GTSuDungThuocBVTV

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

PGS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh (Ch bin)
TS. Nguyn Vn Vin , KS.Bi Trng Thy

GIO TRNH

S DNG THUC BO V THC VT

H ni 2007

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh S dng thuc Bo v thc vt 2

LI NI U

T thp nin 70 ca th k 20, cng vi s pht trin v bo ca cc ngnh khoa hc
khc, lnh vc ho hc v k thut s dng thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) c s i thay rt
mnh m: S hiu bit su sc hn v phng thc tc ng ca thuc BVTV cho php pht
hin ra nhiu hot cht mi c phng thc tc ng khc trc, c hiu lc cao vi dch hi,
dng liu thp, nhng li an ton vi ng vt mu nng v cc sinh vt khc khng phi i
tng phng tr. S tin b trong cng ngh gia cng, ng gi, cng ngh sn xut cht n v
ph gia cho php gia cng c nhiu dng ch phm mi, p ng c yu cu qun l thuc
BVTV ngy cng cht ch ca cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t.
Do khun kh cun sch v s tit hc hn ch, nn chng ti ch mong trnh by c
nhng kin thc c bn v thuc BVTV mt cch h thng ngi sinh vin ngnh BVTV khi
ra trng c th p dng. ng thi cun sch ny cng c th l ti liu tham kho cho cn b
k thut trong v ngoi ngnh.
Ni dung cun sch gm hai phn:
Phn A: Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc BVTV, qun l v s dng nhm
cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn trong lnh vc thuc BVTV v c bit cc c s
khoa hc nhng qui nh ca Nh nc ta v vic s dng an ton v hiu qu thuc.
Phn B: Cc thuc bo v thc vt, cung cp cho sinh vin ngnh nng nghip
nhng c tnh sinh hc c bn ca cc nhm thuc BVTV.
gii quyt mu thun gia s lng v chng loi thuc BVTV Vit nam, tng
nhanh vi khun kh cun sch hn hp, nn chng ti ch gii thiu c im chung ca tng
nhm thuc (phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc) v tn chung ca mt s loi thuc thng dng
nht trong nhm ( c lu n cc thuc nm trong danh mc ng k Vit nam).
Gio trnh S dng thuc Bo v thc vt c bin son trong khun kh ca chng
trnh mn hc do tp th cn b B mn Bnh cy-Nng dc- Khoa Nng Hc- Trng i hc
Nng Nghip H Ni chu trch nhim nh sau:
- Ch bin: PTS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh
- Bi m u v phn A: Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc Bo V Thc vt, qun l v
s dng thuc do PGS.TS. Nguyn Trn Onh bin son.
- Phn B: Cc loi thuc bo v thc vt:
+ Chng VII: Thuc tr su v cc ng vt gy hi khc ; chng IX; Thuc xng hi;
Chng X; Thuc tr c; Chng XI: Cht iu khin sinh trng cy trng do TS.
Nguyn Vn Vin bin son.
+ Chng VIII: Thuc tr bnh do KS.Bi Trng Thy bin son.
Tuy c nhiu c gng, nhng do thu thp thng tin cn cha y , cng vi trnh
ca ngi bin son c hn, nn cun sch ny khng th trnh c thiu st. Nhm tc gi rt
mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca bn c trong v ngoi ngnh vic bin son gio
trnh ny trong nhng ln sau c tt hn.


Trc khi hc mn S dng thuc bo v thc vt, cn phi hc mn Cng trng chuyn
khoa, Bnh cy chuyn khoa hoc Cn trng nng nghip, Bnh cy nng nghip.

CC TC GI


M U
VAI TR CA BIN PHP HO HC BVTV TRONG SN XUT NNG
NGHIP; LCH S PHT TRIN, XU HNG V TNH HNH S DNG
THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
Gip hc vin thy r c vai tr quan trng ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut
nng nghip. Gii thiu cho hc vin lch s pht trin ca bin php ny cng nh tnh hnh
s dng thuc BVTV v xu hng nghin cu thuc BVTV th gii v Vit nam, hc vin
thm yu ngh v hng th vi mn hc.
1.VAI TR V NGHA CA BIN PHP HA HC BVTV TRONG SN XUT
NNG NGHIP:
p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng do vic bng n dn s, cng vi xu hng
th ho v cng nghip ho ngy cng mnh, con ngi ch cn mt cch duy nht: thm canh
tng sn lng cy trng.
Khi thm canh cy trng, mt hu qu tt yu khng th trnh c l gy mt cn bng
sinh thi, ko theo s ph hoi ca dch hi ngy cng tng. gim thit hi do dch hi gy ra,
con ngi ta phi u t thm kinh ph tin hnh cc bin php phng tr, trong bin php
ho hc c coi l quan trng.
1.1. Bin php ho hc BVTV ng mt vai tr quan trng trong sn xut nng
nghip vi nhiu u im ni tri:
-Thuc ho hc c th dit dch hi nhanh, trit , ng lot trn din rng v chn ng
nhng trn dch trong thi gian ngn m cc bin php khc khng th thc hin c.
-Bin php ho hc em li hiu qu phng tr r rt, kinh t, bo v c nng sut cy
trng, ci thin cht lng nng sn v mang li hiu qu kinh t, ng thi cng gip gim
c din tch canh tc.
-Bin php ho hc d dng, c th p dng nhiu vng khc nhau, em li hiu qu n
nh v nhiu khi l bin php phng tr duy nht.
n nay, thuc BVTV li nhng du n quan trng trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca
nn nng nghip hin i. Nhng loi ngi vn tip tc tm kim cc dng sn phm mi d s
dng hn, c hiu lc tr dch hi cao hn, thn thin hn vi mi sinh v mi trng.
1.2. Thuc BVTV cng l mt trong nhng nhn t gy mt n nh mi trng. Do
b lm dng, thiu kim sot, dng sai, nn nhiu mt tiu cc ca thuc BVTV bc l
nh: gy nhim ngun nc v t; li d lng trn nng sn, gy c cho ngi v nhiu
loi ng vt mu nng; gy mt s cn bng trong t nhin, lm suy gim tnh a dng ca sinh
qun, xut hin cc loi dich hi mi, to tnh chng thuc ca dch h v lm o ln cc mi
quan h phong ph gia cc loi sinh vt trong h sinh thi, gy bng pht v ti pht dch hi,
dn n hiu lc phng tr ca thuc b gim st hoc mt hn.
s dng thuc BVTV c hiu qu v an ton, chng ta phi hiu ng v thc hin
ng nguyn tc bn ng: ng thuc; ng lc; ng nng liu lng v ng cch.
Mun thc hin tt c cc nguyn tc trn, chng ta phi hiu thu o mi quan h
qua li gia cht c, dch hi v iu kin ngoi cnh.; phi kt hp hi ho gia bin php ho
hc vi cc bin php BVTV khc trong h thng phng tr tng hp.


2. LCH S PHT TRIN CA BIN PHP HO HC, TNH HNH SN XUT V
S DNG THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM:
2.1. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc trn th gii: Qu trnh pht trin ca
bin php ho hc BVTV trn th gii c th chia thnh mt s giai on:
Giai on 1 (Trc th k 20) : Vi trnh canh tc lc hu, cc ging cy trng c
nng sut thp, tc hi ca dch hi cn cha ln. bo v cy, ngi ta da vo cc bin php
canh tc, ging sn c. S pht trin nng nghip trng ch vo s may ri.
Tuy nhin, t lu, con ngi cng bit s dng cc loi cy c v lu hunh trong tro
ni la tr su bnh. T th k 19, hng lot s kin ng ghi nh, to iu kin cho bin
php ho hc ra i. Benediet Prevest (1807) chng minh nc un si trong ni ng c
th dit bo t nm than en Ustilaginales. 1848 lu hunh c dng tr bnh phn trng
Erysiphacea hi nho; dung dch booc ra i nm 1879; lu hunh vi dng tr rp sp
Aspidiotus perniciosus hi cam (1881). M u cho vic dng cc cht xng hi trong BVTV l
s kin dng HCN tr rp vy Aonidiella aurantii hi cam (1887). Nm 1889, aseto asenat ng
c dng tr su Leptinotarsa decemeatas hi khoai ty; 1892 gipxin (asenat ch) tr su n
qu, su rng Porthetria dispr. Na cui th k 19 cacbon disulfua (CS2) c dng chng
chut ng v cc rp Pluylloxera hi nho. Nhng bin php ho hc lc ny vn cha c mt
vai tr ng k trong sn xut nng nghip.
Giai on 2 ( T u th k 20 n nm 1960): Cc thuc tr dch hi hu c ra i, lm
thay i vai tr ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut nng nghip. Ceresan - thuc tr nm thu
ngn hu c u tin (1913); cc thuc tr nm lu hunh (1940); ri n cc nhm khc.
Thuc tr c cn xut hin mun hn (nhng nm 40 ca th k th k 20). Vic pht hin kh
nng dit cn trng ca DDT (nm 1939) m ra cuc cch mng ca bin php ho hc
BVTV. Hng lot cc thuc tr su ra i sau : clo hu c (nhng nm 1940-1950); cc thuc
ln hu c, cc thuc cacbamat (1945-1950). Lc ny ngi ta cho rng: Mi vn BVTV u
c th gii quyt bng thuc ho hc. Bin php ho hc b khai thc mc ti a, thm ch
ngi ta cn hy vng, nh thuc ho hc loi tr hn mt loi dch hi trong mt vng rng
ln.
T cui nhng nm 1950, nhng hu qu xu ca thuc BVTV gy ra cho con ngi,
mi sinh v mi trng c pht hin. Khi nim phng tr tng hp su bnh ra i.
Giai on 3 (nhng nm 1960- 1980): Vic lm dng thuc BVTV li nhng hu
qu rt xu cho mi sinh mi trng dn n tnh trng, nhiu chng trnh phng chng dch hi
ca nhiu quc gia v cc t chc quc t da vo thuc ho hc b sp ; t tng s hi,
khng dm dng thuc BVTV xut hin; thm ch c ngi cho rng, cn loi b khng dng
thuc BVTV trong sn xut nng nghip.
Tuy vy, cc loi thuc BVTV mi c nhiu u im, an ton hn i vi mi sinh mi
trng, nh thuc tr c mi, cc thuc tr su nhm perethroid tng hp (1970), cc thuc tr
su bnh c ngun gc sinh hc hay tc ng sinh hc, cc cht iu tit sinh trng cn trng v
cy trng vn lin tc ra i. Lng thuc BVTV c dng trn th gii khng nhng khng
gim m cn tng ln khng ngng.
Giai on 4 (t nhng nm 1980 n nay): Vn bo v mi trng c quan tm
hn bao gi ht. Nhiu loi thuc BVTV mi, trong c nhiu thuc tr su bnh sinh hc, c
hiu qu cao vi dch hi, nhng an ton vi mi trng ra i. Vai tr ca bin php ho hc


c tha nhn. T tng s thuc BVTV cng bt dn. Quan im phng tr tng hp c
ph bin rng ri.
2.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc BVTV trn th gii:
Mc d s pht trin ca bin php ho hc c nhiu lc thng trm, song tng gi tr tiu
th thuc BVTV trn th gii v s hot cht tng ln khng ngng, s chng loi ngy cng
phong ph. Nhiu thuc mi v dng thuc mi an ton hn vi mi sinh mi trng lin tc
xut hin bt chp cc qui nh qun l ngy cng cht ch ca cc quc gia i vi thuc
BVTV v kinh ph u t cho nghin cu mt loi thuc mi ra i ngy cng ln.
Trong 10 nm gn y tng lng thuc BVTV tiu th c xu hng gim, nhng gi tr
ca thuc tng khng ngng. Nguyn nhn l c cu thuc thay i: Nhiu loi thuc c, gi r,
dng vi lng ln, c vi mi sinh mi trng c thay th dn bng cc loi thuc mi hiu
qu, an ton v dng vi lng t hn, nhng li c gi thnh cao.
Tuy vy, mc u t v thuc BVTV v c cu tiu th cc nhm thuc tu thuc trnh
pht trin v c im canh tc ca tng nc.
Ngy nay, bin php ho hc BVTV c pht trin theo cc cc hng chnh sau:
-Nghin cu tm ra cc hot cht mi c c ch tc ng mi, c tnh chn lc v hiu lc
tr dch hi cao hn, lng dng nh hn, tn lu ngn, t c v d dng hn. Thuc tr su
tc dng chm (iu khin sinh trng cn trng, pheromon, cc cht phn di truyn, cht trit
sn) l nhng v d in hnh. Thuc sinh hc c ch dng nhiu hn.
-Tm hiu cc phng php v nguyn liu gia cng thnh cc dng thuc mi t
nhim, hiu lc di, d dng, loi dn dng thuc gy nhim mi trng.
-Nghin cu cng c phun ri tin tin v ci tin cc loi cng c hin c tng kh
nng trang tri, tng bm dnh, gim n mc ti thiu s ra tri ca thuc. Ch dng cc
phng php s dng thuc khc bn cnh phun thuc cn ang ph bin. Thay phun thuc sm,
i tr v nh k bng phun thuc khi dch hi t n ngng.
2.3. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc, tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc
BVTV Vit nam: C th chia thnh ba giai on:
Trc nm 1957: Bin php ho hc hu nh khng c v tr trong sn xut nng nghip.
Mt lng rt nh sunfat ng c dng mt s n in do Php qun l tr bnh g st
c ph v Phytophthora cao su v mt t DDT c dng tr su hi rau.
Vic thnh lp T Ho BVTV (1/1956) ca Vin Kho cu trng trt nh du s ra
i ca ngnh Ho BVTV Vit nam. Thuc BVTV c dng ln u trong sn xut nng
nghip min Bc l tr su gai, su cun l ln bng pht Hng yn (v ng xun 1956-
1957). min Nam, thuc BVTV c s dng t 1962.
Giai on t 1957-1990:
Thi k bao cp. Vic nhp khu, qun l v phn phi thuc do nh nc c quyn
thc hin. Nh nc nhp ri trc tip phn phi thuc cho cc tnh theo gi bao cp. Bng
mng li vt t nng nghip a phng, thuc BVTV c phn phi thng xung HTX nng
nghip. Ban Qun tr HTX qun l v giao cho t BVTV hng dn x vin phng tr dch hi
trn ng rung. Lng thuc BVTV dng khng nhiu, khong 15000 tn thnh phm/ nm
vi khong 20 chng loi thuc tr su (ch yu) v thuc tr bnh. a phn l cc thuc c
tn lu lu trong mi trng hay c c cao. Vic qun l thuc lc ny kh d dng, thuc


gi thuc km cht lng khng c iu kin pht trin. Song tnh trng phn phi thuc khng
kp thi; p ng khng ng chng loi, ni tha, ni thiu, gy tnh trng khan him gi to,
dn n hiu qu s dng thuc thp. Mt khc, ngi nng dn khng c iu kin la chn
thuc, thiu tnh ch ng v li nh nc.
Tuy lng thuc dng t, nhng tnh trng lm dng thuc BVTV vn ny sinh.
phng tr su bnh, ngi ta ch bit da vo thuc BVTV. Thuc dng trn lan, phun phng l
ph bin, khuynh hng phun sm, phun nh k ra i, thm ch dng thuc c vo nhng thi
im khng cn thit; tnh trng dng thuc sai k thut ny sinh khp ni; thm ch ngi ta
cn hy vng dng thuc BVTV loi tr hn mt loi dch hi ra khi mt vng rng ln.
Thuc li
nhng hu qu rt xu i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
Khi nhn ra nhng hu qu ca thuc BVTV, cng vi tuyn truyn qu mc v tc hi
ca chng gy nn tm l s thuc. T cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20, c nhiu kin
xut nn hn ch, thm ch loi b hn thuc BVTV; dng bin php sinh hc thay th bin
php ho hc trong phng tr dch hi nng nghip.
Giai on t 1990 n nay:
Th trng thuc BVTV thay i c bn: nn kinh t t tp trung bao cp chuyn sang
kinh t th trng. Nm thnh phn kinh t, u c php kinh doanh thuc BVTV. Ngun hng
phong ph, nhiu chng loi c cung ng kp thi, nng dn c iu kin la chn thuc, gi
c kh n nh c li cho nng dn. Lng thuc BVTV tiu th qua cc nm u tng. Nhiu
loi thuc mi v cc dng thuc mi, hiu qu hn, an ton hn vi mi trng c nhp. Mt
mng li phn phi thuc BVTV rng khp c nc hnh thnh, vic cung ng thuc n
nng dn rt thun li. Cng tc qun l thuc BVTV c ch c bit v t c hiu qu
khch l.
Nhng do nhiu ngun hng, mng li lu thng qu rng gy kh cho cng tc qun
l; qu nhiu tn thuc y ngi s dng kh la chn c thuc tt v vic hng dn k
thut dng thuc cng gp khng t kh khn. Tnh trng lm dng thuc, t tng li bin
php ho hc li nhng hu qu xu cho sn xut v sc kho con ngi. Ngc li, c
nhiu ngi bi xch thuc BVTV, tm cch hn ch, thm ch i loi b thuc BVTV trong
sn xut nng nghip v tm cch thay th bng cc bin php phng tr khc.
Tuy vy, vai tr ca bin php ho hc trong sn xut nng nghip vn c tha nhn.
pht huy hiu qu ca thuc BVTV v s dng chng an ton, phng tr tng hp l con
ng tt yu phi n. Phi phi hp hi ho cc bin php trong h thng phng tr tng hp;
s dng thuc BVTV l bin php cui cng, khi cc bin php phng tr khc s dng khng
hiu qu.
Trong thi gian ny, mi quan h quc t gia nc ta vi cc nc, vi cc t chc quc
t( FAO, WHO, CIRAP)... v cc t chc trong khu vc vn c nay cng c y mnh v pht
huy tc dng, gip chng ta nhanh chng hi nhp c vi tro lu chung ca th gii.

CU HI N TP
1/ Vai tr ca bin php ho hc BVTV trong sn xut nng nghip?
2/ Nhng xu hng chnh trong vic pht trin thuc BVTV hin nay?


PHN A
NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V THC VT
QUN L V S DNG

CHNG I
C S C CHT HC NNG NGHIP
Thuc BVTV cng l mt cht c, nn trong chng ny cung cp cho hc vin nhng
khi nim c bn nht v cht c, yu cu ca cc cht c dng trong nng nghip v phn
loi cc thuc BVTV.
1. KHI NIM CHUNG V CHT C
1.1.Cht c: L nhng cht khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt mt lng nh cng c
th gy bin i su sc v cu trc hay chc nng trong c th sinh vt, ph hu nghim trng
nhng chc nng ca c th, lm cho sinh vt b ng c hoc b cht. y l mt khi nim
mang tnh qui c.
Rt kh c th nh ngha th no l lng nh. Cng mt lng cht c nh nhau, c th gy
c vi loi sinh vt ny, nhng li khng gy c vi loi sinh vt khc; hoc c th gy c hay khng
gy c tu theo phng php s dng chng. Cng rt kh nh ngha th no l gy bin i su sc,
ph hu nghim trng nhng chc nng ca sinh vt . mt lng thuc nht nh, cht c c th
kch thch sinh vt pht trin, nhng lng cht c cao hn, c th gy ng c hay gy c ch sinh
vt. C hai trng hp, cht c u gy bin i su sc v ph hu nghim trng nhng chc nng
ca sinh vt.
1.2.Tnh c (c tnh): l kh nng gy c ca mt cht i vi c th sinh vt mt
lng nht nh ca cht c .
1.3. c: biu th mc ca tnh c, l liu lng nht nh ca cht c cn c
gy c mt tc ng no trn c th sinh vt khi chng xm nhp vo c th sinh vt.
1.4. Liu lng: l lng cht c cn thit c (tnh bng mg hay g) gy c mt
tc ng nht nh trn c th sinh vt.
Trng lng c th ln hay nh c lin quan cht ch n kh nng gy c ca mt cht
c. din t chnh xc hn, ngi ta th hin c bng lng cht c cn thit gy
c cho mt n v trng lng c th ca sinh vt ( tnh bng g/g hay mg/kg). Trng hp
gp nhng c th sinh vt nh, c kch thc kh ng u nhau, ngi ta c th biu hin bng
g/ c th ( v d: g /ong).
Trong nghin cu c l, ngi ta quan tm n cc liu lng sau:
Liu lng ngng: l liu lng rt nh cht c tuy gy bin i c hi cho c th
sinh vt, nhng cha c biu hin cc triu chng b hi.
Liu lng c: l liu lng nh cht c gy nh hng n sc kho ca sinh vt
v cc triu chng ng c bt u biu hin.
Liu gy cht : l liu lng cht c gy cho c th sinh vt nhng bin i su sc
n mc khng th hi phc, lm cht sinh vt.


nh gi tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt, hay so snh c ca cc loi
thuc vi nhau, ngi ta cn chia ra:
Liu di liu gy cht: l liu lng cht c ph hu nhng chc nng ca c th
sinh vt, nhng cha lm cht sinh vt.
Bng 1. PHN LOI C CA THUC TR DCH HI ( theo qui nh ca WHO)
Tr s LD50 ca thuc ( mg/kg)
Dng lng Dng rn
Qua ming Qua da Qua ming Qua da
Rt c 20 40 5 10
c 20 200 40 400 5 50 10 - 100
c trung bnh 200 2000 400 4000 50 500 100 - 1000
t c >2000 > 4000 > 500 >1000

Liu gy cht tuyt i: l liu lng cht c thp nht trong nhng iu kin nht nh
lm cht 100% s c th dng trong nghin cu.
Liu gy cht trung bnh (medium lethal dose, MLD = LD50): l liu lng cht c gy
cht cho 50% s c th em th nghim. Gi tr LD50 ( qua ming v qua da ng vt th nghim)
c dng so snh c ca cc cht c vi nhau. Gi tr LD50 cng nh, chng t cht
c cng mnh. Gi tr LD50 thay i theo loi ng vt th nghim v iu kin th nghim.
Bng 2. PHN LOI NHM C CA THUC TR DCH HI
( theo AAPCO- M, dn theo Farm Chemicals Handbook)
Nhm c
Nguy him
( I)
Bo ng
(II)
Cnh bo
(III)
Cnh
bo (IV)
LD50 qua
ming(mg/kg )
< 50 50 - 500 500 5 000 >5 000
LD50 qua da ( mg/kg
)
< 200 200 - 2 000 2 000 2
0000
>2 0000
LC50 qua h hp
(mg/l)
< 2 0.2 - 2 2 - 20 > 20

Phn ng nim mc
mt
Gy hi nim
mc, c mng,
sng mt
ko di >7ngy
c mng sng
mt v gy
nga nim
mc 7 ngy
Gy nga
nim mc
Khng
gy nga
nim mc
Phn ng da Mn nga da
ko di
Mn nga
72 gi
Mn nga
nh
Nh 72 gi
Phn ng
nh 72
gi
Nhng tr s ghi trong cc bng 1-2-3 c tnh theo liu lng hot cht. Nhng vi
thuc BVTV, ngi ta li s dng cc thnh phm khc nhau. V vy, c ca cc dng thuc
thnh phm rt quan trng v thng thp hn c ca hot cht.
xc nh gi tr LD50 ca thuc thnh phm thng phi lm th nghim nh xc nh
tr s LD50 ca hot cht. Nhng trong trng hp khng th tin hnh lm th nghim, FAO


a ra mt cng thc tnh tm chp nhn c trung bnh ca mt thnh phm n cng nh
hn hp nh sau:

LD50 hot cht
LD50 ca thnh phm = x 100
% hot cht c trong sn phm
LD50 ca thnh phm ca hn hp:

CA CB C.... CZ 100
+ + + =
TA TB T.... TZ Tm
Trong : T= LD50 qua da /ming ca hot cht
C= T l a.i. c trong sn phm
Tm= LD50 qua da /ming ca thuc hn hp
A,B,Z = Tn hot cht
Lu : Hai cng thc ny u mang tnh tng i v khng cho bit c theo dng
v c bit vi thuc hn hp, c trng hp c ca thuc khng gim m cn tng hn.
Bng 3- BNG PHN LOI C THUC BVTV VIT NAM V
CC BIU TNG V C CN GHI TRN NHN
LD50 i vi chut (mg/kg)
Qua ming Qua da
Nhm
c
Ch
en
Hnh
tng
(en)
Vch
Mu
Th rn Th lng Th rn Th lng
Nhm
c I
Rt c
u lu
xng cho
trong hnh
thoi vung
trng
50 200 100 400
Nhm
c II
c cao
Ch thp
cho trong
hnh thoi
vung trng
Vng
> 50 -
500
> 200 2 000
>100 1
000
> 400 4
000
Nguy
him
ng cho
khng lin
nt trong
hnh thoi
vung trng
Xanh
nc
bin
500 2
000
> 2 000 3
000
>1000 >4 000
Nhm
c III
Cn thn
Khng biu
tng
Xanh
l cy
> 2 000 > 3 000 > 1 000 > 4 000
so snh c ca cc loi thuc, ngi ta cn dng cc ch tiu khc nh:
Nng gy cht trung bnh (medium lethal concentrate - LC50) : l nng gy cht
cho mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, trong mt thi gian xc nh. LC50 c


tnh bng mg/l, g/m
3
hay ppm. i lng ny thng dng khi khng th xc nh c liu
lng chnh xc v thng c th vi cc ng vt sng trong nc.
Thi gian gy cht trung bnh ( medium lethal time- LT50): l thi gian gy cht cho mt
na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, ti nng hay liu lng nht nh. LT50 c
tnh bng gy, pht, gi.
Tr s ny thng c dng th nghim vi ng vt thu sinh hay kh trng.
Thi gian qut ng trung bnh ( medium knock -out time- KT50): l thi gian qut ng
cho mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim, ti nng hay liu lng nht nh. LT50
c tnh bng gy, pht, gi.
Liu qut ng trung bnh (medium knock-out dose- KD50) : l liu lng cht c qut
ng mt na (50%) s c th dng trong th nghim. c tnh bng g/g hay mg/kg.
Cm t qut ng y c hiu l s c th b ngt hay b cht.
Liu hiu qu trung bnh (effective dose - ED50): Dng nh gi cc thuc khng trc tip
git sinh vt ( i ho sinh trng hay trit sn), nhng tc ng n giai on pht trin k
tip, s mn , t l (%) trng n.
2. YU CU CHT C DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP
2.1. Mt s nh ngha:
Dch hi (pest): dng ch mi loi sinh vt gy hi cho ngi, cho ma mng, nng lm
sn; cng trnh kin trc; cho cy rng, cho mi trng sng. Bao gm cc loi cn trng, tuyn
trng, vi sinh vt gy bnh cy, c di, cc loi gm nhm, chim v ng vt ph hoi cy trng.
Danh t ny khng bao gm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi, cho gia sc.
Thuc tr dch hi (pesticide ): L nhng cht hay hn hp cc cht dng ngn nga,
tiu dit hay phng tr cc loi dch hi gy hi cho cy trng, nng lm sn, thc n gia sc,
hoc nhng loi dch hi gy hi cn tr qu trnh ch bin, bo qun, vn chuyn nng lm sn;
nhng loi cn trng, ve bt gy hi cho ngi v gia sc. Thut ng ny cn bao gm c cc
cht iu ho sinh trng cy trng, cht lm rng hay kh l hoc cc cht lm cho qu sng p
hay ngn nga rng qu sm v cc cht dng trc hay sau thu hoch bo v sn phm
khng b h thi trong bo qun v chuyn ch. Th gii cng quy nh thuc tr dch hi cn
bao gm thuc tr rui mui trong y t v th y.
Thuc bo v thc vt (sn phm nng dc) : l nhng ch phm c ngun gc ho
cht, thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt v cc ch phm khc dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti
nguyn thc vt. Gm: cc ch phm dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt;
cc ch phm iu ho sinh trng thc vt, cht lm rng hay kh l; cc ch phm c tc dng
xua ui hoc thu ht cc loi sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt n tiu dit (Php lnh
Bo v v Kim dch thc vt nc CHXHCNVN v iu l Qun l thuc BVTV).
Ti nguyn thc vt gm cy, sn phm ca cy, nng sn, thc n gia sc, lm sn khi bo
qun.
Sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt bao gm: cn trng, nm, vi khun , c di, chut v
cc tc nhn sinh vt gy hi khc.
Nh vy, gia thuc tr dch hi v thuc BVTV c s ging nhau: chng u l cc loi cht
c, c hot tnh tr dch hi. Nhng thuc tr dch hi rng hn, tr c tt c cc loi dch hi ; cn


thuc BVTV ch tiu dit cc loi dch hi gy hi cho ti nguyn thc vt. Ni cch khc, thuc BVTV
l mt b phn ca thuc tr dch hi.
2.2.Yu cu ca thuc BVTV:
Thuc BVTV l nhng cht c; nhng mun l thuc BVTV phi t mt s yu cu sau:
-C tnh c vi sinh vt gy hi.
-C kh nng tiu dit nhiu loi dch hi ( tnh c vn nng), nhng ch tiu dit cc loi sinh
vt gy hi m khng gy hi cho i tng khng phng tr ( tnh chn lc).
-An ton i vi ngi, mi sinh v mi trng.
-D bo qun , chuyn ch v s dng.
-Gi thnh h.
Khng c mt loi cht c no c th tho mn hon ton cc yu cu ni trn. Cc yu cu
ny, thm ch ngay trong mt yu cu cng c mu thun khng th gii quyt c. Tu theo giai on
pht trin ca bin php ho hc, m cc yu cu c nh gi cao thp khc nhau. Hin nay, yu cu
an ton vi ngi, mi sinh v mi trng c ton th gii quan tm nhiu nht.
3. PHN LOI THUC BVTV: Theo yu cu nghin cu v s dng.
3.1. Da vo i tng phng chng:
Thuc tr su (Insecticide): Gm cc cht hay hn hp cc cht c tc dng tiu dit,
xua ui hay di chuyn bt k loi cn trng no c mt trong mi trng (AAPCO). Chng
c dng dit tr hoc ngn nga tc hi ca cn trng n cy trng, cy rng, nng lm
sn, gia sc v con ngi.
Trong thuc tr su, da vo kh nng gy c cho tng giai on sinh trng, ngi ta
cn chia ra: thuc tr trng (Ovicide ), thuc tr su non ( Larvicide).
Thuc tr bnh (Fungicide): Thuc tr bnh bao gm cc hp cht c ngun gc ho
hc (v c v hu c), sinh hc (vi sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng, ngun gc thc vt ), c
tc dng ngn nga hay dit tr cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn (nm k
sinh, vi khun, x khun) bng cch phun ln b mt cy, x l ging v x l t... Thuc tr
bnh dng bo v cy trng trc khi b cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi tn cng tt hn l dit
ngun bnh v khng c tc dng cha tr nhng bnh do nhng yu t phi sinh vt gy ra (thi
tit, t ng; hn...). Thuc tr bnh bao gm c thuc tr nm (Fungicides) v tr vi khun
(Bactericides). Thng thuc tr vi khun c kh nng tr c c nm; cn thuc tr nm
thng t c kh nng tr vi khun. Hin nay Trung quc, mi xut hin mt s thuc tr bnh
c th hn ch mnh s pht trin ca virus ( Ningnanmycin ...).
Nhiu khi ngi ta gi thuc tr bnh l thuc tr nm (Fungicides). Trong trng hp
ny, thuc tr nm bao gm c thuc tr vi khun.
Thuc tr chut (Rodenticde hay Raticide): l nhng hp cht v c, hu c; hoc c
ngun gc sinh hc c hot tnh sinh hc v phng thc tc ng rt khc nhau, c dng
dit chut gy hi trn rung, trong nh v kho tng v cc loi gm nhm. Chng tc ng n
chut ch yu bng con ng v c v xng hi ( ni kn o).
Thuc tr nhn (Acricide hay Miticide): nhng cht c dng ch yu tr nhn hi
cy trng v cc loi thc vt khc, c bit l nhn . Hu ht thuc tr nhn thng dng hin
nay u c tc dng tip xc. i a s thuc trong nhm l nhng thuc c hiu c tc dng
dit nhn, c kh nng chn lc cao, t gy hi cho cn trng c ch v thin ch. Nhiu loi


trong chng cn c tc dng tr trng v nhn mi n; mt s khc cn dit nhn trng thnh.
Nhiu loi thuc tr nhn c thi gian hu hiu di, t c vi ng vt mu nng. Mt s thuc
tr nhn nhng cng c tc dng dit su. Mt s thuc tr su, tr nm cng c tc dng tr
nhn.
Thuc tr tuyn trng (Nematocide): cc cht xng hi v ni hp c dng x l
t trc tin tr tuyn trng r cy trng, trong t, ht ging v c trong cy.
Thuc tr c (Herbicide): cc cht c dng tr cc loi thc vt cn tr s sinh
trng cy trng, cc loi thc vt mc hoang di, trn ng rung, quanh cc cng trnh kin
trc, sn bay, ng st... v gm c cc thuc tr rong ru trn rung, knh mng. y l
nhm thuc d gy hi cho cy trng nht. V vy khi dng cc thuc trong nhm ny cn c
bit thn trng.
3.2. Da vo con ng xm nhp (hay cch tc ng ca thuc) n dch hi: tip
xc, v c, xng hi, thm su v ni hp.
3.3. Da vo ngun gc ho hc:
Thuc c ngun gc tho mc : bao gm cc thuc BVTV lm t cy c hay cc sn
phm chit xut t cy c c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc sinh hc: gm cc loi sinh vt (cc loi k sinh thin ch), cc sn
phm c ngun gc sinh vt ( nh cc loi khng sinh...) c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc v c : bao gm cc hp cht v c ( nh dung dch booc, lu
hunh v lu hunh vi....) c kh nng tiu dit dch hi.
Thuc c ngun gc hu c: Gm cc hp cht hu c tng hp c kh nng tiu dit
dch hi ( nh cc hp cht clo hu c, ln hu c, cacbamat...).
Gn y, do nhiu dch hi hnh thnh tnh chng nhiu loi thuc c cng mt c ch,
nn ngi ta phn loi theo c ch tc ng ca cc loi thuc ( nh thuc km hm men
cholinesterase, GABA, km hm h hp...) hay theo phng thc tc ng (thuc iu khin sinh
trng cn trng, thuc trit sn, cht dn d, cht xua ui hay cht gy ngn).
Phn chia theo cc dng thuc ( thuc bt, thuc nc...) hay phng php s dng (
thuc dng phun ln cy, thuc x l ging...).
Ngoi cch phn loi ch yu trn, tu mc ch nghin cu v s dng, ngi ta cn
phn loi thuc BVTV theo nhiu cch khc na.
Khng c s phn loi thuc BVTV no mang tnh tuyt i, v mt loi thuc c th tr
c nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau, c kh nng xm nhp vo c th dch hi theo nhiu con
ng khc nhau, c cng lc nhiu c ch tc ng khc nhau; trong thnh phn ca thuc c
cc nhm hay nguyn t gy c khc nhau... nn cc thuc c th cng lc xp vo nhiu nhm
khc nhau.

CU HI N TP
1/ Nhng hiu bit chung v cht c?
2/Nhng nh ngha cn bit v yu cu c bn ca mt cht c dng trong nng nghip?
3/ Cc cch phn loi thuc BVTV?


