nng lng phn hch, nng lng nhit
hch, nng lng do phn r cht phng x; l nng lng sng in t c kh
nng ion ho vt cht v nng lng cc ht c gia tc.
(Trch: Lut nng lng nguyn t)
Ta ch yu cp n vn : nng lng sinh ra khi c s phn hch
(chia tch) ca ht nhn nguyn t.
1.1.2. L thuyt v nng lng nguyn t
a) Cu to ca nguyn t
Ngay t thi c i (khong nm 450 TCN), loi ngi m i din l cc
nh khoa hc hy lp c i c nhng tng vic tt c cc loi vt cht (rn,
lng hay kh) u c cu to t nhng ht v cng nh b v khng th c
chia tch nh hn na gi l Nguyn t.
Tuy rng khi nim nguyn t tn ti t hng nghn nm qua nhng ch
trong hai th k gn y, con ngi mi bt u hiu c nhng iu cn bn
v Nguyn t v ngun sc mnh v cng to ln cha trong vt th c khi
lng v cng nh b .
Khoa hc ngy nay chng minh c nguyn t thc cht l mt ht c
cu trc v bn thn n c to nn bi cc ht cn nh b hn na: Cu trc
ca n bao gm mt ht nhn nguyn t mang in tich dng (+) v cc in
t (Electron) mang in tch m (-) quay xung quanh ht nhn .
Ht nhn nguyn t li c cu to bi dy c cc ht Proton v Neutral.
V bn cht hai loi ht ny bng nhau v khi lng v kch thc nhng ht
Proton mang in tch dng (+) cn ht Neutral khng mang in.
Bnh thng, cc nguyn t lun trung ha v in do s lng cc ht
mang in tch m (Electron) lun cn bng vi s lng cc ht mang in tch
dng (Proton).

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 3

Hnh 1.1 M hnh cu trc ca nguyn t.

V c bn, cc nguyn t khc nhau th nguyn t ca chng cng khc

nhau v cu trc cng nh s lng ca cc loi ht cu to nn nguyn t ca
nguyn t .
Cc nguyn t c xc nh theo s Proton c trong ht nhn (s nguyn
t) v s khi ca nguyn t (tnh bng khi lng ca ht nhn nguyn t
bi v cc Electron c khi lng khng ng k).
b) Phn ng phn hch v phn ng hp hch
Trong ht nhn nguyn t, cc Proton v Neutral, khi khong cch rt
nh, gia chng s c mt lc ht rt mnh gi l nng lng lin kt. Nh nng
lng lin kt ny m Proton v Neutral kt hp vi nhau v gi hnh thi n
nh ca chng.
V l thuyt: nu chng ta ph v lin kt trong ht nhn ca nguyn t s
to ra cc phn nh hn v ng thi gii phng nng lng lin kt gia chng
di dng nhit nng. Tuy nhin, ch mt vi nguyn t c cu trc ht nhn
cha thc s bn vng (thng l cc nguyn t c tnh phng x) mi c th
thc hin c vic chia tch ny to thnh cc nguyn t c cu trc bn
vng hn v gi l phn ng phn hch ht nhn.
V d: mt ht nhn nguyn t nng nh Uranium235 (c nng lng lin
kt ln) khi hp th Neutral s b phn hch v tr thnh cc ht nhn nh hn
(c nng lng lin kt tng i nh) ng thi pht ra cc Neutral mi v gii
phng nng lng rt ln di dng nhit c 200Mev.

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 4

Hnh 1.2 Phn ng phn hch ht nhn U235.

Ngc li: Nu to c lin kt gia cc ht nhn nguyn t nh to

thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t mi nng hn (nhng li c nng lng lin kt
nh hn tng nng lng lin kt ca cc ht nhn to thnh) th phn nng
lng d tha cng s c gii phng ra di dng nhit nng. Mt khc, nu
phn ng tng hp ht nhn ny to ra mt ht nhn mi c nng lng lin kt
ln hn tng nng lng lin kt ca cc ht nhn to thnh th phn ng tng
hp ht nhn ny li l phn ng thu nng lng (nhit nng). Khoa hc
chng minh: s kt hp ht nhn ca cc nguyn t nh hn st v nickel th
phng thch nng lng trong khi vi cc nhn nng hn th hp th nng lng.
V d: phn ng hp hch m con ngi thc hin c l kt hp gia hai
nguyn t Hydro tr thnh ht nhn nguyn t Heli n nh nhng li c nng lng
lin kt ht nhn tng i nh.

