Chng 1: Cu to nguyn t

Bi tp K HIU NGUYN T
K hiu nguyn t : AZ X
Trong :

X: k hiu nguyn t.
A: s khi.
Z: s hiu nguyn t.

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Hy tnh s khi ca cc nguyn t sau:

a. S: c 16p, 16n

d. Mg: c 12e, 12n

b. Na: c 11p, 20n

e. Br: c s v THN l 35, s ntron l 44.

c. K: c s hiu nguyn t Z= 19, s ntron N=20

Bi 2: Hy tm s ntron ca cc nguyn t sau:

a. Cu: s khi A=63, c 29p.

c. P: c A= 31, Z= 15

b. Ag: c A= 107, c s hiu nguyn t Z= 47

d. O: c A= 16, c 8e.

Bi 3: Tm s proton ca cc nguyn t sau:

a. Al: A= 27, N= 14
b. Zn: A= 64, N = 34
c. C: A= 12, N =6
Bi 4: Hy vit k hiu nguyn t cc nguyn t sau:
a. S:

A= 32, Z= 16

e. Ag: Z= 47 N=60

b. P:

A= 31

Z= 15

f. K: Z= 19 N=20

c. Al:

A=27

Z=13

g. O: A=16 N=8

d. Mg:

Z= 12

N= 12

h. Ca: A= 40 N= 20

k. Cl:

A=35

N=28

Bi 5: trong cc nguyn t sau, nhng nguyn t no thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc.

1
2
16
23
35 12
37
39
13
1A, 1B, 8D, 11E, 17F, 6G, 17M, 19R, 6L

Bi 6: Hy xc nh s in tch ht nhn, s V THN, s p, s n, s e, nguyn t khi cc nguyn t

sau:
a. 40
20Ca

35
d. 17
Cl

b. 35
25Mn

31
e. 15
P

50
c. 24
Cr

f. 40
18 Ar

Bi 7: Xc nh in tch ht nhn, s p, s n, s e, khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t c k hiu nguyn

t sau:

7
3 Li;

19
9 F;

23
11 Na;

40
20 Ca;

32
79
16 S; 35 Br

Bi 8: Vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t sau, bit:

a) Silic c in tch ht nhn l 14 +, s ntron l 14.
b) Km c 30e v 35n.
c) Kali c 19p v 20n.
d) Neon c s khi l 20, s p bng s n.
Bi 9: Vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X, bit:
a) X c 6p v 8n.
b) X c s khi l 27 v 14n.
c) X c s khi l 35 v s p km s n l 1 ht.
d) X c s khi l 39 v s n bng 1,053 ln s p.

TON TNG S
HT
Nhn dng: bi c cho TNG S HT ca nguyn t nguyn t X l S.
Dng
1:

d kin, lp h phng trnh gii

Phng php:
B1: t n s
- Gi Z, N, E ln lt l s proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t nguyn t X.
B2: lp h phng trnh
tng s ht: Z+N+E = S
nguyn t trung ha v in: Z=E
2Z + N = S
da vo bi lp thm 1 phng trnh na
B3: gii h phng trnh tm Z, N.
B4: lm theo yu cu .
Lu : S ht mang in m: E
S ht mang in dng: Z
S ht khng mang in: N
S ht mang in: Z + E = 2Z
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 10: Tng s ht ca mt nguyn t nguyn t X l 58 ht. Trong , s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 18 ht. Tm s proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t X.
Bi 11: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 115. S ht mang in nhiu hn
s ht mang in l 25 ht. Xc nh s ht proton v s khi ca nguyn t nguyn t X.

Bi 12: Tng s ht c bn ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 36, trong s ht mang in gp i s ht

khng mang in. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t v s khi ca nguyn t X.
Bi 13: Nguyn t nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 22. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v k hiu nguyn t X.

p s: Z = 26 ; A= 56 ; k hiu

56
26

Fe

Bi 14: Tng s ht ca mt nguyn t nguyn t X l 34. Trong s ht mang in dng t hn s ht

khng mang in l 1 ht. Vit k hiu nguyn t X.
Bi 15: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron nguyn t mt nguyn t X l 49 trong , s ht khng mang
in bng 53,125% s ht mang in. Xc nh in tch ht nhn, s khi. Vit k hiu nguyn t nguyn
t .
Bi 16: mt nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht trong nguyn t l 52 v c s khi l 35. S
hiu nguyn t nguyn t X l: (C -2009)
A. 18