CHNG II
C S SINH L, SINH THI HC CA THUC BO V THC VT
TRONG PHNG TR DCH HI
S dng thuc BVTV an ton v hiu qu l yu cu c bn ca bin php ho hc. Mun
vy , hc vin phi hiu r c s sinh l sinh thi ca thuc BVTV trong phng tr dch hi.
l mi quan h qua li gia 3 nhm yu t: Thuc BVTV, Dch hi v iu kin ngoi cnh.
1. IU KIN CA MT LOI THUC C TH GY C CHO SINH VT:
1.1. Thuc phi tip xc c vi sinh vt
L iu kin tin quyt thuc pht huy tc dng. Mun thuc tip xc c vi dch
hi nhiu nht, phi nm chc c tnh sinh vt hc, sinh thi hc ca dch hi v c tnh ca
tng loi thuc, tm bin php x l thch hp thuc tip xc nhiu nht vi dch hi v hn
ch thuc tc ng n cc sinh vt khng l i tng phng tr, gim nguy c gy hi ca
thuc n mi sinh, mi trng. Mi loi sinh vt c nhng c tnh sinh hc khc nhau:
- Cn trng: cn hiu r kh nng di chuyn ca cn trng ( rp t di chuyn, nhng cc
su hi khc li di chuyn mnh); ni chng sng, ni gy hi v cch gy hi, thi im hot
ng chn thuc v phng php x l thch hp.
- Nm bnh v nhn : l nhng loi sinh vt t hay khng t di chuyn. Phi phun thuc
ng vo ni chng sng, ht thuc phi mn, trang tri tht u trn b mt vt phun, lng
nc phun phi ln mi pht huy c tc dng.
- Chut: Chut di chuyn rt rng, nn phi to iu kin cho chut tip xc vi b,
bng cch ri b trn nhng li i ca chut, chn b khng hoc t mi, hay ch c mi hp dn,
trnh dng nhng b gy tc ng mnh chut khng s v phi thay mi b lin tc la
chut.
- C di : phi phun, ri v trn thuc vo t, to iu kin cho c di nhn c nhiu
thuc nht. Dng cc thuc tr c ni hp phun nhiu ln lin tip nhau di liu gy cht s
tng c hiu qu ca thuc. Khi phun thuc tr c khng chn lc rung c cy trng, phi
phun nh hng, trnh cy trng tip xc vi thuc, b thuc gy hi v lm tng tnh
chn lc ca thuc tr c.
1.2. Thuc phi xm nhp c vo c th sinh vt v sau phi dich chuyn c
n trung tm sng ca chng :
Con ng xm nhp ca thuc BVTV vo c th sinh vt:
-Thuc xm nhp vo c th dch hi bng con ng tip xc (cn gi l nhng thuc
Ngoi tc ng): l nhng thuc gy c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua biu b chng.
-Thuc xm nhp vo c th dch hi bng con ng v c (cn gi l nhng thuc c
tc ng ng rut hay Ni tc ng): l nhng loi thuc gy c cho ng vt khi thuc xm
nhp qua ng tiu ho ca chng. pH dch rut v thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong d dy
v rut non nh hng rt mnh n hiu lc ca thuc.
- Thuc c tc ng xng hi: l nhng thuc c kh nng bay hi/ bi, u c bu
khng kh bao quanh dch hi v gy c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua ng h hp.


-Thuc c tc ng thm su: l nhng thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua biu b thc vt,
thm vo cc t bo pha trong, dit dch hi sng trong cy v cc b phn ca cy. Cc thuc
ny ch c tc ng theo chiu ngang, m khng c kh nng di chuyn trong cy.
-Thuc c tc ng ni hp: l nhng loi thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua thn, l, r
v cc b phn khc ca cy; thuc dch chuyn c trong cy, dit c dch hi nhng ni
xa vng tip xc vi thuc. Nhng thuc xm nhp qua r ri dch chuyn ln cc b phn pha
trn ca cy cng dng nha nguyn, gi l vn chuyn hng ngn. Do mch g l nhng t
bo, nn cht c t b tc ng. Ngc li, c nhng thuc xm nhp qua l, vn chuyn
xung cc b phn pha di ca cy, theo mch libe, cng dng nha luyn, gi l vn chuyn
hng gc hay cc thuc mang tnh lu dn. Mch libe l cc t bo sng, nn thuc b cc cht
trong t bo sng, men tc ng v cc yu t sinh hc tc ng. C thuc li xm nhp c qua
l v r, vn chuyn c hng ngn v hng gc.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th sinh vt
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong nm bnh: B mt cht nguyn
sinh c tnh khuych tn mnh, cn tr cc cht trong t bo khuych tn ra ngoi. Ngc li,
c khi nguyn sinh li c tnh hp ph v to h s cn bng. Trong iu kin bnh thng h s
hp ph ny thp. Khi b cht c tc ng, h s cn bng ny s tng ln, cht c theo vo
t bo mnh hn. Mt khc, mng nguyn sinh cht c tnh thm chn lc, cho nhng cht ho
tan i qua vi tc khc nhau. Nhng tnh thm ny s b thay i theo iu kin ngoi cnh. B
cht c kch thch, tnh thm ca mng t bo cng tng nhanh, cht c xm nhp nhanh chng
vo t bo cho n khi trng thi cn bng v p sut c thit lp. Mng t bo cng c kh
nng hp ph mnh, c bit l cc ion kim loi nng nh ng, thu ngn... Trn mng t bo,
cc ion ny tp trung li vi nng cao cng xm nhp trc tip vo t bo nm bnh mnh .
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th cn trng: Nhng thuc
cng d ho tan trong lipit v lipoproteit cht bo, s cng d xm nhp vo c th sinh vt qua
con ng tip xc. Biu b cn trng khng c t bo sng, c cu to bng lipit v lipoproteit
bin tnh, c tc dng gi khung c th, ngn khng cho nc trong c th cn trng thot ra
ngoi v cc cht khc bn ngoi xm nhp vo c th. Nhng lp biu b bao ph khng u
trn ton c th, c nhng ch mng, mm nh cc khp u, ngc bn chn, chn lng v.v...
thuc xm nhp qua d dng hn. Cc thuc dng sa d xm nhp vo c th qua biu b cn
trng v biu b l cy hn. Nhng biu b qu dy, thuc khng i qua c, hoc thuc ho tan
trong biu b nhiu, b gi li biu b m khng i vo c bn trong, hiu lc ca thuc
cng b gim. Xm nhp qua biu b, thuc s i tip vo mu v c mu di chuyn n cc
trung tm sng.
Cc thuc xng hi li xm nhp vo l th, h thng kh qun v vi kh qun vo mu
gy c cho cn trng. Cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp c tnh c mnh hn cc ng
khc, do tc ng ngay n mu. Cng h hp cng mnh, kh nng ng c cng tng. V
th, khi xng hi cc cn trng trong kho, ngi ta thng hoc rt bt khng kh, hoc bm
thm CO2 vo kho kch thch s h hp ca cn trng.
Cc thuc tr su v c, c chuyn t ming n ng thc qun, ti thc n vo rut
gia. Di tc ng ca cc men c trong nc bt v dch rut gia, thuc s chuyn t dng
khng ho tan sang dng ho tan, ri thm thu qua vch rut hay ph v vch rut vo huyt
dch, cng huyt dch i n cc trung tm sng. Nhng cht c cn li khng tan s b thi qua
hu mn, hoc qua nn ma; mt phn nh cht c thm thu qua thnh rut trc, vo thnh


rut sau v b gi . Qu trnh bi tit cng chm, thi gian tn lu trong rut cng lu, lng
cht c xm nhp vo c th cng nhiu, c ca thuc s mnh. pH ca dch rut nh
hng nhiu n tan ca thuc. tan cng ln, nguy c gy c cng tng.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th loi gm nhm : Thuc tr
chut c th xm nhp vo c th loi gm nhm bng c ba con ng : tip xc, v c v
xng hi. Nhng do kh nng hot ng ca cc loi gm nhm ni chung v ca cc loi chut
ni ring qu rng, nn kh dit chng bng con ng tip xc. Bin php dit chut v cc loi
gm nhm ch yu l trn thuc tr chut vi thc n (lm b) ( con ng v c). Tc ng
xng hi (ng h hp), ch c p dng trong cc khong khng gian kn (trong kho tng,
trong hang)... D bng con ng no, cui cng thuc cng vo mu. Khi vo mu, thuc mt
phn ph hi mu, phn khc c vn chuyn n trung tm sng, tc ng n chc nng sng
ca cc c quan ny, chut b ng c ri cht.
S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th c di: Cht c cng c th
xm nhp vo mi b phn ca thc vt, nhng l v r l hai ni cht c d xm nhp nht. B
mt l v cc b phn khc trn mt t, c bao ph bi mng lipoit v nhng cht bo khc,
c bn cht l nhng cht khng phn cc, nn thng d cho nhng cht khng phn cc i qua.
V thn l nhng lp bn, thuc BVTV phn cc hay khng phn cc u kh xm nhp; nhng
nu xm nhp c qua v thn, cht c s i ngay vo b mch v di chuyn n cc b
phn khc nhau ca cy. Git cht c nm trn l, ban u xm nhp vo bn trong l nhanh,
theo thi gian, nc b bc hi, nng git thuc s tng cao, kh nng ho tan ca thuc km,
thuc xm nhp vo cy chm dn.
Cht c trong t xm nhp qua r l chnh ( cng c th xm nhp qua ht ging v
nhng lng thn lp t mt) nh kh nng hp ph nc v cht ho tan. Cc cht phn cc d
xm nhp qua r. Tc xm nhp thuc qua r thng lc u tng sau gim dn. Ring hai
thuc tr c 2,4-D v DNOC li khc: lc u xm nhp nhanh, sau ngng hn ri li c mt
lng thuc t r thot ra ngoi t. Mt di l c nhiu kh khng v t bo km, nn cc cht
phn cc li d xm nhp.
1.3. Cht c phi tn gi trong c th sinh vt mt thi gian, nng nht nh
pht huy tc dng: Cht c trong c th sinh vt bin i theo 3 hng:
- c ca cht c c th c tng ln: khi chng c bin i thnh nhng cht
c tnh c cao hn. V d : MCPB ch pht huy tc dng dit c khi trong cy, chng chuyn
thnh MPCA. Malathion c c km hn Malaoxon, mt sn phm oxy ho ca Malathion.
Cc thuc tr su thuc nhm nereistoxin ( Cartap, Bensultap, Monosultap, Thiocyclam ) ch c
hiu lc dit su khi chng c chuyn thnh Nereistoxin trong c th cn trng. Thuc tr nm
Thiophanate methyl vo nm bnh s chuyn thnh carbendazim mi c c vi nm bnh.
- Cht c c th tr nn t c hn, thm ch mt hn tnh c: do cht c phn ng
vi cc cht c trong c th, hoc di tc ng ca cc men phn hu thuc, hay nhng phn
ng thu phn hay trao i khc.
Di tc ng ca men DDTaza, DDT chuyn thnh DDA hay DDE t c vi cn trng.Nhng
cht c b thi nhanh ra ngoi do phn ng t bo v ca sinh vt cng khng gy c c vi dch
hi.
Atrazin tr c nhiu loi c l rng v l hp cho nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau, nhng li rt
an ton vi ng. V trong ng c men glutation tranferaza c kh nng kh Atrazin thnh hydroxysimazin
khng gy c cho cy.


- c ca thuc c th khng thay i:
Sunfat ng c c vi nm bnh khng thay i, d c xm nhp hay khng xm nhp vo
c th sinh vt.
Cht c ch pht huy c tnh c khi chng t mt lng nht nh, tn ti trong c
th sinh vt mt thi gian nht nh. Vi hai iu kin , cht c mi c th gy hi cho
sinh vt, bng cch phn ng vi protein, gy t lit h men, ngn cn s to vitamin, thay i
trng thi keo, nht v kh nng nhum mu ca nguyn sinh cht, ph hu cc chc nng
sng c bn lm cho sinh vt b ng c ri cht. Nng cht c cng tng, thi gian lu gi
cht c trong c th sinh vt cng di, cng tc ng su sc n c th sinh vt.
2. CC HNH THC TC NG CA CHT C:
Sau khi cht c xm nhp c vo t bo, tc ng n trung tm sng, tu tng i
tng v tu iu kin khc nhau m gy ra tc ng sau trn c th sinh vt:
2.1. Tc ng cc b, ton b: Cht c ch gy ra nhng bin i ti nhng m m cht
c trc tip tip xc vi cht c nn gi l tc dng cuc b ( nh nhng thuc c tc ng
tip xc). Nhng c nhiu cht c sau khi xm nhp vo sinh vt, li loang khp c th, tc
ng n c nhng c quan xa ni thuc tc ng hay tc ng n ton b c th gi l cc
cht c tc dung ton b ( nhng thuc c tc dng ni hp thng th hin c tnh ny).
2.2. Tc ng tch lu: Khi sinh vt tip xc vi cht c nhiu ln, nu qu trnh hp thu
nhanh hn qu trnh bi tit, s xy ra hin tng tch lu ho hoc. Nhng cng c trng
hp c th ch tch lu nhng hiu ng do cc ln s dng thuc lp li mc d liu lng thuc
cc ln dng trc b bi tit ra ht c gi l su tch lu dng thi hay tch lu
chc nng.
2.3. Tc ng lin hp: Khi hn hp hai hay nhiu cht vi nhau, hiu lc ca chng c
th tng ln v hin tng ny c gi l tc dng lin hop. Nh tc ng lin hp, khi hn
hp hai hay nhiu thuc khc nhau, gim c s ln phun thuc, gim chi ph phun v dit ng
thi nhiu loi dch hi cng lc. C hai loi tc ng lin hp :
Tc ng lin hp gia cng: khi hiu ng ca hn hp bng tng n gin cc tc
ng.
Tc ng lin hp nng cao tim th : khi hiu ng ca hn hp vt qu tng hiu
ng ring ca tng cht cng li. Tc ng lin hp nng cao tim th cho php gim lng
thuc khi s dng. Nguyn nhn: c th do l tnh ca thuc c ci thin tt hn, hoc cc loi
thuc phn ng v chuyn ho thnh nhng cht mi c c hn v cui cng do kh nng
nng cao hiu lc sinh hc ca tng loi thuc.
2.4. Tc ng i khng: Ngc vi hin tng lin hp l tc dng di khng, c
ngha khi hn hp, cht c ny lm suy gim c ca cht c kia. Hin tng i khng c
th c gy ra di tc ng ho hc, l hc v sinh hc ca cc thuc vi nhau.
Nghin cu tc ng lin hp v i khng c ngha rt ln trong cng ngh gia cng
thuc v l c s cho hai hay nhiu loi thuc c hn hp vi nhau.
2.5. Hin tng qu mn: Cc c th xy ra hin tuong qu mn khi tc ng ca
cht c lp li. Di tc ng ca cht c, cc sinh vt c nhy cm cao vi cht c.
Cht gy ra hin tng ny c gi l cht cm ng. Khi cht cm ng tc ng c vo
c th vi liu nh cng c th gy hi cho sinh vt. Nu cht c xm nhp trc giai on tt


cng ca s cm ng, hin tng qu mn s khng xy ra v c th sinh vt li c th hi phc, c
gi l hin tuong mt cm ng.
-Mt s cht c khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt, khng lm cht sinh vt , nhng
ph hoi cc chc nng sinh l ca tng c quan ring bit, lm sinh vt khng pht trin c
bnh thng, nh cn trng khng lt xc c pht trin, cn trng khng c hay t
v c t l trng n thp, kh nng sng st km v.v... Hin tng ny mang tn tc dng dj
hu.
Ngoi ra, cht c c th lm cho sinh vt pht trin km, ci cc, gy nhng vt thng
c gii nh hng hot ng h men v cc h sng khc.
3. NHNG NHN T LIN QUAN N TNH C CA THUC BVTV
3.1. Lin quan gia c tnh ca cht c vi c ca chng :
a. Lin quan gia cu to, tnh cht ho hc n c ca thuc BVTV:
Trong phn t cht c thng c nhng gc sinh dc quyt nh n c ca
thuc . Cc gc sinh c c th ch l mt nguyn t hay mt loi nguyn t ( nh Hg, Cu...
trong cc hp cht cha thu ngn hay cha ng); hoc cng c th l mt nhm cc nguyn t
( nh gc -CN c trong cc hp cht xianamit; hay gc -P=O (S) trong cc thuc ln hu c) biu
hin c trng tnh c ca cht .
Cc thuc BVTV c ngun gc khc nhau, nn c ch tc ng ca chng cng khc
nhau:
Cc thuc tr su thuc nhm ln hu c v cacbamat km hm hot ng h men
cholinesterase; pyrethroit li km hm knh vn chuyn Na
+
v hp cht Cyclodien km hm
knh vn chuyn ion Cl
-
ca h thn kinh ngoi vi; cn Fipronil v Avermectin li km hm s
iu khin GABA v.v...Mt s thuc tr bnh dicarboxamide ngn cn qu trnh sinh tng hp
tryglycerin; benzimidazol ngn cn s phn chia t bo ca nm bnh; cc cht khng sinh v
acylamin li km hm sinh tng hp protein.
Mt hp cht c hoat tnh sinh hoc mnh, thng l cc hot cht c c cao. Cc
cht c c cc ni i hay ni ba, cc phn t d t gy hay d phn ng, lm tng c
ca thuc. iu ny cng gii thch ti sao cc thuc thuc nhm pyrethroid c kh nng tc
ng nhanh, mnh n cn trng n vy. Hay i vi du khong, c ca thuc i vi sinh
vt cng ph thuc nhiu vo hm lng hydratcacbon cha no cha trong cc phn t ca
chng. Hm lng ny cng cao, cng d gy c cho sinh vt, ng thi cng d gy hi cho cy
trng.
S thay th nhm ny bng mt nhm khc, hay s thm bt i mt nhm ny hay
nhm khc c trong phn t s lm thay i c v c tnh c ca hp cht rt nhiu.
S clo ho ca naphtalen v benzen lm tng tnh c ln 10-20, ca phenol ln 2-100ln.
Ethyl parathion v Methyl parathion hon ton ging nhau v cng thc cu to c khc chng
Ethyl parathion c 2 gc etoxy C2H5O trong khi Methyl parathion c 2 gc metoxy CH3O. Tng
t Fenitrothion v Methyl parathion c cng thc cu to hon ton ging nhau, nhng Fenitrothion c
thm gc CH3 vng nitrophenyl. Mc d c s khc bit nhau rt t nh vy nhng chng khc nhau rt
ln v phng thc v kh nng tc ng n cn trng v c ca thuc i vi sinh vt.


Ch tiu Ethyl parathion Methyl parathion Fenitrothion
Cng thc
cu to
S
C
2
H
5
O
P-O- -NO
2

C
2
H
5
O
S
CH
3
O
P-O- -NO
2

CH
3
O

S CH
3

CH
3
O
P-O- - NO
2

CH
3
O
Phng thc
tc ng
Tip xc, v c, xng
hi, thm su mnh
Tip xc, v c,
xng hi, thm su
Tip xc, v c,
thm su yu
Tc ng n
cn trng
Rt nhanh v mnh Nhanh Chm
c LD50
(
mg/kg)
Qua ming: 2mg/kg
Qua da: 50mg/kg
Qua ming: 6mg/kg
Qua da: 50mg/kg
Qua ming:250mg/kg
Qua da: 2500mg/kg
c LD 50
vi ong mt
24h
c vi ong
0,07-0,14g/con
c vi ong
0,07-0,10g/con
c vi ong
LC50 vi c
96h
5mg/l 1,5mg/l 1,7mg/l
Hai thuc DDT v Dicofol c cng thc ho hc rt ging nhau ch khc nguyn t H c trong
DDT c thay bng nhm -OH trong Dicofol; nhng DDT c tc dng tr su cn Dicofol li ch c tc
dng tr nhn hi cy trng.
H

Cl - - C - - Cl

C-Cl
3

OH

Cl- - C - - Cl

C-Cl
3

DDT Dicofol
S thay di nh trong cu trc phn t cng c th lm thay i c ca thuc.
Thuc
666, mt thuc tr su c thuc nhm Clo hu c, c 8 ng phn, nhng ch c ng phn c
hiu lc tr su mnh nht. Trong nhm pyrethroid, cc ng phn quang hc c c rt khc
nhau. Thuc Fenvalerat c 4 ng phn quang hc khc nhau, nhng ng phn Esfenvalerat
c c gp 4 ln cc ng phn khc gp li.
Cc cht c mun pht huy kh nng gy c ca mnh phi xm nhp c vo trong t
bo. Tnh phn cuc v khng phn cuc ca cht c cng c ngha ln trong kh nng
xm nhp ca cht c vo trong c th sinh vt. Cc cht c kh nng phn cc, phn b khng
ng u trong phn t v d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, trong c nc. Cc nhm phn
cc ph bin trong cc hp cht hu c l cc cht c cha nhm hydroxyl, carbonyl v amin.
Chng rt kh xm nhp qua cc t bo v qua cc biu b sinh vt. Th tch phn t ca cc cht
cng ln th kh nng xm nhp ca chng vo t bo cng kh. Nguyn nhn l ng knh cc
l nh trong lp lipoproteit ca mng t bo gii hn s xm nhp ca cc cht phn cc vo
t bo. Mc in ly ca cc phn t cht phn cc nh hng rt ln n tc xm nhp ca
cht c vo t bo. Nhng ion t do, ngay c khi th tch phn t ca chng nh hn kch thc


ca cc l trn mng nguyn sinh, cng xm nhp km, thm ch khng xm nhp c vo t
bo. L do: b mt ca cht nguyn sinh c s tch in, trn thnh cc l mng nguyn sinh cht
xut hin lc y cc ion cng du v ht cc ion khc du, quyt nh kh nng xm nhp
nhanh chm ca cc cht ny vo t bo. Cc cht phn cc li d xm nhp vo cy qua h
thng r, bng s ho tan trong nc v c cy ht.
Biu b sinh vt c cu to bng cc lipit, d cho cc cht ho tan trong cht bo i
qua. Cc cht khng phn cc nh cc hydratcacbon li d tan trong lipit. Kch thc phn t
cng ln, th ho tan ca chng trong cht bo cng tng. Cc cht c khng phn cc i vo
t bo khng qua cc l nh ca mng nguyn sinh cht m ho tan trong lipit ca mng xm
nhp vo mng t bo. Nhn chung, nhiu thuc BVTV l cc cht hu c, nn chng d dng
xm nhp qua biu b vo c th sinh vt. Nhng loi thuc ny thng c phun ln l v
gy c bng con ng tip xc.
Nhiu loi thuc BVTV c kh nng xua ui cc loi ng vt nn c kh nng bo v
cy trng v nng sn. V d : Thuc TMTD c kh nng xua ui di, chut chim bo v
xoi hay cc loi ht ging khc. Tng t, cc thuc trong nhm pyrethroid cng c tc dng
xua ui cn trng, nn gim kh nng hi phc qun th cn trng.
b. Lin quan gia c tnh vt l ca thuc BVTV n c ca chng :
Cc sn phm k thut cc dng lng, dung dch, bt hay cht kt tinh, c hm lng
cht c cao. Chng rt c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng, cy trng, mi sinh v mi trng.
Do c c cao, nn lng thuc tiu th trn mt n v din tch rt thp (khong 0,5-1kg
a.i./ha, thm ch ch 6-12g a.i./ha), nn rt kh trang tri u trn n v din tch. Chng c
bm dnh km, t tan trong nc v khng thch hp cho vic s dng ngay. V vy cc hot cht
thuc BVTV thng c gia cng thnh cc dng khc nhau, nhm ci thin l tnh ca thuc,
tng bm dnh v trang tri ca thuc, to iu kin cho thuc s dng d dng, an ton, hiu
qu, gim nhim mi trng, t gy hi cho thc vt v cc sinh vt c ch khc.
c im vt l ca thuc BVTV c nh hng rt ln n c ca thuc v hiu qu
phng tr ca chng. Nhng c im vt l l:
Kch thuc v trong luong hat thuc : nh hng rt nhiu n c ca thuc.
Ht thuc
c kch thc ln, c din tch b mt nh, thng kh ho tan trong biu b l ( tc ho tan
ca vt cht t l thun vi tng din tch b mt ca chng), gim kh nng xm nhp. Ht thuc
c kch thc ln kh bm dnh trn b mt vt phun nn thng b ri vi tht thot nhiu, gim
lng thuc tn ti trn vt phun. i vi cn trng, kch thc ht thuc ln, s kh xm nhp
vo ming cn trng, lng thuc xm nhp vo c th cn trng b gim, hiu lc ca thuc do
th cng gim theo. Vi cc thuc bt thm nc, khi pha vi nc to thnh huyn ph, kch
thc ht ln lm cho huyn ph d b lng ng, kh trang tri u trn b mt, d lm tc vi
phun, rt kh s dng.
Ngi ta bit rng, tc ri ca cc phn t thuc c tnh theo cng thc :
2gr
2

v = --------- (D-a)
9
Trong : v= Vn tc ri t do ca cc ht (cm/gy)
g= Gia tc trng trng (981cm/gy)
r= Bn knh ht cm


= nht ca khng kh ( 10-30
o
C vo khong 0.000076-0.000086)
D= T trng thuc bt
a= T trng khng kh ( 0.001225)
V gia tc trng trng g, nht ca kh quyn , t trng khng kh a c th xem nh
nhng hng s, nn tc ri hay lng ng ca ht thuc ph thuc ch yu vo ln ca ht
v t trng ca thuc bt.
T cao h, thi gian ri ca cc ht c tnh bng cng thc:

h
t = -------
vt
Trong : t = Thi gian ri ca ht thuc (gy)
h = cao
vt = Vn tc ri t do theo hng thng ng.
T hai cng thc ny ta thy: Thuc c ht to, nng chim u th, tc ri ca cc ht
s ln, , thi gian ri ca thuc xung b mt vt phun ngn, thuc khng bay xa khi ni phun.
Ngc li, trong thuc c nhiu ht nh, nh, thi gian ri ca thuc s di, thuc d b cun xa
khi ni phun. y l c s cho dng thuc bt-ht ra i.
Iwada (1973) cho bit: dng my bay ln thng phun thuc cao 5m, thuc bt c c ht <
44m, b gi cun i xa khi ni phun 250m; trong khi cao 8m, thuc ht bt mn c c ht 105-
297m ch b gi cun i xa khi ni phun thuc 50m.
Hnh dang hat thuc nh hng nhiu n bm dnh v tnh c ca thuc. Ht
thuc x x, nhiu gc cnh d bm dnh trn b mt vt phun hn cc ht thuc trn lng.
Trong huyn ph v nh tng d lo lng ca cc ht thuc lu s gip cho s phn tn
cht c tt, nng cao c c ca thuc, ng thi cng gim kh nng gy tc bm.
Kh nng bm dnh ca thuc l mt trong nhng nhn t ko di hiu lc ca thuc.
Thuc c bm dnh tt, t b tht thot do ra tri, chng c tc hi ca m , ma v gi,
lng thuc tn trn cy nhiu hn v lu hn.
Tnh thm ut v kh nng loang ca giot thuc cng nh hng ln n hiu
lc ca thuc. Khi phun lng, hnh dng ht nc thuc v kh nng loang trn b mt vt phun
(thc vt v dch hi) ph thuc vo mt h thng gm 3 pha: cht lng, khng kh v b mt ca
vt phun; trong hin tng b mt ng mt vai tr quan trng. Trn b mt vt phun, git
cht lng c hnh dng khc nhau, tu theo mi tng tc ca nng lng b mt gia cc pha.
Trng thi git cht lng trn b mt vt rn c xc nh bng cong ca b mt git cht
lng, c biu th bng gc to ra bi b mt cht rn v ng tip tuyn vi b mt git cht
lng ti ni git tip xc vi vt rn.

1
= 90
o
< 90
o

> 90
o

2 3
______.________ ____________ __________.____________________
Nghch xc Cng xc


S 1- Cc hnh dng git thuc ri trn b mt vt phun
Ti y, c 3 lc tc ng ng thi: 1 sc cng b mt ca cht lng v khng kh; 2
sc cng b mt gia cht rn v khng kh; 3 sc cng b mt gia cht lng v cht lng. Tu
mi tng tc gia 3 lc ny m gc c to ra gia b mt cht rn v ng tip tuyn vi b
mt git cht lng ti ni git tip xc vi vt rn c 3 kh nng nh hnh 1.
Trong , hin tng git cht lng lm t b mt vt rn c gi l s cng xc ( gc
< 90
o
) v hin tng cht lng khng lm t c b mt vt rn gi l hin tng nghch xc
( gc > 90
o
).
Harkins Cheng v Young ra cng thc biu hin mi nng lng b mt gia cc
pha nh sau:
2 - 3
cos = ----------------
1
Mun cho thuc loang dnh tt, phi tc ng lm sao cho gc nh i, hay ni cch
khc gi tr cos phi ln ln. Mun vy, phi tng hiu s ca 2 - 3 hay gim gi tr ca 1.
Gi tr ca 2 & 3 rt kh thay i v chng ph thuc vo bn cht b mt vt phun v bn
cht thuc. S thay i d thc hin nht l gim sc cng b mt gia cht lng v khng kh
1 . y l l do khi gia cng thuc ngi ta phi thm cc cht hot ng b mt.
tin cho ngi s dng, cc nh sn xut gia cng thuc BVTV thnh cc dng
khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch s dng. Cc dang khc nhau ca thuc BVTV cng c kh
nng gy c khc nhau. Thng thng c i vi ng vt mu nng v thc vt ca thuc
dng sa cao hn nhng thuc dng bt...
c. Lin quan gia cng tc ng ca thuc BVTV n c ca chng :
Cng tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt ph thuc vo nng , thi
gian tip xc v mc tiu dng ca thuc BVTV.
Nng ca thuc BVTV l lng cht c cha trong dng thuc em dng, hoc
lng ho cht c trong khng kh. Nng ca thuc BVTV c th hin bng phn trm
trng lng ca hot cht/ trng lng ca sn phm ( i vi sn phm) hay phn trm trng
lng ca sn phm / trng lng nc ( i vi dch phun); hoc c biu th bng g trng
lng hot cht/ n v th tch. Nhn chung, nng cng cao, cng d gy hi cho sinh vt.
Di tc ng ca nng cht c, c th sinh vt c phn ng vi cht c khc nhau.
nng thp, trong mt s trng hp, chng cn kch thch sinh vt pht trin tt, ngc li
nng cao, chng gy hi c khi lm cht sinh vt. V d : Ngi ta dng 2,4-D nng thp
kch thch sinh trng cho mt s cy trng; nhng nng cao, 2,4-D li l loi thuc tr
c. Khi cn trng tip xc vi thuc tr su nng thp, nhiu ln, trong thi gian di chng
nhng cn trng khng b tiu dit m chng cn dn hnh thnh tnh chng thuc, gy kh khn
cho vic phng tr cn trng.
Mc tiu dng l lng thuc cn thit x l cho mt n v din tch hay th tch.
Mc tiu dng ph thuc vo cc loi dch hi, loi cy ( cy c tn l rng, cn dng vi lng
thuc nhiu hn c th trang tri u trn cy),vo tui cy ( cy ln cn phun vi lng thuc
nhiu hn), tnh hnh sinh trng ca cy ( cy cng xanh tt, pht trin mnh cng cn lng


thuc nhiu hn) v cc dng thnh phm ( dng thuc ht cn lng nhiu hn thuc bt thm
nc v dng dung dch).
Khi phun thuc ln cy dng lng, lng dung dch phun trn n v din tch cng
mang c tnh ca mc tiu dng. Ngoi ra, khi s dng thuc dng dung dch, lng nc dng
nhiu hay t, cn ph thuc vo cng c phun ri ( khi dng bm ng c, lng nc c th
gim i, nhng nng thuc phi tng ln tng ng so vi dng cc bm tay, nhng khng
c thay i mc tiu dng).
Qui m s dng v s ln phun thuc : S ln phun thuc cng nhiu, qui m
dng thuc cng rng, nh hng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng cng mnh, c bit l cc
thuc tr su. Ngoi ra, khong cch gia cc ln phun cng ngn, cng d to iu kin cho
thuc tch lu trn b mt vt phun, d gy nhim vi mi trng.
Thi gian hiu lc ca thuc cng di, c ca thuc i vi mi trng cng tng.
Cng mt nng , thi gian th hn triu chng ng c, gy cht hay qut ng cho sinh vt
cng ngn, th loi thuc cng c.
3.2. S lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt vi c ca thuc BVTV:
Phn ng i vi cht c mi loi sinh vt u tun theo qui lut sau y:
Cc loi sinh vt c phn ng rt khc nhau i vi mt loi thuc. Cng mt loi
thuc, cng mt liu lng, mt phng php x l, thm ch trn cng mt im x l, nhng
c loi sinh vt ny b thuc gy hi, loi khc li khng hay t b hi.
V d: Dung dch booc c th dit tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun gy bnh cho cy, nhng li
c hiu lc km hoc khng dit c loi nm phn trng (Erisiphales). Thuc tr c Ethoxysulfuron c
kh nng dit tr mnh c ci lc v c l rng; nhng li t c hiu lc tr c ho tho, c bit l c
lng vc nc v khng gy hi la. Thuc Buprofezin c hiu lc tr cc loi chch ht cao, nhng t
gy hi cho cc su ming nhai.
Nhn chung, cc loi k sinh thin ch thng mn cm vi thuc tr su hn cc loi cn trng
v nhn gy hi.
Mi loi thuc ch dit c mt s loi sinh vt, nn ngi ta chia thuc BVTV
thnh cc nhm khc nhau tin cho vic s dng nh thuc tr su, tr bnh, tr c... Cng
mt loi sinh vt, tnh mn cm ca loi sinh vt cc giai doan pht duc khc nhau
cng khng ging nhau vi tng loi thuc. V d: giai on trng v nhng ca cn trng
thng chng thuc mnh hn giai on su non v trng thnh; c non thng chng chu
thuc km hn c gi ( do kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c gi km hn vo c non v kh
nng trao i cht ca c gi cng km hn c non).
Tnh mn cm ca cht dc cn c th bin di theo ngy dm. Nhng cn
trng hot ng ban ngy thng km mn cm vi thuc hn vo ban m. Ngc li, nhng
cn trng hot ng ban m li c kh nng chng chu vi thuc mnh hn ban ngy.
Gii tnh cng nh hng n s chng chu ca thuc. Thng thng kh nng chng
chu ca con c km con ci.
Tnh mn cm ca cc c th sinh vt trong mt loi, cng giai on pht dc vi
mt loi thuc cng khc nhau. Khi b mt lng rt nh cht c tc ng, c nhng c th b
hi rt nghim trng, nhng c cc c th khc khng b hi. l phn ng c th ca sinh
vt gy nn do cc loi sinh vt c cu to khc nhau v hnh thi, c trng v sinh l sinh ho
khc nhau. Nhng cn trng i n, sinh trng trong iu kin kh khn thng c sc chng
chu vi thuc km.