Hnh 1.3 Phn ng tng hp ht nhn Heli.

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 5

Nh vy: khi ht nhn ca nguyn t b phn chia hoc tng hp (cc ht

nhn nh) th mt phn nng lng lin kt ca n s c gii phng di dng
nhit nng rt ln gi l nng lng nguyn t (nng lng ht nhn).
c) Bn cht ca nng lng nguyn t
Nng lng nguyn t l nng lng c sinh ra khi c s bin i ca
ht nhn nguyn t (c s thay i v tng khi lng ca tt c cc ht trc
v sau phn ng). Nng lng ny c biu din v mt ln gi tr theo
phng trnh ca Einstein:

=
E l nng lng trong qu trnh bin i
m : chnh lch khi lng trc v sau phn ng (m=mt-ms)
C l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c gi tr xp x 3x10 m/s
Theo nh phng trnh trn, khi c s bin i ht nhn nguyn t thnh
cc ht mi th km theo s bin i s sinh ra nng lng (nu m > 0) hoc
thu nng lng vo (nu m < 0).
Do phn ng phn hch ht nhn c tng khi lng cc ht trc phn
ng ln hn nhiu so vi khi lng cc ht sau phn ng nn theo h thc
trn n sinh ra mt nng lng khng l.
d) Phn loi :
Theo nh ngha: Nng lng nguyn t l nng lng c gii phng
trong qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t sinh ra di cc dng:
Nng lng nhit: Phn ln nng lng nguyn t c sinh ra di
dng nhit nng, pht trc tip ra mi trng xung quanh.
ng nng cho cc ht mi sinh: Mt phn nng lng s cung cp
ng nng cho cc ht mi sinh ra, v lm cho cc ht c khi lng
nh (cc ht mang in dng nh ht ,Ion dng, cc ht mang in
m nh Electron v cc ht khng mang in nh Neutral, tia ) c vn
tc ban u rt ln. y cng chnh l ngun gc sinh ra cc tia phng
x trong phn ng ht nhn.
1.2. ng dng ca cng ngh ht nhn
Cng ngh ht nhn v ng v phng x c ng dng c hiu qu vo
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca i sng x hi. Trong mt s lnh vc n cn c
vai tr ch o v khng th thay th:
1.1.1. Trong lnh vc y t
Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 6