B. 23
Dng
2:

C. 17

D. 15

Thiu d kin, gii bt phng trnh

Phng php:
B1: t n s
- Gi Z, N, E ln lt l s proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t nguyn t X.
B2: lp phng trnh tng s ht
Z + N + E = tng s ht = S
V nguyn t trung ha in: Z=E
2Z + N = S
N = S 2Z
B3: gii bt phng trnh
B
B4: lm theo yu cu bi ton.

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 17: tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t X l 13. Hy xc nh s khi, s
hiu nguyn t, v vit k hiu ha hc ca X.
Bi 18: tng s ht proton, ntron,electron ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 58 v s khi ca X < 40. Vit k
hiu nguyn t X.
Bi 19: tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t mt nguyn t M l 18. Hy xc nh s hiu
nguyn t, s khi, v vit k hiu nguyn t M.

Bi 20: nguyn t X c tng s ht bng 58, s proton gn bng s ntron. Tm Z v A. Vit k hiu nguyn
t X.

TON NG V
Cng thc tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh
AX =

Trong :

A1.x1+A 2.x2+...+A n.x n

x1+x2+...+xn

A l nguyn t khi trung bnh

A1, A2..: l s khi mi ng v.

Nu x1, x2: l phn trm s nguyn t mi ng v => x1 +x2 + ..+ xn = 100%

Nu x1, x2 : l s nguyn t mi ng v => x1 +x2 + ..+ xn = tng s nguyn t.

Dng 1: Tm nguyn t khi trung bnh

PP: Tm s khi A v x ca mi ng v
- Thay vo cng thc =>

Bi 21: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t sau, bit trong t nhin chng c cc ng v l:
35
37
a) 17
Cl ( 75,8%) v 17 Cl ( 24,2%)

b) 126C ( 98,9%) v 136 C

32
33
34
c) 16
S ( 95%) v 16
S ( 0,8%) cn li l 16
S

Bi 22: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t sau, bit trong t nhin chng c cc ng v l:
60
61
62
a) 58
28 Ni(67,76%); 28 Ni(26,16%); 28 Ni(2,42%); 28 Ni(3,66%)

b) 168 O(99,757%); 178 O(0,039%); 188 O(0,204%)

55
56
58
c) 26
Fe(5,84%); 26
Fe(91,68%); 57
26 Fe(2,17%); 26 Fe(0,31%)
206
207
208
d ) 204
82 Pb(2,5%); 82 Pb(23,7%); 82 Pb(22, 4%); 82 Pb(51,4%)

S: a) 58,74 ; b) 16,00 ; c) 55,97 ; d) 207,20

Bi 23: Cacbon c 2 ng v bn. ng v th nht c 6proton, 7ntron, chim 1,11%. ng v th hai c t
hn ng v th nht 1ntron.
a. Vit k hiu nguyn t C.

b. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca C.

Bi 24: ng c hai ng v bn. ng v th 1 c 29p v 36n, chim 30,8%. ng v th 2 c t hn ng

v th nht 2n. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng.
Bi 25: a. Nguyn t X c 2 ng v . ng v X 1 c tng ht l 92 trong ht mang in nhiu hn ht
khng mang in l 24. Tnh s hiu nguyn t v s khi ca ng v ny
b. ng v X2 c s khi nhiu X1 l 2 ntron . Vit k hiu ca ng v X2. Trong t nhin X1 chim
73%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X