Hin tng ny l do mt hay nhiu nguyn nhn sau y gy nn:
-Cc loi sinh vt c kh nng t bo v khc nhau trnh s xm nhp ca thuc vo
c th sinh vt. Loi gm nhm c v gic v khu gic pht trin, h thn kinh ca chng kh
hon thin nn chng c tnh a nghi, t bo v bng cch khng n hay n t b, nn ma hay t
gy nn ma tng b c ra ngoi.
-Gia cc loi sinh vt c cu to khc nhau v cu to gii phu, dy mng ca biu
b; th ng ca l, l c lng hay nhn bng, dy lp sp, nng su ca r v.v... nh
hng nhiu n kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c th sinh vt.
-Tnh trng sinh l v hot tnh sinh l lc b ng c cng nh hng n kh nng chu
ng cc loi thuc ca sinh vt. Sinh vt c trng thi sinh l tt, c kh nng trao i cht
mnh, kh nng thi loi cht c ra khi c th mnh th kh nng chu ng cht c ca cc
loi ny tng. Ngc li, khi hot tnh sinh l cao s to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo c
th nhiu hn, nn mn cm ca sinh vt i vi thuc cao hn.
-Thnh phn h men trong c th sinh vt c nh hng quyt nh n tnh chng thuc
ca dch hi. Cc loi sinh vt c h men phn hu cc cht c thnh cc cht khng c,
mn cm ca loi ny i vi cht c cng gim i nhiu.
3.3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n c ca thuc BVTV :
Yu t ngoi cnh nh hng trc tip n l ho tnh ca thuc BVTV, ng thi nh
hng n trng thi sinh l ca sinh vt v kh nng sinh vt tip xc vi thuc, nn chng nh
hng n tnh c ca thuc cng nh kh nng tn lu ca thuc trn cy.
a. Nhng yu t thi tit, t ai :
Tnh thm ca mng nguyn sinh cht chu nh hng mnh m ca iu kin
ngoi cnh nh pH ca mi trng, nh sng, nhit , m v.v... Do tnh thm thay i,
kh nng xm nhp ca cht c vo t bo sinh vt cng thay i, ni cch khc, lng thuc
BVTV xm nhp vo t bo sinh vt nhiu t khc nhau, nn c ca thuc th hin khng
ging nhau.
i a s cc thuc BVTV, trong phm vi nhit d nht nh (t 10-40
o
C), c ca
thuc vi sinh vt s tng khi nhit tng. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l: Trong phm vi
nhit thch hp, khi nhit tng, hot ng sng ca sinh vt ( nh h hp dinh dng...)
tng ln, ko theo s trao i cht ca sinh vt tng ln, to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo c
th mnh hn, nguy c ng c ln hn. Hiu lc ca cc thuc xng hi kh trng kho tng
tng ln r rt khi nhit tng.
C loi thuc, khi nhit tng ln, lm tng s chng chu ca dch hi vi thuc.
Khi nhit tng, hiu lc ca thuc s gim. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l: s
lng nhit trong mt phm vi nht nh, lm tng hat tnh ca cc men phn hu thuc c
trong c th, nn lm gim s ng c ca thuc n dch hi. V th, vic s dng thuc DDT
nhng ni c nhit thp li hn nhng ni c nhit cao.
Mt s loi thuc tr c, nhit cao lm tng kh nng phn hu ca thuc, hiu lc v
thi gian hu hiu ca thuc do th cng b gim.
Nhit thp, nhiu khi nh hng n kh nng chng chu ca cy vi thuc.
Khi phun 2.4D v cc sn phm cha 2.4D hay Butachlor cho la gieo thng, gp rt di
ngy, b cht hng lot. Nguyn nhn l do nhit thp, cy la khng ra r kp, mm thc
khng pht trin thnh cy, li tip xc vi thuc lin tc, nn b cht.


Nhng cng c trng hp, tng hay gim nhit ca thuc cng khng nh hng
nhiu n c ca thuc (nh CuSO4.5H2O).
Nhit cng nh hng mnh n bn v tui th ca sn phm. Nhit cao lm
tng phn hu ca thuc, lm tng s lng ng ca cc git hay ht cht c trong thuc
dng lng, gy phn lp cc thuc dng sa, dng huyn ph m c.
m khng kh v d m dt cng tc ng n qu trnh sinh l ca sinh vt
cng nh c cu cht c. m ca khng kh v t lm cho cht c b thu phn v
ho tan ri mi tc ng n dch hi. m cng to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo cy d
dng hn.
C trng hp m khng kh tng, li lm gim tnh c ca thuc. c ca
pyrethrin vi Dendrolimus spp. gim i khi m khng kh tng ln. Khi m tng, kh nng
s khuych tn ca thuc xng hi b gim, dn n gim hiu lc ca thuc xng hi.
Nhng ngc li, m cng nh hng rt mnh n l tnh ca thuc, c bit cc
thuc th rn. Di tc dng ca m, thuc d b ng vn, kh phn tn v kh ho tan.
Nhit v m nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca thuc, nn khi bo qun nh sn xut
thng khuyn, thuc BVTV phi c ct ni rm mt cht lng thuc t b thay i.
Luong mua va phi s lm tng kh nng ho tan thuc trong t. Nhng ma to, c
bit sau khi phun thuc gp ma ngay, thuc rt d b ra tri, nht l i vi cc thuc dng bt,
cc thuc ch c tc dng tip xc.V vy khng nn phun thuc khi tri sp ma to.
nh sng nh hng mnh n tnh thm ca cht nguyn sinh. Cng nh sng
cng mnh, lm tng cng thot hi nc, tng kh nng xm nhp thuc vo cy, hi lc
ca thuc do vy cng cao. Nhng mt s loi thuc li d b nh sng phn hu, nht l nh
sng tm, do thuc mau b gim hiu lc. Mt khc di tc ng ca nh sng mnh, thuc d
xm nhp vo cy nhanh, d gy chy l cy.
Nhng c loi thuc, nh 2,4-D, phi nh nh sng, thng qua qu trnh quang hp ca cy,
thuc mi c kh nng di chuyn trong cy v gy c cho cy.
Paraquat ch c hot ho, gy cht cho c di tc ng ca nh sng.
c tnh l ho ca dt nh hng rt nhiu n hiu lc ca cc loi thuc bn vo
t. Khi bn thuc vo t, thuc thng b keo t hp ph do trong t c keo v mn. Hm
lng keo v mn cng cao, thuc cng b hp ph vo t, lng thuc c s dng cng
nhiu; nu khng tng lng dng, hiu lc ca thuc b gim. Nhng nu thuc c gi li
nhiu qu, bn cnh tc ng gim hiu lc ca thuc, cn c th nh hng n cy trng v
sau, nht l vi cc loi cy mn cm vi thuc . Ngc li, cng c mt s loi thuc nh
Dalapon, vo t, thuc b phn hu thnh nhng ion mang in m, cng du vi keo t, b
keo t y ra, thuc d b mt mt do b ra tri.
Hm luong cht dinh dung c trong dt, c th lm gim hay tng c ca
thuc BVTV. Theo Caridas (1952) thng bo, trn t trng u tng c hm lng ln cao, s
lm tng hiu lc ca thuc Schradan. Hackstylo (1955) li cho bit, trn t trng bng c hm
lng m cao, hm lng ln thp lm gim kh nng hp thu Dimethoate ca cy.
pH ca dt c th phn hu trc tip thuc BVTV trong t v s pht trin ca
VSV t. Thng thng, trong mi trng axit th nm pht trin mnh; cn trong mi trng
kim vi khun li pht trin nhanh hn.
Thnh phn v s lng cc sinh vt sng trong dt, c bit l cc VSV c ch cho
ph nhiu ca t, c nh hng ln n s tn lu ca thuc trong t. Thuc tr su, tc


ng nhiu n cc loi ng vt sng trong t. Ngc li, cc loi thuc tr bnh li tc ng
mnh n cc vi sinh vt sng trong t. Cc thuc tr c, tc ng khng theo mt qui lut r
rt.
Nhiu loi vi sinh vt c trong t, c kh nng s dng thuc BVTV lm ngun dinh
dng. Nhng thuc BVTV c th b cc vi sinh vt ny phn hu v s phn hu cng tng khi
lng vi sinh vt c trong t cng nhiu. Ngi ta d dng nhn thy mt qui lut i vi thuc
tr c:
Ln u dng thuc tr c, thi gian tn lu ca thuc trong t rt lu. Nhng nu cng dng
loi thuc tr c y nhiu ln, th cng v sau, thi gian tn lu ca thuc trong t ngy cng
ngn li, thuc cng b phn hu mnh hn. Hin tng ny l do, cc loi vi sinh vt thch
ng c vi thuc, sn ngun dinh dng pht trin mnh vi s lng ln nn phn hu
thuc mnh hn. Ngi ta cng nhn thy, nhng loi thuc t b keo t hp th, d b vi khun
phn hu, ngc li b keo t hp ph nhiu li b nm phn hu.
b. Nhng yu t v cy trng v iu kin canh tc
Khi iu kin canh tc tt, v sinh ng rung tt s hn ch c ngun dch hi nn
gim c s gy hi ca dch hi.
Trong phng tr c di, tnh hnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng v c di mang
mt ngha quan trng. Khi mt cy trng cao, cy pht trin mnh, cy cng gi, cng cnh
tranh vi c di mnh, nhiu khi khng cn tr c. Nhng trong tnh hung nht nh phi phng
tr, phi tin hnh ht sc thn trng, m bo k thut thuc khng dnh ln cy trng, gy
hi cho cy. Nhng khi c di pht trin mnh, vic phng tr c di cng kh khn, lng thuc
dng cng nhiu, cng d gy hi cho cy. Ni chung, thc vt cng non cng d b thuc tr c
tc ng. cha k mt s thuc tr c ch c th dit c c di khi cn non.
Butachlor, Pretilachlor, Mefenacet, Bensulfuron methyl ch dit c trn rng la khi cy c cha
c qu 1.5 l tht. Thuc Dual 720EC khng c hiu lc tr c, khi c ln.
Di tc ng ca thuc BVTV, cy trng c bo v khi s ph hi ca dch hi, s
sinh trng v pht trin tt. Khi cy sinh trng tt, s to ngun thc n di do, dch hi c
thc n, cht lng thc n li tt nn dch hi pht trin mnh, c sc chu ng vi thuc tt
hn. Mt khc, khi cy sinh trng tt, cy pht trin rm rp, c li cho dch hi n nu, thuc
kh trang tri ng u, kh tip xc c vi dch hi, lng nc thuc cn nhiu hn, vic
phng tr dch hi tr nn kh khn hn, hiu qu ca thuc b gim nhiu.
Trong iu kin cy trng sinh trng tt, s lng dch hi sng st do khng hay t
c tip xc vi thuc, s sng trong iu kin mi thun li, t b cnh tranh bi cc c th
cng loi, ca cc k sinh thin ch, ngun thc n di do, cht lng tt, d hnh thnh tnh
chng thuc, gy bng pht s lng. Di tc ng ca thuc, tnh a dng ca sinh qun b
gim, c v chng loi ln s lng. Khi cc loi k sinh thin ch b hi, d lm cho dch hi
ti ph, c th pht thnh dch, gy hi nhiu cho cy trng. Khi dng lin tc mt hay mt s
loi thuc phng tr cc loi dch hi chnh, s lm cho cc loi dch hi th yu trc kia nay
ni ln tr thnh dch hi ch yu, c coi l xut hin mt loi dch hi mi. Tt c nhng hin
tng ny u xut hin Vit nam nh: tnh chng thuc ca su t hi rau h thp t; s
bng pht s lng ca ry nu hi la; s xut hin loi dch hi mi l nhn trn ch. Nhng
hu qu ny u do qu lm dng thuc BVTV, khng ch n k thut dng thuc gy nn.


Mi quan h gia 3 nhn t thuc BVTV, sinh vt v ngoi cnh ( s 2) l rt mt
thit, tng tc ln nhau, nhn t ny l tin cho nhn t kia hay ngn cn nhn t kia pht huy
tc dng.

THUC BO V THC VT
-Bn cht ho hc;
-c tnh vt l
-Cng tc ng

DCH HI IU KIN NGOI CNH
-c tnh sinh vt hc -iu kin thi tit, t ai
-c tnh sinh thi hc -iu kin canh tc, cy trng

S 2 Ni dung mi quan h qua li gia 3 yu t : Thuc, Dch hi v iu
kin ngoi cnh
tc ng n hiu lc ca thuc BVTV.

CU HI N TP
1/ Nhng iu kin c bn thuc BVTV pht huy c tc dng?
2/ Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c v ngha ca chng?
3/ Nhng yu t lin quan gia c tnh ca thuc BVTV n c thuc?
4/ Nhng yu t lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt n c ca thuc BVTV ?
5/ Anh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n c ca thuc BVTV?


CHNG III
THUC BO V THC VT, MI TRNG & HU QU XU CA
CHNG GY RA CHO MI SINH.
Gip hc vin thy r tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng sng v hu qu xu ca
chng gy ra cho mi trng. Nhng bin php ngn nga thuc BVTV gy hi cho mi sinh
mi trng.
1.TC NG CA THUC N MI TRNG V CON NG MT I CA
THUC
Trong qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng, thuc BVTV tc ng n
mi trng bng nhiu cch khc nhau, theo s :

S 3 - Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng v con ng mt i ca thuc
( Theo Richardson, 1979; Dn theo Phm Vn Bin v cng s, 2000).

Thuc BVTV, bng nhiu con ng khc nhau, chng s b chuyn ho v mt dn. S
mt i ca thuc BVTV c th xy ra do cc yu t sinh hc v phi sinh hc sau y:
1.1. S bay hi: Da theo kh nng bay hi, cc thuc BVTV c chia thnh 2 nhm:
bay hi v khng bay hi. Tc bay hi ca mt loi thuc ph thuc vo p sut hi ; dng
hp cht ho hc v iu kin thi tit ( gi to, nhit cao d lm cho thuc bay hi mnh).
1.2. S quang phn (b nh sng phn hu): Nhiu thuc BVTV d b phn hu khi tip
xc vi nh sng mt tri , nht l tia t ngoi.
Cc thuc tr su Permethrin thuc nhm pyrethroid d b nh sng phn hu.
Thuc tr c 2,4-D b nh sng phn hu to sn phm cui cng l acid humic.

Khng kh

Thuc bo
v thc vt
t
Nc

Thc S dng
S dng
Thc
phm
Tn d
ng Ngi
Khng kh

Thuc bo
v thc vt
t
Nc

Thc vt
Thc phm
ng vt Ngi


1.3. S cun tri v lng tri:
S cun tri l hin tng thuc BVTV b cun t trn l xung t do tc dng ca
nc ma hay nc ti, hay thuc trn mt t cun theo dng chy i ni khc.
S lng tri l hin tng thuc BVTV b ko xung lp t su bi nhiu yu t.
C hai qu trnh ny ph thuc trc ht vo lng nc ma hay nc ti, c im
ca thuc v c im ca t.
1.4. Ho long sinh hc:
Sau khi phun thuc, hoc sau khi thuc vo cy, cy trng vn tip tc sinh trng v
pht trin, din tch l tng, chi mi xut hin, khi lng cht xanh trong cy vn tng. Nu
lngthuc BVTV trn cy khng b phn hu th t l % lng thuc trong cy vn b gim.
S ho long sinh hc s gim kh nng bo v ca thuc, nhng cng lm gim lng cht c
c trong sn phm, gim nguy c gy c cho ngi v gia sc. Trn nhng cy non c tc
sinh trng mnh, ho long ca thuc cng nhanh.
1.5. Chuyn ho thuc trong cy :
Di tc dng ca men, cc thuc BVTV trong cy b chuyn ho theo nhiu c ch.
Cc phn t thuc c th b chuyn ho thnh nhng hp cht mi c cu trc n gin hay
phc tp hn, nhng u mt /gim/tng hot tnh sinh hc ban u.
Cc thuc tr su, tr nm ln hu c b phn gii qua tng bc v sn phm cui cng
l acid phosphoric khng c vi nm bnh v cn trng.
Thuc tr c 2,4-DB trong cy c 2 l mm ch c th dit c khi chng b oxi ho
thnh 2,4-D. Thuc 2,4-DB s khng dit c nhng loi thc vt khng c kh nng ny.
1.6. Phn hu do vi sinh vt t (VSV):
Tp on vi sinh vt t rt phc tp, trong c nhiu loi c kh nng phn hu cc
cht ho hc. Mt loi thuc BVTV b mt hay mt s loi VSV phn hu (Brown, 1978).
Thuc tr c 2,4-D b 7 loi vi khun, 2 loi x khun phn hu.
Ngc li, mt s loi VSV cng c th phn hu c cc thuc trong cng mt nhm
hoc thuc cc nhm rt xa nhau.
Nm Trichoderma viridi c kh nng phn hu nhiu loi thuc tr su clo, ln hu c, cacbamat,
thuc tr c ( Matsumura & Boush ,1968)
Nhiu thuc tr nm b VSV phn hu thnh cht khng c, n gin hn (Menzie, 1969).
Theo Fild v Hemphill (1968); Brown (1978), nhng thuc d tan trong nc, t b t
hp ph thng b vi khun phn hu; cn nhng thuc kh tan trong nc, d b t hp ph li
b nm phn hu l ch yu. Cha r nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny.
Khi dng lin tc nhiu nm, mt loi thuc tr c trn mt loi t th thi gian tn ti
ca thuc trong t ngy cng ngn. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny c Kaufman v
Kearney (1976) gii thch nh sau: Khi thuc mi tip xc vi t, cc loi VSV t c s t
iu chnh. Nhng VSV khng c kh nng tn dng thuc tr c lm ngun thc n s b thuc
tc ng, nn b hn ch s lng hay ngng hn khng pht trin na. Ngc li, nhng loi
VSV c kh nng ny s pht trin thun li v tng s lng nhanh chng.
Trong nhng ngy u ca ln phun thuc th nht, s lng c th v loi vi sinh vt c
kh nng phn hu thuc trong t cn t, nn thuc b phn hu chm. Thi k ny c gi
l pha chm tr (lag period). Cui pha chm tr, qun th VSV t thch ng vi thuc,
dng thuc lm ngun thc n, s pht trin theo cp s nhn, thuc tr c s b mt i nhanh
chng. Thi k ny c gi l pha sinh trng ( grow period). Khi ngun thc n cn,


VSV t ngng sinh trng, chuyn qua pha nh v ( stationary period) hay pha ngh (
resting phase). y xy ra 2 kh nng:
-Nu VSV c tip thm thc n ( thm thuc), s lng VSV t tip tc tng, pha
chm tr b rt ngn li. S ln s dng thuc tr c cng nhiu, thi gian mt i ca thuc cng
nhanh. t c c tnh ny c gi l t hot ho (activated soil).
-Nu qun th VSV t khng c tip thm thc n ( khng c bn thm thuc),
chng s chuyn sang pha cht ( death phase) hay pha suy tn (decline phase). Tc suy
tn tu thuc vo loi VSV: Mt s b cht, mt s chuyn sang dng bo tn (n 3 thng hoc
lu hn) ch dp hot ng tr li.
C trng hp VSV t phn hu thuc, nhng khng s dng ngun cacbon hay
nng
lng c trong thuc. Qu trnh chuyn ho ny c gi l ng chuyn ho (co-metabolism)
hay l ng oxi ho (co-oxydation)(Burns, 1976). S phn hu ca DDT , 2,4,5-T trong t
l
s kt hp gia hai hin tng chuyn ho v ng chuyn ho.
Hot ng ca VSV t thng dn n s phn hu thuc. Nhng c trng hp VSV
t li lm tng tnh bn lu ca thuc trong t. Khi thuc BVTV xm nhp vo trong t
bo VSV, b gi li trong , khng b chuyn ho, cho n khi VSV b cht ra; hoc thuc
BVTV b mn gi cht m mn l sn phm hot ng ca VSV t- trnh c s tc ng
phn hu ca VSV t (Mathur v Moley, 1975; Burns, 1976).
Ngoi VSV, trong t cn c mt s enzym ngoi bo ( exoenzyme) cng c kh nng
phn hu thuc BVTV nh cc men esteraza, dehydrogenaza... C rt t cng trnh nghin cu
v s phn hu thuc BVTV ca cc enzym ngoi bo.
2.THUC BO V THC VT V MI TRNG SNG:
2.1.D lng thuc BVTV:
a.nh ngha
D lng l phn cn li ca hot cht, cc sn phm chuyn ho v cc thnh phn khc
c trong thuc, tn ti trn cy trng, nng sn, t, nc sau mt thi gian di tc ng ca cc
h sng (living systems) v iu kin ngoi cnh ( nh sng, nhit , m v.v...). D lng ca
thuc c tnh bng mg (miligam) thuc c trong 1 kg nng sn, t hay nc (mg/kg).
Nh vy, d lng thuc BVTV bao gm bt k dn xut no ca thuc cng nh cc
sn phm chuyn ho ca chng c th gy c cho mi sinh, mi trng. D lng c th c
ngun gc t nhng cht x l vo t hay trn b mt vt phun; phn khc li bt ngun t s
nhim ( bit hay khng bit ) c trong khng kh, t v nc.
/ Tnh bn (persistent) l thi gian thuc BVTV c th c pht hin bng phng
php ho hc hay sinh hc sau khi x l thuc. Thi gian tn ti ca d lng thuc tu thuc
vo loi thuc, s ln phun thuc, lng thuc dng v iu kin ngoi cnh. Thi gian ti thch
ca hiu lc sinh hc ph thuc vo bn cht ca thuc v yu cu ca sn xut. Ni cch khc,
hot tnh sinh hc ca d lng cn chm dt ngay sau khi hiu lc sinh hc mong mun t
c.
Mt s thuc BVTV c hot tnh sinh hc vt qu thi gian mong mun, c th gy c
cho cy trng v sau hoc cc i tng khng phng tr. Nhng thuc nh vy mang tn l
nhng thuc c / tnh bn sinh hc (biological persistent).


b.D lng thuc BVTV trn cy trng v nng sn:
Thuc BVTV tn ti trn cy v nng sn mt thi gian l iu cn thit bo v cy
trng v nng sn chng li s gy hi ca dch hi trn rung, trong qu trnh vn chuyn v
bo qun. Nhng d lng cng l ca thuc c trn nng sn, s l ngun gy hi cho ngi
tiu dng. D lng thuc thng c trn cy trng nng sn v ch gy hi khi chng vt
ngng cho php. Chng c chia thnh:
-D lng biu b (cuticule residue): gm nhng cht tan c trong lipid, nhng khng
tan c trong nc, tn ti lp biu b.
-D lng ni b (sub-cuticule residue): gm nhng cht tan c trong nc, nhng
khng tan trong lipid, tn ti di lp biu b.
-D lng ngoi b (extra cuticule residue): gm nhng cht khng tan c trong lipid v
nc, tn ti bn ngoi biu b.
Ch tiu lng tiu th hng ngy c chp nhn (Acceptable Daily Intake- ADI) cho
bit lng thuc BVTV c php n hng ngy trong thi gian sng m khng gy hi cho sc
kho ngi tiu dng.
ADI c tnh bng s mg thuc c trong nng sn c cung cp cho 1kg th trng
ngi trong mt ngy (mg/kg/ngy).
i khi trong nghin cu d lng, ngi ta cn dng ch tiu liu cp tnh tham kho
(Acute reference dose - ARfD ): l lng cht c c trong thc n, nc ung, c tnh bng
mg / kg th trng, a vo c th trong thi gian ngn ( thng trong mt ba n hay trong mt
ngy), m khng nh hng mt cch ng k n sc kho ngi tiu dng. Liu cp tnh tham
kho (ARfD) biu th tnh c cp tnh khc vi Tr s tiu th hng ngy c chp nhn (ADI )
biu th s ng c mn tnh.
Mc d lng ti a cho php ( Maximum Residue Limit MRL) hay Mc d lng
chu ng c (Residue Tolerance Level -RTL) l gii hn d lng ca mt loi thuc, c
tnh bng mg/kg, c php tn ti v mt php l, hoc xem nh c th chp nhn c trong
hay trn nng sn, thc n gia sc m khng gy hi cho ngi s dng v vt nui khi n cc
nng sn .
D lng ti a cho php ca thuc c tnh theo cng thc:
ADI x th trng trung bnh/ngi
MRL = mg/kg
Lng thc n tiu th trung bnh / ngi/ ngy
Thuc cng c cng c MRL cng thp. Nu d lng ca mt loi thuc trn nng sn
thp hn MRL th cho php nng sn c php lu hnh trn th trng.
Th trng trung bnh/ngi mi quc gia, mi dn tc cng khc nhau.
Lng thc n tiu th trung bnh /ngi/ngy l ch tiu ht sc quan trng tnh
MLR. Lng thc n tiu th trung bnh /ngi/ngy ph thuc vo c cu ba n cng nh tp
qun sinh hot ca ngi dn tng nc. V th, vi tng loi nng sn gi tr MRL khng
ging nhau vi mt loi thuc cc quc gia khc nhau.
Liu khng gy hiu ng
ADI = mg/kg/ngy
H s an ton


H s an ton thng thng l 100. Trng hp loi thuc th nghim c kh nng gy
ung th th h s an ton c th ln n 500 hay 1000.
Lin quan n h s an ton, ngi ta dng ch tiu Xc nh ri ro ch n (
Determination of dietary rish) v c tnh theo cng thc:

Ri ro ca ch n = Triu chng x Q*
Trong Q* biu th mc tim nng gy ung th ca thuc tr dch hi. Tr s Q*
cao l thuc c tim nng gy ung th mnh ( to khi u c hay lnh tnh) do d lng thuc
tr dch hi c trong thc n.
Liu khng gy hiu ng (No effect level = NEL hay No effect = NEF) hay Liu khng
quan st thy hiu ng ( No observed effect level = NOEL): liu lng ngng ca mt cht
c ( c tnh bng mg cht c th nghim/kg th trng ca con vt th nghim/ ngy
(mg/kg/ngy), khi cho cc con vt th nghim n hng ngy m khng gy ra bt k phn ng
no khc thng v hnh vi, sinh l, bnh l ca cc con vt th nghim ( khng gy nguy him
cho ng vt th nghim).
Cn mt khi nim khc Liu khng quan st thy hiu ng xu (No observed adverse
effect level = NOAEL): liu lng ngng ca mt cht c khi cho cc con vt n hng ngy
lin tc trong nhiu ngy, nhiu thng m khng quan st thy c bt k mt biu hin xu khc
thng ca cc con vt th nghim (t n, hot ng km, run ry, v.v...). Liu khng quan st
thy hiu ng bt li cng c tnh bng mg cht c/kg th trng/ngy.
Thng Liu khng quan st thy hiu ng xu c liu lng ngng cao hn Liu
khng gy hiu ng .
D lng ti a cho php ca thuc hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:
DA x100 DB x100 DC x100
MRL = + + + ...... 100
MRLA MRLB MRLC
Trong thuc hn hp, mi thnh phn c c ch c l khc nhau v hn hp c
c tng theo cp s nhn th tr s MRL c tnh theo cng thc:
DA x100 DB x100 DC x100
MRL = x x x.... 100
MRLA MRLB MRLC
Trong D-d lng xc nh c ca cc thuc A,B,C....
Tr s MRL ca mi loi thuc i vi tng cy trng v vt nui c qui nh khc
nhau cc nc. MRL ca thuc c trong thc n thng nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr MRL do
y t qui nh.
Trong thng mi quc t, ngi ta cn dng ch tiu Gii hn kim dch (Limit of
Quarantification - LOQ ): Mc d lng thuc c trn nng sn, c tnh bng mg/kg, cho
php hng ho c nhp vo mt quc gia hay mt khu vc xc nh . LOQ c vai tr nh
MRL, nhng ch c gi tr trong thng mi.


Mc d lng c ngun gc bn ngoi ( Extraneous Residue Limit- ELR) l d lng
thuc tn lu trn cy trng v nng sn do s nhim bn mi trng gy nn ( do x nghip ho
cht hay cc nguyn nhn khc khng lin quan n vic dng thuc BVTV).
c.Cc bin php nhm gim thiu d lng thuc BVTV trn cy trng v nng sn:
-Bo m thi gian cch ly ( Preharvest interval PHI):
L khong thi gian tnh bng ngy t ln x l cui cng n khi thu hoch.
Thi gian cch ly l thuyt l khong thi gian t ln x l thuc cui cng n khi thu
hoch m ti thi im , d lng ca thuc trn cy ch bng hay thp hn d lng ti a
cho php.
Trong thc t, m bo an ton cho ngi v gia sc, ngi ta thng ko di thi gian
ny thm mt s ngy na ( thng l gp i) v c tn l thi gian cch ly thc t.
Thi gian cch ly c th thay i t mt vi ngy n mt vi tun tu theo loi thuc,
tu loi nng sn c phun thuc v tu quc gia. Thu hi nng sn cha ht thi gian cch ly
l rt nguy him. Ngi v gia sc n phi nng sn c thu hi khi khng bo m thi gian
cch ly, s d b ng c bi thuc BVTV v cc sn phm chuyn ho ca chng.
-Phi s dng thuc ng k thut: Nn nh, thi gian cch ly c xc nh trn c s
nng v liu lng thuc BVTV dng mc khuyn co. Nu dng thuc nng v liu
lng cao hn liu khuyn co, th d c bo m thi gian cch ly cng khng c ngha, v d
lng ca thuc trn cy vn cao hn d lng ti a cho php, vn c kh nng gy ng c
cho ngi v gia sc.
-Nn chn cc loi thuc t c, t bn trong mi trng, mang tnh chn lc cao tr
dch hi.
- Chn dng thuc, phng php x l v thi im x l thch hp gim s ln
phun, gim lng thuc dng v gim thiu s nhim cy trng v mi trng.
-Chn cy trng lun canh thch hp gim d lng ca thuc BVTV c trong t v
gim nguy c gy c cho cy trng v sau.
2.2. Thuc BVTV trong t v nc
D x l bng phng php no , cui cng thuc BVTV cng i vo t, tn ti cc
lp t khc nhau, trong cc khong thi gian khng ging nhau. Trong t thuc BVTV thng
b VSV t phn gii hay b t hp ph ( b st v mn ht). Nhng c nhiu loi thuc c thi
gian phn hu di, khi dng lin tc v lu di, chng c th tch lu trong t mt lng rt ln.

Thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong t c gi l bn ho hc (chemical persistent).
Bao gi tnh bn ho hc cng di hn bn sinh hc. Nhiu hp cht ho hc c th tn ti
di dng lin kt khng gy c tc ng sinh hc, hoc tn dng thng thng, nhng
lng thp, tuy c th pht hin bng phng php ho hc, nhng khng th hin hiu lc
ca chng vi sinh vt.
nh gi kh nng tn ti ca thuc trong t, ngi ta thng dng ch tiu Thi
gian bn phn hu (half life), c k hiu bng tr s DT
50
( Disappeared time - DT : thi gian
b bin mt): l khong thi gian tnh bng gi, ngy, tun, thng, nm k t khi hot cht c
a vo t n khi hm lng ch cn mt na lng thuc a vo.


Tr s DT
50
ca mt loi thuc ph thuc vo bn cht ho hc, cc phn ng ho hc c
th xy ra, mc hot ng ca VSV t v cc nhn t mi trng (tnh cht t, nhit v m
t, iu kin thi tit). Tuy nhin trong nhng iu kin xc nh, tr s DT
50
kh n nh.
Cn c vo tr s DT
50
, Briggs (1976) chia bn ca cc thuc BVTV thnh 4 nhm:
-Rt bn DT
50
> 26 tun
-Bn lu DT
50
6 - 26 tun
-It bn DT
50
2 - 6 tun
-Khng bn DT
50
<2 tun
Tr s LD
50
ch cho bit xu th bn vng ca mt loi thuc BVTV trong t, gip so
snh bn ca cc thuc vi nhau trong cng mt iu kin. Nhng ch tiu ny c rt nhiu
hn ch:
-DT
50
khng nu c s chuyn ho ca thuc trong mi trng. Nhiu loi thuc
BVTV tuy khng tn ti lu trong mi trng, nhng nhanh chng chuyn thnh cc hp cht
khc c hot tnh sinh hc khc, thm ch cao hn v tn ti trong mi trng lu hn cht ban
u. V th, tuy hp cht mt khi mi trng, nhng cc cht chuyn ho ca chng vn
tn ti, nn vn l mi e do cho ngi, ng vt v mi trng.
-D gy ng nhn: tc mt i ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng din ra u n t khi
thuc c a vo s dng n khi thuc b phn hu ht. Trong thc t, nhiu loi thuc
BVTV c kh nng nm l kh lu, sau tc phn hu ca thuc mi tng mnh.
-D gy ng nhn: thuc BVTV ni chung khng tn ti lu trong mi trng.
DT
50
ca Parathion liu s dng ch l 1 - 3 tun (Bro-Ramussen,1970); nhng liu cao
(33kg/ha), phun lin trong 4 nm, sau 16 nm khng dng thuc ny, ngi ta vn tm thy d lng
Parathion trong t (Stewart, 1971).
-Tr s DT
50
c kho st trong cc iu kin rt hn ch, nn ch cn thay i mt yu
t th nghim, gi tr ca tr s ny cng b thay i . Tuy dng d lng cui cng ca mt loi
thuc trong t l nh nhau, nhng tr s DT
50
ca thuc ngoi ng bao gi cng ngn hn
trong phng th nghim.
Ngoi tr s DT
50
, ngi ta cn dng cc tr s DT
75
, DT
90
l khong thi gian k t khi
thuc c a vo t n khi 75 hay 90% lng thuc khng cn na. Y ngha v cc hn
ch tng t nh DT
50
.
D lng thuc BVTV trong t tn ti di 2 dng:
D lng lin kt: Thuc BVTV khng th tch chit bng cc dung mi thng thng
trong phn tch ho hc. dng lin kt, thuc BVTV t c cy hp thu; khng hay t nh
hng n iu kin sinh thi, nn t c ngha trong thc tin.
D lng t do: Thuc BVTV c th tch chit d dng bng dung mi thng thng
trong phn tch d lng. Thuc BVTV dng t do trong t tc ng n mi sinh th hin :
-Cc thuc BVTV, c bit l thuc tr c c thi gian tn ti lu, c th gy hi
cho cy trng ni tip (thm ch 1-2 nm sau), hoc lm cho cy trng v sau tr nn mn cm
hn vi thuc, dn n nng sut v cht lng cy b nh hng.
-Mt lng nh thuc BVTV b cy trng v sau hp thu. Tuy lng ny rt nh,
khng gy c cho ngi v ng vt, nhng cng khng c php tn ti trn nng sn
nh lm thc n cho ngi v gia sc.
-Thuc BVTV c th tc ng xu n qun th VSV sng trong t, lm gim
kh nng ci to t. Nhng dng t do, thuc cng d b cc loi VSV phn hu.