Cng ngh ht nhn gip to ra cc ng v phng x c bit quan trng

v c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc y t : Cc loi ng v chnh c sn
xut ti Lt l tm p P-32 iu tr cc bnh ngoi da; dung dch I-131
di dng tim hoc ung chn on v iu tr bnh bu c; Tc-99m
hin hnh tm cc khi u bt thng trong no v tuyn nc bt. Hng nm,
khong 150 Ci cht phng x cc loi c sn xut ti L phn ng ht nhn
lt, p ng khong 60% nhu cu ca Ngnh Y t.
Ngoi ra, ng dng cc tia x trong lnh vc chiu, chp, chn on hnh
nh phc v vic chn on chc nng v bnh l cc c quan ni tng ca
c th nh thn, gan, phi, h tiu ha.
Hn th na, phng php iu tr ung th bng x tr (chiu cc tia phng
x tiu dit cc t bo ung th) cho n nay vn l phng php cha th thay
th trong vic iu tr cn bnh nguy him ny.
1.1.2. Trong lnh vc nng nghip, sinh hc
Cng ngh ht nhn cng c tc dng v cng to ln, c bit l ng dng
tia gy t bin gene to ra cc ging cy trng (ng, khoai, la, mt s loi
hoa, du tm) to ra cc ging mi c nng sut cao, chng chu su bnh
tt v ph hp vi th nhng nhiu vng khc nhau. Hoc tc ng gy t
bin gene chnh cc loi su hi cho cy trng (lm cht hoc mt kh nng sinh
sn ca chng).
To ra cc ch phm kch thch tng trng thc vt cho cy trng pht
trin tt c ch to v ang trin khai th nghim din rng trn phm vi
c nc vi din tch hng trm hecta cc loi cy rau qu, lng thc v cho
nng sut tng t 15 - 30% so vi i chng ng thi gim c lng phn
bn cho cy trng (do nc ta hin vn phi nhp khu ch yu phn bn cho
nng nghip t Trung quc).
Lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh bc x nhm cc mc ch kh trng,
bin tnh vt liu, bo qun thc phm v nng sn, ci to sinh khi, ch to
mt s ch phm bng bc x nh cht mang vacxin, mng cha bng, cht kch
thch tng trng thc vt, ch phm phng chng nm thc vt, v.v... gip cho
hng ha nng sn c th c bo qun tt hn. Nng cao v th v gi tr sn
phm ca mt nc xut khu nng sn hng u th gii.
1.1.3. Trong lnh vc khoa hc, k thut v cng nghip
ng dng rng ri nht ca cng ngh ht nhn phi ni n trong cc
ngnh xy dng, kim tra, o lng (dng kim tra, kim nghim, gim st v
Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 7

nh gi cht lng cc cng trnh, sn phm m khng cn tc ng vo vt

cn kim tra), hay thm d, tm kim v khai thc khong sn vi chi ph thp v
chnh xc rt cao.
Ch vi vic ng dng k thut chp X-quang thng thng c th kim
tra hng ho, bo m an ninh ti cc ca khu, sn bay. Hin nay, vic s dng
k thut ny tr thnh yu cu bt buc trong kim tra cht lng mt s loi
cng trnh xy dng v giao thng.
Mt khc, s pht trin ca cng ngh ht nhn s ko theo n l s pht
trin ca nhiu lnh vc ngnh ngh nh : thit k, ch to cc thit b in t,
ht nhn phc v cho chnh s pht trin ca ngnh. Pht trin cc k thut phn
tch ht nhn, an ton an ninh trong lnh vc ht nhn cng v th m pht trin
theo.
Trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti, nu p dng cng ngh ht nhn c th
gip cc phng tin gn nh hot ng sut i m khng phi mt ln np
thm nhin liu: hin nay tr thnh phng php tn tin nht c ng dng
trong vn ti tu bin v tu qun s c trng ti ln.
1.1.4. Trong lnh vc nghin cu cc qu trnh t nhin v bo v mi
trng
S dng ng v phng x mi trng kt hp vi k thut nh du phng
x nghin cu din bin nhiu qu trnh nh sa bi, bo mn, trm tch, r r,
v.v... Kt hp vi cc thng tin v thy vn v a cht, cc kt qu nghin cu
ca ngnh ht nhn cung cp cho cc nh qun l ngnh nng nghip, thy li
cc s liu iu tra quan trng v mang ngha thc t cao.
Nghin cu phng x mi trng v nhim mi trng s dng cc k
thut phn tch ht nhn v lin quan cho php theo di bin ng ca mc
phng x v tnh hnh nhim mi trng khng kh c tin hnh trong
nhiu nm qua mt s khu cng nghip v thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Tp H
Ch Minh
ng dng cc k thut ht nhn nghin cu nhim mi trng bin
cng ang c tin hnh. Ngoi ra, cc nghin cu kho st nng cc nhn
phng x nhn to sinh ra do cc v th v kh v s c ht nhn trn th gii
nh hng n Vit nam cng c thc hin, c bit c kh nng t theo
di v mi trng quc gia khi xy ra s c ht nhn t Nht bn.
1.1.5. Trong lnh vc cung cp nng lng