Bi 26: Clo c hai ng v l

35
17

37
Cl ; 17
Cl . T l s nguyn t ca hai ng v ny l 3 : 1. Tnh nguyn t

lng trung bnh ca Clo. S: 35,5

Bi 27: Brom c hai ng v l

79
35

Br ; 3581Br . T l s nguyn t ca hai ng v ny l 27 : 23. Tnh nguyn

t lng trung bnh ca Brom. S: 79,91

Bi 28: Mt nguyn t X c hai ng v vi t l s nguyn t l

27
. Ht nhn nguyn t X c 35 proton.
23

Trong nguyn t ca ng v th nht c 44 ntron. S ntron trong nguyn t ca ng v th hai nhiu

hn trong ng v th nht l 2 ntron. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t X .p s : 79,92.
Bi 29: Nguyn t A c hai ng v X v Y. T l s nguyn t ca X : Y l 45 : 455. Tng s ht trong
nguyn t ca X bng 32. X nhiu hn Y l 2 ntron. Trong Y s ht mang in gp 2 ln s ht khng
mang in. Tnh nguyn t lng trung bnh ca A.S: 20,18
Dng 2: Cho

A , s khi => x1, x2

PP: - t n s
lp phng trnh theo
lp thm phng trnh na x1+x2 = 100 ( hoc bng s nguyn t )
gii h pt.
lm theo yu cu bi ton.

Bi 30: Tnh % s nguyn t mi ng v ca cc nguyn t sau:

35
37
a. 17
Cl v 17 Cl , A Cl = 35, 45

63
65
b. 29
Cu v 29
Cu , A Cu = 63,54
13
c. 12
6C v 6C , v A C = 12,01

Bi 31: Clo c hai ng v bn. ng v th nht c 17p, 18n. ng v th hai c nhiu hn ng v th

nht 2n. Tnh % s nguyn t mi ng v bit rng A Cl = 35, 45
Bi 32: Bo c hai ng v, mi ng v u c 5 proton. ng v th nht c s proton bng s ntron.
ng v th hai c s ntron bng 1,2 ln s proton. Bit nguyn t lng trung bnh ca B l 10,812. Tm
% mi ng v.( S: 18,89% ; 81,11% )
Bi 33: ng c hai ng v c s khi l 63 v 65. Hy tnh xem ng vi 27 ng v c s khi l 65 th
c bao nhiu ng v c s khi l 63? Bit A Cu = 63,54 . (S: 73)

Bi 34: Neon c hai ng v l 20Ne v 22Ne. Hy tnh xem ng vi 18 nguyn t 22Ne th c bao nhiu
nguyn t 20Ne? Bit A Ne = 20,18 .(S: 182)
Dng3:3:
Tm
khi
ng
v cn
Dng
Tm
s s
khi
ng
v cn
li li.

PP: - t n s
Tm s khi Ai v xi ca cc ng v.
Lp pt da vo
Gii pt v lm theo yu cu bi ton.

Bi 35: Tnh s khi ng v cn li ca cc nguyn t sau bit mi nguyn t c hai ng v bn:

65
a. 29
Cu ( 27% ), A Cu = 63,54
35
b. 17
Cl ( 75,8 % ) , A Cl = 35, 45

Bi 36: Clo c 2 ng v bn. ng v th nht c s khi l 37, c 17p, chim 25%. Nguyn t khi trung
bnh clo l 35,54. Vit k hiu nguyn t ca hai ng v clo.
Bi 37: ng c hai ng v bn. ng v th nht c 29p, 36n, chim 30,8%. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
Cu l 63,54. Vit k hiu nguyn t hai ng v ca ng.
Bi 38: Brom c hai ng v, trong ng v 79Br chim 54,5%. Xc nh s khi ng v cn li, bit
A Br = 79,91 . ( S: 81 )
Dng 4: Xc nh s phn t
Bi 39: C bao nhiu phn t ng (II) oxit khc nhau bit rng Cu v O c cc ng v sau:
65
29Cu,

63
16
17
18
29Cu,
8O,
8O,
8O

Bi 40: C bao nhiu loi phn t cacbon oxit khc nhau bit rng C v O c cc ng v sau:
12 13 16 17 18
6C, 6C, 8O, 8O, 8O

Bi 41: C bao nhiu loi phn t cacbon ioxit khc nhau bit rng C v O c cc ng v sau:
12 13 16 17 18
6C, 6C, 8O, 8O, 8O