- S c mt lu di ca mt loi thuc BVTV trong t c th km hm s phn
hu cc thuc BVTV khc.
-Thuc BVTV c th gy nhim b mt t v mch nc ngm.
iu kin ng rung ( field conditions) l cc yu t tc ng n s nhim bn mch
nc ngm. Gm:
- nghing ca mt t: Lm nc trong t rt nhanh, tng kh nng cun
tri thuc, d gy nhim bn thuc trn din rng.
-c tnh vt l ca t: Nhng t tht nh, thnh phn ct nhiu, t mn, kh
nng hp ph v gi thuc km, thuc trong t b ra tri nhiu, tng kh nng gy nhim
mch nc ngm.
-S thm v ra tri: Thuc trong t ct, t mn , nhiu l hng, kh hp ph
thuc, d b thm v ra tri. S ra tri tng ln khi c ma ro v ti nc qu nhiu. Tc
hi ny cng th hin khi b kh hn ko di.
-Mc nc ngm: Mc nc ngm cao kt hp vi kh nng hp ph ca t km
d gy nhim mch nc ngm.
Nghin cu s dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l cho cy trng nc l rt cn thit
trnh thuc gy hi cho cc sinh vt thu sinh, gy nhim b mt t v mch nc ngm. Cn
tnh n kh nng gy nhim do gi cun thuc i xa hoc lng thuc b mt trc tip trtn
nhng cnh ng c phun hay ti. Cn la chn k thuc BVTV v phng php dng
thuc gim thiu mc nhim cho vng ngp nc, ca sng v vng ph cn, gim tc hi
ca thuc n cc loi ng vt hoang d v cc loi thu sinh. Dng thuc sai k thut, lm
ln, v, to iu kin cho thuc vo t v mch nc ngm nhiu hn.
3. HU QU DO THUC BO V THC VT GY RA CHO QUN TH SINH VT:
3.1.Hu qu do thuc BVTV gy ra cho qun th sinh vt gy hi
Trong vng x l, sau mi t dng thuc, bn cnh cc c th dch hi b cht, cn nhiu
c th, do nhiu nguyn nhn vn sng st. Chng pht trin trong iu kin mi. Tc ng ca
iu kin sng mi n sinh vt rt su sc, ko di, thm ch n cc th h sau. Qun th sinh
vt b chuyn bin theo cc hng khc nhau. Nhng c th dch hi sng st, sau khi tip xc
vi thuc, nu khng c ch ng mc, s gy cho con ngi khng t kh khn, thm ch c
trng hp tr thnh tai ho i vi sn xut v mi sinh.
a.Phn ng ca dch hi i vi cht c liu lng thp
Dch hi cn sng st sau mi t x l thuc, do khng b trng thuc hay trng liu
di mc gy cht (sub-lethal dosis), s pht trin trong iu kin khc trc: mt qun th
gim, cy trng sinh trng tt hn, dch hi hng ngun thc n di do, c cht lng cao,
thay i sc sinh sn, c im sinh l ca c th trong qun th; mt thin ch v vi sinh
vt c ch t, nn dch hi d hi phc s lng.
Di tc ng ca liu di mc gy cht, dch hi s pht trin mnh , gy kh khn cho
vic phng tr.
Rp o Myzus persicae l mi gii truyn bnh virus hi khoai ty. Dimethoate, Thiometon v
mt s thuc tr su khc, tuy c hiu lc tr rp ny cao, nhng khng hn ch c s ly lan ca
bnh. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny: Rp b ng c thng hot ng mnh ln v phi mt 3 5
gi sau, rp mi cht. Trong thi gian , thi gian rp ly bnh.


Dng mt s thuc hoocmon tr c, lm tng mc sinh sn ca rp.
Chut rng n ht tng bch c tm thuc chut liu di liu gy cht, lm cho qun th
chut a phng tnh nht b, khng chu n bt k loi ht no khc. lm cho hiu lc tr chut ca
thuc b gim.
Nhng cng c hin tng, liu lng thp, thuc BVTV li c li cho vic hn ch s
pht trin ca dch hi.
Sc n rp ca b ra Semiadalia undecimnolata khi mi tip xc vi Primicarb liu thp b
gim xung, nhng sau li tng mnh, hn hn nhng con khng c x l.
Mt s cht khng sinh nh norobioxin, ampixilin, actinomyxin D, pactamyxin di liu gy
cht, lm gim sc trng ca nhn Tetranychus urticae.
Khi ng c mt s thuc tr chut chng ng mu brodifacoum liu thp, hot ng ca
chut tr nn chm chp, d lm mi cho cc ng vt sn mi.
b.Tnh chng ( khng) thuc BVTV:
Tnh chng/khng thuc ca dch hi l hin tng ph bin nhiu loi sinh vt, trn
nhiu a bn khc nhau (ngoi rung, trong kho tng v nh ; nng thn v thnh th; trn
cn v di nc). Nhng tnh chng thuc c hnh thnh mnh nht cn trng v nhn.
Hin tng chng thuc c nu ln u nm 1887. Nhng hin tng c m t k
u tin l hin tng chng lu hunh vi ca loi rp sp Quadraspidiotus pezniciosus Comst
(1914). Gia nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 c trn 100 loi nm v vi khun; khong 50 loi c
di; 12 loi chut; 447 loi cn trng v nhn ( trong c 264 loi cn trng v nhn hi nng
nghip ) hnh thnh tnh chng thuc. u tin, nhiu loi cn trng v nhn ch chng thuc
clo, ln hu c v cacbamat, th nay cc nhm thuc mi nh pyrethroid, cc cht trit sn, cc
cht iu khin sinh trng cn trng, cc thuc vi sinh vt cng b chng. Nhiu loi dch hi
khng nhng chng mt loi thuc, m cn c th chng nhiu loi thuc khc nhau. Nhiu loi
thin ch ca cn trng v nhn gy hi, mt s loi c sn, c p mui... cng hnh thnh tnh
chng thuc. Nm 1977 c ti 70% s thuc khng sinh v 90% thuc tr bnh ni hp b
nm v vi khun chng li. C di cng hnh thnh tnh chng thuc. Hu ht cc nhm thuc
tr c u b c di chng li. Ring Paraquat, n nay, c 18 loi c chng thuc ny.
Vit nam, loi su t Plutella xylostella hnh thnh tnh khng nhiu loi thuc trn
phm vi c nc. Hong Trung (2004) xc nh c mt s dng mt Tribolium castaneum
chng Phosphin v mt Rhizopertha dominica khng c Phosphin v DDVP. Ngoi ra, cn
mt
s loi cn trng v nhn khc cng b nghi hnh thnh tnh chng thuc nh su xanh da lng
Helicoverpa exigua hi bng, mt s dng rp o Myzus persicae H ni, mt s dng ry nu
Nilaparvata lugens ng bng sng Cu long v.v...
tr dch hi chng thuc, bin php u tin l phi dng nhiu thuc hn, chi ph
tng ln v mi sinh mi trng b u c nhiu hn.
Tnh chng thuc ca dch hi l mt tr ngi cho vic dng thuc ho hc phng tr
dch hi v gy tm l nghi ng hiu qu ca cc loi thuc dng. Cc thuc tr dch hi mi ra
i khng kp thay th cho cc thuc b dch hi chng.
Dch hi chng thuc gy nhng tn tht to ln trong nng nghip v trong y t
nhiu nc v ngy cng tr nn nghim trng. Nhiu chng trnh phng chng dch hi trong
nng nghip v y t ca cc t chc quc t v khu vc, da ch yu vo thuc ho hc b tht
bi. T 1963, T chc Nng lng th gii (FAO), T chc Y t th gii (WHO) thnh lp
mt mng li nghin cu tnh chng thuc ca dch hi v bin php khc phc.


nh ngha tnh chng thuc ca dch hi : l s gim st phn ng ca qun th ng
hay thc vt i vi mt loi thuc tr dch hi, sau mt thi gian di, qun th ny lin tc tip
xc vi thuc , khin cho nhng loi sinh vt y chu c lng thuc ln c th tiu dit
c hu ht cc c th cng loi cha chng thuc. Kh nng ny c di truyn qua i sau, d
c th i sau c hay khng tip xc vi thuc (WHO,1976) .
Ch s chng thuc( resistance index- Ri) hay h s chng thuc (resistance cofficien =
Rc) l ch tiu xc nh tnh chng thuc ca dch hi. Ch s / h s chng thuc l:
LD50 ca loi dch hi b nghi l chng thuc
Ri (Rc) =
LD50 ca cng loi dch hi nhng cha tng tip xc vi thuc
Loi dch hi nhng cha tng tip xc vi thuc c gi l ni mn cm (sensible
strain). Mun c c ni mn cm nhiu khi phi nui / cy dch hi trong mi trng nhn
to, cch ly hon ton vi thuc BVTV.
Nu Ri (Rc) 10 c th kt lun ni chng thuc hnh thnh.
Nu Ri (Rc) < 10 th ni mi ch trng thi chu thuc.
Ri (Rc) c th t ti tr s hng trm thm ch ln n hng ngn.
Theo Nguyn nh t (1980): Tr s chng thuc Ri (Rc) ca qun th su t X n vi Methyl
parathion ln n 251.5; ca qun th su t Thu lnh vi Trichlorfon258.3; ca qun th su t Ph
din vi Diazinon 117.4
Cn phn bit 3 khi nim: Chng thuc hay khng thuc; Chu thuc v Quen thuc.
-Tnh chu thuc ( tolerance) : l c im ring ca tng c th sinh vt, c th chu
ng c cc liu lng thuc khc nhau. Tnh chu thuc ca tng loi sinh vt ph thuc vo
tng c th, trng thi sinh l v khng di truyn sang i sau. Tuy nhin, tnh chu thuc cng
c th l bc khi u ca tnh chng /khng thuc.
-Tnh quen thuc( accoutumance): Hin tng xy ra trong mt i c th c tip
xc vi thuc (cht c) vi lng cao dn v cui i, c th c th chu ng c lng
thuc cao hn rt nhiu so vi ban u. Nhng con chu ca c th li khng chu c lng
thuc . cn trng v nhn cha c hin tng ny.
Nhng c th chu thuc v quen thuc ch chu c lng thuc thp hn nhiu so vi
c th chng/ khng thuc.
c im ca s hnh thnh tnh cc qun th dch hi khng thuc:
-S hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca cc loi sinh vt, phn no ph thuc vo
mc s dng thuc. Vic s dng lin tc, nhiu ln, t thay i loi thuc, dng thuc trn
qui m ln d gy nn hin tng chng thuc.
Mt thc trng kh ph bin: Khi nng dn thy mt loi thuc c hiu qu tr mt loi
dch hi
no , h thng dng thuc , cho n khi thy hiu lc ca thuc b gim. tng hiu lc,
ngi ta tng nng , lng thuc dng,phun thm nhiu ln, thm ch hn hp thuc vi
cc loi thuc khc, dn n tnh trng dch hi cng nhanh chng thuc.
-S hnh thnh tnh chng ca cc loi khc nhau i vi cc loi thuc BVTV
khc nhau l khng ging nhau.


Trong 364 loi chn t chng thuc th b Diptera c 133 loi ; b Coleoptera - 56;
Hemiptera - 55; Lepidoptera - 52; Orthoptera v Hymenoptera l 2 b c s loi chng t nht
(theo Greoghion & Taylor , 1976).
Trong 364 loi chn t chng thuc trn c 203 loi chng DDT; 225 loi chng cc
hp cht cyclodien; 147 loi chng ln hu c; 36 loi chng cc hp cht cacbamat v
ch c 35 loi chng cc nhm thuc khc.
Trong 12 loi su nhn hi cy Lin x (c), tc hnh thnh tnh chng thuc nhanh
nht nhn ; tip n cc nhm rp Aphis gossypii, Acyrthosipholgossypii, Myzoides persicae;
cc loi su n l Leptinotarsa decemlincata v c qu Heliothis armigera hnh thnh tnh
chng thuc chm.
-Cc loi khc nhau hnh thnh tnh chng mt loi thuc l khc nhau.
Thi gian hnh thnh tnh chng thuc tr c Paraquat Thi lan ca c Lolium
perenne l 9 nm; cn vi loi c Ceratopteris richardii l 12 nm.
-Nhiu loi thuc tr dch hi dng nhiu nm nhng khng hay t b cc loi dch
hi chng li.
Thuc booc c pht hin t nm 1879 tr cc loi bnh, nhng n nay mi pht
hin thy chng nm Physolospora obtus pha ty nc M chng (Brown, 1978).
-Cng mt loi, nhng kh nng hnh thnh tnh chng vi cc loi thuc khc
nhau l khng ging nhau.
Sau 5 nm dng DDT, chng su t Plutella xylostella Indonexia chng thuc; nhng
sau 20 nm dng Rotenon ( thuc tho mc), chng su ny vn cha chng Rotenon.
-Kh nng hnh thnh tnh chng mt loi thuc ca mt loi sinh vt cc a
phng khc nhau cng khc nhau. Ni cch khc, iu kin ngoi cnh ni dng thuc s thc
y hay cn tr s hnh thnh tnh khng thuc. S tc ng ny rt phc tp v con ngi cha
hiu ht ( Sawicki, 1979).
Sau 5 nm dng DDT, su t Plutella xylostella Giava v su loang Earias fabia hi
bng i loan chng thuc; nhng Vit nam phi mt 10 nm loi su t mi chng DDT,
cn su loang sau hn 15 nm dng DDT vn cha chng thuc ny.
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh chng thuc ca sinh vt cha c nghin cu u cc loi
sinh vt. Cc loi chn t, c bit hai lp cn trng v nhn c nghin cu nhiu hn c.
C hai gi thuyt gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca dch hi .
-Thuyt tin thch ng (Thuyt v bin i gen hay Thuyt tnh chng thuc di truyn):
Trong c th cc loi dch hi chng thuc, c mang sn cc tin gen chng thuc. S hnh thnh
tnh chng thuc l kt qu chn lc t nhin. Nhng c th khng mang gen chng thuc (cc
c th mn cm) s b thuc tiu dit. Cc c th mang gen chng thuc, s thch ng dn sau
mi ln tip xc vi thuc. S lng cc c th ny tng mnh v n nh dn, di truyn cho i
sau, to thnh mt chng chng thuc.
Theo thuyt ny, nhng qun th cn trng khng c c th mang gen chng thuc, th
s khng bao gi c th hnh thnh chng chng thuc. S phn b cc c th mang gen chng
thuc khng ph thuc vo tnh trng s dng nhiu hay t thuc tr dch hi.
Theo Sawicki (1979), cc qun th rp o Myzus persicae chng thuc mnh c thy
min Ty Scotlen, ni dng t thuc BVTV, ch khng tm thy min ng nc Anh, ni
dng nhiu thuc tr su tr rp.
-Thuyt thch nghi mi trng: Trong c th cn trng khng c gen chng thuc. S
hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca cn trng l do cn trng thch ng dn vi thuc tr su, khi


chng lin tc tip xc vi thuc. Tnh trng chng thuc khng phi c di truyn m ch lu
li cho i sau nhng yu t hnh thnh s chng thuc.
Trong thc t, hin tng chng thuc xy ra theo s : Lc u tnh chng thuc tng
rt chm. Sau mt s th h lin tc tip xc vi thuc, tnh chng thuc ca dch hi bt u
nhy vt v tng ln nhanh chng. Khi pht hin hiu lc ca thuc b gim, th thi gian
thuc mt hiu lc l rt ngn. Nu dch hi ngng, khng tip xc vi thuc na, tnh chng
thuc c th b gim i. Nhng nu tip xc tr li vi thuc , tnh chng thuc ca dch hi s
li tng ln nhanh chng.
gii thch c hin tng ny, Perry & Agosin (1974) a ra gi thuyt 2 pha da
trn c s nghin cu men oxydase c chc nng hn hp vi th (MMFO).
Pha th nht: Tnh chng thuc mang bn tnh di truyn:
Sinh vt khi tip xc lin tc vi thuc BVTV s xy ra qu trnh chn lc. Cc c th
mang gen chng thuc s tn ti v sn sinh ra cc c th i sau mang gen chng thuc. Bn
cht ca hin tng ny l s thay i tn s gen alen. Trc khi tip xc vi thuc, tn s gen
alen thp. Sau nhiu th h tip xc vi thuc, tn s gen alen, gen chng thuc tng ln. Tnh
chng thuc ca dch hi lc u t t, ri sau nhanh dn v cui cng, to thnh th thng nht.
Pha th hai: S cm ng cc men , khng mang tnh di truyn.
Di tc ng lin tc ca thuc, hot ng ca cc gen chng thuc tng ln vi tc
nhanh v cng ln hn. Nng thuc tng ln vi chc ln cng khng git c dch hi
v Ri ca loi dch hi chng thuc tng ln hng trm, thm ch hng ngn ln, do hot ng
phn gii ca cc men tng mnh. Lc ny, thuc BVTV c th c coi l tc nhn gy cm
ng cho men hot ng mnh hn. Khi dch hi ngng tip xc vi thuc, tc tch tc nhn gy
cm ng khi h sinh thi, tnh chng chu ca dch hi lp tc gim xung. Nhng nu cho
qun th dch hi , tip xc li vi thuc, tnh chng thuc ca dch hi li tng ln vi tc
ln hn nhiu.
Hin tng chng thuc c th c coi l trng hp c bit ca tnh thch ng ca
sinh vt i vi s thay i ca mi trng. Hin tng chng thuc l mt v d ca s tin ho,
nhng chng xy ra vi tc cao.
C ch chng thuc ca cc loi dch hi gm:
-Thay i v cu trc lipid, sp v protein trong cuticum; hoc gia tng kt cu biu b,
nhm hn ch s xm nhp ca thuc vo c th sinh vt.
Lp cutin ca rui nh Musca dometica chng DDT dy hn v kh thm DDT hn loi
mn cm. Cc loi nm k sinh chng thuc lm gim s xm nhp ca thuc vo bn trong t
bo bng cch h thp s hp ph cht c mng t bo.
-Hnh thnh nhng tp tnh mi, nhm ngn nga hoc hn ch s tip xc ca cn trng
vi thuc.
Sau 32 th h tip xc lin tc vi DDT, mui Anopheles atroparvus to nn mt chng
mi, bit ln trnh khng u vo ni c DDT.
-Phn ng chng chu sinh l thay i:
Qun th rui chng DDT, Lindan v Dieldrin xut hin lp lipid mi, ngn thuc xm
nhp vo thn kinh trung tm ca rui.
H men cholinesterase ca ry xanh ui en Nephotetix cinticeps, nhn Tetranychus
urticae chng ln hu c v cacbamat b tr khi b thuc tc ng.


Hot tnh ca Oxathion b gim mt vi loi nm do h men sucxinic oxydase ca
chng b tr vi tc ng ca thuc.
Si nm hnh thoi trong phn bo c t ca nm Aspergillus nidulans bin i, chng
c cc sn phm chuyn ho c c tnh cao ca Benomyl tc ng n si hnh thoi.
-C ch chng chu sinh l: Sinh vt c kh nng tng cng s gii c, lm cho thuc
b gim hiu lc hay b phn hu hon ton. y l c ch chng thuc c bn nht v c bit
quan trng ca cc loi sinh vt.
Cc h men vi th (microsonal enzym systems) trong t bo cn trng v nhn quyt nh
s phn gii v chuyn ho thuc tr su. Cc men c hiu nh dehydrochlorinase phn gii
DDT,men cystein, homocystein v glutathion phn gii ln hu c hay chuyn dng lin kt t
P=O sang dng P=S t c hn. Hot tnh ca men c th tng ln hng trm ln khi tip xc vi
thuc. Rui, mt Tribolium casteneum, su xanh Heliothis spp.; ve ht mu b Boopvilus
mierplus, ry Laodelphax strialtellus, ry xanh ui en Nephotettix cinticeps chng clo v ln
hu c, cacbamat nh cc c ch ny.
Khi nghin cu tnh chng thuc ca rui nh Musca dometica cho thy:
Nhim sc th II cha cc gen chng thuc:
Gen Deh: sn sinh men DDT-aza c nhim v kh nhm hydroclorua bin
DDT thnh DDE khng c vi cn trng.
Gen Ox: sn sinh men tch i phn t bng cch oxy ho.
Gen a: chu trch nhim thu phn.
Gen g: c tc dng kh cc nhm alkyl trong phn t thuc ln hu c.
Nhim sc th III cha cc gen chng thuc:
Gen tin: c tc dng gim kh nng xm nhp ca DDT qua biu b.
Gen kdr: to cho h thn kinh cn trng t mn cm vi thuc.
Nhim sc th V:
Gen md: tng cng kh nng oxy ho thuc tr su cacbamat, DDT;
nhiu khi c thuc ln hu c v pyrethroid.
Hin tng chng thuc ca cc loi sinh vt thng khng ring mt c ch no quyt
nh, m c s phi hp ca nhiu c ch khc nhau. S tng tc gia cc c ch ny rt
phc tp, c lc c ch ny ln t c ch kia, dn n tnh trng, dch hi c kh nng chng
thuc cao hay thp, chng c mt hay nhiu loi thuc, thm ch c cc thuc thuc cc nhm
kh xa nhau.
Tnh chng chu bt cho: Hin tng dch hi chng c nhiu loi thuc trong mt
nhm, hay nhiu loi thuc thuc cc nhm khc nhau, k c cc loi thuc m loi dch hi
cha h tip xc vi thuc . Hin tng ny gi l tnh chng thuc dng.
Nhng c trng hp, dch hi chng loi thuc ny, nhng li mn cm vi cc loi
thuc khc. Hin tng ny c gi l tnh chng thuc m.
Ry nu Nilaparvata lugens Nht, khi chng cc thuc trong nhm clo, ln hu c v
cacbamat mn cm vi Etofenprox gp 3 ln ry nu cha chng thuc.
Rui chng thuc Malathion li rt mn cm vi DDT.
Ph chng thuc (resistance spectra) hay ph khng cho (cross resistance spectra): l tp
hp cc loi thuc m mt loi dch hi no chng c.
Thi gian hnh thnh tnh chng tng loi thuc trong ph chng thuc rt khc nhau,
nhng tun theo qui lut chung: Thi gian hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca thuc u tin rt
di; nhng tc hnh thnh tnh chng cc thuc dng v sau cng ngy cng ngn li.


L Trng (1982): Sau 12 nm dng DDT, su t Plutella xylostella X n mi hnh thnh tnh
chng DDT. Nhng cc thuc dng sau DDT b su t chng kh nhanh: Methyl parathion 4 nm;
Trichlorfon- 3 nm; Diazinon- 1 nm.
Phn loi tnh chng thuc:
-Tnh chng thuc nhiu mt (multiplicate resistance): c to ra bi hai hay nhiu c ch gip
sinh vt chng c mt loi thuc.
Rui nh Musca dometica chng c thuc Tetraclovinphos do tc ng phi hp ca t nht 3
c ch: s mt nhy cm ca men cholinesterase; hot ng ca men glutathion S- transfenase v ca cc
men thu phn b gim st.
Qun th rui chng DDT do 3 c ch: gen Deh sn sinh men DDT-aza, kh hydroclorua ca
DDT v cc cht tng t; gen DDT-md sn sinh men monooxigenaza oxi ho DDT; gen kdr gy cho
thn kinh cn trng tr vi tc ng ca phn ln cc thuc clo hu c v pyrethroid.
S tng tc ca cc c ch ny khng n gin v khng phi lc no cng nh nhau. Khi c
mt DDT-aza, gen kdr vn l gen ln li tr thnh gen tri. Khi vng mt DDT- aza, tnh chng thuc li
c quyt nh bi gen DDT-md hay do gen tin nm nhim sc th III hot ng mnh, lm gim s
xm nhp ca DDT vo c th sinh vt.
-Tnh chng chu bt cho nhiu chng loi ( multiple resistance): c hnh thnh bi hai hay
nhiu c ch gip dch hi chng c mt nhm thuc hay nhiu loi thuc thuc cc nhm khc xa
nhau.
Cc chng rui nh Musca dometica chng DDT th cng nhanh chng chng cc
thuc trong nhm pyrethroid, mc d trc chng cha tip xc vi cc thuc pyrethroid.
-Tnh chng chu ni tip (sequential resistance): c hnh thnh khi cc thuc BVTV dng
lun phin ni tip nhau chng mt loi dch hi. Trnh t s dng cc loi thuc, nh hng n tc
hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca mt qun th, cng nh mc rng hp ca ph khng thuc.
oxiha
H

Cl C Cl THUC DDT

CCl3 Gen Deh kh nhm hydroclorua
tch Cl
oxyho S Thu phn (a) METHYL PARATHION
CH3 O
tch alkyl (g) P O NO2
CH3 O
s phn gii oxy ho (ox)

tch alkyl (g) s hydroxyho s hydroxyho

CH3 NH C O

O
CARBARYL thu phn (a)


S 4- S c ch phn hu mt s thuc tr su cn trng khng thuc
Cc nhn t lin quan n vic hnh thnh tnh chng thuc:
-c im di truyn v sinh vt hc ca loi dch hi: Nhng loi dch hi c kh nng
bin i gen ln, vng i ngn, kh nng sinh sn cao, tnh n hp, t di chuyn, c phn x sinh
l thch ng l nhng loi c nguy c chng thuc cao.
-Bn cht v c im ca loi thuc s dng: Nhng thuc tn ti lu trn b mt vt
phun, dch hi c iu kin tip xc nhiu vi thuc liu thp ( nh cc thuc tr su clo hu
c), nhng thuc c tnh chn lc cao d to tnh chng thuc. T bo nm bnh c cu to rt
ging t bo thc vt. Thuc tr bnh cn c tnh chn lc cao ch gy c cho nm bnh m
khng gy hi cho cy. Vi sinh vt gy bnh d vt qua kh khn ny to tnh chng thuc.
y l nguyn nhn chnh nm bnh d hnh thnh tnh chng cc thuc tr bnh ni hp v
khng sinh. Nhng thuc xm nhp nhanh vo c th dch hi, d dch chuyn n v tr tc ng
kh to tnh chng thuc hn.
-Cng sc p chn lc: bao gm s ln dng thuc, liu lng thuc, qui m s
dng v s lng c th dch hi cn sng st sau mi ln dng thuc. Cng sc p chn lc
cng ln, c ngha s ln dng thuc cng cao, lng thuc dng cng ln, qui m dng thuc
cng rng, s lng c th dch hi cn sng sau mi ln dng thuc cng nhiu, qun th dch
hi phi tri qua s chn lc cng khc nghit, s y qun th dch hi nhanh chng thuc.
Trong ba nhn t trn, nhn t c im di truyn v sinh vt hc ca loi l nhn t
khch quan m con ngi khng tc ng c. Nhn t bn cht v c im ca loi thuc s
dng do bn cht ho hc v nh sn xut cc thuc quyt nh. Ch cn nhn t th ba
cng sc p chn lc l nhn t ch quan, ph thuc vo vn kin thc v trnh tay ngh
ca ngi s dng. y l vai tr ca cn b k thut. iu chnh v lm gim cng sc p
chn lc s lm chm tc hnh thnh tnh chng thuc.
Cc bin php khc phc hin tng chng thuc ca dch hi:
-Dng lun phin cc loi thuc BVTV : nhng a phng cha hnh thnh tnh chng
thuc, vic lun phin dng thuc ng kt hp vi cc bin php khc, c th lm chm tc
hnh thnh tnh chng thuc. Khi lun phin, nn dng cc loi thuc thuc cc nhm thuc c
c ch tc ng khc nhau v mi loi thuc, khng nn xut hin nhiu ln/v.
tr su t hi rau h thp t c th lun phin cc thuc ho hc, cc thuc iu khin sinh
trng cn trng v cc thuc tr su sinh hc (nh Bt).
Do cha hiu cn k c ch chng thuc ca dch hi, s tc ng ln nhau ca cc c
ch v qu trnh hnh thnh tnh khng cho cc thuc, nn nhiu khi lun phin thuc cn lm
cho dch hi nhanh chng chng thuc hn, ph chng chu bt cho m rng hn.
-Dng cc cht hp lc (synergist), cht ph v tnh chng thuc (resistance breaker),
cht phn chng chu (anti-resistance). Nhng cht ny khi hn hp vi cc thuc b dch hi
chng li, c th khi phc li hiu lc ca thuc. Nhng nhng cht ny ch c tc dng c ch
chuyn bit vi tng c ch chng thuc nn chng khng km hm c tnh chng chu
nhiu mt. C nhiu trng hp qun th sinh vt hnh thnh lun c tnh chng i vi cc
cht ny .
Khng nn coi hn hp nhiu thuc vi nhau l mt bin php tt hn ch tc hnh
thnh chng thuc. Thm ch khi hn hp thuc, c th y dch hi chng thuc nhanh hn, ph
chng cho m rng hn, gy nhiu kh khn hn cho vic phng tr.


-Bin php thch hp nht l xy dng chin lc phng tr dch hi tng hp, nhm
gim sc p chn lc ca thuc BVTV, trn c s hiu bit c im sinh vt hc, sinh thi hc
cng nh mi quan h ca dch hi vi cc loi sinh vt khc trong qun lc v bn cht chng
thuc ca dch hi.
c.Suy gim tnh a dng ca qun th:
Trong h sinh thi, nhiu loi sinh vt c quan h qua li ln nhau. Bn cnh quan h h
tr, cc loi ny cn c mi quan h cnh tranh i khng. Cc mi quan h ny rt phc tp,
nhng to th cn bng gia cc loi, khng cho php mt loi no trong h sinh thi pht
trin qu mc, to nn nhng trn dch. H sinh thi cng phc tp, cng nhiu loi sinh vt th
h sinh thi cng bn vng.
Tnh a dng trong h sinh thi nng nghip tuy khng phong ph bng h sinh thi t
nhin, nhng cng rt phc tp v lun thay i di tc ng ca con ngi.
Thuc BVTV l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng do con ngi to ra lm mt tnh n
nh ca qun th sinh vt.
Theo Pimetel (1971), chng li 1000 loi su hi, thuc tr su tc ng n khong 200
ngn loi ng thc vt khc nhau, trong c nhiu loi khng nhng khng phi l i tng phng
tr m cn rt cn cho s tn ti v pht trin ca con ngi.
Thuc BVTV dng trn qui m cng ln, thi gian dng cng di, s ln phun thuc cng
nhiu, s lm gim cng mnh s c th trong loi v gim s loi trong qun th.
Cc thuc tr su trc tin lm gim s lng cc loi cn trng v nhn c ch ( Crofts
v Brown, 1975). Sau 8 nm dng thuc DDT v Wofatox t l ong k sinh trn su non su
loang Earias fabia hi bng gim t 38.4% xung cn 0.32%. nh Tng, khi dng cng
nhiu hn hp DDT v Wofatox lm cho mt su xanh Heliothis armigera cng tng v
ngc li mt ong k sinh lng cong cng gim ( L Trng, 1965).
Cc loi k sinh thin ch thng mn cm vi thuc tr su hn su v nhn gy hi
v: Sau mi ln dng thuc, s cn trng v nhn gy hi b cht nhiu, lm cho k sinh thiu
thc n , b i m cht; phn cn sng, li b ng c bi cc con mi trng thuc (Ahmed
1954), nn kh nng hi phc s lng qun th chm hn dch hi. Cc thuc tr nm tr c
cng nh hng n s pht trin ca cn trng v nhn, trong mt s trng hp thuc t ra
rt c vi mt s loi cn trng c ch. Nhng nhng tc ng ny khng mnh bng tc ng
ca cc thuc tr su.
d. Xut hin dch hi mi hay bng pht dch hi th cp:
Sau mt thi gian dng thuc, mt s loi dch hi ch yu trc y, ch cn gy hi
khng ng k. Ngc li, mt s loi dch hi trc y khng c coi trng, li tr nn rt
nguy him, gy nhng tn tht to ln. Vic phng tr nhng loi dch hi mi ni ln ny
thng phc tp v kh khn hn trc nhiu.
Hu qu ca vic s dng cc loi du v cc thuc tr su tng hp hu c trn vn
cy n qu lm nhn Malatetranychus ulmi t ch khng phi l dch hi ng quan tm
vo nhng nm 20 tr thnh i tng gy hi ch yu ca nhng nm 50 ca th k 20
(Jacob,1958).
Vit nam, sau 6-7 nm dng thuc DDT, Wofatox tr su hi chnh trn ch, cam
qut v bng lm cho nhn hi cy t ch l dch hi khng ng quan tm tr thnh mt loi
dch hi nguy him gy kh l trn din rng . Cc loi rp sp theo cng pht trin mnh (V
Cng Hu, 1969; H Khc Tn, 1982). Trn bng, ngoi nhn, cn c nhiu i tng mi, mi


pht sinh nh ry xanh Chlorita bigutula ( hu qu dng DDT v 666). Su xanh Heliothis spp.
( hu qu dng cc thuc clo v ln hu c); su n l Spodoptera erigra mi xut hin nhiu
vng bng Nha h t khi dng nhiu thuc tr su tr su loang v su xanh ( Nguyn Th
Ton, 1983). Nm 1942, su xanh bm trng Pieris rapae l su hi ch yu trn rau h thp t
nc ta. Sau mt thi gian dng thuc tr su ny, n nay, su xanh bm trng gy hi
khng ng k; thay vo , su t Pluttella xylostella trc kia khng phi l loi su hi quan
trng, th nay tr thnh i tng gy hi nguy him, kh phng tr nht trong cc loi su hi
hin nay.
Vic thay i thnh phn cc thuc tr c trn rung la Nht bn cng l mt v d l
th. Nhng thuc tr c clofenoxi ( nh 2,4-D, MCPA) c dng tr c l rng v ci lc
vo nhng nm 50, c thay th dn bng cc loi thuc c hiu lc tr c lng vc nh
DCPA v Saturn vo nhng nm 60 ( Nassas, 1966). n nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, ngi ta
phi dng cc thuc tr c mi tr cc loi c lu nm, thn ngm, ngy cng lan rng
(Nakayama, 1970).
Vic dng lu di cc thuc tr nm Benomyl v Benzimidazole lm cho bnh thi
thn u a Pythium aphanidermatum gy hi nng hn ( Smith, 1970; Williams, 1975).
Bn Heptaclo tr su t lm tng nhanh bnh thi r i mch ( Richard, 1975).
Thuc tr c Trifluralid lm cho bnh l c r bng Rhizoctonia solani hay 2,4-D lm
cho bnh virus TMV trn da chut, thuc l, bng gy hi nng hn (Kantan v Eshel, 1972).
Nh vy, dch hi mi khng phi l nhng dch hi t ni khc di chuyn n, m l
dch hi th yu c ngay ti a phng mi bng pht m thnh.
S hnh thnh loi dch hi mi l kt qu ca s sai khc v mn cm gia cc loi
v kh nng hnh thnh tnh chng thuc sm hn cc loi khc.
e. S ti pht ca dch hi:
Ngay sau khi dng thuc tr su hay tr nhn, s lng dch hi gim i nhanh chng.
Sau mt thi gian ngn, chng li hi phc s lng nhng nhiu hn trc. chng li, ngi
ta li dng thuc. Qu trnh c lp li. khc phc, ngi ta li tng nng /liu lng,
tng s ln dng thuc, khong cch gia cc ln dng thuc ngn li. Kt qu thi gian dch hi
hi phc li s lng qun th cng ngn dn, s ln ti pht cng nhanh v nng thm, dch hi d chng
thuc, i sng cc sinh vt c ch cng b e do, mi trng sinh sng cng b nhim.
Hin tng ny c gi l s ti pht ca dch hi v c nghin cu nhiu trn nhn
v cn trng.
nh gi mc ti pht ca dich hi, ngi ta dng h s ti pht.
H s ti pht bng t s gia s lng c th ca qun th dch hi c x l thuc so
vi s lng c th ca cng loi dch hi ni khng dng thuc ti cng thi im iu tra.
S lng c th dch hi rung phun thuc
H s ti pht =
S lng c th loi dch hi rung khng phun thuc
Hin tng ti pht ry nu Nilaparvata lugens vng ng Nam A cng l mt v d
in hnh. chng ry nu trn la nng, Vin la Quc t (IRRI) phun Decamethrin,
Wofatox v Diazinon dng lng vi lng 0.75kga.i./ha vo nhng ngy th 49-72 v 94 sau
gieo. Trc khi phun thuc ln th 3, mt ry nu ca phun thuc cao hn i chng theo
th t thuc l 16.4-6.0 v 4.7ln. Din tch chy ry 117 ngy sau gieo cng i chng l


4%; nhng cc cng thc phun thuc ln lt l 100-75 v 55%.Trn phun Bassa v Pertan
khng c hin tng ti pht ca ry ( Heinrichs,1978).
Theo L Th Nhung (2000), sau khi phun Sherpa 25EC 14 ngy cho ch c h s ti
pht vi b cnh t Physothrips stiventris 37 ln; ry xanh Empoasca flavescens 26 ln.
Hin tng ti pht ca dch hi ph bin c trn cn, di nc; c vng n i v nhit
i. Ring chu u c 50 loi cn trng v nhn gy hi trn cc ging cy trng chnh
c hin tng ny (Rud, 1970). ng tng kt cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ti pht ca
dch hi l:
-Thuc ho hc liu thp kch thch nhng c th sng st pht trin mnh hn do
chng c hng ngun dinh dng phong ph di do hn ( s lng c th dch hi gim do
dng thuc); cht lng thc n cao hn ( do cy khng b dch hi gy hi) nn tng sc
sng, tng kh nng sinh sn, mt qun th mau hi phc.
Theo Maggi v Leigh (1983), khi phun thuc tr su Wofatox ( Methyl parathion) cho
bng, lm tng lng trng ca nhn Tetranychus urticae.
-Nhng c th sng st hnh thnh tnh chng thuc v lm thay i c tnh sinh hc
ca loi.
-Thuc BVTV lm gim s loi v s lng c th sinh vt c ch ( do s lng c th
dch hi gim, sinh vt c ch thiu thc n m cht). Mt khc, dch hi c kh nng hi phc
qun th nhanh hn sinh vt c ch, d gy thnh dch trc khi sinh vt c ch hi phc s
lng km hm dich hi ( Brown, 1978).
f. Phng hng khc phc hu qu xu do thuc BVTV gy ra cho sinh qun:
Dng thuc BVTV hp l s mang li nhiu li ch, trnh c nhng hu qu xu do
thuc gy ra v gim c kh khn trong vic phng tr dch hi. Mun vy, cn c kin thc
y v c im cc loi thuc; c im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca cc loi dch hi, mi
quan h qua li gia cc loi trong h sinh thi, tng c tnh chn lc ca cc thuc BVTV.
Bao gm:
-Tnh chn lc sinh l:
c tnh rt c li cho vic bo v nhng sinh vt c ch. y l kt qu ca 3 c ch:
gia cc loi c s chnh lch v lng thuc xm nhp ti mt hay nhiu v tr tc ng; mn
cm ca cc v tr ny n tng loi thuc v s khc nhau v s lng cng nh bn cht chuyn
ho ca cc thuc trong c th sinh vt. Nhng c ch ny c th tc ng ring l ch to nn
tnh chn lc thp ca thuc. Nhng khi chng phi hp ln nhau s to nn tnh chn lc rt cao
( Graham-Bryce,1977). Cc cht iu ho sinh trng, cc thuc tr su vi khun, virus v cc
sn phm ca chng l nhng thuc tr su c c tnh sinh l cao. Nhng nu s dng khng
thn trng cc thuc ny, d to ra nhng loi dch hi mi, gy kh khn cho vic phng tr.
-Tnh chn lc sinh thi:
Da trn c s hiu bit su v iu kin sinh sng v pht sinh ca cc loi dch hi.
Trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy, c mt s thi im, cy trng rt mn cm trc
s ph hi ca dch hi. y l nhng thi im cy trng cn c bo v v khi phng tr s
em li hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Lp bng phn tch i sng cho tng loi cy trng, s gip ta
xc nh thi im cn phng tr, la chn loi/dng thuc thch hp, gim c s ln v lng
thuc dng, phi hp cc bin php phng tr khc nhau mt cch c hiu qu nht.