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 8

Ni n nng lng nguyn t, chng ta khng th khng nhc n in

ht nhn. C th ni, y l mt trong nhng lnh vc quan trng nht v c
ng dng nhiu nht ca nng lng nguyn t.
Theo tnh ton, sau 15 nm na, ring nhu cu v in s tng gp 10 ln
hin nay, nhu cu v nng lng s tng gp 3 ln. Trc tnh th , s dng
in ht nhn s l gii php ti u trong tng lai gn.
Trong xu th c th gii ang phi i ph vi him ha bin i kh hu
ton cu, v ngun nng lng ha thch ang ngy mt dn cn kit th gii
php in ht nhn l s la chn thch hp, gp phn tch cc thay th cc nh
my nhit in s dng nhin liu ho thch, nhm hn ch vic pht sinh kh
thi nhim vo mi trng gy hiu ng nh knh.

Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 9

Phn 2: Vn pht trin nng lng ht nhn

2.1. in ht nhn
2.1.1. Cc ngun cung cp in nng ca th gii

Hnh 2.1 T l sn xut in trn th gii.

V vn cung cp nng lng in ca th gii hin nay, chia lm 6 loi

chnh:
1. Cc nh my nhit in dng nguyn liu than (39%)
2. Cc nh my nhit in dng nguyn liu kh gas t nhin (17%)
3. Cc nh my nhit in dng nguyn liu du (8%)
4. Thy in (17%)
5. in ht nhn (17%)
6. Cc ngun nng lng in khc : ch yu l nng lng in ti sinh,
nng lng in mt tri, sc gi (2%)
Nhn xt: Hin nay, in ht nhn mi ch chim mt t l khim tn trong
t phn nng lng in ca ton th gii v iu ny s cha th sm thay i
trong tng lai gn. Tuy nhin, v lu di khi m cc ngun nng lng truyn
thng cn kit nhng nhu cu v nng lng li tng ln gp nhiu ln th vic
s dng nng lng in ht nhn c l l gii php kh thi nht.
Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 10

2.1.2. u im ca in ht nhn
u im to ln nht khi so snh in ht nhn vi cc loi nng lng in
khc chnh l s thn thin vi mi trng sng, do vic s dng nhit nng t
cc phn ng phn hch ca ht nhn nguyn t, pht thi rt t kh CO2 gy
hiu ng nh knh ging nh cc nh my nhit in dng nguyn liu ha thch
ang tng ngy thi vo mi trng hng triu tn khi bi c hi, hay nh
vic xy dng cc thy in c th lm ph v cn bng h sinh thi ca c mt
vng rng ln.
Nhin liu chnh dng cho sn xut in ht phn b ng u trn th gii
cc khu vc c s n nh v mt chnh tr nn thun tin cho vic khai thc
v t c bin ng ln v gi thnh.

Hnh 2.2 S phn b Uranium.

Do cc nh my in ht nhn s dng nhin liu cc k nh gn nn din

tch cn thit xy dng mt nh my in ht nhn tiu chun i hi khng
ln (gim thiu din tch ca cc bi cha nhin liu khng l nh cc nh my
nhit in), hn na nhin liu cho nh my c th d dng vn chuyn nn v tr
quy hoch ca nh my hon ton c th t nhng ni an ton, xa khu dn
c.
Nh my in ht nhn c xy dng vi cc tiu chun v k thut cao
nht. Cng ngh in ht nhn cng l cng ngh c nhiu nc pht trin p
dng t lu v hin nay c nhiu ci tin k thut. V mt l thuyt, y l
gii php c tnh an ton cao, kh nng to ra sn lng in ln (c hng nghn
MW) vi ch mt nh my c din tch nh.
Bi T Thi Hong

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Tui th hot ng ca cc nh my in ht nhn l rt lu di (khong