Dng 2: ton ng v bn
BI TP LUYN TP
1) Nu thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t ? So snh in tch v khi lng ca p, n, e?
2) a) Hy tnh khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:
Nguyn t C (6e, 6p, 6n).
Nguyn t Na (11e, 11p, 12n).
Nguyn t Al (13e, 13p, 14n).
b) Tnh t s khi lng nguyn t so vi khi lng ht nhn?
c) T c th coi khi lng nguyn t thc t bng khi lng ht nhn c khng?
S: 20,1.10-27 (kg) ; 38,51.10-27 (kg) ; 45,21.10-27 (kg)
3) Cho bit 1 nguyn t Mg c 12e, 12p, 12n.
a) Tnh khi lng 1 nguyn t Mg?
b) 1 (mol) nguyn t Mg nng 24,305 (g). Tnh s nguyn t Mg c trong 1 (mol) Mg?
S: a) 40,18.10-24 (g) ; b) 6,049.1023 nguyn t
4) Tnh khi lng ca:
a) 2,5.1024 nguyn t Na
b) 1025 nguyn t Br
S: a) 95,47 (g) ; b) 1328,24 (g)
II. HT NHN NGUYN T NGUYN T HA HC NG V
1) nh ngha nguyn t ha hc? V sao s hiu nguyn t li c trng cho mt nguyn t ha hc?
2) Nguyn t l g ? Phn t l g ? Phn t ca n cht v hp cht khc nhau ch no ?
3) Nu s khc nhau gia in tch ht nhn v s khi? nh ngha ng v?
4) Hy phn bit cc khi nim: s khi, nguyn t khi, khi lng nguyn t, khi lng mol.

5) Xc nh in tch ht nhn, s p, s n, s e, khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t c k hiu nguyn t

sau:

7
3 Li;

19
9 F;

23
11 Na;

40
20 Ca;

32
79
16 S; 35 Br

6) Vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t sau, bit:

a) Silic c in tch ht nhn l 14 +, s ntron l 14.
b) Km c 30e v 35n.
c) Kali c 19p v 20n.
d) Neon c s khi l 20, s p bng s n.
7) Vit k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X, bit:

a) X c 6p v 8n.
b) X c s khi l 27 v 14n.
c) X c s khi l 35 v s p km s n l 1 ht.
d) X c s khi l 39 v s n bng 1,053 ln s p.
8) Xc nh cu to ht (tm s e, s p, s n), vit k hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau, bit:
a) Tng s ht c bn l 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht.
b) Tng s ht c bn l 95, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht.
c) Tng s ht c bn l 40, s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in dng l 1 ht.
d) Tng s ht c bn l 36, s ht mang in gp i s ht khng mang in.
e) Tng s ht c bn l 52, s ht khng mang in bng 1,06 ln s ht mang in m.
f) Tng s ht c bn l 49, s ht khng mang in bng 53,125% s ht mang in.
80
65
27
24
35
33
S: a ) 35 X ; b) 30 X ; c ) 13 X ; d ) 12 X ; e) 17 X ; f ) 16 X

9) Xc nh cu to ht (tm s e, s p, s n), vit k hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau, bit:

a) Tng s ht c bn l 13.
b) Tng s ht c bn l 18.
c) Tng s ht c bn l 52, s p ln hn 16.
d) Tng s ht c bn l 58, s khi nh hn 40.
9
12
35
39
S: a ) 4 X ; b) 6 X ; c) 17 X ; d ) 19 X

10) Neon c hai ng v l 20Ne v 22Ne. Hy tnh xem ng vi 18 nguyn t 22Ne th c bao nhiu nguyn
t 20Ne? Bit M Ne = 20,18 .
S: 182

11) Cho nguyn t lng trung bnh ca Magie l 24,327. S khi cc ng v ln lt l 24 , 25 v A 3.

Phn trm s nguyn t tng ng ca A1 v A2 l 78,6% v 10,9%. Tm A3.
S: 26

12) Nguyn t X c hai ng v l X1 , X2 , M X = 24,8 . ng v X2 c nhiu hn ng v X1 l 2 ntron.

Tnh s khi v t l phn trm ca mi ng v , bit t l s nguyn t ca hai ng v l X 1 : X2 = 3 :
2.
S: 24 (60%) ; 26 (40%)

13) Nguyn t X ca nguyn t R c tng s ht c bn l 46. S ht khng mang in bng

mang in.