-S dng tnh chn lc thng qua tm hiu tp tnh ca dch hi:
Hiu tp tnh ca dch hi, gip to iu kin cho cho dch hi tip xc c vi thuc
nhiu hn, gim s tc ng ca thuc BVTV n cc sinh vt c ch v cc loi thuc i tng
khng phng tr, gim tc hi ca thuc vi mi sinh.
Dng by b v pheromon da trn s hiu bit ca tp tnh ca dch hi ( cn trng,
chut), s gim c lng thuc dng, t gy nhim mi trng v tng hiu qu ca thuc.
- S dng tnh chn lc thng qua vic ci tin phng php dng thuc:
Chn ng dng thuc, phng php dng thuc thch hp s gim c lng thuc s
dng. Dng thuc dng ht, bn theo hng hay hc gip thuc gii phng t t, ko di c
hiu lc ca thuc; x l ging va em li hiu qu cao, li tit kim c thuc dng.
3.2.Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n thc vt :
Thuc BVTV xm nhp, dch chuyn v tn ti trn cc b phn ca cy, tc ng n
sinh trng v pht trin ca cy.
Nhng tc ng tt ca thuc n cy nh:
-Rt ngn thi gian sinh trng, lm cy ra hoa sm, lm qu chn sm.
-Tng cht lng nng sn.
-Lm tng nng sut v cc ch tiu cu thnh nng sut.
-Lm tng sc chng chu ca cy vi nhng iu kin bt li: nh chng rt, chng
hn, chng lp , tng kh nng ht cht dinh dng v tng kh nng chng su bnh.
Thuc tr nm Edifenphos (Hinosan) ngoi tc dng tr o n trn la, cn lm cho cc
t gc la ngn li, cy chng c lp .
Thuc tr bnh oxolinic acid (Starner) tr c bnh vi khun do thuc lm tng sc
chng chu ca cy i vi s gy hi ca cc loi vi khun.
Thuc khng sinh tr bnh Ningnanmycin cng lm tng sc chng bnh ca cy thng
qua vic gim thi gian tn ti ca cc tinh th virus c trong cy, nn gim s ly lan ca virus.
-Lm tng hot ng ca vi sinh vt v c tc ng ci to t tt (xem phn di).
Ngc li, khi s dng khng ng thuc BVTV, c th gy hi cho cy trng.
-Gim t l ny mm, sc ny mm, r khng pht trin, mu sc l bin i, cy cht.
-L b chy, thng, bin dng, hoa qu b rng, qu nh, chn mun.
-Phun thuc vo thi k cy ra hoa d nh hng n kh nng u qu ca cy trng.
Nhng hin tng ny th hin nhanh chm tu vo loi thuc, dng thuc, liu lng v
nng thuc cng nh thi im v phng php s dng thuc. Thm ch trong mt s trng
hp, tc hi ca thuc cn gy hi cho cy trng v sau.
Ch s ho tr liu (Chimiotherapeutic index) c dng nh gi an ton ca thuc
BVTV trn ng rung v c tnh theo cng thc:
C Trong : k : Ch s ho tr liu
k = C : Liu gy cht ti thiu ca thuc vi dch hi
t t : Liu thuc ti a m cy chu c (tolerance dose)
Mt loi thuc cng an ton vi cy khi tr s k cng nh. Khi t = C, loi thuc rt
nguy him, d gy hi hay lm cht cy. Nhng thuc ny thng ch lm b c hay x l
nhng khu t khng trng trt.
Cc loi cy trng, cc giai on pht dc khc nhau cng c mn cm khc nhau i
vi thuc. La chn loi thuc, phng php dng thuc thch hp vi tng loi cy v giai
on pht dc ca cy, s nng cao c hiu lc phng tr v an ton cho cy.


iu kin ngoi cnh cng cn c lu gim c ca thuc vi cy.
3.3.Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n sinh vt sng trong t
a. Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n cc sinh vt sng trong t:
Nhiu loi ng vt sng trong t nh cc loi cn trng thuc b Colembola, mt s
loi ve bt Acarina, rt ru ch Pauropoda, tuyn trng Nematoda v giun t c kh nng phn
gii tn d thc vt, lm cho t ti xp, thong kh, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt t pht trin,
gip ci to t v duy tr mu m ca t.
Cc loi ng vt sng trong t khc nh ng vt nhiu chn Myriapoda, lp nhn
Araneida v mt s loi cn trng b cnh cng Coleoptera, mt s loi thuc b rt t
Symphyla, b cun chiu Diplopoda, tuyn trng n mm cy hay hi r cy.
Mt s thuc tr su lm gim s lng c th ca cc loi ng vt sng trong t
ngay c liu s dng. Mt s khc khng nhng khng gy hi, m cn lm tng cc loi ng
vt sng trong t. Tc hi nng nh ca cc thuc tr su n cc loi ng vt sng trong t
ph thuc ch yu vo loi thuc, liu lng v nng , phng php s dng thuc v iu
kin ngoi cnh.
Nhn chung cc thuc tr nm t gy hi n nhng ng vt khng xng sng c ch
sng trong t. C mt s trng hp c bit:
Nng ng trong t 2000ppm git cht 100% giun t vn cy n qu.
Cc thuc tr nm xng hi khi dng x l t, lm gim s lng b ui bt, v bt, cc loi
rt cun chiu trong t.
Thuc tr c tc ng n ng vt khng xng sng sng trong t rt khc nhau: Mt
s thuc ch lm gim nh s lng hay hon ton khng nh hng g n s lng ca chng,
thm ch cn kch thch chng pht trin.
b.Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n h vi sinh vt ( VSV) t:
VSV t ( gm vi khun, x khun, nm, to, nguyn sinh ng vt ) gi vai tr ch yu
trong qu trnh chuyn ho vt cht trong t. S lng v thnh phn ca VSV t phn nh
ph nhiu ca t v nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy.
Thuc BVTV gy tc ng rt khc nhau n qun th VSV sng trong t.
Thuc tr su liu thng dng thng t tc ng xu n qun th VSV t, nhiu khi
liu ny, thuc cn kch thch VSV t pht trin. Nhng liu lng cao, thuc tr su nh
hng xu n VSV t, ko di thi gian tc ng ca thuc (Raglu & Mac Rae,1967; Tu,1970;
Wolfe, 1973). Cng c loi thuc tr su ngay liu thp cng hn ch s gy hi ca VSV t.
Thuc tr bnh tc ng mnh n qun th VSV t. Cc sinh vt c ch nh vi khun
nitrit v nitrat ho, vi khun phn nitrat, vi khun c nh m, vi khun phn gii chitin rt mn
cm vi thuc tr bnh ( c thuc tr bnh xng hi ln thng dng). Nhiu nm i khng nh
nm Trichoderma viride chng chu c nhiu loi thuc tr bnh ( Ruhloff & Burton 1954;
Martin,1957; Domsh, 1959; Brown, 1978).
Thuc tr c tc ng rt khc nhau n qun th VSV t, tu theo loi thuc, liu lng
dng v nhm sinh vt. Mt s thuc tr c ch tc ng xu n mt s nhm VSV ny, nhng
li t nh hng n cc cc nhm VSV khc. Thuc tr c tc ng chn lc thng ch km
hm tm thi n VSV t. Sau mt thi gian b c ch, hot ng ca sinh vt li c
phc hi, i khi mt s loi no cn pht trin mnh hn trc (Kearney, 1965; B mn Vi
sinh, trng i hc Nng nghip I H ni,1970). Nhn chung, liu tr c, thuc khng tc


ng xu n hot ng ca VSV t ( Zemaneck, 1971; Fryer & Kirland, 1970; Nguyn Trn
Onh, 1983).
c.Phng hng khc phc nhng nh hng bt li ca thuc BVTV n qun th
sinh vt sng trong t:
Dng thuc ng n v kt hp hi ho vi cc bin php phng tr khc trong h thng
phng tr tng hp l phng hng c bn khc phc cc tc hi xu ca thuc BVTV gy ra
cho qun th sinh vt sng trong t.
To iu kin thun li cho cc loi sinh vt trong t pht trin nh pH thch hp,
dinh dng v cht hu c, gi m t, xi xo to iu kin cho t thong, cng lm
gim c tc hi ca thuc BVTV n t ai.
Cy thm cc loi vi sinh vt hay cc enzym ngoi bo tng kh nng phn hu thuc
trong t, thay i tnh keo t ca t cng c th lm gim nh hng xu ca thuc n t ai.

3.4.Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n ng vt sng trn cn v di nc
Qua thc n, ngun nc, thuc BVTV c th c tch lu trc tip trong c th ng
vt. C th tm thy sm nhiu loi thuc BVTV c trong c th ng vt nh: trong c c DDT
(Metcaly, 1975); DDT v Toxaphen (Epps, 1968; o Ngc Phong, 1982); DDT v lindan trong
tm bin (Buteer, 1963); trong m v tht gia cm (Hunt, 1966; Beiz,1977; o Ngc
Phong,1982); trong trng (Cumming, 1966 v 1967; Mecaskey, 1968)...
Thuc BVTV c th gy ng c mn hay cp tnh cho ng vt mu nng. Khi ng c
nh ng vt c th n t, st cn, tng trng km, t, t l trng n ca gia cm thp.
Thuc BVTV c th gy ra cc chng bnh c bit trc tip nh: ng lm cho cu
mc bnh vng da; DDT lm cho th con c t l c thp, gim kh nng sinh sn v pht
trin (Antoine, 1966; Alieva,1972). C li b Senecio spp. c vi b. 2,4-D lm tng lng
ng trong c li b, kch thch b n nhiu, nn gy c cho b nhiu hn. 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T
liu thp lm tng hm lng nitrat, acid xyanhydric trong cy n mc nguy him cho gia sc
(Willarrd, 1950; Swanson & Snaw, 1954).
Thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr su d gy hi cho ong mt, cc sinh vt c ch,
chim v ng vt hoang d. Cc my sol kh dng trn din rng tr chu chu, mui, phun
thuc nhiu ln trn rung, khu vc ho vic dng thuc cng d tc ng n cc loi sinh vt
ny.
Bn cnh tc hi trc tip, thuc cn git hay lm gim ngun thc n cho c v cc loi
ng vt v cc loi k sinh thin ch. Tc ng ny cng nguy him nu ta dng cc loi thuc
c kh nng tn ti lu trong mi trng.
Nhiu thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr su, c th rt an ton khi dng trn cn,
nhng li d gy c cho cc loi c v ng vt thu sinh, nn b cm dng cho la nc.
Cc thuc tr su pyrethroid tuy rt c vi c, nhng do lng dng t, li vn c dng tr
su trn rung la nc. trnh gy c cho c v ng vt thu sinh, nhiu nc ch cho php
dng cc thuc BVTV trn rung la nc c tr s TLM ( 48 gi) > 10mg/l nc.
Tr s chng chu trung bnh TLM (Tolerance level medium): nng trung bnh nc
thuc m c c th chu c. TLM c tnh bng mg a.i./l trong 24-48 hay 72 gi.
Hin tng Khuych i sinh hc (biomagnification) hay s Tch lu sinh hc
( bioaccumulation):


Trong dy truyn thc n, hm lng thuc BVTV c trong c th sinh vt mi mt
xch
thng c s c c hn.
Theo Rud (1970), nguyn nhn ca s gim s lng loi chim ln Aechmophorous
occidentalis n c h Clear (M) l kt qu ca vic dng DDD lin tc trong nhiu nm tr
mui kim Chaobrus astictopus . Nng DDD tng nhanh trong chui thc n theo

DDD C( nng thp)

Nc Sinh vt ph du C n c
Chim n tht
C n tht
Tng t, sau khi kim tra hm lng DDT c trong nc v trong c th cc sinh vt
sng trong vng m Long islan (M),Woodwell (1967) cho bit: Hm lng DDT tng theo th
t sau: Trong nc ( rt thp); cao hn trong c th sinh vt ph du; cao hn na trong c th
tm c trong m n ph du v cao nht trong c th cc loi chim n tm c trong m.
Trong t nhin cng c hin tng trng c bc 2, thm ch bc 3.
Khi dng thuc tr chut Klerat ( Brodifacoum ) Mai x, V bn, Nam nh nm 1987
thy: chut b cht v thuc, b mo n, mo cng b cht do thuc c trong xc chut. Mo m
b ng c Klerat, cho mo con b sa, mo con cng b cht v thuc.
3.5.Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n con ngi v ng vt mu nng
Thuc BVTV l mt mi nguy him cho con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng. Mi nguy
him c nh ngha:
Mi nguy him hay Nguy c ng c hoc Ri ro ng c (Hazard): l kh nng gy
nhng tc ng c hi ( ng c hoc cc s nguy him khc) c trong nhng iu kin nht nh
khi s dng thuc . Mt s cht c c cao nhng trong s dng chng li c th t nguy
him hn nhng cht km c. Mi nguy him ph thuc vo iu kin s dng.
Khi trc tip tip xc (cng nhn sn xut thuc, th kho thuc BVTV...) v s dng (
ngi i phun thuc...), thuc BVTV d xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng tip xc, v c,
xng hi, gy nhim c v ng c thuc BVTV. Nhng ngi t hay khng tip xc vi thuc
BVTV cng c th b nhim c do n, ung nhng nng sn, nc ngun, nc ma c d
lng thuc BVTV.
Nhim c: l kh nng nhim bn cht c (thuc BVTV, cht c do cc sinh vt tit
ra, hoc do cc ngun khc) khi chng xm nhp v lu li trong c th sinh vt, mi trng c
th gy ra nhng tc hi trc mt v lu di cho c th sinh vt ( k c th h sau) v mi
trng.
V d: Nhim c cht c mu da cam; ngun nc b nhim c bi thuc
BVTV; t b nhim kim loi nng.
Ng c Trng c (poison): l kt qu ca s tng tc gia cht c v sinh vt.
Hin tng sinh vt b trng c thuc BVTV hay cht c, khi chng xm nhp vo c th sinh
vt qua n ung, ht th hoc bng cc con ng khc, lm cho sinh vt b m, cht thm ch
lm chm s pht trin hay rt ngn thi gian sng ca sinh vt.


Tu theo mc ng c, chng c th gy:
-Ng c cp tnh (acute poisoning): Xy ra khi cht c xm nhp vo c th vi liu
lng ln, ph hu mnh cc chc nng sng, c th hin bng cc triu chng r rng, quyt
lit, c trng ca mi loi cht c, thm ch gy cht sinh vt.
-Ng c mn tnh (chronic poisoning): Xy ra khi cht c xm nhp vo c th vi liu
lng nh, nhiu ln, trong thi gian di, c tch lu li trong c th sinh vt ( tch lu ho hc
hay chc nng), nhng triu chng th hin chm, lu di, gy tn thng cho cc c quan ca
c th, lm cho sinh vt b m, yu ( nh hng n sc kho ca sinh vt, gy t bin, ung th,
qui thai, thm ch nh hng n s pht trin ca th h sau) v c th dn n t vong.
Nghin cu kh nng tch lu, s trng c cp tnh c ngha rt ln n vic phng
chng c hi cho ngi tip xc trc tip vi cht c khi sn xut, gia cng, phn phi, bo
qun v s dng thuc BVTV. Cn kh nng trng c mn tnh li c ngha rt ln i vi
ngi s dng cc nng sn. D lng thuc BVTV trn nng sn cao hn MRL l iu ht sc
nguy him, d gy ng c cho ngi s dng sau thi gian di tip xc v biu hin thng gp
nh n ng km, thiu mu, nh hng thn kinh, gim sc chng chu, nng hn s b x gan,
ung th v.v... Ngoi ra, d lng thuc tn ti lu trn mi trng, s lm nh hng n tnh a
dng qun th, gy tnh chng thuc, gy ti pht, to dch hi mi...
hn ch tc hi ca thuc BVTV tch lu trong c th ngi cng nhn tip xc trc
tip vi thuc (trong nh my sn xut, gia cng v trong cc kho thuc) ngi ta dng tr s Ngng gii
hn.
Tr s Ngng gii hn (Threshold Limit Value TLV): Lng hot cht ti a ngi
cng nhn c th b nhim trong 8 gi lm vic sut c cuc i m khng b ng c.
nhng khu vc x l thuc BVTV, ngi ta thng cm nhng bin bo, cm ngi
v gia sc i vo trong mt thi gian nht nh, trnh cho ngi v gia sc b nhim thuc.
Thi gian ny di hay ngn tu thuc vo loi thuc. Trng hp cn vo khu vc , phi i
cho thuc kh v lng ht; phi mc qun o bo h lao ng. Trong 24-48 gi u sau x l,
cm tuyt i gia sc vo vng x l trnh ng c.
Trng hp kh trng t v kho tng, bng hi, kh hay khi c, phi thng bo trc
thi gian x l v thi gian cch ly. Ch c nhng k thut vin v cng nhn c hun luyn k
mi c php thao tc v khi x l nht thit phi eo mt n.
ngn nga tc hi ca thuc i vi con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng, cc thuc
BVTV mun c ng k, bn cnh cc thng tin v c tnh l ho ca thuc, cc kt qu th
hiu lc sinh hc, cn cn c y cc thng tin v: c cp tnh qua ming, qua da, qua
ng h hp; kh nng ng c mt, da v mn cm ca da; c mn tnh v di liu
mn tnh cc dng khc nhau trong 2 nm; nhng thng tin nh gi kh nng gy t bin, di
truyn, ung th, qui thai, nh hng n sinh sn ca sinh vt, nhng bin i v cu trc v
chc nng ca ADN v chromosom; tc ng ca thuc n chim, ng vt hoang d; c, ng
vt thu sinh; ong v cc sinh vt c ch khc; con ng bin i ca thuc trong c th ng
vt mu nng,
cy trng v mi trng.

CU HI N TP
1/ Nhng tc ng ca thuc n mi trng v con ng mt i ca thuc BVTV ?


2/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v d lng ca thuc n cy trng v nng sn. Nhng bin php
gii php gim thiu d lng thuc BVTV trn cy trng v nng sn ?
3/ D lng thuc BVTV trong t v nc?
4/ Phn ng ca dch hi i vi thuc BVTV liu lng thp ?
5/ Tnh chng ( khng) thuc ca dch hi?
6/ S suy gim tnh a dng ca qun th, s xut hin dch hi mi hay bng pht dch hi th
cp, s ti pht ca dch hi?
7/ Cc phng hng khc phc hu qu xu do thuc BVTV gy ra cho sinh qun ?
8/ Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n thc vt?
9/ Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n qun th sinh vt sng trong t v phng hng khc phc
nhng nh hng bt li ca thuc BVTV n qun th sinh vt sng trong t?
10/ Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n ng vt sng trn cn v di nc ?
11/ Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n con ngi v ng vt mu nng ?


CHNG IV
CC DNG THUC BO V THC VT
V PHNG PHP S DNG
Gip cho hc vin phn bit c cc dng thuc v thnh phn ca cc dng thuc
BVTV c cch s dng v bo qun thch hp. Gip cho hc vin bit u nhc im ca cc
phng php s dng thuc BVTV c cch la chn ng trong cng tc phng tr dch hi.
1. CC DNG THUC BO V THC VT:
1.1.Gii thiu
Sn phm k thut c hm lng cht c cao, tn ti di nhiu dng khc nhau nn
rt d gy c vi mi sinh v mi trng. Cng do c hm lng cht c cao, lng hot cht
cn trang tri trn n v din tch li thp, nn rt kh trang tri u. Mt khc, thuc k
thut c kh nng bm dnh km, c tnh l tnh xu, thng t tan trong nc, thuc s b hao
ht nhiu, nn khng thch hp vi vic s dng ngay. Chnh v vy cc sn phm k thut phi
c gia cng thnh cc sn phm khc nhau ci thin l tnh, tng kh nng bm dnh v
trang tri ca thuc, d s dng v an ton, ph hp vi tng mc ch s dng, gim nhim
mi trng v mi sinh.
nh ngha: Gia cng l s la chn v xc nh kh nng phi hp hot cht, cht
hot ng b mt, cc cht ph tr ph hp to cc dng sn phm bn trong bo qun, tin
li khi s dng.
S thnh cng bt k mt hot cht no u ph thuc vo dng gia cng ca chng.
Nhiu khi, nh k thut gia cng v thnh phn ph gia thch hp, m hiu lc ca mt hot cht
c th thay i, c li cho phng tr dch hi.
chn dng gia cng thch hp, chng ta phi quan tm n tnh cht l ho ca
thuc k thut, hot tnh sinh hc, phng thc tc ng, phng php s dng, iu kin an
ton khi s dng, cht ph tr v cng ngh ph hp, gi thnh sn phm v kh nng chim lnh
th trng.
T nm 80 ca th k 20, chnh ph ca nhiu nc v ngi tiu dng i hi cc loi
thuc phi p ng c cc yu cu mi l:
-An ton trong sn xut v s dng
-Tin li cho ngi dng
-D phn phi ng gi hay dng li
-Gim lng thuc khi x l
-Gim ph thi v cc dng nh hng khc.
p ng c yu cu trn, chiu hng pht trin cc dng thuc BVTV hin nay
nc ta v trn th gii l:
-Dng cc dung mi an ton, thay th cc dung mi hu c c th v dng sa nc.
-Thay th bt thm nc bng huyn ph m c hay ht phn tn trong nc.
-Pht trin cc dng gia cng hot cht a nng.
-To cht lm t hot ng b mt nng cao hot tnh sinh hc.
-Pht trin k thut bao vi ht v x l ht kim sot lng thuc thot ra v cc i
tng ca thuc BVTV.


-Pht trin cc mc gia cng nh cc vin hay gel.
-Pht trin hn na hiu qu phun cc cht b sung nng cao hiu lc sinh hc v lm
gim liu lng thuc BVTV.
Dng bt, bt thm nc, ht, dung dch nc ho tan v sa du khong ho tan trong
nc l cc dng thuc BVTV c gia cng sm nht. Hin nay, s pht trin cc thuc BVTV
cn nhiu dng gia cng, cht ph tr v qu trnh k thut ci thin c tnh l ho ca cc
hot cht. T thp nin 70 ca th k 20, nhiu dng gia cng phc tp trn c s c nhiu cht
hot ng b mt hn v cc cht ph tr khc; s hiu bit tt hn v nguyn tc ca cht keo v
ho hc b mt ci thin tt hn bn ca cc dng gia cng v hot tnh sinh hc c
pht trin. Trnh k thut pht trin cho php to ra cc sn phm mi ca cc hot cht
khng tan trong nc v dung mi c kch thc ht nh hn, c bn v phm vi hot ng
rng hn. Nhiu dng sn phm l tng ra i: hu nh l khng c dung mi d bay hi,
khng gy c cho ngi s dng, c hot tnh sinh hc ti a liu thp nht v n gin nht
trong qu trnh ng gi. Cc dng sn phm sau y ang c quan tm c bit:
Dng huyn ph m c Suspension concentrates
Dng hn hp sa - huyn ph Suspoemusions
Pht trin cc dng thuc sa c bit: Sa du trong nc Emulsion oil in water (EW);
sa nc trong du Emulsion water in oil (EO); vi sa Microemulsion ( ME).
Dng vin nang nh Microencapsulations
Cc kh nng khc nh ng gi c bit l gel v cc vin si bt.
1.2.Lut quc t v gia cng thuc BVTV:
Hin nay, c rt nhiu dng thuc BVTV. Nhiu khi, cng dng thuc, nhng mi nc
li t tn v k hiu khc nhau, s ch trong mi k hiu li khng thng nht, nn vic so
snh, lu tr v hng dn s dng gp rt nhiu kh khn.
khc phc cc kh khn trn, sau 8 nm chun b , HIP HI QUC T CC NH SN
XUT CC SN PHM NNG HO (Groupment International Produits Agrochimiques des
Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques-GIFAP), nay i thnh LIN
ON BO V MA MNG TH GII (GCPF = Global Crop Protection Federation) cng b
LUT THNG NHT TN DNG THUC BVTV vo nm 1984 v ngh s dng thng nht trn
phm vi ton cu. Nhng m hiu ny c trnh by theo th t A,B,C,...
Ni dung ca lut nh sau: Mt dng gia cng ch c k hiu bng 2 ch ci biu
th trng thi vt l v hng s dng ca dng thuc.
V d:
SL- solution liquid: thuc dng lng, ho tan c.
WP- wettable powder: thuc dng bt c th thm nc
EC emulsion concentrate: thuc dng sa m c ( khi dng phi ho vi nc)
SC- Suppension concentrate : thuc huyn ph m c, (khi dng phi ho vi nc)
Trng hp sn phm c 2 dng gia cng, khng th chung, ng trong 2 gi khc
nhau, c bn trong cng mt bao b, nhng khi dng c chung, c qui nh:
KK- Combi-pack solit/liquid: Hn hp ng gi dng cht rn v dng lng
KL- Combi-pack liquid /liquid: Hn hp ng gi ca 2 dng cht lng
KP- Combi-pack solid/ solid : Hn hp ng gi ca 2 dng cht rn.
Lut ny ghi c trn 70 dng sn phm u tin. FAO v CIPAC ng h; mt s
nc tun th.


Tc dng: khc phc kh khn v ngn ng, d lu tr v rt ngn t liu, biu hin tnh
thng nht v t th hin gi tr tng sn phm.

Bng 4 - M HIU QUC T CA THUC K THUT V CC DNG CC
THNH PHM TUN THEO LUT QUC T V GIA CNG THUC BVTV
(Trch dn t Manual on the development and use of FAO specification
for plant protection products- Rome, 1999)
TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
AB Grain bait B ht ng cc Mt dng b c bit
AE Aerosol disperser
Son kh
(Phn tn xon kh)
Mt dng gia cng ng trong bnh chu lc,
c khuych tn bi mt nguyn liu kh, thnh
git hay ht khi van ca bnh hot ng.
AL Any other liquid Cc dng lng khc
Thnh phm dng lng, cha c m hiu ring,
c dng ngay khng pha long.
AP Any other powder Cc dng bt khc
Dng bt cha c m hiu ring, c dng ngay
khng pha long.
BB Block bait B tng Mt dng b c bit
BR Briquette B bnh Nhng cc rn, ngm vo nc s nh dn hot cht
CB Bait concentrate B m c
Thnh phm th rn hay lng, phi ho long
dng lm b
CF
Capsule
suspension for
seed treatment
Huyn ph vin nang
x l ht ging
Thnh phm dng huyn ph bn ca cc vin
nang trong mt cht lng, dng x l ging,
khng ho long hoc phi ho long trc khi dng
CG
Encapsulated
Granule
Vin nang (Thuc
ht c lp bao)
Thnh phm dng ht, c lp bao bo v gii
phng t t hot cht.
CL
Contact liquid
or gel
Dng lng hay gel tip
xc (Thuc tip xc
lng hoc gel)
Thuc tr chut hay tr c c gia cng dng
lng hay dng gel dng ngay khng ho long hoc
c pha long nu th gel.
CP Contact powder Thuc bt tip xc
Thuc tr chut hay tr c dng bt dng ngay
khng ho long. Trc c gi l dng bt c lu
li du vt (tracking powder-TP).
CS
Capsule
suspension
Huyn ph
vin nang
Thnh phm dng huyn ph bn ca cc vin
nang trong mt cht lng, thng ho long vi
nc trc khi phun.
DC
Dispersible
concentrate
Dng phn tn m c
(Dng m c c th
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht, c ho vi
nc dng nh mt h phn tn cht rn (Ghi


TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
phn tn) ch: c mt s thnh phm mang c tnh trung
gian gia dng DC v EC)
DP Dustable powder
Thuc bt (Thuc bt
phun bt)
Thnh phm dng bt d bay t do, thch hp cho
vic phun bt
DS
Powder for dry
seed treatment
Thuc bt x l
kh ht ging
Thnh phm dng bt, trn kh thng vi ht
ging.
DT
Tablet for direct
application
Dng vin
dng ngay
Thnh phm dng vin. Tng vin dng trc tip
trn rung, khng cn pha vi nc phun ri
EC*
Emulsifiable
concentrate
Thuc sa m c
(Thuc m c
c th nh ho)
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht, c pha vi
nc thnh mt nh tng phun.
ED
Electrochargeable
Liquid
Dng lng tch in
(Dng lng c th tch
in)
Thnh phm dng lng c bit, dng trong k
thut phun lng tnh in (in ng lc)
EG
Emulsifiable
Granule
Vin ht ho sa (Thuc
ht c th nh ho)
Thnh phm dng ht, dng nh mt nh tng
du trong nc ca hot cht, sau khi ht phn r
trong nc. Sn phm c th cha nhng cht ph
gia khng ho tan trong nc.
EO
Emulsion water
in oil
Sa nc trong du
(Nh tng nc trong
du)
Thnh phm dng lng, khng ng nht, gm
mt dung dch thuc tr dch hi trong nc, c
phn tn thnh nhng git rt nh trong mt dung
mi hu c.
ES
Emulsion for seed
treatment
Dng sa x l ht
ging (Nh tng dng
x l ht ging)
Thnh phm dng nh tng bn , khng hoc c
ho long, x l ging.
EW
Emulsion oil in
water
Dng sa du trong
nc (Nh tng du
trong nc)
Thnh phm dng lng khng ng nht, gm dung
dch hot cht ho trong dung mi hu c, phn tn
thnh git nh khi pha vi nc.
FD Smoke tin
Hp khi (Hp
st ty khi)
Dng c bit ca thuc to khi xng hi
FG Fine granule Ht mn Thuc dng ht c kch thc 300 - 2500m
FK Smoke candle
Nn khi
(Nn khi xng hi)
Thnh phm dng c bit ca thuc to khi
xng hi
FP Smoke cartridge
n khi
(n khi xng hi)
xng hi
FR Smoke rodlet
Que khi
(Que khi xng hi)
xng hi
FS
Flowable (**)
concentrate for
Huyn ph m c ci
tin x l ht ging
Thnh phm dng huyn ph bn c th dng trc
tip hay ho long x l ht ging.


TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
seed treatment (Thuc m c c tnh
loang x l ging)

FT Smoke tablet
Vin khi
(Vin khi xng hi)
xng hi
FU Smoke generator Thuc to khi
Thnh phm thng th rn, t chy c. Khi
t s gii phng hot cht dng khi
FW Smoke pellet Ht khi xng hi Dng c bit ca thuc to khi xng hi
Thuc to khi c nhng dng: hp st ty xng khi (FD); pho khi (FK); n khi (FP); ht khi
(FW); que khi (FR); vin khi (FT)
GA Gas Kh Kh c np trong chai hay bnh nn
GB Granular bait
B ht
(B dng ht)
Dng b c bit
GE
Gas generating
product
Sn phm sinh kh Sn phm sinh kh do mt phn ng ho hc.
GF
Gel for seed
treatment
Dng gel dng
x l ht ging
Thnh phm dng keo dng x l ging trc tip
GG Macro granule Ht th Thuc ht , c kch thc ht 2000-6000m
GL Emulsifiable gel Gel c th nh ho
Thnh phm dng keo ho dng nh mt nh t-
ng khi ho vi nc
GP Flo-Dust(*)
Thuc bt ci tin
(Thuc bt d bay)
Thnh phm dng bt rt mn, phun bng my nn
kh , x l trong nh knh.
GR Granule Thuc ht
Thnh phm th rn, d dch chuyn ca nhng
ht c kch thc ng u, c hm lng cht c
thp, dng ngay
Dng ht c bit gm: vin nang (CG); ht mn (FG); ht th (GG) ; vi ht (MG)
GS Grease Thuc m Thnh phm dng nht- nho, ch t du hay m.
GW Water soluble gel
Gel ho tan (Gel ho tan
trong nc)
Thnh phm dng keo, c dng nh dung dch
nc.
HN
Hot fogging
concentrate
Thuc m (sng)
nng m c
Thnh phm dng cho cc my phun m nng, pha
hay khng pha long khi dng
KK
Combi-pack
solit/liquid
Bao hn hp thuc
dng rn/lng
Mt thnh phm th rn v thnh phm kia th
lng, c ng gi ring, ng trong cng mt bao;
c ho chung trong mt bnh bm (xt). ngay tr-
c khi dng
KL
Combi-pack liquid
/liquid
Bao hn hp thuc dng
lng/lng
Hai thnh phm th lng, c ng gi ring, ng
trong cng mt bao; c ho chung trong mt bnh
bm (xt) ngay trc khi dng
KN
Cold fogging
concentrate
Thuc m (sng) lnh
m c
Thnh phm dng cho cc my phun m lnh, c
th pha hay khng pha long khi dng
KP Combi-pack solid/ Bao hn hp thuc dng Hai thnh phm th rn, ng gi ring, ng


TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
solid rn/ rn trong cng mt bao; cn c ho chung trong mt
bnh bm (xt) ngay trc khi dng
LA Lacquer Sn
Cht tng hp to ra cc lp phim bao bc, c dung
mi lm nn
LS
Solution for seed
treatment
Dung dch x l
ging
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht trong sut hoc
trng sa c th dng trc tip hoc ho long vi nc
thnh dung dch x l ging. Cht lng c th cha
nhng ph gia khng tan trong nc.
ME Micro emulsion
Vi sa
(Vi nh tng)
Thnh phm dng lng trong sut hay mu trng
sa, cha du v nc, c th dng trc tip hoc
sau khi ho long vi nc thnh mt vi nh tng
hay mt nh tng bnh thng.
MG Microgranule Ht nh Thuc c kch thc ht 100-600m
OF
Oil miscible
flowable
concentrate (oil
miscible
suspension)
Huyn ph ci tin m
c trn vi du (Huyn
ph trn c vi du)
Thnh phm dng huyn ph bn ca mt hay
nhiu hot cht trong mt cht lng, c ho long
trong mt cht lng hu c trc khi dng
OL Oil miscible liquid
Dng lng trn
du(Thuc dng lng
trn vi du)
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht, c ho long
vi mt cht lng hu c thnh mt dng lng ng
nht khi s dng.
OP
Oil dispersible
powder
Bt khuych tn trong
du
Thnh phm dng bt, c dng nh mt huyn
ph, sau khi khuych tn u trong mt cht lng
hu c
PA Paste Thuc nho Mt hp phn nn nc, c th to ra cc lp phim.
PB Plate bait B tm (b phin) Dng b c bit
PC
Gel or paste
concentrate
Thuc dng gel hay
nho m c
Thnh phm dng rn c ho vi nc thnh
dng gel hay nho s dng.
PO Pour-on
Thuc xoa
(Thuc gii)
Thnh phm dng dung dch c gii ln da ng
vt vi lng nhiu (bnh thng 100 ml/ con vt)
PR Plant rodlet Dng que cy
Thnh phm dng que nh di vi cm c ng knh
vi mm, trong cha hot cht
PS
Seed coated with a
pesticide
Ht ging c bao
bng thuc BVTV
th hin tn gi
RB Bait ready for use B dng ngay.
Dng thnh phm c mi v cht c, thu ht dch
hi cn phng tr n n v dit chng.
SA Spot-on
Thuc nh hay chm ln
da ng vt
Thnh phm dng lng, nh ln da ng vt vi
lng t (thng < 100ml/con vt)
SB Scrap bait B vn Dng c bit ca b


TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
Dng b c bit gm: b ht ng cc (AB); b ming (BB); b ht (GB); b tm, phin (PB); b vn (SB)
SC
Suppension (or
flowable)
concentrate (**)
Huyn ph m c ci
tin (Huyn ph m
c hay thuc m c
c th lu bin)
Thnh phm dng huyn ph n nh ca mt hay
nhiu hot cht trong mt cht lng; cht lng c
th cha thm nhiu cht ho tan khc. Phi ho
long vi nc trc khi dng.
SE Suspo-emulsion
Dng nh tng-
huyn ph
Thnh phm th lng khng ng nht, gm mt h
phn tn bn ca cc hot cht dng ht rn v nhng
git nh trong pha nc lin tc.
SG
Water soluble
granule
Thuc ht tan trong
nc
Thnh phm dng ht, khi dng c ho vi nc.
Trong thnh phm c th cha ph gia khng tan
trong nc
SL
Soluble
concentrate
Thuc m c tan
Trong nc
Dng lng (trong sut hay c) c ho vi nc
thnh dung dch phun. Trong thnh phm c th
cha ph gia khng tan trong nc.
SO Speading oil Du loang
Thnh phm to mt lp trn b mt sau khi phun
trn mt nc
SP
Water soluble
powder
Bt ho tan
(Bt tan trong nc)
Thnh phm dng bt, khi ho vo nc to mt
dung dch tht; nhng cng c th cha ph gia
khng tan trong nc.
SS
Water soluble
powder for seed
treatment
Bt tan trong nc dng
x l ht ging
Thnh phm dng bt, c ho vo nc x l
ht ging
ST
Water soluble
tablet
Vin dt tan
Trong nc
Thnh phm dng vin, ho tng vin vi nc
trc khi dng. Trong thnh phm c th c mt s
ph gia khng tan trong nc.
SU
Ultra-low volume
(ULV) suspension
Huyn ph th tch cc
thp
Thnh phm dng huyn ph dng ngay cho cc
my phun ULV
TB Tablet Vin dt
Thnh phm dng vin c hnh dng v kch thc
u nhau, thng hnh trn, 2 mt phng hay li,
khong cch gia 2 mt ca vin nh hn ng
knh ca vin thuc.
Nhng dng vin c bit gm: vin dng ngay (DT); vin tan trong nc (ST); vin
khuych tn trong nc (WT)
TC Technical material Thuc k thut
Cht c tng hp theo mt qui trnh cng ngh, gm
hot cht v nhng tp cht km theo. C th cha mt
s ph gia cn thit vi lng nh.
TK
Technical
concentrate
Thuc k thut m c
Cht c tng hp theo mt qui trnh cng ngh,
gm hot cht v nhng tp cht km theo. Cn c
th cha nhng lng nh cc ph gia cn thit v
cc cht ho long thch hp. Ch dng gia cng
cc thnh phm.


TN DNG GIA CNG
M
HIU
Ting Anh Ting Vit
M T
TP Tracking powder
Bt chuyn dng
(Bt lu li du vt)
Thut ng nay khng cn dng na. Nay gi l
contact powder CP; xem CP.
UL
Ultra-low volume
(ULV) liquid
Th tch cc thp
(ULV) dng lng
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht phun bng
my bm ULV.
VP
Vapour releasing
product
Sn phm to hi.
Thnh phm cha mt hay nhiu hot cht d bay hi
v hi y to trong khng kh. Tc bay hi c
kim sot bng phng php gia cng thch hp hay
dng cc cht pht tn thch hp.
WG
Water dispersible
granule
Thuc ht phn tn trong
nc
Thnh phm dng ht c phn r v khuych tn
trong nc trc khi dng.
WP Wettable powder Bt thm nc
Thnh phm dng bt, khuych tn c trong
nc, to mt huyn ph khi s dng.
WS
Water dispersible
powder for slurry
seed treatment
Bt khuych tn trong
nc, to bt nho
bao ht ging
Thnh phm dng bt, trn trong nc nng
cao to thnh dng huyn ph m c (dng va)
x l ht ging.
WT
Water dispersible
tablet
Vin khuych tn
Trong nc
Thnh phm dng vin, ho trong nc hot
cht khuych tn, sau khi vin phn r trong n-
c.
XX Others Cc dng khc Gm cc dng khc cha t k hiu
Ch thch:
(*) Dng thuc in nghing, m l cc dng thuc c dng thng dng nht hin nay.
(**) K thut gia cng thuc BVTV khng ngng c ci tin, nng cao hn hiu lc
tr dch hi ca cc dng thuc BVTV. Mt trong cc dng gia cng mi c tn gi Flowable.
Dng gia cng ny c th dng bt, dng ht, dng nho hay dng huyn ph, c c im:
- Hot cht hu nh khng tan trong nc, c nghin mn hn nhiu so vi cc dng
thuc bt (dust); bt thm nc (wettable powder) hoc huyn ph (suspension).
- Trong thnh phm c cc cht treo (suspending agent); cht phn tn (dispersing agent)
thch hp, gip cho thnh phm khi ho vo nc s l lng trong nc lu hn so vi cc dng
gia cng bt thm nc hay huyn ph thng thng.
Cc dng flowable nh: dng bt (Flo- Dust); dng bt hay ht thm nc (water-
dispersible granule DF,WDG); dng huyn ph (F hoc FL); dng nho u c u im hn so
vi cc dng gia cng c tng ng. Cc dng flowable khi ho vi nc s dng s to c
mt huyn ph bn, lu lng ng trong bnh phun. Khi phun, ht thuc s bm dnh u hn
trn b mt vt phun so vi cc dng gia cng c tng ng (thuc bt thm nc, thuc huyn
ph thng thng). Dng Flo-dust cng c mn cao hn v cc thnh phn ph gia thch hp
hn, nn s dng d dng hn, thuc bm tt hn trn b mt vt phun so vi thuc bt thng
thng.
Do y l nhng dng gia cng mi c nhiu ci tin, nn chng ti ngh t tn nhng
dng ny nh sau:
GP Flo-dust, Thuc bt ci tin d bay dng trong nh knh
PA Past, Thuc nho


SC, F, FL Thuc huyn ph ci tin hay huyn ph m c ci tin
WG, WDG,
DF
Thuc ht ho nc ci tin
OF Huyn ph du ci tin
FS Huyn ph m c ci tin x l ging
Nhiu dng gia cng khc khng tun theo m hiu quc t:
Nhiu nc khng ch p dng cc m hiu quc t cho cc dng gia cng thuc BVTV lu
hnh nc mnh, m cn dng cc m hiu ring khc vi qui nh quc t. Ti Hoa k, vic
ny cng xy ra. V d:
- Dng huyn ph ci tin SC(ca quc t) nhng li c Hoa k k hiu l F hay FL
-SG l m hiu quc t ca dng thuc ht tan trong nc (water solution granule), th
Hoa k li dng biu th cho dng ht, c nhn ct, c bao ngoi bng lp o thuc, rc
trn rung tr dch hi (sand granule).
Trong danh mc Thuc BVTV c php dng Vit Nam c nhiu trng hp dng
gia cng c m hiu rt khc vi quc t:
- Nhiu dng gia cng c dng m hiu ting Vit: BR (bt rc); BTN (bt thm nc);
BHN (bt ho nc); ND (nh du); DD (dung dch)...
-C nhiu trng hp, cng mt dng gia cng, nhng c thnh phm li k hiu theo
ting Vit, c thnh phm li k hiu theo m hiu nc sn xut, khng theo m hiu quc t.
V d: cng dng thuc ht (thuc ht) c trng hp k hiu l H (Mytox 5H; Vicarp 4H); c
trng hp li k hiu l G (Acephate 4G; Benfuracarb 5G); trong khi k hiu quc t li l
GR.
-Cng c nhiu trng hp, nhiu thnh phm khng ghi theo m hiu quc t m ghi theo
m hiu ca nc sn xut. V d: Kasumin 2L (m hiu quc t phi l Kasumin 2SL); Decis
2.5 Tab (theo m hiu quc t phi l Decis 2.5TB).
-C trng hp, thnh phm khng c m hiu gia cng. V d: Vicin-S1011 PIB; V-TB (
thnh phm cha Virus + Bacillus Thuringiensis)...
Nhng iu trn y l nhng tn ti, cn c chn chnh, thng nht cch ghi m
hiu ca mt thnh phm thuc BVTV lu hnh trn lnh th Vit Nam; trnh cc trng hp c
th hiu khng ng hoc khng hiu nhng k hiu ghi trn nhn thuc. iu ny s gip ngi
s dng dng ng cch cc sn phm thuc BVTV, nhm t hiu qu cao trong phng chng
dch hi v bo v cy trng; ng thi, gip cho cng tc qun l thuc BVTV c d dng v
thun li hn.
1.3. Cc dng thuc BVTV thng dng:
a. Nhng dng thuc dng ngay khng cn ho vi nc:
Dng bt (Dust D, DP):
Dng rn, khng tan trong nc, kch thc ht < 44 m, cha hm lng hot cht thp
(5-10%), c t trng 0.3 0.8 l tt ( t trng thuc < 0.3, thuc qu nh, d b gi cun i xa; t
trng thuc > 0.8 ht thuc d ri xung t khi phun ln cy). Thuc thng c dng phun
ln cy, bn vo t hoc x l ging.
Kch thc ht c qui nh bi l sng /inch. Kch thc mt loi thuc c nh gi
khi >90% s ht i qua l sng v <10% s ht nm li trn sng.
Dng bt c u im: Thuc d dng, hiu qu cao.


Nhng thuc bt c nhiu nhc im: Hiu qu ca thuc ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin
thi tit ( gi to, thuc b gi cun i xa; ma d lm tri mt thuc) v d gy nhim mi
trng, nn ngy nay, thuc ny t c dng phun trn rung.
Lu : Cc thuc tr c khng c gia cng dng ny (do d gy hi cho cc cy trng
xung quanh).
Dng ht (Granules G, H, GR) :
Thuc dng ht c ri trc tip vo t x l t hay c rc ln cy. Chng l cc
thuc tr c tin ny mm, hay cc thuc tr su, bnh.
Thuc dng ht cn c t trng thch hp, c rn nht nh, khng c gy vn, khng
v thnh bt, khng vn cc, nhng phi c phn r t t trong t gii phng hot cht.
Trong gia cng, ngi ta thng cho thm cht dnh. Chng thng c hm lng cht c thp (
1 40%) v kch thc ht 100-6000m. Thuc ht c gia cng thnh nhiu c ph hp vi
thc t s dng.
Ht to ( Macro granule - GG) - 2000 - 6000m;
Ht mn ( Fine granule FG) - 300 - 2500m;
Ht nh ( Micro granule MG) - 100 - 600m
Thuc ht gm dng ht ng nht v dng ht nhn ct. Thnh phn gm hot cht, cht
mang (cht khong hay cht hu c) c nghin thnh dng bt mn, cht dnh ( kt dnh,
thng l dung dch PVC hay dung mi dnh khc tm vo cht mang).
Thuc ht an ton, s dng n gin, hiu lc di, hiu qu lao ng cao v t gy hi cho
sinh vt c ch v cy trng, t gy nhim mi trng.
Nhc im chnh lm cho thuc ht kh c ngi tiu dng v mng li cung ng
Vit nam chp nhn l mc tiu dng ca hot cht/ n v din tch cao, phi chuyn ch vi
lng ln, d bc mi khi bo bo qun v lu thng, li t.
Dng bt - ht ( Dust-granule): L dng trung gian ca dng thuc bt v ht.
Kch thc ht 44-297m. c chia lm 2 loi: bt th ( coarse dust) c c ht 44-
105m; bt ht min c c ht 105 - 297m. Thuc bt ht cng dng phun ln cy hay rc vo
t. Thuc bt ht c tc dng gim lng thuc b gi cun, t gy nhim mi trng, bm dnh
tt trn l v c th dch hi.
Dng bt ci tin = Thuc bt d bay hi ( Flo-dust- GP):
Thuc bt rt mn, l dng thuc chuyn dng xng hi trong nh knh. y l dng
sol bt, dng silicagel lm cht lm long d bay hi lm cht y. Chng c bn di dng
cc bnh nh dit cn trng trong nh knh v trong k nt.
Dng thuc ny c hm lng hot cht thp, k thut bo qun v gi thnh vn chuyn
cao. Mc d dng bt ci tin s dng rt d dng, nhng phm vi s dng thuc ny cng rt hp.
Dng bnh xt phun m ( Aerosol):
Thuc dng lng, c nn trong cc bnh kim loi. Hot cht c ho trong mt dung
mi d bay hi. Dung mi ny c tc dng l cht mang v cht y. Khi m kho, thuc c y
ra ngoi vi tc nhanh. Dung mi bay hi, li cc ht thuc l lng trong khng kh,
thng dng dit tr cn trng trong nh.
Dng phun vi th tch nh hay cc nh (Ultra Low Volume - ULV hay Ultra Ultra
Low Volume - UULV):


Thuc dng lng, hn hp vi cc dung mi d bay hi, dng phun m. Ch phm c
hm lng cht c cao.
Thuc xng hi, kh trng:
Thuc c th th rn, lng hay kh. Trong khng kh, thuc b bc hi, lm cho mi
trng sinh sng b nhim c, gy c cho dch hi. Ngoi cc thnh phn thng dng, cn c cc
cht ph gia c bit ( cht chng chy n cho nhng thuc d chy n); cht bo hiu ( i vi
nhng cht c khng c mi v c trng) gip ngi s dng d nhn bit.
b. Nhng dng thuc khi dng phi ho vi nc.:
Dng bt thm nc ( Wettable powder WP):
Thuc dng bt, khi ho vo nc, to nn mt huyn ph.
Thuc bt thm nc c dng t lu, gia cng cc hot cht dng rn, c im
nng chy cao, thch hp vi vic xay kh bng cc my xay c kh ( my xay ba, my xay
nghin, hay bng my xay kh ). Bt thm nc thng cha 25-80% hot cht. Phn cn li l
cht mang tr ( t st, cao lin, silica...); cc cht hot ng b mt (cc bt thm t v cc cht
phn tn) kh lm tng tnh thm t v bn ca huyn ph.
Thuc bt thm nc cng c th c sn xut vi cht hot ng dng lng bng cch
s dng cc cht n hp th nh diatomic hoc cc cht silicat tng hp c din tch b mt ln.
Trong trng hp ny nng hot cht ti a ch n 40%.
Thuc bt thm nc tt cn c kch thc ht nh hn 44m, ti xp, khng vn cc, c
thm nc nhanh, nhng lng cht hot ng b mt cn cc git phun c th thm t
v loang dnh trn b mt i tng x l.
Cn pha vi nc ngay trc khi phun. Cch pha thuc c dch phun tt nh sau:
mt t nc vo lng thuc nht nh, cho thuc thm u v quy, dn nc cho lng
to dung dch m. Cui cng, t dung dch m mi pha thnh dch phun. Hoc lng thuc
cho mt bnh bm vo np bnh bnh bm, tip mt lng nc nh, va va quy,
thuc v nc phn tn u. hn hp thuc chun b vo bnh bm c sn mt t nc,
quy u v nt lng nc cn li cho .
Trong mt s trng hp c bit, thuc bt thm nc, c trn vi t bt, vi tro hay
ct phun hay rc ln cy hay x l t.
Nhiu thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr c v thuc tr bnh c gia cng di
dng bt thm nc. Nhng do trnh gia cng thp, nn to nhiu bi, d gy c cho ngi
s dng. Hin nay, ang c xu hng chuyn thuc dng bt thm nc sang dng huyn ph
m c hay vin phn tn trong nc.
Dng bt tan ( Soluble powder SP) v Dng ht tan trong nc (Water soluble granule SG):
Thuc dng bt ti mn ( dng bt tan) hay dng ht ( dng ht tan), khi ho vi nc,
chng tan hon ton trong nc, thnh dung dch tht ca hot cht, m khng cn s h tr no.
Mt s thnh phm, c th cha mt lng nh ph gia khng tan trong nc. Chng d vn
chuyn, bo qun v c hm lng cht c cao.
Dng thuc ny thng dng gia cng cc loi thuc k thut dng rn, tan hon ton
trong nc. Thnh phn ph gia ca hai dng thuc ny ging nhau ( c th c mt s ph gia
khng tan trong nc); c khc chng, thuc ht tan trong nc, c mt lng cht dnh nht nh
to ht. S hot cht c th gia cng dng thuc ny khng nhiu.


S ra i cc bao b lm bng cht do ho tan trong nc, cho php ng thuc bt v
ht tan trong nc thnh nhng gi nh, b trc tip vo bnh phun m khng cn m gi, v gi
s t tan trong nc. Nh vic phn phi v s dng thuc BVTV an ton hn.
Dng ht phn tn trong nc (Water dispersible granule - WG):
Thnh phm dng ht c phn r v khuych tn nhanh trong nc. Trc khi dng
phi ho vi nc.
Dng ht phn tn trong nc hay bt chy kh, c xem nh mt dng kh mi v pht
trin nh nhng sn phm an ton, c ch hn cc dng bt thm nc v huyn ph m
c. D dng ng gi, khng bi, cc ht tch nhau, phn tn nhanh trong bnh phun nn rt tin
li v ngy cng ph bin.
K thut gia cng dng ht phn tn trong nc kh phc tp, qua nhiu qui trnh k
thut khc nhau, to cc phn t c kch thc nh trong dng bt hay huyn ph, d phn tn
li trong bnh phun.
Thi gian phn tn trong nc l c tnh rt quan trng m bo khng gy s c trong
bnh phun. Cc ht phi phn tn hon ton trong 2 pht cc nhit v nc cng khc nhau.
Dng vin nang ( Encapsulated Granule- CG):
Thnh phm l dng ht rt nh, mn. Kch thc ht thuc ph thuc vo k thut to
vin v mc ch s dng, nhng thng c kch thc 20-30m. Nhn l hot cht, c bc
mt lp cht nha mng, c tc dng gii phng hot cht t t. Khi ho vo nc s to nn
huyn ph bn. Sau khi x l, cc ht s dnh trn b mt i tng x l, nc bao quanh vin
ht bc hi, hot cht trong vin ht s c gii phng.
u im ch yu l hiu lc ca thuc di gp 2-3 ln so vi cc dng khc c cng
nng ; gim nguy c gy c ca thuc vi mi trng; ng thi gim s khng tng hp
thng thy cc dng thng dng khc.
Dng thuc m c tan trong nc (Soluble concentrate- SL):
Dung dch cc hot cht (trong sut hay c), khi ho vo nc c th phn tn lp tc
thnh dung dch tht, d thuc k thut c th tan hay khng tan trong nc hoc cn.
y l dng thuc n gin nht ca cc dng gia cng. Chng c u im: dng dung
dch rt bn, t b hng khi bo qun. Rt him trng hp xy ra s kt ta v n mn thng kim
loi hay bnh phun.
Dung mi ca dng thuc m c tan trong nc c th ho tan trong nc vi lng
ln, m khng to dng sa hay huyn ph. Trong thnh phm cn cha ph gia khng tan trong
nc. Cng cn cht thm t tng tnh thm t ca dch phun.
S thuc BVTV c th gia cng dng ny l t. Mt s nh hot cht thuc BVTV c
th tan trong nc vi lng ln, c bn trn th trng nh l dng thng phm. y l dng
sn phm rt d gia cng, s dng thun tin, an ton vi mi trng.
Dng thuc ny cn c t theo nhiu tn khc nhau, nh: Liquid concentrate dung
dch m c (LC); Aqueous concentrate- dch m c tan trong nc (AS); Liquid dng lng
(SL) hay dung dch (DD).
Dng phn tn m c (Dispersible concentrate DC):
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht, khi dng phi ho long vo nc to mt h
phn tn cht rn trong nc. Mt s thnh phm c c tnh trung gian gia dng DC v EC.
Dng thuc nho ( Past- PA)


Mt hp phn nn nc, c th to ra cc lp phim. Tu theo cch gia cng khc nhau, m c
th to nn dung dch tht, dung dch keo, sa hay nh tng. Dng thuc ny thng cha hm lng
cht c cao, d vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng.
Dng thuc sa m c (Emulsifiable concentrate- EC):
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht ca hot cht, dung mi v ph gia, c pha vi
nc thnh mt nh tng phun. y l dng thuc rt ph bin v dng vi lng vi ln
nht trong cc dng thuc BVTV trong hn 20 nm qua.
Dng sa dng gia cng cc hot cht dng du, cc hot cht c nng chy thp,
sp hay cc hot cht c kh nng ho tan trong cc dung mi hu c khng phn cc. Do dung
dch trn khng tan trong nc, nn khi gia cng phi cho thm cht ho sa nhm m bo s
ho sa tt v bn trong bnh phun. Cc git sa trong dung dch phun thng c kch thc 0,1-
5 m. thuc phn tn u, khi pha thuc, cn quy u v lng nc cn. K thut gia
cng ph thuc vo tnh phn cc ca hot cht, dung mi v ph gia.
Thuc c u im: C hm lng cht c cao, d chuyn ch; hot tnh sinh hc ca
thuc sa m c thng cao hn cc dng khc do c cc dung mi v cc cht ho sa, thuc
d trang tri u v bm dnh tt trn b mt vt phun. Nhng nhc im ca thuc l: thuc
d gy chy l, nu dng qu liu, c th b phn lp, nu bo qun trong iu kin khng thun
li v cc dung mi d gy c cho ngi s dng v nhim mi trng.
Di p lc bo v mi trng, hin c mt xu th chung, i hi thay th cc dung mi
hu c bng cc dng dung mi khc, an ton hn vi mi trng. Cc dung mi mi c th
thay
th ton b dung mi c trong mt s sn phm v an ton cho ngi s dng v mi trng.
Cc thuc dng sa s dng rt tin li, d dng v vn chim t trng ln nht trong cc
dng thuc BVTV. Trong nhiu trng hp, hot tnh sinh hc c nng cao nh s c mt ca
cc dung mi, do tng kh nng thm thu v vn chuyn.
Dng sa du trong nc ( Emulsion oil in water - EW):
Thnh phm dng lng khng ng nht, gm dung dch hot cht ho long trong dung
mi hu c, c phn tn thnh git nh khi pha vi nc.
y l dng thuc ang c ch v chng rt an ton trong s dng do gim hay hn
ch s bay hi ca cc dung mi hu c. Dung mi c bn ca dng thuc ny l nc, nn u
im hn dng sa: an ton trong sn xut v gi h. Nhng dng ny d b phn lp, ng kt,
to kem v keo t trong bo qun. Cn lc u trc khi dng.
Kch thc ht l ch s nh gi bn v kch thc ht sa du trong nc l 2m.
Dng sa nc trong du (Emulsion water in oil EO):
Dng lng, khng ng nht, gm mt dung dch thuc tr dch hi trong nc, c
phn tn thnh nhng git rt nh trong mt dung mi hu c, khi dng cn ho vi nc.
Dng vi sa (Micro emulsion- ME):
Thnh phm dng lng trong sut hay trng sa, cha du v nc, c th dng trc
tip hoc sau khi ho long vi nc thnh mt vi nh tng hay mt nh tng bnh thng.
Vi sa trong sut v bn trong phm vi nhit kh rng. Chng c kch thc ht rt
nh di 0.1m, gm 3 cu t: Dng dung dch du hay dng rn c ho tan trong dung mi
hu c; nc v cht hot ng b mt hay ng hot ng b mt. Cc cu t to thnh pha
n cha tng i nhiu micell trng, trong ho tan pha khng nc ca cht hot ng


v dung mi. Tuy vi sa c nng hot cht tng i thp, nhng c hot tnh sinh hc rt
cao.
Khng c s khc bit r gia dng ho tan v siu sa. C thng tin cho rng siu sa
(microemulsion) l cc micell b trng khi nng cht hot ng b mt t 30% tng dng
gia cng. Thm cc cht ng hot ng b mt nh octanol, c th tng c kch thc ca
micell v lm tng kh nng ho tan. Phi th nghim bn trong bo qun, nu sn phm c
lu gi trong thi gian di trnh hin tng kt tinh cc hot cht t micel.
Dng huyn ph m c ci tin (Suppension / flowable concentrate - SC ):Thnh
phm dng huyn ph n nh ca mt hay nhiu hot cht trong mt cht lng; trong cht lng
c th cha thm nhiu cht ho tan khc. Phi ho long vi nc trc khi dng.
T u nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, k thut huyn ph m c c s dng ngy
cng nhiu gia cng cc thuc BVTV dng kt tinh rn. Cc phn t thuc BVTV c
huyn ph ho trong du, nhng phn ln, c dng to dng huyn ph m c.
gia cng dng huyn ph m c phn tn trong nc, trong nhng nm gn y, s
dng qu trnh nghin lng; s dng cc cht hot ng b mt mi to dng phn tn rn - lng
bn vng.
u im ca dng huyn ph m c phn tn trong nc l hm lng hot cht khng
tan trong nc cao, an ton i vi ngi dng v mi trng, gi thnh tng i thp, kch
thc ht rt nh ( 0.1-5m) nn lng thuc dng thp. Do trong thnh phn c cc cht ph
tr tan trong nc nn c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Nng dn thng thch dng dng huyn ph
m c hn dng bt thm nc, bi khng gy bi, d ong o v rt vo bnh phun. Tuy
nhin dng ny cng c nhc im nh d b tch lp khi bo qun.
Dng nh tng-huyn ph (Suspo-emulsion - SE ):
Thnh phm th lng khng ng nht, gm mt h phn tn bn ca cc hot cht
dng ht rn v nhng git nh trong pha nc lin tc.
Cc dng gia cng hn hp ang tr nn ngy cng ph bin v rt tin li, nng dn
dng ng liu lng ca mi thnh phn v khng s dng qu liu. Nu mt hot cht th rn
v cht kia th lng th cn sn xut hn hp nh tng huyn ph bao gm 3 pha: git du
lng, cc phn t cht rn phn tn v pha tip theo thng l nc.
Hn hp sa huyn ph l hn hp huyn ph m c vi sa nc trong du cho thm
cht hat ng b mt trnh s keo t v cht lm c trnh s phn lp ca cc pha phn
tn. Cc cht phn tn v cht ho sa c dng nh nhng cht phn tn dng gia cng
dng huyn ph m c v cht ho sa nh nhng cht s dng trong dng sa du trong nc.
c. Thuc m c phi ho long vi dung mi:
Cc sn phm du m c cha thuc k thut ho tan trong cc dung mi hu c, trc
khi dng phi ho long vi du. Chng c bn di dng ho tan dng ngay. Mt s hot
cht tan trong du, c x l nh mt loi du phun, khng c cht bm dnh v cht thm t.
Di y l mt s dng thng dng:
Dng lng trn du (Oil miscible liquid - OL) :
Dng lng ng nht, c ho long vi mt cht lng hu c thnh dng lng ng
nht khi s dng.
Dng huyn ph ci tin m c trn vi du (Oil miscible flowable concentrate hay
Oil miscible suspension - OF):


Dng huyn ph bn ca mt hay nhiu hot cht trong mt cht lng, c ho long
trong mt cht lng hu c trc khi dng.
Dng bt khuych tn trong du (Oil dispersible powder OP):
Dng bt, c dng nh mt huyn ph, sau khi khuych tn u trong mt cht lng
hu c.
d. Dng x l ht ging (DS, WS, LS, FS) :
Mt lng ng k thuc BVTV c dng x l ht ging chng su, bnh. Cc
sn phm x l ht ging c phn thnh 4 nhm:
-Bt x l kh ht ging ( DS = Powder for dry seed treatment)
-Bt nho ho nc x l ht (WS=Water-slurryable powder for seed treatment)
-Dung dch khng nc x l ht (LS=Non-aqueous solution forseed treatment)
-Huyn ph ci tin x l ht (FS=Flowable suspension for seed treatment)
La chn dng s dng ph thuc vo c tnh ca hot cht, cng c x l v s a
thch ca th trng. Cc dng bt (DS) c kh nng lu li trn ht km. Cc dng bt nho
(WS) c dng ch yu Php. Cc dng dung dch khng nc x l ht (LS) ang b thay
th dn v km an ton trong s dng. Dng huyn ph chy (FS) an ton cho mi trng hn
dng bt v dng lng, tn lu lu hn trn ht, ang c s dng rng ri.
Cc ht c gi tr cao nh ht rau v hoa cn c th c bao vi polymer trnh s gy
hi ca cc ho cht x l ht. Chng cng c th c to thnh vin vi t st v polymer
sn xut nhng vin ht ging d gieo.
V thuc c x l trc tip ln ht nn lng hao ht rt t. X l ht ging c xem
nh l bin php c hiu qu i vi cy trng v rt an ton cho mi trng. Bin php ny cng
tr nn quan trng trong tng lai bi lng cc ging chuyn i gen ngy cng nhiu v nhu
cu bo v ht ging c gi tr kinh t cao ngy cng tng.
e. Mt s k thut v dng sn phm mi cn lu :
K thut gii phng dn hot cht ( Controlled release formulations):
Mc d c nhiu cng ty thuc BVTV quan tm nghin cu v pht trin trong nhiu
nm, nhng vic s dng k thut gii phng dn hot cht sn xut hng ho vn din ra rt
chm. Cc dng gia cng s dng k thut ny c nhiu u im hn cc dng gia cng thng
thng nh:
-Kim sot hay lm gim bay hi ca thuc BVTV.
- bn sinh hc di hn.
-Ci thin s pha trong bnh phun.
-Gim lng thuc khi s dng.
-Gim dung mi khi gia cng.
-It c vi ng vt mu nng, vi c v cy trng.
-Gim s ra tri trong t ngp nc.
C 4 phng php chnh gia cng cc dng gii phng dn hot cht gm:Ht c
bao thuc BVTV; H thng by vt l cha thuc BVTV; H thng polymer cha thuc BVTV
cng ho tr v Mng polymer - h thng mng cha thuc BVTV nh dng vin vi ht .
K thut mng polymer hay vin vi ht rt ph bin trong nhng nm gn y. Lng
hot cht gii phng (s khuych tn) c kim sot thng qua kch thc ht, cc cht lm c
ca mng polymer v lin kt ngang hoc xp ca polymer.