50-60 nm), m bo vic cung cp nng lng n nh trong thi gian di v
chi ph vn hnh, bo dng li r. C th cho hiu qu kinh t cao, hn na chi
ph cho vic hu x l sau khi tho d nh my u c tnh trong chi ph
u t xy dng ban u.
2.1.3. Nhc im ca in ht nhn
Ni n in ht nhn l ni ti chi ph u t xy dng ban u rt ln
ng thi i hi phi c mt i ng chuyn vin, k thut vin c trnh cao
vn hnh, qun l hoc x l khi pht sinh s c.
Nguyn liu ch yu cho cc nh my in ht nhn hot ng theo cc
cng ngh hin nay l Uranium. y l mt ngun ti nguyn c tr lng thp
trn tri t (c 4 triu tn) nn nu pht trin cc nh my in ht nhn mt
cch t v khng c tnh ton chi tit th trong tng lai s thiu nhin liu
phc v cc nh my ny hot ng.
Thi gian xy dng mt nh my in ht nhn l khng nh, t khi ln
k hoch, ra quyt nh, thuyt phc ngi dn chp nhn n khi xy dng
xong c khi phi ko di hng chc nm.
Tuy c thit k v xy dng vi cc tiu chun an ton k thut cao nht
nhng mt khi xy ra s c th s tr thnh thm ha nghim trng c nh
hng rng ln hn bt k s c ca cc loi hnh nh my in no khc.
Cng ngh sn xut in ht nhn hin nay gn nh l cng ngh c
quyn ca cc nc pht trin cng vi nhng lo ngi v vic ph bin v kh
ht nhn khi bt c mt quc gia no c nh t nghin cu v pht trin in
ht nhn. V th in ht nhn gn nh tr thnh cng ngh c quyn ca mt
vi nc v cc nc mun s dng cng ngh ny s l thuc vo cc nc ni
trn (t khu thit k, xy dng, vn hnh, chuyn giao cng ngh n vic khai
thc, sn xut nhin liu phc v s hot ng ca nh my).
Vn ng quan ngi nht khi xy dng in ht nhn l sn phm cc
cht thi cha phng x sn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my (phn
nhiu trong s cn thi gian rt di phn hy), tuy s lng khng nhiu
nhng n hin nay vn cha c mt bin php thc s kh thi no cho vic x
l cc hu cht thi phng x ny. Do , vic xy dng mt nh my in ht
nhn l km theo cc vn an ninh, an ton phng x ht nhn trong sut mt
thi gian di sau .
2.2. S pht trin in ht nhn trn th gii
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Hin nay, in ht nhn v ang l ngun nng lng ch o nhiu

nc. Trong ch yu l cc nc pht trin hoc c dn s ng (3 quc gia
c dn s ng nht l Trung quc, n v Hoa k u c s dng in ht
nhn).
V vn mi trng, cho n nay cng cha c ng vin no sc thay
th in ht nhn trong d n nng lng cho tng lai, v in ht nhn c
xem l nng lng sch v khng x kh thi hy hoi mi trng v gi thnh
hp l nu em so vi gi thnh t ca nng lng ti to.

Hnh 2.3 V tr cc nh my in ht nhn trn th gii.

Hin nay trn th gii c 442 l phn ng ht nhn ang hot ng (phn
b ch yu Bc m, Ty u v Nht bn), 65 l ang trong qu trnh xy dng,
v rt nhiu l khc trn d n. Cc quc gia tiu biu cn k n l:
1. M : c 104 l ang hot ng, M l cng quc s mt v in ht
nhn, cung cp khong 20% tng nhu cu v in nng ca c nc.
Tng thng Obama gn y cam kt khon vay 8 t USD xy
dng thm cc nh my ht nhn ca M k t nm 1979.
2. Php : C 58 l phn ng, Php ang ng v tr th hai trn th gii v
in ht nhn. Hin ti, khong 77% in nng ca Php l t cc l
phn ng, mt t l cao nht th gii.
3. Nht bn : Tuy l quc gia nm trn vng a cht khng n nh,
thng xuyn hng chu cc thm ha ng t, sng thn nhng do
thiu thn v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh nhu cu v nng
Bi T Thi Hong