8
s ht
15

a) Xc nh tn R.
b) Y l ng v ca X. Y c t hn X l 1 ntron v Y chim 4% v s nguyn t ca R. Tnh
nguyn t lng trung bnh ca R.
S: a) P ; b) 30,96

14) Khi lng nguyn t ca B bng 10,81. B trong t nhin gm hai ng v 10B v 11B. Hi c bao nhiu
phn trm 11B trong axit boric H3BO3. Cho H3BO3 =61,81.
III . V NGUYN T
1) Da vo u sp xp cc e theo tng lp trong v nguyn t? Trong nguyn t, e thuc lp no lin
kt vi ht nhn cht nht, yu nht? Trong nguyn t, e no quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn
t?
2) Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t t 1 n 20. Nhn xt v s bin i s e lp ngoi
cng? Nhng nguyn t no l kim loi? Phi kim? Kh him? V sao?
3) Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t X l 13. Xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca X v vit cu hnh e.
4) Cho bit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t sau:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
a) Gi tn cc nguyn t.
b) Nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim, kh him? V sao?
c) i vi mi nguyn t, lp e no lin kt vi ht nhn cht nht, yu nht?
d) C th xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khng? V sao?

5) Cho bit cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t sau ln lt l 3p1 ; 3d5 ; 4p3 ; 5s2 ; 4p6.
a) Vit cu hnh e y ca mi nguyn t.
b) Cho bit mi nguyn t c my lp e, s e trn mi lp l bao nhiu?
c) Nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim, kh him? Gii thch?
6) Cho cc nguyn t sau:
A c in tch ht nhn l 36+.
B c s hiu nguyn t l 20.
C c 3 lp e, lp M cha 6 e.
D c tng s e trn phn lp p l 9.
a) Vit cu hnh e ca A, B, C, D.

b) V s cu to nguyn t.
c) mi nguyn t, lp e no cha s e ti a?
7) Cho cc nguyn t v ion sau:
Nguyn t A c 3 e ngoi cng thuc phn lp 4s v 4p.
Ion B2+ c 10 e.
Ion C1- c 8 e ngoi cng lp N.
Nguyn t D c cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l 6s1.
Nguyn t E c s e trn phn lp s bng

1
s e trn phn lp p v s e trn phn lp s km s e
2

trn phn lp p l 6 ht.

a) Vit cu hnh e y ca A, B, C, D, E.
b) Biu din cu to nguyn t.
c) mi nguyn t, lp e no cha s e ti a?
d) Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca chng?
8) Ba nguyn t A, B, C c s hiu nguyn t l 3 s t nhin lin tip. Tng s e ca chng l 51. Hy
vit cu hnh e v cho bit tn ca chng.
S: 16 S, 17 Cl, 18 Ar
9) Phn lp e ngoi cng ca hai nguyn t A v B ln lt l 3p v 4s. Tng s e ca hai phn lp l 5 v
hiu s e ca hai phn lp l 3.
a) Vit cu hnh e ca chng, xc nh s hiu nguyn t, tm tn nguyn t.
b) Hai nguyn t c s n hn km nhau 4 ht v c tng khi lng nguyn t l 71 vC. Tnh s n
v s khi mi nguyn t.
S:

32
16

S ; 1939 K

10) a) Cc ion X+ , Y- v nguyn t Z no c cu hnh e l 1s2 2s2 2p6 ?

b) Vit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t trung ha X v Y. ng vi mi nguyn t, hy nu mt tnh cht
ho hc c trng v mt phn ng minh ha.

11) Tng s ht trong ion R+ l 57. Trong nguyn t R, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in
l 18 ht.
a) Tm s p, n, e ca R.
b) Vit cu hnh e ca R, R+.
S: 19e, 19p, 20n

12) Mt hp cht c cng thc MX3 . Cho bit:

Tng s ht p, n, e ca MX3 l 196, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l

60.
Khi lng nguyn t ca X ln hn ca M l 8.
Tng ba loi ht trong ion X- nhiu hn trong ion M3+ l 16.
a) Xc nh M v X thuc ng v no ca hai nguyn t ?
b) Vit cu hnh e ca M v X.

c) Vit phng trnh phn ng to thnh MX3 t cc n cht.

S:

27
13

M ; 1735 X

13) Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t l 21.

a) Hy xc nh tn nguyn t .
b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t .
c) Tnh tng s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t .