Mt s sn phm vi ht c bn trn th trng gm cc thuc tr c chn lc gim
s bay hi v ho tan, cc thuc tr su gim c v ko di thi gian hu hiu v cc
pheromon duy tr nng bay hi trong 10-14 ngy.
Nhng dng s dng c to thnh trong iu kin m (Formulations using a built-
in water) :
Trong thc t, c nhiu dng gia cng, trong qu trnh bo qun hay s dng, nu gp m,
s tng hiu lc. Trong cc dng ny , cc ph gia cn thit c b sung to cc dng thuc
c hot tnh sinh hc ti u v gim lng hot cht khi dng. bo v mi trng, nhiu nc
ra cc iu lut i hi cc nh sn xut phi cng b nhng s liu cn thit chng
minh cc vn ny.
Tim nng tng hiu ca cc dng to thnh trong iu kin m l b sung cc cht :
-C thm t , loang dnh v bm dnh ca cc git thuc trn l tt hn.
-Gim kch thc ht phun.
-Ko di thi gian kh v tng s gi nc.
-Tng s xm nhp v vn chuyn cc b trong cy.
Cc cht hot ng b mt khng ion ho (non-ionic) c dng nh cht to m, lm
tng kh nng ho tan ca thuc BVTV trong cc git ( do s micell ho), hot cht thm nhp
d dng hn vo bn trong vt phun.
C ch tc ng ca cc cht hot ng b mt b tr trong vic tip xc vi cc i
tng sinh vt cn cha c bit y , nhng gim sc cng b mt, gim gc tip xc v
tng cng s xm nhp ca thuc BVTV qua b mt l l cc qu trnh quan trng.
1.4. Thnh phn thuc thng phm:
Cc thnh phn ca thuc lin quan cc cht ch vi nhau to nn phm cht mt loi
thuc. La chn tp hp cc thnh phn ph hp trong mt loi thuc s nng cao hiu qu ca
sn phm, tin li khi s dng v an ton vi cy trng, mi sinh v mi trng.
a. Hot cht (Active ingredient a.i.):
L thnh phn c bn ca thuc BVTV, mang hot tnh sinh hc (c tc dng dit tr
hoc hn ch s sinh trng, pht trin cc sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt; cht c tc dng
iu ho sinh trng thc vt, cht gy ngn, cht thu ht hoc xua ui sinh vt gy hi) .
Thuc k thut = Sn phm k thut: hot cht tr dch hi di dng nguyn liu, c hm
lng hot cht cao ( thng cha 95-100% hot cht), tn ti dng rn ( kt tinh hay bt),
dng lng ( dung dch hay du) hoc th kh. Phn ln thuc k thut khng c dng trc
tip phng tr dch hi, m phi qua qu trnh gia cng ci thin l tnh ca thuc, ho
long thuc v d s dng. Da vo l tnh ca thuc k thut ngi ta quyt nh gia cng dng
thch hp.

b. Cht lm long (diluent):
L cc cht tr, th lng hay th rn c tc dng lm long hot cht, nhng khng lm
gim hot tnh sinh hc ca hot cht, gip cht c trang tri trn cy. Cht lm long th rn
thng c gi l cht mang; cht lm long th lng l dung mi. Cn c vo dng vt l,
ngi ta chia cht mang thnh:
Dung mi ( solvelts):
L cc cht dng lng, ho tan dng rn v kh; thng c trong cc dng gia cng sa
m c, dng phun th tch cc nh (hm lng thng >50%) v dng ht (khong 10%).


Tiu chun mt dung mi tt l: ho tan mnh hot cht; c c thp vi thc vt,
ng vt mu nng v khng kch thch da; khng phn ng vi hot cht hay cht ho sa; bn
vi nhit; bc chy thp; ph hp vi cc vt liu c dng ng gi v bnh phun; c sn
v gi h. Khng mt dung mi no p ng c y cc tiu chun ny.
Phn loi: Cc dung mi c chia thnh 4 nhm chnh:
-Nhm 1: du aliphatic, parafin c lc sch, tan rt t trong nc, tan t trong cc dung
mi hu c, c c thp i vi ng vt mu nng v thc vt.
-Nhm 2: (c cn nhc nhiu nht): cc dung mi thm nh xylen, c im bc chy
thp, ho tan rt tt vi hu ht cc hot cht v to dng sa bn, nhng c cho cy v lm
tng c tnh v c ca hot cht. ang c thay th dn bng cc dung mi thm c trng
lng phn t cao hn (C9 v C10).
-Nhm 3: cc loi ru, l cc cht phn cc c dng nh cc ng dung mi lm tng
ho tan v ci thin ho sa. Mt s t trong chng c im chy thp v nhiu cht c
c vi cy cao.
-Nhm 4: cc loi ester cng l mt nhm dung mi phn cc c c thp vi thc vt
v i lc c dng nh ng dung mi.
Cn c vo kh nng ho tan trong nc ca cc dung mi, ngi ta li chia chng thnh
2 nhm: -Dung mi khng ho tan trong nc: gia cng dng sa m c.
-Dung mi ho tan trong nc: gia cng dng dung dch m c.
Cht mang (carriers):
L cht tr, th rn trn vi cht c, ho long cht c trong ch phm, gip ri u
lng thuc nh trn din tch ln v d trn trn my trn n gin.
gia cng thuc bt thm nc, thuc bt m c v thuc ht cn quan tm n tnh
tng hp vi hot cht v ph gia, tnh hp ph/th tt, c bm dnh cao, khng n mn
kim loi v bnh phun, kch thc ht ng u v sc, c th t chy, t trng ng thch hp (
0,3-0,8), m thp v gi c va phi. Ring vi thuc bt thm nc cn phi tnh n
phn tn trong nc v huyn ph cao.
c. Cht hot ng b mt : ( surfactant = surface active agent):
nh ngha: l nhng cht ho hc c bit, khi hn hp vi
nc s to nn mt hn hp khng ng nht, nhng lm gim sc
cng b mt ca dung dch.
O

R C O Na
Cu to: Gm 2 phn:
Thn : tan tt trong du, gi l i du (lipofyl) hay k nc
Thn
ui
Phn t x phng
(hydrophob).
ui: tan tt trong nc, gi l i nc ( hydrofyl) hoc k du (hydrophob).
Cht hot ng b mt c tc dng gi bn cc dng thuc v tui th ca sn phm,
mang cc chc nng hot ho, ph tr, kh keo t, phn tn, ho sa, kh bt, to bt, loang,
dnh, lm t, lm tng hot tnh sinh hc...
Phn loi cht hot ng b mt: Da vo kh nng phn ly ca cc cht ht ng b mt,
ngi ta chia chng thnh:
Anion hot tnh: l cc cht hot ng b mt, khi phn ly u ght nc mang in tch
m. Cc cht ny ch yu do hydroxyl v sulfo ho ru to thnh. c dng nhiu trong gia
cng thuc BVTV ( 50% tng s lng)


Cation hot tnh: l cc cht hot ng b mt, khi phn ly u ght nc mang in tch
dng; cn c gi l x phng ngc Igepon T. Chng rt c, t dng.
Cc phn t lng cc (amphoteric): l cc cht hot ng b mt, khi phn ly u ght
nc mang c in tch dng v m - c pht hin vo na cui ca th k 20. Ch dng
trong cc pha chuyn dng c bit ( gia cng thuc BVTV trong trng hp c nhiu pH
ngn s ng t khi b sung cc cht anionic khc).
Khng ion hot tnh: l cc cht hot ng b mt, c u ght nc khng phn ly. Tnh
cht phn a nc ph thuc vo chiu di chui ethylen oxid. c dng rt nhiu trong gia
cng thuc BVTV v chim 75% tng lng b sung khi phun .
Trong nhng nm gn y, do hiu bit ngy cng tt hn v s keo ho v b mt, cc
nguyn tc ho hc c bn lin quan n tnh thm t, tnh phn tn, tnh ho sa v kh nng
ho tan ca cc dng thuc BVTV cho php pht trin cc cht hot ng b mt ngy cng
mnh. Hin nay c cc cht hot ng b mt p ng c mi nhu cu ca vic gia cng
thuc BVTV i hi. Cht hot ng b mt to iu kin quyt nh cho s hnh thnh cc
dng thuc mi, tng kh nng ho tan ca hot cht v kch thc git, thi gian bn vng v
thm ch hot tnh sinh hc ca dng gia cng. Ngoi ra, trong tng lai gn, cc cht hot ng
b mt b sinh vt phn hu hon ton v c c thp i vi ng vt mu nng v c, rt an
ton trong mi trng c s dng ngy cng nhiu hn.
Hm lng cht hot ng b mt trong gia cng khong 1 10%; cho thm vo bnh
phun vi nng 0.01-0.1%; lm tng hot tnh sinh hc: 1-2% (tng xm nhp v vn
chuyn thuc trong cy).
Tr s HLB:
nh ngha: L tr s m , trong khong thi gian nht nh s ph v to micell cn
bng ( c bao nhiu phn t du ra nh dch, cng c ngn y nguyn t du t mi trng chy
vo micell).
Tr s HLB ng dng cht hot ng b mt
3 - 6 Nc tan trong du W/O
7 - 9 Tc dng thm t
8 - 18 Du tan trong nc O/W
i vi thuc BVTV HLB = 10
13 - 15 Tc dng ty ra
15 - 18 Tc dng tan du
d. Cht thm t ( wetting argent):
Cht thm t a vo cht lng lm gim sc cng b mt gia cht lng v b mt
vt phun, tng cng sc thm nhp ca cht lng, khin cho git thuc loang d dng hn. Hm
lng cht thm t trong sn phm thng cha 2-10%.
Cc cht lm t c dng vi 2 chc nng chnh:
-Trong gia cng thuc BVTV tng tnh thm t ca bt trong nc, to nng dung
dch ho tan hay huyn ph m c theo mun.
-B sung thm vo bnh phun trc khi phun thuc gim thi gian thm t ca bt
thm nc v ci thin kh nng thm su ca nc vo trong cc ht phn tn trong nc.
Cc cht hot ng b mt c trng lng phn t nh, thng c tnh lm t tt hn cc
cht hot ng b mt c trng lng phn t cao.
e. Cht phn tn (disperser , dispersant = suspending agent)


nh ngha: l cc cht hp ph trn b mt phn t v gip cc phn t phn tn tt v
ngn cn chng ti hp.
Cc cht phn tn c dng trong cc dng thuc phn tn v huyn ph ho sn phm,
m bo cc phn t phn tn vo nc trong bnh phun. Hm lng ca chng trong cc dng
bt thm nc, huyn ph m c v ht phn tn trong nc chim 1-6%.
Tnh/ H s phn tn ph thuc vo bn tnh phn cc ca cht rn c phn tn.
Cc cht phn tn l cc phn t ln, c nhiu im gi trn b mt cc phn t , tri
ngc vi cht thm t (l cc phn t nh, phn tn mau l trong qu trnh thm t). Gn
y, nhiu cht phn tn mi c trng lng phn t polymer rt ln. Nhng cht ny c cc
chui xng sng ght nc di v lng ln cc chui ethylen oxid to thnh ci rng ca chic
lc cht hot ng b mt. Phn t polymer c trng lng phn t cao, to bn cho dng
huyn ph m c. Cc cht phn tn dng cho dng ht phn tn c la chn tu theo k
thut s dng. Cc cht phn tn dng rn, khng dnh thch hp to cc ht c xp tt,
phn tn nhanh v ho tan trong bnh phun.
f. Cht loang (Spreader):
L cht lm tng din che ph trn b mt cht rn hay b mt cht lng ca mt lng
nht nh ca mt cht lng c.
Cht gy loang v cht bm dnh l nhng ph gia dng trong gia cng nng cao kh
nng bm dnh ca cc thnh phm thuc dng lng, nhm to iu kin cho thnh phm tri ra
u hn v bm dnh tt hn trn l cy, thn cy khi thuc c phun trn thc a.
g. Cht hp lc (synergist):
nh ngha: l nhng cht cng tc ng vi cht khc. Khi hn hp vi cht hp lc
c ca hot cht s tng.
Nghin cu cc cht hp lc rt c ngha trong vic la chn nguyn liu gia cng
thuc BVTV v hn hp cc thuc vi nhau.
iu kin to ra cc hn hp thuc c tc dng hp lc l bn thn chng phi l
nhng cht c cc trung tm hot ng, trong cu trc phn t c nhiu ni i, ni ba hay bn
thn l nhng cht c tc ng c l.
h. Cht n nh (stabilizer):
L cc cht ngn nga nhng phn ng ph c th gim hiu lc ca hot cht trong gia
cng, s dng v bo qun (dng cht lm bn hay cht phn tc ng gia cng thuc dng
rn; dng phc loi ion kim loi trong thuc dng lng).
i. Cht ho sa (emulsifier):
L cht to bn cc git huyn ph ca mt pha lng ny trong mt pha lng khc.
Nu khng c cht ho sa, hai pha lng khng trn c vi nhau. Cht ho sa l thnh phn
c bn ca dng gia cng cc hot cht dng du v dung mi; c dng nhiu nht gia cng
dng sa m c. Hm lng cht ho sa ti a 10% trong dng sa m c. Gn y, c xu
hng dng cc cht ho sa, trc tip ho sa cc hot cht vo nc.
Gi tr HLB t 8-18 s cho ho sa bn vng. bn cht ho sa c th c ci
thin nu thm mt lng nh cht hot ng b mt ng polymer (copolymer) EO-PO.
Cht hot ng b mt to dng sa bn du trong nc (EW) rt khc dng sa m
c (EC). Trong trng hp sa O/W, cht hot ng b mt cn hp th mnh vo b mt git


du to dng sa bn lu. Cc cht hot ng b mt polymer c trng lng phn t cao i
khi c dng cho mc ch ny.
j. Cht ho tan (solutes):
L cc cht to micell trong nc nng vt nng micell gii hn. Cc micell c
th b tan hay ho tan cc cht khng tan trong nc phn a nc ca micel.
k. Nhng cht nng cao hot tnh sinh hc
Cht gim sc cng b mt, c dng ring hay cng cc cht khc nh du khong hay
du tho mc, thm vo bnh phun nng cao hot tnh sinh hc ca hot cht vi i tng
phng tr. Ngy cng s dng nhiu cc t hp ch sn nng cao hot tnh sinh hc ca hot
cht. Cc dng gia cng ny thng c trong dng s dng c to thnh trong iu kin m (
built-in-water). Khi dng, sn phm phi p ng c i hi ca lut php v c, hiu
qu, an ton v mi trng.
Cc cht hot ng b mt dng nng cao hiu qu sinh hc ph thuc vo bn cht v
phng thc tc ng ca hot cht. Chng thng l cc cht non-ionic nh : cc alkylphenol
ethoxylat, cc ru aliphatic mch thng ethoxylat, cc aliphatic amin ethoxylat. Du i khi
cng c cho thm vo dung dch phun tng hot tnh sinh hc ca thuc tr su. Trong
thuc, du lm gim kh nng bay hi, gim s ra tri ca thuc v tng kh nng xm nhp ca
thuc vo cn trng hay bao vy mt s trung tm sng ca cn trng. Nhng du cng d gy c
vi thc vt. c ca du ph thuc vo dng du, nng cng nh iu kin thi tit.
l. Cc cht chng lng ( anti - deposit):
L cc cht lm c (tng nht, gim lng ht thuc qu nh, gim kh nng bay hi
v km hm s ra tri ca dung dch phun) v cc cht to gel c tc dng tng bn ca
huyn ph m c, sa v hn hp huyn ph nh tng hay chy ca cht lng, ngn cn
tch lp v lng ng ca cc phn t v git. Chng c dng trong cc dng gia cng c
nc, gi sn phm bo qun lu v d phn tn trong bnh phun.
Khng hn hp cht chng lng vi cht in phn. Cht chng lng b bin cht khi
pH, nhit thay i v chu tc ng ca cc thnh phn khc ca dng gia cng.
Cc cht chng lng thng dng l dng h tinh bt bin th, polyacryl ho, ru
polyvinyl v polyethylen oxid.
Gm xanthan, cht chng lng quan trng cho cc dng huyn ph v nh tng m
c, l chui polysaccarid phn nhnh rt di, phn t lng khong 2 triu, do qu trnh ln men
bn tng hp vi sinh. L cht do gi trng, n nhiu trong nc nng thp hn cc
polysaccarid thng thng. Gm tan thnh dung dch tht trong nc vi bin pH, nhit v
nng cht in gii rng. Gm xanthan c th dng n nng 0.5% dng gia cng hay
to lin kt ngang nng 0,2% khi hn hp vi t st hay silica hoc cc vt liu ho tan
khc.
S dng hn hp cc pha phn tn v polymer ho tan trong nc c u im: It ph
thuc nhit ; tan tt trong nc; d rt v ci thin tnh vt l, c bit khi nhit cao.
m. Cc cht chng ng vn ( anti-curdling adjusvant):
L cc cht b sung trong thuc bt v ht chng ng vn v to tnh chy tt ca bt.
Hm lng cht chng ng vn trong thuc bt v ht khong 2%. Cht chng ng vn thng
dng l silica.
n. Cc cht chng ng ( anti-cogulant):


L cc cht b sung vo dung dch nc/ huyn ph m c gim im ng < 0
o
C (-
5 hay -10
o
C). Cht chng ng thng dng l propylen glycol. Hm lng : 5-10%. Urea cng
dng chng ng cho cc hot cht tan trong glycol.
o. Cc cht to bt ( foaming adjuvant) v cht chng bt(anti- foaming adjuvant):
Cht to bt c tc dng gim sc cng b mt ca dch phun, gip git thuc loang dnh
nhanh, bm tt hn v t ra tri. Nhng nu thuc to qu nhiu bt s kh ng gi v gim
tc khi phun. Trong trng hp ny, phi cho thm cht chng to bt khi gia cng. Hm
lng ti a chng to bt l 0.2%.
p. Cht bo qun ( preservative):
L cc cht ngn chn s VSV ph hu mt s thnh phn trong dng gia cng thuc.
Mt s dng gia cng dng nhiu ngun carbon hp vi VSV nh polysaccharid (dung
dch m c, huyn ph m c v sa O/W ), d b VSV phn hu, khin cho thuc sinh kh,
i mu, nht v pH thay i, thuc b phn lp lng ng. Trong tng lai, cc dng gia
cng c c s l nc v cc cht b sung d b VSV phn hu c dng nhiu, nn lng cht
bo qun s tng thm.
Tiu chun ca mt cht bo qun l: c th chng c nhiu vi sinh vt nng rt
thp; an ton.
Cht bo qun c th lm mt tnh n nh ca cc cht hot ng b mt cationic,
anionic hoc cht lm c anionic- polysacchorid. Nhng nm gn y, nhiu cht bo qun
mi ph rng, c hiu lc vi bin pH rng v khng phn ng vi cht hot ng b mt
khc xut hin, nh: 1,2-benzissothiazalin-3-one (BIT) rt bn, dit khun tt, hn hp c vi
hu ht cc cht hot ng b mt anionic v non-ionic, vi cc polymeric v cc cht lm c
dng st, chng lng dng trong huyn ph nc v cc dng sa. Nng 0.03-0.06% .
q.Cc hp cht mu ( colour adjuvant):
L cc cht cho thm vo sn phm cnh bo, ngn nga kh nng ng c v kim
tra ng u ca thuc khi x l. Cn chn cht nhum thch hp vi cc thnh phn khc,
trnh nh hng n bn ca thuc.
2. CC PHNG PHP S DNG THUC BO V THC VT:
phng tr dch hi mt cch c hiu qu, ngi ta c nhiu phng php s dng
thuc BVTV khc nhau, nhm p ng cc yu cu thc t ca thc tin sn xut.
2.1. Phun bt
L phng php dng cc thuc dng bt, a thuc n b mt vt phun bng cc my
phun thuc bt. Thuc phi c phun u, bao ph u v bm tt trn b mt vt phun. Cht
lng phun thuc ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh l ho ca thuc, c im b mt vt phun v
hnh dng ht thuc v iu kin thi tit.
Phun bt c nhiu u im: n gin, nng sut lao ng cao, khng dng nc ( c
bit c ngha khi s dng thuc nhng ni c a hnh phc tp, xa ngun nc).
Nhc im: Ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit : gi d cun thuc i xa, gy tht
thot ln v thuc v gy nhim mi trng; ma d ra tri thuc nn hiu lc ca thuc b


gim nhanh. Thuc c hm lng cht c thp, nn lng thnh phm dng nhiu, lng hot
cht dng thng cao hn cc dng thuc khc, phi chuyn ch v vn chuyn nhiu.
2.2. Rc ht
Thuc dng ht, c rc vo t x l t. trong t, hot cht trong thuc ht
c gii phng t t v c tc dng dit dch hi trong thi gian di. Trong mt s trng hp
thuc cng c rc ln cy bo v cy.
Ht thuc phi c rn nht nh, khng ho tan qu nhanh v tan dn vo nc gii
phng t t hot cht, nhng khng b v vn trc khi rc.
m t nh hng nhiu n hiu lc ca thuc ht. Trong iu kin kh hn, cc
thuc ni hp dng ht khng pht huy c tc dng dit dch hi ca chng. Cn cc thuc
xng hi dng ht li gim hiu lc khi trong t c m cao.
2.3. Phun lng
L em cc thuc BVTV trong cc h phn tn lng (dung dch tht, dung dch keo,
huyn ph, nh tng) di dng ht nh ln b mt vt phun. H phn tn phi bn, c tnh
loang dnh v thm t tt trn b mt vt phun. Huyn ph v nh tng c phn tn km
hn dung dch tht v dung dch keo.
Tc lng ca ht cht rn trong huyn ph ph thuc vo trng lng ring v ln
ca ht thuc v t l nghch vi nht ca mi trng. T trng ca thuc bt thm nc l t
s gia trng lng v th tch ca mu thuc kho st (g/cm
3
). Nu thuc c t trng ln, thuc
mau lng ng, thuc phun ra khng u, bnh bm d b tc. Ht thuc mn, t trng nh, li
thm cht n nh lm tng bn ca huyn ph. Cht n dnh lm tng nht ca thuc,
gim lng ng ca ht cht rn. B phn khuy thuc trong my phun cng gip huyn ph
c n nh.
Trong nh tng, ng knh ht thuc > 0.1m, d hp li v phn lp. Nu thuc phn
lp qu nhanh, thuc s trang tri khng ng u trn b mt vt phun. Cc cht nh ho trong
thuc sa c tc dng ngn cn cc git thuc lin kt vi nhau, m bo bn ca nh tng.
Cc cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt, gip thuc loang nhanh, bm dnh
lu trn b mt vt phun, ko di hiu lc ca thuc v lm gim s mt mt ca thuc.
Da vo ng knh ca git nc thuc do cc my bm phun ra, ngi ta chia thnh cc
phng php phun khc nhau. S phn chia ny tu thuc tng nc.
Cng ho Dn ch c (c): Phun nc (spritzen) c ng knh git thuc >150m; phun
ma bi (spruhen) 50-150m; phun m (nebel) - <150m.
Lin x (c):phun va v to - 250-400m; phun git nh 100-250m; phun m tha 25-
100m; phun m trung bnh- 5-25m v phun m c 0.5 - 5m.
Php: Phun nc 400-1000m; phun kh 50-200m; phun lng cc nh 80-160m; phun
nhit < 30m.
Anh: Phun vi lng nc nhiu; phun vi lng nc trung bnh; phun vi lng nc nh;
phun vi lng nc cc nh; phun m.
Vit nam, khi phun bng bnh bm eo vai, lng nc phun cho la, cy cng nghip
ngn ngy, rau khong 600-800l/ha; ch (ti thiu 500l/ha), bng 1000-1200l/ha. Nhng nu
dng my bm ng c phun ma bi, git thuc phun ra nh hn, din bao ph b mt ln
hn, lng nc dng cho cy trng hng nm cn t i (khong 200-300l/ha).
Theo Lenke (1967): Cng mt th tch nc, nu kch thc git thuc gim i 3 ln, s
git thuc tng ln 27 ln v din tch tip xc ca git thuc tng 11 ln.


Nn nh rng, t c hiu qu tr dch hi, lng thuc dng trn mt n v din
tch l khng thay i. V vy, khi dng lng nc gim i bao nhiu ln, th nng ca
thuc pha cng phi tng ln by nhiu ln. Thuc phi c an ton cao, khi phun nng
cao, thuc cng khng gy hi cho cy.
Phun lng c u im: lng thuc dng t, thuc bm dnh tt v an ton vi mi trng.
Nhc im ca phun lng: nng sut phun thp, phi dng nc.
2.4. Phun son kh ( aerosol):
Sol kh l thuc BVTV phn tn di dng keo trong khng kh. Nu pha phn tn l
nhng ht rn th l s phun khi; cn pha phn tn l nhng git cht lng l s phun
m.Thuc khi l dng sol kh dng tr su mt trong kho, trong nh knh v trong rng.
Phng php to khi rt n gin:
-Dng nhit t nng thuc, thuc s thng hoa v bay l lng trong khng kh gy
c cho cn trng. C th dng giy lc bi nhiu t vi nhau, tm vo dung dch 5-7% clorat kali
hay nitrat kali, hong kh; sau tm tip dung dch cht c ho tan trong dung mi hu c. Khi
dng, cn tnh trc lng cht c cn thit dng cho mi n v th tch tin tnh lng
giy lc trong cc phng hun. Khi dng, ch cn t cc tm giy ny.
-Pho khi l nhng hp nh hnh tr, trong cha thuc BVTV dng bt kh trn ln clorat
kali. Khi dng, t pho, qu pho tung ln cao, to khi thuc c cha thuc BVTV ra xung quanh.
-Que/thanh khi : thuc BVTV dng bt kh, trn vi mn ca v nitratkali, cht dnh, p
li thnh thanh nh. Khi dng cn tnh ton s thanh thuc khi hay pho khi ri chm la t.
Chng s bc chy t t, bc thnh khi dit cn trng , rui mui rt tt.
Thuc phun m: thuc BVTV c ho tan trong cc du khong c si tng i cao ( du
xa, du my bin p, du diezel...), c chc nng l cht mang v cht ho tan a thuc t ni phun
n ni x l. Mt s dung mi d bay hi nh tetraclorua cacbon, dicloetan... ch dng ch thuc
phun m trong phng kn ( nh nh kho, nh knh...).
Cc phng php to git sng m:
-To m bng c gii: Dng cc my phun c bit c vng quay rt ln ( hng vn vng/
pht), to p sut rt ln (hng trm atm), x thuc thnh cc git c kch thc vi chc m, c
kh nng phn tn ln khi ra khi my phun.
-To m bng nhit: Nu dung dch thuc du trong ni hi hoc qua ng xon rut g
nhit cao ( cao hn nhit si ca du). Hi thuc c bn ra khi my phun di p sut
7-8 atm. Hi thuc gp lnh ngng t thnh nhng git m c phn tn cao (kch thc <
1m). Do phi tip xc vi nhit cao, nn mt phn thuc b phn hu.
-To m bng phng php phi hp c nhit: Dung dch du c dng hi nng bc
u to nhng git tng i nh, ri c x nh tip di p sut cao v a ngay ra vi phun,
cc git m c ngui nhanh ho ln vi khng kh bn ngoi. S phn hu ca thuc khng
xy ra v dch thuc ch tip xc vi nhit nhit thp ( cha n nhit si ca du), trong
thi gian rt ngn (vi phn ngn gy). Phng php ny cng khng cn dng my phun c bit
to nn cc p sut qu cao. Nhng my phun m ny thng li dng nng lng ca kh
x ng c t trong to ra m.
Cc git thuc c to bng phun m c ln v trng lng tng t nhau ( gi l
ng phn tn), c kh nng phn tn ng u, s l lng lu trong khng kh, chui lun vo
khe k, dit dch hi trit hn. Cn cc git thuc c ln v trng lng khc nhau ( gi l
a phn tn), chng c phn tn khc nhau. Nhng git qu ln, bm dnh km v ri nhanh
xung t; cn nhng git qu nh li d b gi cun i xa.


Mi dng phun m li c cch s dng ring; phun m trung bnh c phun trn ng
rung, tc ng tc thi n cc loi cn trng c kh nng hot ng mnh; cn phun m tha
dng phun ln cy, phng tr su bnh.
Phun vi th tch thp ( Ultra low volume) ch cn dng 1-4-6l thuc/ha hay th tch cc
nh (Ultra ultra low volume) ch cn < 0.5l thuc/ha. phun, cn dng ch phm c bit c
hm lng cht c cao ( 90-95% a.i.). khc phc nhc im ca phng php phun m,
ngi ta ch ra cc sn phm c kh nng tch in khi to thnh git nh. Trn my phun
cng c b phn phng in cc git thuc c tch in, khin git thuc d dng bm dnh
trn b mt vt phun, gim s hao ht thuc.
Phng php phun m c nng sut lao ng cao, lng nc dng t ( 20l/ha), phn
tn v bm dnh tt, hiu lc tr dch hi cao. Do phun m, to git nh, lu lng ng, nn
chng c tnh quang chuyn ( photoforese), d b gi cun i xa v d gy hi sinh vt c ch.

2.5. X l ging:
Ging cy trng (ht ging, c ging, hom ging...) cn c x l bng thuc BVTV
phng tr su, nm, vi khun, tuyn trng v.v... gy hi cho cy hoc to cho cy sau ny c kh
nng chng chu tt su bnh. Cc thuc x l ging khng gy hi cho ht ging, ngc li cn
kch thch s ny mm, sc ny mm v sinh trng ca cy sau ny.
X l ging tit kim chi ph, gim lng thuc dng, hiu lc tr dch hi cao.
C ba phng php x l ging:
-X l kh hay trn ging: D dng dit ngun bnh bm bn ngoi v ht. Nhng loi
dch hi nm bn trong v ht cn thuc c tc dng thm su mnh v xng hi. Thuc dng
bt, c trn k vi ht ging. Sau khi trn, ht ging c th c gieo ngay hay cn mt thi
gian trc khi gieo. Thi gian di ngn, tu thuc vo loi dch hi, c im ca thuc v ca
ging m khng nh hng n sc sng ca ht ging.
X l kh l bin php n gin, khng i hi dng c v k thut phc tp. Bt k ht
ging no cng c th p dng bin php ny. Nhc im chnh: Gy bi, d gy c cho
ngi s dng v nhim mi trng.
-X l t hay ngm ging: Ngm ging trong nc thuc mt thi gian nht nh c th
dit c dch hi bn ngoi hay bn trong ging. X l t c u im l n gin, dit dch
hi mnh hn. Nhc im chnh l ging sau khi x l, ging cn c gieo trng ngay. Vic
x l nc thi cng gp kh khn.
-X l na kh hay na t: Ch yu dng x l ht ging.
Trn ht ging vi lng nh dch thuc, sao cho lng thuc nh dng bao ph ht
lng ht ging cn x l. Sau khi x l, thuc c th gieo ngay hay li mt thi gian ri hong
kh trc khi bo qun. y l phng php x l ht ging n gin, hiu qu, an ton, khc
phc c nhc im ca phng php trn ging v ngm ging.
2.6. Xng hi:
Xng hi l cch tc ng n sinh vt gy hi bng con ng h hp thng qua vic s
dng cc cht c kh nng bay hi, u c bu khng kh bao quanh dch hi, khin chng b
nhim c.
Mun xng hi c hiu qu, phi gi c nng cht xng hi trong thi gian nht
nh v ch c thc hin trong khong khng gian kn nh nh kho, nh knh, tu thuyn, hoc


cc ni c che ph kn. Cc thuc xng hi c th dit cn trng, chut, tuyn trng, nm v
vi khun... gy hi cy trng, nng sn.
Thuc xng hi l cc cht th rn, lng hay kh, c kh nng bay hi. c tnh l ho
ca thuc nh hng nhiu n hiu qu v phng php s dng.
bay hi l lng hi ti a c th c trong mi th tch khng kh nhng iu kin
nht nh.
Tc bay hi xc nh bng khi lng hi bay ra t 1cm
2
b mt cht xng hi.
bay hi v tc bay hi t l thun vi tng nhit xng hi, t l nghch vi
p sut hi v nhit si ca chng. dit dch hi nhanh, ngi ta tng tc bay hi ca
thuc bng cch tng nhit xng hi v tng din bc hi.
S khuych tn ca thuc xng hi vo khng kh nh hng ln n kh nng xm
nhp ca cc cht xng hi. Tnh khuych tn ca thuc lin quan nhiu n nhit phng
xng v cch sp xp hng ho trong kho. Trong trng hp c bit, tng kh nng khuych
tn ca thuc, ngi ta cn rt bt khng kh ca phng xng.
S hp ph (absorption) cht xng hi ca vt hun l hin tng hi thuc b ht vo b
mt vt hun (hng ho, nng sn). Nu s hp ph km theo phn ng ho hc c gi l hp
ph ho hc.
S hp th (absortion) cht xng hi ca vt hun l hin tng hi thuc xm nhp su
vo bn trong vt hun.
S hp th / hp ph cht xng hi tng s lm gim kh nng xm nhp v khuych tn
ca cht xng hi vo hng ho, hiu lc ca thuc xng hi gim v s gii c (desorption)
hng ho xng hi li kh khn hn. S hp ph / hp th cht xng hi ph thuc vi nng
v p sut hi v t l nghch vi nhit phng xng hi.
T trng hi ca cht xng hi ( so vi khng kh) lin quan cht ch n k thut dng
thuc. T trng hi ca thuc <1 th khi xng hi, thuc phi t di thp; ngc li t trng
cht xng hi > 1 th khi xng hi phi t thuc trn cao.
gim kh nng bt la v t bc chy ca cc cht xng hi, trong gia cng ngi ta
thng trn thm vo sn phm nhng cht chng chy n.
Cn ch c bit n nhng tnh cht khc ca cht xng hi, nh tnh n mn, lm han
g kim loi, tnh d gy hng hng ho ti sng, da..., lm mt mu hng ho.
Cht xng hi l nhng cht rt c cho ngi v ng vt mu nng. Bn cnh mt s
cht c mi d nhn bit, cn nhiu hp cht khng mi, khng v kh pht hin. Nhm gip
pht hin nhanh s d r ca thuc xng hi, trnh gy c cho ngi v mi trng, ngi ta
thng trn vo sn phm nhng cht bo hiu c mi v c bit hay lm chy nc mt ngay
nng rt thp.
Khi xng hi cc kho hng, phi c chun b chu o, kho phi c trn, cc khe h phi
c dn kn, hng ho c sp xp thnh ng va phi, sao cho thuc c th khuych tn
vo ng hng d dng t mi pha. Khng trong phng xng hi nhng vt dng c th b
thuc gy hi. thuc ri rc trong kho nhng ni thch hp. Thi gian xng hi khc nhau
tu theo nng thuc, iu kin phng hun v c tnh hng ho.
Xng hi t: c th dng cc phng php n gin sau: o rnh hay nhng l nng,
thuc v lp t li; hoc ri thuc hay ti thuc vo t, xi t trn thuc u hay nhiu
phng php n gin khc.
Khi xng hi, cn ch c bit cng tc phng h v bo h lao ng. Ch c nhng
ngi c tp hun cng tc xng hi kh trng v di s gim st cht ch ca cn b k


thut mi c lm cng vic ny. Khu vc xng hi cn c bin cnh bo cm ngi qua li
trong sut thi gian x l.
2.7. Ni liu php thc vt:
Phng php cha bnh cho cy bng cch a vo cy nhng cht ho hc khng c
vi cy, nhng lan truyn c trong cy, lm cho cy c vi dch hi hay trung ho nhng
c t do dch hi gy ra hoc do nhng nguyn nhn khc. Nhng cht ny c th bo v cy,
chng li s gy hi ca nhng loi dch hi chuyn v khng chuyn tnh.
Mt s cht khc c th khng c, nhng lm thay i thnh phn dch t bo, lm bin
i c trng sinh l sinh ho trong cy, khin cy khng cn l ngun dinh dng thch hp
cho dich hi sng trn na. Nhng cht ny ch c th bo v cy, chng li s gy hi ca
nhng loi dch hi c chuyn tnh hp.
Tiu chun ca mt cht c tnh ni liu php tt l: xm nhp c vo trong cy, t
c nhng lng nht nh v tn ti trong cy mt thi gian kh di, nhng khng gy c
cho cy v t phn hu khng gy c cho ngi v gia sc.
C th dng thuc ni hp thng qua x l ht ging, bn thuc vo t, phun ln cy,
tm thuc vo vi hay bng, ri buc vo vt thng thc hin ni liu php thc vt. Tc
xm nhp ca thuc vo cy, s truyn lan v thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong cy ph thuc
c im ca thuc, thi gian sinh trng ca cy v iu kin ngoi cnh.
2.8. B c:
Hn hp cht c v mi ( thc n cn trng v loi gm nhm thch) c gi l b c.
b c hiu qu cao th phi c mi hp dn, thch hp vi tng loi dch hi. Mi c th l
cm, ht ng cc, cc loi bt, cht ngt, cht chua, cht hi tanh, cy c ...
C nhiu phng php ch b:
-Lm b kh: Trn thuc dng bt vi mi kh ( ht ng cc...), i khi cn trn cht
dnh thuc bm vo mi tt hn. Cht dnh thng l h tinh bt, du tho mc...
-Lm b t: Tm mi vo dung dch huyn ph, nh tng cht c.
-Lm b na t: khc b t l t nc hn.
-Lm b lng: Mi l cht lng, trn lun cht c vo mi.
Lm b c l phng php dit dch hi c nhiu u im: dng cht c t, t gy
nhim mi trng, t gy hi sinh vt c ch v em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Hin c rt nhiu loi b lm sn, bn trn th trng. Nhng loi b ny dng rt n
gin, mang li hiu qu phng tr cao.
Ngoi cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV c bn trn, cn c nhiu phng php
khc cng em li hiu qu kinh t cao nh: bao gi, nhng t v.v... bo v nng sn.
3. HN HP THUC BVTV:
Trong thc t, nhiu khi phi hn hp cc thuc vi nhau hay s dng cc thuc hn hp
c sn. Hn hp cc thuc c nhiu u im:
-Ci thin c l tnh v nng cao hot tnh sinh hc ca thuc.
-M rng ph tc ng dit nhiu i tng cn phng tr cng xut hin. C th hn
hp cc thuc tr c vi thuc tr c, thuc tr su vi thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh vi thuc
tr bnh, thuc tr su vi thuc tr bnh v ngc li; thuc tr su hay thuc tr bnh vi cc
cht kch thch sinh trng v phn bn l.
-Pht huy c u im, khc phc nhng nhc im ring ca tng loi thuc.
-Gim c cng phun thuc.