Trang 13

lng v i hi v mt nn cng nghip pht trin thn thin vi mi

trng. Ti thi im nm 2000, Nht Bn c 51 l phn ng pht in
ht nhn ang vn hnh, tr thnh nc s dng ht nhn ng th 3
trn th gii, sau M v Php. chim khong 30% tng sn lng in
ca quc gia ny.
4. Ngoi ra mt s nc pht trin nh Anh, c Nga u c t l s
dng in ht nhn t trn 20% tng sn lng in quc gia, mt s
quc gia ang pht trin khc nh Trung quc, n cng u t
xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn. Tuy t l trong cung cp nng
lng cn thp nhng cc chnh sch pht trin nng lng ca cc
quc gia ny vn lun cao vn s dng nng lng ht nhn cho
tng lai.
2.3. Pht trin in ht nhn Vit nam
2.3.1. t vn
Vit nam l mt quc gia ang pht trin theo hng cng nghip ha, hin
i ha. Mt c im quan trng l nhu cu v nng lng pht trin kinh t
lun l mt nhu cu rt ln. Yu cu v pht trin nng lng thng gp hai ln
tc pht trin v kinh t, v vi tc pht trin kinh t khong 7.5% nh
hin nay th i hi ngnh cng nghip nng lng (i din l nghnh in)
phi c tc pht trin khong 15%/nm. y l mt con s kh ln v khng
d thc hin.

Hnh 2.4 Quy hoch pht trin in Vit Nam n 2025.

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Trong my nm tr li y, tnh hnh cung cp in ca Vit Nam ngy

cng tr thnh vn nan gii khi s pht trin ca ngnh in qu chm chp.
Vic tng gi ca cc nguyn liu u vo cho sn xut nhit in tng cao, cc
ngun cung cp nc cho cc h thy in cn kit v khng n nh lm cho
thiu ht in nghim trng, nh hng su rng n i sng ca nhn dn v
s pht trin kinh t ca t nc.
Trong iu kin cc yu t sn xut in nng ngy cng thiu thn:
nguyn liu s dng cho nhit it cn kit(Vit nam ln u tin phi nhp
khu than phc v nhu cu sn xut in trong nc. Theo TKV, d kin s
lng than nhp khu t nay n nm 2012 khong 10 triu tn/nm v s tng
dn tng nm. n nm 2020, d kin Tp on s nhp v khong 100 triu
tn/nm), vic quy hoch cc h thy in s dng phn nhiu tr lng thy
nng ca t nc, hn na 70% ngun nc ca chng ta c lu vc nm
nc ngoi, v tng lai, khi cc ngun nc ngy cng khan him th vic pht
trin nng lng thy in theo cng kh khn hn.
Tt c nhng i hi bc thit trn t ra yu cu l phi m bo ngun
cung cp in cho nn kinh t pht trin bn vng v a dng ha cc ngun
cp, ng thi vn tun th nghim ngt cc cng c v chng bin i kh hu
th gii m Vit Nam k, ta nhn thy in ht nhn l mt trong nhng
phng n c ch , v c tnh kh thi nht.
T vic phn tch mt cch khch quan xu th hin nay ca th gii v khu
vc i vi vic pht trin in ht nhn; t vic xem xt trn cc quan im v
nhu cu, v an ninh nng lng v v pht trin tim lc ca t nc; t vic
nh gi tnh kh thi ca chng trnh in ht nhn da trn cc c s v gi
thnh v u t, v an ton v x l thi, v c s h tng v nhn lc, v a
im xy dng nh my; v.v... c th khng nh rng Vit Nam hon ton c
iu kin thc thi Chng trnh pht trin in ht nhn trong nhng nm u
ca th k 21.
2.3.2. Thc hin
Ngy 17 thng 6 nm 2010, Th tng Chnh ph Nguyn Tn Dng k
quyt nh ph duyt nh hng quy hoc pht trin in ht nhn Vit nam
giai on n nm 2030. Theo , Vit nam s tin hnh pht trin in ht nhn
v s pht trin trn quy m rng ln trong tng lai. V vy, phi c nhng
nh hng trc mt cho s pht trin ngun nng lng kh mi m ny:
1. u tin phi c cc quy nh c th nh hng r rng v vic pht
trin nng lng ht nhn Vit Nam. ng thi tuyn truyn, ph
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bin kin thc cho ngi dn v li ch ca vic pht trin nng lng
ht nhn. y l vn u tin v ti quan trng v ch khi c c
nhng quy nh cht ch v s ng thun ca ngi dn th mi c th
tin hnh c cc cng vic tip theo.
2. Phi o to c mt i ng nhn lc bc u c kh nng p ng
c cc nhu cu v vn hnh nh my in ht nhn, cao hn na l
cc cng vic duy tuy, bo dng hoc thm ch x l khi pht sinh s
c.
3. m bo an ninh, an ton tuyt i v cc cht thi phng x sinh ra
trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my in ht nhn. Cc cht thi ny phi
c kim tra v qun l nghim ngt nht trnh r r ra mi trng
hoc tht thot ra bn ngoi v s gy ra cc hu qu to ln.
4. Xy dng cc phng n d phng khi pht sinh cc s c v in ht
nhn (k c cc tnh hung c xc sut thp nht). Bi v, tuy c
xy dng theo cc tiu chun nghim ngt nht v an ton nhng chng
ta vn khng bao gi c th tnh ht c n mi tnh hung c th
xy ra, c bit l s tht thng ca t nhin. Do , phi dng sn
cc phng n i ph ph hp.
V d: Ngy 11/3 khi trn ng t mnh 9 richter lm rung chuyn b
bin pha bc Nht Bn v gy ra sng thn hn 10m b vo cc khu vc ven
bin, gy ra s c ht nhn nghim trng ti nh my in FukushimaI v lm
cho th gii hong s mt phn l do cng ngh s dng lc hu, mt phn v
nhng ngi thit k nh my cha bao gi tnh ton n vic s xy ra mt trn
ng t vi cng mnh n nh vy (mc d cc nh my in nguyn t
ca nht c thit k c th chu c cc trn ng t mnh m 10,000 nm
ch xy ra mt ln).

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Phn 3 : Kt lun
Lch s chng kin nhng iu ng s v nng lng nguyn t. l
nhng hnh nh hy dit kinh hong sau khi qun i M nm hai qu bom
nguyn t xung Nht bn trong nh th chin, hay cc thm ha v in ht
nhn nghim trng xy ra M (1979); Lin x (1986) v mi y nht l s
c ht nhn Nht bn V th, cc vn v nng lng ht nhn, in
nguyn t lun l vn v cng nhy cm m khi cp n vn lm cho
nhiu ngi e ngi v trc mt ch nhn thy nhng mt tri v qun i nhiu
mt tch cc khc ca n.
Vic s dng nng lng ht nhn ang nhn c nhng kin tri chiu.
Nhng c mt iu quan trng m nhng ngi v ang phn i gay gt
vic s dng nng lng ht nhn qun mt rng : Tuyt i a s ngi dn
trn th gii u mong mun c mt cuc sng tt hn ( l nhng iu kin
v mi trng sng, mc sng v s pht trin ca x hi sng). Nu hon ton
chi b nhng mt tch cc ca vic s dng nng lng ht nhn th trong
tng lai, mt cuc sng vi bu khng kh b nhim nng n, cc ngun ti
nguyn cn kit, x hi thiu thn nng lng pht trin s vin cnh cho
nhn loi?
Pht trin v s dng nng lng ht nhn c nhiu li ch to ln v cng
c v s nhng n ha khn lng nhng n v ang tham gia tch cc vo
tt c mi mt i sng ca chng ta v chc chn s l mt la chn ph hp
trong tng lai nhm m bo an ninh nng lng v m bo cc yu t v mi
trng sng cho nhn loi.

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Phn 4: Cc nng lng nguyn t Vit nam

4.1. Tm hiu v Cc nng lng nguyn t Vit nam
Cc nng lng nguyn t (NLNT) Vietnam Atomic Energy Agency
(VAEA) c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 156/Q-BKHCN ngy 05/02/2010
ca B trng B Khoa hc v Cng ngh (KH&CN).
L c quan hnh chnh trc thuc KH&CN. C chc nng tham mu, gip
B trng B KH&CN thc hin qun l nh nc i vi cc hot ng
nghin cu, ng dng v pht trin NLNT trn phm vi c nc v thc hin
chc nng qun l ca Cc.
Ch o, iu hnh v ra cc vn bn v cc tt c cc cng vic, d n lin
quan n NLNT ti Vit Nam.
4.2. Gii thiu v bn thn
H v tn : Bi T Thi Hong
HKTT : 3C T 2 P. Quan hoa Q. Cu giy Tp. H ni
Trnh chuyn mn : K s in, chuyn ngnh K thut o v Tin hc
cng nghip H chnh quy kha hc 51 i hc Bch khoa H ni Tt
nghip nm 2011.
Trong thi gian hc tp ti i hc Bch khoa H ni, ti c trang b
mt nn tng kin thc tt v o lng iu khin gim st. Cc vn v
h thng in, h thng thng tin cng nghip c k nng tt v thit k mch
phn cng in t, lp trnh cho cc h vi x l thng dng. Am hiu mng
Internet, thnh tho tin hc vn phng, c bit l thc hin thit k v thuyt
trnh Powerpoint tt. Mt khc, mt s kin thc ngoi k thut nh kin thc
v qun tr hc, qun l cng nghip, lp k hoch cng c trang b tt.
Ngoi cc kin thc chuyn mn, bn thn ti l mt ngi c tinh thn
on kt, ha ng vi tp th. C th lm vic c lp hoc lm vic nhm,
lm vic c trong mi trng c p lc cng vic cao. Hn na, i vi cc
phong tro, hot ng mang tnh tp th ti u tch cc tham gia. Trong nhng
nm u hc i hc, ti c tham gia vo hot ng tnh nguyn ca Hi sinh
vin trng, lm y vin ban chp hnh lin chi hi sinh vin K51 i trng
i tnh nguyn lin chi hi sinh vin K51, sau lm y vin ca tiu ban tnh
nguyn Hi sinh vin i hc Bch khoa H ni. Cc phong tro, hot ng ca
lp hay on th pht ng ti u tham gia vi tinh thn trch nhim cao.

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Ti c bit Cc Nng lng nguyn t ang c nhu cu tuyn dng nhn

vin mt s v tr cng tc, trong c v tr : Chuyn vin k thut Nng
lng nguyn t. Qua tm hiu, ti c bit chc nng ca Cc Nng lng
nguyn t l thc hin vic qun l, gim st i vi cc hot ng nghin cu,
ng dng, pht trin nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam. V cc cng vic iu
hnh, ch o, i vi cc d n nng lng ht nhn Vit Nam (trong c
d n in ht nhn s c xy dng nc ta vo nm 2014). Ti ngh rng
mnh c kin thc v k thut v mt s hiu bit nht nh qun l cng
nghip, nu c tuyn dng vo lm vic ti Cc, ti c th m nhn cc cng
vic nh: Tham gia vo xy dng cc vn bn quy nh v qun l hot ng
nng lng nguyn t, tham gia vo kim tra - gim st vic thc hin xy dng
ca cc d n v nng lng nguyn t, tham gia vo vic xy dng cc quy
nh v an ton nng lng ht nhn, xy dng cc phng n gim thiu tc
hi nu c s c v ht nhn xy ra. Ngoi mt s cng vic trn, ti s c gng
lin tc trang b cho mnh cc kin thc chuyn mn ph hp vi cc cng
vic c giao ph. Nu c tuyn dng, ti xin cam oan nghim chnh chp
hnh mi quy nh ca Cc v hon thnh tt cng vic c giao.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. nh hng quy hoch v pht trin in ht nhn Vit Nam
giai on n nm 2030
2. Hi & p v nng lng nguyn t - Y. Iwakoshi
3. Lut nng lng nguyn t
4. Websites :
http://varans.vn
http://www.vaec.gov.vn
http://vi.wikipedia.org

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