Trong mt s trng hp, cc thuc tr su bnh cn c hn hp vi phn ho hc,
va phng tr su bnh li va c kh nng sinh trng cho cy trng.
Nguyn tc: Khi hn hp, phi gi nguyn nng thuc khi dng ring.
Trong trng hp bit chc, khi hn hp cc thuc s xy ra hin tng hp lc nng cao
tim th, th c th hn hp nng thp hn so vi tng nng dng n.
C nhiu loi thuc c hn hp sn, bn trn th trng. Nhng trong nhiu trng
hp, cn c vo tnh hnh dch hi v yu cu s dng, phi t gia cng ly hn hp. Trong
trng hp ny phi tra cu bng kh nng hn hp cc thuc la chn kh nng hn hp.
Xy ra mt trong 3 kh nng:
-Cc thuc c th hn hp c.
-Khi hn hp xong phi dng ngay: Thuc c th hn hp, nhng phi dng ngay, nu
lu, cc thuc s ph nhau.
-Khng c hn hp vi nhau: Cc thuc nh hn hp c c c tnh i khng nhau,
v ho hc hay sinh hc, nn khi hn hp cc thuc ph nhau.
Khi hn hp sai cc thuc s: nh hng xu n l tnh ca thuc; gia cc thuc c th
xy ra phn ng ho hc, lm mt hiu lc ca nhau; thuc hn hp s to nn cc hp cht mi,
gy c cho cy; cc thuc em hn hp s gy nhng tc ng i khng trn c th dch hi do
tc ng sinh l tri ngc nhau ca cc thuc v lm gim hiu lc thuc.
V vy, ch nn hn hp cc thuc khi hiu r c tnh ca tng loi thuc. Nng dn
khng nn t sng to ra cng thc thuc hn hp. Cn tham kho kin ca cn b k thut
trc khi hn hp thuc.

CU HI N TP:
1/ Nu nhng u nhc im ca cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV chnh?
2/ Khi nim, ni dung v ngha ca Lut quc t v gia cng thuc BVTV?
3/ Phn loi, nh ngha v u nhc im chnh ca cc dng thuc thng dng?
4/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v vai tr ca tng thnh phn ca thuc thng phm?
5/ Nguyn tc, phng thc hn hp cc thuc BVTV?


CHNG V
BO M AN TON V T HIU QU CAO TRONG
S DNG THUC BO V THC VT
Gip hc vin hiu bit k thut s dng thuc BVTV t hiu qu v an ton.
1.AN TON V HIU QU L HAI MC TIU KHNG TH TCH RI TRONG
VIC S DNG THUC BO V THC VT CA NGI NNG DN.
Hin nay, bin php ho hc vn gi vai tr ch o trong phng chng dch hi, bo v
cy trng v nng sn. Dng thuc ng s khng nhng khng gy hi cho mi sinh mi trng
m cn em li hiu qu cao, n nh nng sut cy trng v nng cao cht lng sn phm. Nu
dng sai thuc BVTV s gy tc hi c ngi, mi sinh v mi trng sng. V vy, mc tiu
ca vic dng thuc BVTV trn ng rung gm hai mt khng th tch ri l :
-Tng cng hiu lc ca thuc BVTV y li tc hi ca dch hi.
-Hn ch n mc thp nht tc dng xu ca thuc BVTV n con ngi, cy trng, mi
sinh v mi trng.
Cn hiu bit thu o v tn dng trit hiu qu mi quan h qua li gia Thuc
BVTV - Dch hi - Ngoi cnh, c ngha s dng tt tnh Chn lc sinh l , sinh thi; Hiu tp
tnh ca dch hi; Ci tin phng php dng thuc thuc BVTV pht huy hiu qu tr dch
hi ti a, hn ch thp nht hu qu xu ca thuc gy ra nht cho mi sinh, mi trng.
Hai bin php chnh t c mc tiu trn l:
-Thc hin phng tr tng hp (IPM) i vi mi loi dch hi trn cc loi cy trng v
ch dng bin php ho hc nh bin php cui cng, khi cc bin php phng tr khc c
p dng, nhng khng mang li hiu qu mong mun.
-S dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l vi ni dung c bn gm:
-La chn b thuc thch hp: nh gi ton din cc mt yu mnh ca tng loi thuc
pht huy hiu qu cao nht tng loi thuc, em li hiu qu kinh t, nhng li an ton cho
ngi s dng, mi sinh, mi trng , khng d lng trn mi trng.
-Gim qui m dng thuc ( c tc dng gim tc hi ca thuc n mi trng, em li
hiu qu kinh t) thng qua vic p dng ngng kinh t ng ( nh gi tng hp tc ng gy
hi ca cc loi dch hi xut hin cng mt thi gian, trn tng loi cy trng v trn tng giai
on pht dc ca cy) trn c s xem xt ton b cc yu t mi trng sinh thi (cy trng,


dch hi, ngoi cnh v k sinh thin ch). Lp bng phn tch i sng trn c s hiu r c
im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca dch hi v thin ch.
-S dng thuc ng k thut, chn phng php s dng thch hp cho tng trng hp
( x l ging, bn vo t, phun thuc) nhm tng cng tnh chn lc ca thuc, t gy hi cho
cy, cho k sinh thin ch.
-Ci tin v a dng ho cng c dng thuc: tr bnh v nhn cn my phun c
nhng git nh ( do cc i tng ny khng hay t di chuyn), tr su ch cn my phun c
git thuc trung bnh( kh nng di chuyn ca su mnh hn, iu kin tip xc vi thuc nhiu
hn), cn tr c, c th dng cc loi my bm phun ra cc git to hn ( bi c l i tng
trc tip cn tiu dit, khng di chuyn, nn d phun thuc git to vn trng c). Tr su bnh
trn cy n qu lu nm, c tn l rng, cao, cn dng cng c phun ri th cng c cht lng
cao, hay cc my bm ng c vi t l c cu thch hp.
S 5 th hin ngn gn nht 4 iu kin thuc BVTV pht huy c hiu qu v an
ton, ni dung s dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l trong nguyn tc Bn ng.
2. NI DUNG K THUT CA NGUYN TC " BN NG"
TRONG VIC DNG THUC BO V THC VT :
ng thuc ng nng , liu
lng
ng lc ng cch

Ni dung nguyn tc Bn
ng

Thuc tip xc
c vi dch hi

Thuc xm nhp
c
vo c th dch hi

Cc loi
dch hi
Ngi, i
tng
khng phng
tr,
sinh vt c
ch,
mi trng

Thuc dch chuyn
c vo trung tm
sng dch hi


Thuc pht huy
c
tc dng ( tn ti
thi
gian di, vi
nng
c)

An ton

Hiu qu
Ghi ch: Tng cng Hn ch

S 5- An ton v hiu qu l 2 mc tiu khng th tch ri trong s dng thuc Bo v
thc vt mt cch hp l
1.1.Cch c nhn thuc:
a.nh ngha nhn thuc: Nhn thuc l bn vit, bn in, hnh v, nh, du hiu c in
chm, ni trc tip hay c dn, nh, ci chc chn trn bao b cung cp cc thng tin cn
thit ch yu v hng ho .
Ni dung v hnh thc ca cc nhn thuc BVTV u phi tun theo nhng quy nh c
th ca c quan chc nng c thm quyn .
Mc ch ca vic c k nhn thuc trc khi dng: ngi tiu dng hiu bit k
v loi thuc mnh nh s dng, bit cch dng thuc sao cho hiu qu v an ton.
b. Ni dung ca nhn thuc ( c 1-2 hay 3 ct ) : gm nhng phn chnh sau:
-Phn gii thiu chung gm:
-Phn loi v k hiu c:
c ca thuc BVTV Vit nam c qui nh c th bng 3 phn Mt, chng I
th hin bng cc ch v k hiu sau:
Nhm I: Ch Rt c mu en, pha trn, vch mu , biu tng u lu xng
cho trong hnh thoi vung (en trn nn trng).
Nhm II: Ch c cao mu en, pha trn, vch mu vng, biu tng Ch thp cho
en trong hnh thoi vung (en trn nn trng).
Nhm III: Ch Nguy him mu en, pha trn.Vch xanh nc bin, biu tng l
ng cho hnh thoi vung khng lin nt.
Nhm IV: Ch Cn thn mu en, vch mu xanh l cy, khng c biu tng. Gia
hai nhm III v IV nhiu khi khng c s phn bit . Trong trng hp ny , ngi ta ly nhng
k hiu ca nhm III thay cho c 2 nhm.
d c lng kh nng gy c ca mi nhm thuc ta hnh dung nh sau:
Rt c: nut nhm vi git, hay n mt nhm nh (5ml hay 5g)
c cao: nut 1-2 tha c ph( 5-10ml hay 5-10g thuc bt).
c trung bnh: > 2 tha c ph hay 2 tha canh
c nh : n vi lng ln ( 30-500g hay ml)


-Tn thuc: Gm 3 phn : Tn ho hc hay tn thng dng ca hot cht; hm lng cht
c biu th bng con s (mt hay 2 con s: tnh t l % trng lng/trng lng v theo 3 con
s : tnh theo trng lng hot cht/ th tch (w/v) v dng thuc ( biu th bng ch ci i km,
sau cc ch s).
Tn ho hc ( Chemical name): L tn gi theo qui tc cu trc ho hc ca cc
phn t hot cht c s dng lm thuc BVTV. C th c nhiu tn ho hc, tu theo c quan
t tn v ngi ta thng ghi c quan t tn gi . Tn ho hc thng di, kh nh, t c
ngi bn v ngi s dng quan tm.
Tn thng dng ( Common name): Do tn ho hc thng di, kh nh, nn
nh sng ch thng ngh mt tn ngn gn, d nh gi hot cht . Tn ny phi c
mt t chc tiu chun quc t hay quc gia cng nhn s dng trn ton th gii. Mi hot
cht c th c 1 hay vi tn thng dng tu theo t chc tiu chun quc gia hay quc t t tn.
Tn thng mi ( Trade name) = Tn thng phm (Product name) = Tn ring(
Private name) = Tn nhn (/Labele name): Tn ca cc nh sn xut, cng ty kinh doanh thuc
BVTV t ra nhm phn bit sn phm ca cc c s vi nhau. y l iu bt buc. Mt tn
thng dng c nhiu tn thng mi. Do mi cng ty c cch gia cng ring, thnh phn ph gia
khc nhau, nn cng hm lng hot cht, cng dng, nhng cht lng ca thuc c khng nh
nhau. Gi mt tn thng mi, ngi ta hiu ngay l sn phm ca cng ty no.
Trn nhn thuc thng c Tn thng dng v Tn thng mi gip ngi
c nhn bit thuc l g, do ai sn xut.
-Dng thuc: ( Xem k phn gia cng thuc)
-Thnh phn v Hm lng: hm lng ca hot cht v ph gia. Nu ch l cc ph gia
thng dng th khng cn ghi c th. Hm lng hot cht v ph gia c tnh theo t l phn
trm trng lng hay trng lng hot cht (g) trn mt n v th tch.
-Cng dng: Gii thiu khi qut nhng cng dng ca thuc.
-nh lng hng ho: c ghi bng trng lng tnh v th tch thc ca bao gi
-Ngun gc: Tn a ch ni sn xut, gia cng , nh phn phi.
-Thi hn: Ngy thng sn xut v thi hn s dng.
-Cc hnh v biu th c tnh ho l d gy nguy him cn lu trong vn chuyn, ct
gi, s dng ( nu c).
-Phn hng dn s dng :
Thuc phng tr c loi dch bnh hi no: Nng , lng dng cho mt n v din
tch, thi im dng, cch pha thuc, lng nc, cch bo qun thuc.
Lu : Trong phn ny ch c ghi cch hng dn phng tr nhng i tng c
ng k vi nh nc. Vi nhng i tng khc, tuy thuc c kh nng phng tr, nhng nu
cha ng k, cng khng c ghi vo.
Thi gian cch ly (Pre-havest interval -PHI): Ch s ngy ti thiu k t ln phun cui
cng n khi thu sn phm. c bit c ngha trn rau, qu n ti, ch...
Lu : cn dn nhng iu nn trnh v nhng im cn ch khi s dng.
-Phn hng dn cc bin php an ton trong v sau khi s dng thuc.
-Ch dn cch phng trnh nhim c; cc hnh tng cnh bo; ch dn s cp cu khi
ng c, cc cng c bo h cn c khi tip xc vi thuc.
-Cc hnh v yu cu khi tip xc vi thuc: Chia lm 2 nhm:
Hnh Bn tri ( phng h trong kho) Hnh Bn phi ( phng h ngoi ng)


1 Kho thuc phi c kho

1 Khi i phun thuc

2 Vo kho ly thuc
phi c ng

2 Phi i ng

3 Vo kho ly thuc phi
c knh, khu trang

3 eo khu trang,
knh bo h

4 Vo kho ly thuc
phi c gng tay

4 C gng tay

5 Ly thuc phi
cn ong

5 Tm ra sch sau
khi phun thuc

1.2. Ni dung ca nguyn tc"Bn ng "
a.ng thuc:
-Khng mt loi thuc no c th tr c tt c cc loi dch hi. Mt loi thuc ch c
th tr c nhiu hay t loi dch hi, thm ch ch mt loi dch hi. Thuc ch thch hp s
dng trong nhng iu kin thi tit, t ai, canh tc, cy trng nht nh.
Trc khi mua thuc, nng dn xc nh loi dch hi no ang ph trn rung chn
mua ng loi thuc thch hp. Nu khng t xc nh c th phi nh cn b k thut gip
chn c ng thuc mnh cn, em li hiu qu phng tr cao.
-Chn nhng thuc ph hp vi trnh s dng v iu kin k thut a phng:
Min Bc, do din tch canh tc t, nng dn c thi quen thy dch hi xut hin mi phng tr.
H thng chn nhng thuc c tc dng dit tr. Ngc li min Nam: t rng, nng dn quen phun
sm, phun phng v phun nhiu ln trong v, thng chn thuc c tc dng bo v.
Nhiu thuc tr c la, i hi phi gi nc trong mt thi gian nht nh. V vy ch nn s
dng cc thuc tr c ny nhng ni c iu kin gi nc tt, ti tiu ch ng, t bng phng.
-Cn hiu r cch tc ng ca thuc c cch s dng thuc ng.
Conphai v Actara l hai thuc tr ry nu c tc dng ni hp, c th phun trm trn ngn,
cng c th tiu dit ry nu gc la.
Ngc li Bassa ( Fenobucarb) v Applaud ( Buprofezin) u c tc dng tip xc v v c,
khng c kh nng ni hp, nn khi dng phng tr ry nu, cn r la, hng cng nh cng tt, v khi
phun phi phun trc tip vo gc la.
Hai thuc ny li c nhng c tnh khc nhau: Applaud ch c kh nng dit ry cm, hiu lc
di (3-4 tun), v vy c th phun sm, khi trn rung mi c ry cm; mt v ch cn phun 1 ln. Ngc
li Bassa ( Fenobucarb) c th tr c c ry cm v ry trng thnh, hiu lc li ngn ( 5-7 ngy),
nn c th phun khi trn rung c ry cm, ry trng thnh v nht nh phi phun t nht 2 ln/v mi
c hiu qu.
Thi gian hu hiu ca thuc quyt nh khong cch gia 2 ln phun, s ln phun/v.
-Khi chn thuc cn ch n yu cu v sinh thc phm ca sn phm v chu trnh thu
hi. Cc loi thuc dng cho rau v ch, c bit l rau sp thu hoch, cn c loi thuc c thi
gian cch ly ngn, c thi gian tn lu trn cy ngn v t c.
-Lu n hiu qu kinh t khi dng thuc, nht l i vi dch hi cn phun nhiu
ln/v. Khng nn s dng cng mt loi thuc trong sut v hoc t nm ny qua nm khc.


- Nu ca hng bn nhiu loi thuc c cng tc dng i vi loi dch hi cn phng tr
th nn u tin mua loi thuc c tc dng chn lc, t c vi mi sinh, khng gy hi cho cy
trng hin ti v cy trng v sau. Hiu qu cao.
-Khng dng thuc cm, thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc km cht lng v khng dng
thuc hn ch v vi phm qui nh hn ch
La chn b thuc thch hp cho tng loi cy trng trn c s nh gi ton din u
nhc im ca tng loi thuc pht huy hiu qu cao nht, em li hiu qu kinh t, nhng
li an ton cho ngi s dng, mi sinh, mi trng, khng d lng trn mi trng l vic
lm kh khn. y l vic lm ca nh nc, nhng cn b k thut cng ng gp khng nh
cho vn ny.
b. Dng ng liu lng, mc tiu dng v lng nc
Phun thuc vi liu lng v mc tiu dng thp s khng bo m hiu qu phng tr,
gy lng ph thuc, thm ch to iu kin cho dch hi quen thuc v dch hi pht trin mnh
hn. Ngc li phun vi liu lng cao s khng em li li ch kinh t, gy c cho ngi s
dng, cy trng, gia sc v thin ch, li d lng cao trn nng sn.
Phun thuc vi lng nc t, thuc s khng bao ph ton cy, dch hi khng tip xc
c nhiu vi thuc. Nhng nu phun vi lng nc qu nhiu, s lm cho thuc b mt nhiu,
hiu qu phng tr b gim, mt nhiu cng ch nc v gy c cho mi trng.
Hiu qu phng tr dch hi cng khng th nng cao, nu ch tng nng thuc dng
v gim lng nc phun. Lm nh vy ch tng c cho ngi s dng , mi sinh v mi
trng, nhng vn khng t c hiu qu phng tr mong mun.
c hiu qu phng tr cao, t gy hu qu xu cho mi trng, cn m bo ng
thi 3 yu t trn. Ba yu t ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, trn c s c tnh ton k.
Cc dng thuc khc nhau c kh nng phn tn trong nc khng ging nhau. V th,
cn c cch pha thch hp cho tng dng thuc, to hiu qu phng tr cao nht ( xem chng
4- Gia cng thuc BVTV)
*Khi pha thuc:
a s ch phm thuc BVTV s dng trong nng nghip hin nay l cc ch phm th
lng hoc th rn, khi dng phi ho vi nc. Khi pha, cn ch phm phn tn tht ng
u vo nc. Khi phun, thuc phi c trang tri tht u trn b mt vt phun .
Tnh ton chnh xc lng thuc cn s dng trn tha rung nh phun, lng thuc cn
pha cho mt bnh bm v cn mang va , khng d trnh lng ph khng cn thit. Nu
khng r, cn hi cn b k thut
m bo pha ng nng , cn c cng c cn ong o thch hp ( ng ong, cn
thuc, que khuy, x pha thuc).
Rt thuc cn thn trnh trn , ch cn ong lng thuc cn.
Khng pha thuc gn ni c tr em, ni chn th gia sc v gn kho lng thc, thc
phm, ngun nc sinh hot. C qun o bo h.
*Pha ng nng thuc:
nh ngha nng dch phun: l t l phn trm gia trng lng ( hay th tch ) sn
phm trong th tch dch phun.
Thc t cch tnh phn trm theo trng lng v th tch sn phm trong th tch dch phun
c s sai khc, bi t trng ca sn phm c th ln hay nh hn 1. Nhng khi s dng trn
ng rung s sai khc ny c th b qua v chp nhn ml thuc c coi nh nng 1g v 1lit
nc nng 1kg. V d:


Padan 95SP pha nng 3/1000 tc trong 1 lit nc thuc c 3 g Padan 95SP
Bassa 50EC pha nng 2/1000 tc l trong 1 lit nc thuc c 2 ml Bassa 50EC
*Lng nc dng:
Lng nc cn thit, gip trang tri u lng thuc nh / din tch cn phun. Tnh
bng lit/ha. Lng nc dng thay i tu theo i tng phng tr, giai on v tnh hnh sinh
trng pht trin ca cy, mt cy. Phun thuc tr bnh ry, nhn cn nhiu nc hn tr cc
loi su ; Cy b, mt tha lng nc cn t hn cy ln v mt dy.
*iu chnh tc di chuyn my m bo trang tri u v nc:
Khi phun thuc, c nhiu trng hp do di chuyn my phun qu chm, nn cha phun
ht din tch cn phun ht thuc; ngc li khi di chuyn qu nhanh, phun ht din tch li
tha thuc. C hai trng hp ny u khng tt, hoc l lng thuc phun nhiu ( i chm) d
tht thot nc, gy c cho mi trng v ngi s dng; hoc qu t thuc ( i nhanh) s khng
trang tri u thuc, dch hi khng tip xc vi thuc, hiu lc ca thuc gim. V vy
chng ta phi xc nh c tc phun hp l bo m c tc di chuyn my bm ph
hp, phun va ht lng nc, va ht din tch cn phun. Cch lm:
-o lu lng my bm ( lit/pht): nc vo bnh phun, bm gi v x nc
ra x; sau thi gian nh, o li lng nc, tnh theo lit, chia cho thi gian x nc.
-o b rng lm vic ca my phun (m): Vi phun cch tn cy 20cm, bm kh
n ng ch lm vic, tin hnh phun bnh thng. o chiu rng ca vt phun.
-Xc nh tc di chuyn ca my phun:
Lu lng my phun ( lit/pht) x 10 000m
2

Tc di chuyn =
(m/pht) Lng nc qui nh(l/ha) x B rng lm vic ca my phun (m)
-iu chnh tc di chuyn my phun phun ng lng nc :
Thi gian i Chiu di on ng (m)
ht on ng =
nh trc (m) Tc di chuyn ca my phun (m/pht)
*Liu lng - Mc tiu dng:
Nhiu khi hai khi nim ny ln ln nhau. S khc nhau c bn ca hai khi nim ny l:
Lng thuc l lng thuc ti thiu cn thit em li hiu qu mong mun. Cn mc tiu dng
l lng thuc ti thiu cn thit em li hiu qu mong mun trn mt n v din tch hay
th tch. V vy, mun dit c dch hi c hiu qu phi gi nguyn c liu lng hay mc tiu dng.
Mc tiu dng ca sn phm c tnh theo cng thc:
Mc tiu dng ca sn phm (lit/ha) = nng (%) x lng nc dng (lit)
Nh vy, nu bit hai trong ba yu t trn ta d dng tnh c yu t cn li.
C trng hp thay i cng c phun thuc, lng nc dng c th s thay i, nhng mc
tiu dng khng thay i. m bo mc tiu dng khng thay i, ch c cch thay i nng .
V d : phng tr su rau, ngi ta cn phun Fastac 5EC nng 1/1000 (=
0.001) vi lng nc 600lit/ha. Vy nu dng my bm ng c, ch cn phun vi lng nc
300 lit/ha. Vy nng thuc cho bm ng c l bao nhiu?
Cch tnh: Dng cng thc: V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
Trong : V1: Lng nc dng cho bm thng; V2 : Lng nc dng cho bm
ng c
C1: Nng dng cho bm thng; C2: Nng dng cho bm ng c


Suy t cng thc trn ta c: Nng dng cho bm ng c C2 l :
V1 x C1
C2 = -----------------
V2
y ta c V1 =600 lit ; C1= 1/1000 = 0.001 V2 =300 lit
Thay vo cng thc ta c:
V1 x C1 600 lit x 0.001
C2 = ---------------- = --------------------- = 0.002 = 2/1000
V2 300lit
Nu phun bnh ng c, c th gim lng nc, nhng phi tng nng . Gim bao
nhiu ln nc th tng by nhiu nng cho ng vi liu lng cn.
Trong trng hp ta c cch hng dn pha nng ca mt sn phm no , nhng
trong tay ta c cc sn phm khc c cng hot cht, nhng c hm lng cao hn hoc thp
hn. Vy phi pha th no bo m mc tiu dng hot cht khng thay i.
V d: tr su hi ch, ngi ta thng dng 20gam Padan 95SP cho 1 so Bc b.
Nhng nu ta c Padan 50SP, lng thuc cn dng cho 1 so Bc b l bao nhiu?
Cch tnh: Cng dng cng thc V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
Trong : V1 Khi lng (g) hay th tch (ml) ca thuc ang c ti liu.
V2 Khi lng (g) hay th tch (ml) ca thuc c hm lng cao/ thp hn
C1 Hm lng ca thuc ang c ti liu
C2 Hm lng ca thuc c hm lng cao/ thp hn
Nh vy lng thuc Padan 50SP cn dng cho 1 so Bc b ch l:
V1 x C1 20g Padan 95SP x 95
V2 (lng Padan 50SP)= -------------- = ------------------------------- = 38g Padan 50SP
C2 50
c.ng lc :
- ng thi im: Dng thuc vo thi im dch hi d b tc ng, cy trng chu
thuc nht v iu kin ngoi cnh thun li cho thuc pht huy hiu lc tt nht .
Dch hi mn cm: Nn dng thuc khi su cn nh, c cn non, bnh mi xut
hin. Vi cc cn trng cn phun thuc lc su cn bn ngoi, ang kim n; bm cha s
mang li hiu qu cao.
tr c, phi nm vng thuc d tc ng vo giai on no ca c ( mm c,
c non hay c gi) mi em li hiu qu cao.
Cy trng chu thuc tt nht: Thc vt c nhng giai on chng chu thuc
tt, ng thi c nhng giai on rt mn cm vi thuc. Thuc BVTV d lm gim nng sut
nu phun vo lc cy ra hoa th phn. Tra nng to, thuc cng d gy chy l. Cn trnh phun
thuc BVTV vo giai on ny.
iu kin thi tit thun li nht cho thuc pht huy tc dng: Khng phun
thuc khi tri sp ma, qu nng nng. Nn phun vo sng sm hay chiu mt ( tt nht l phun
thuc lc chiu mt ), trnh phun thuc bui tra.
Phun vo sng sm, tuy t hi n ngi i phun, dch hi cha ln trnh, nn d b trng
c, dn n tra, nhit ln cao thuc d gy c cho dch hi; nhng sau khi phun, thuc gp nhit
cao, nng gt, thuc s b phn hu mt phn; mt khc, gp nhit cao, s trao i cht ca dch
hi mnh, nn thuc cng b thi ra nhiu.


Phun vo chiu mt, kho ngi, t ng c; gi lng hn nn thuc b mt t hn. Sau
khi phun thuc, gp nhit xung thp, thuc t b phn hu; dch hi hot ng, ra khi ni n np, nn
d tip xc vi thuc, to iu kin thuc pht huy hiu lc).
Hn ch mt phn tc hi ca thuc i vi sinh vt c ch: Khng phun khi
thin ch cn t, thi im sinh vt c ch hot ng mnh. vng c nui ong mt, nn phun
thuc vo bui chiu khi ong v t, phun thuc ni hp, khng phun thuc khi ong i ly mt,
cy ra hoa. Trnh phun thuc nhiu ln, loi thuc tn lu gy c cho ong, chim v ng vt hoang d.
-V mt kinh t : Mi cy trng ch c tng giai on sinh trng nht nh, tc ng
ca dch hi d nh hng n nng sut. V vy ch nn phun thuc vo thi im mt hay
s ph hi ca dch hi vt ngng kinh t. Lm nh vy s gim c s ln phun thuc
(khng phun thuc tr su cun l la sm nhm bo v thin ch v tn dng kh nng t bi
p ca cy la). Lm tt cng tc d tnh d bo gim qui m dng thuc ( tr theo ). S
dng thuc trn c s ngng kinh t ng (xem xt ton b cc yu t sinh thi : cy trng, dch
hi, ngoi cnh v k sinh thin ch).

c.ng cch:
*ng cch khi phun ri:
- Phun ng ni dch hi c tr dch hi tip xc vi thuc nhiu nht.
-Chn phng php s dng thch hp nhm tng cng tnh chn lc ca thuc.
-Chn ng cng c phun ri thch hp cho tng mc ch s dng.
-Trong iu kin c th, nn dng lun phin cc thuc khc nhau gim tc hi ca
thuc n sinh qun v lm chm tnh khng thuc ca dch hi.
-Phi hn hp thuc BVTV ng cch.
*Bo h v an ton lao ng ng cch:
Tiu chun ngi i phun thuc: Ngi kho mnh, trng thnh. Khng tr em, ph
n c thai, thy thng, ngi c vt thng h, l lot i phun thuc.
Ch lm vic: Ti a 6 gi/ngy
Trc khi tip xc vi thuc:
Trang b bo h nhm lm gim s tip xc v xm nhp ca thuc vo c th , ng thi
hn ch nguy c b ng c. Khng lm vic trong kho, trong ca hng thuc BVTV, khng i
phun thuc trn rung, nu khng c b bo h thch hp.
C y qun o bo h v cng c bo lao ng khi tip xc vi thuc: Qun o di,
tp d bng nilon hay vi khng thm t, m, khu trang, knh. Khi tip xc vi thuc, khng
phi bt k trng hp no cng phi mang y trang b bo h lao ng. Trang b bo h
cho ngi lao ng nhiu hay t, tu thuc vo c ca loi thuc s dng. Thuc cng c,
cng phi trang b y . Trang b bo h cn tu thuc vo loi cy trng: Phun cy cao cn
c y bo h; cy thp cn t hn. Cn t to cho mnh b bo h y .
n no trc khi phun thuc.
Mang theo nc ung, x phng, khn mt v qun o sch dng ngay nu cn.
Kim tra bnh bm v khc phc s c trc khi em bm thuc ra rung.
Khi phun thuc ni ho lnh, cn c ngi i cng.
Trong khi phun thuc:
Khng dng bnh bm r r hay thuc dy ln da; Khng n ung ht thuc trong khi
phun thuc


Ngng phun thuc ngay khi pht hin bnh phun r r. X van kh trong bnh bm.
nc thuc ra x chu v tm cch khc phc.
Khi vi phun b tc, cn ln b, n ni sch c, tho vi, ra sch. Nu vi b tc, cn ly
cng cy mm, thng, khng dng mm thi thng vi.
Khng phun thuc ngc chiu gi, nn di vung gc vi chiu gi; khng phun thuc
khi tri c gi qu to.
Thay ngay qun o mi nu qun o ang mc b dnh thuc.
Gii lao: Chn ni thong mt, xa ni phun thuc ;Ch n ung ht thuc khi ra tay
mt mi sch
Khng chn th gia sc trong khu ang phun thuc
Sau khi phun:
Thu dn bao b, chai thuc v tiu hu ng cch: p bp v st, p v chai, chn bao
b ni ho lnh, cao, khng ng nc, c bin cnh bo hay ro chn; h o phi c chiu su
thp hn b mt mng nc gn nht. Khng t bnh cha thuc.
Ra sch trong ngoi bnh bm bng nc x phng. Tho ri tng b phn, dng vi
mm ra sch, thng vi phun bng nc x phng v nc sch. p ro nc, ct vo kho.
Khng bnh bm ba bi khi lm vic hay khi bo qun.
Khng nc thuc tha v nc ra bm xung rung, ngun nc.
Thuc dng khng ht phi y, ct vo kho ring, c kho. Kho phi xa nh .
Tm v git sch qun o bo h v cng c bo h bng x phng. Ch dng qun o bo
h khi tip xc vi thuc Khng chung qun o bo h vi qun o thng mc. Khng
qun o (k c qun o bo h) cng c phng h trong kho thuc.
Thi gian tr li khu vc x l: Bo m thi gian qui nh. Trng hp c bit cn vo
khu x l, cn c qun o bo h. Thi gian tr li khu vc x l di hay ngn, tu thuc vo loi
thuc. Bnh thng, sau khi phun 48h l c th quay li khu vc x l thuc.
*S cp cu ng cch:
Con ng thuc BVTV xm nhp vo c th :
Qua da: Trong qu trnh pha v phun thuc, tay, chn l b phn d b nhim thuc. Mt,
ming v b phn sinh dc l ni yu chu thuc nht. Thuc ry rt trn da ri xm nhp vo
bn trong c th. Tri nng nc, m hi ra nhiu l iu kin tt thuc xm nhp.
Qua ming: Thuc cng n, thc ung xm nhp vo h tiu ho, vo mu i n cc
trung tm sng ca c th. Bng con ng ny thuc d xm nhp vo c th vi lng ln
nht.
Qua h hp: Ht phi hi c ca thuc. Hi c, bi thuc v cc git thuc nh i qua
mi, xm nhp vo phi ri vo ngay mu. Con ng ny d gy ng c mnh nht.
Triu chng ng c thuc BVTV:
Tu loi thuc, cc triu chng ng c c trng c th th hin nhanh chm khc nhau:
Ton thn : Rt mt mi, b ph; Da: ty, vim, xm, m hi.
Mt : Nga, vim, chy nc, m, ng t b co hoc gin.
Ming v hng; nng rt; ra nhiu nc gii, bun nn, nn ma, au bng, tiu chy.
Nhc u, chng mt, ri lon, bn chn, c bp co git, i lo o, ni nhu, kh th,
ngi xu i.
Nhng vic cn lm gp :
-Bnh tnh, khn trng cp cu nn nhn, nhng khng bn thn b ng c trong khi
tham gia cp cu.


- Cc bc tin hnh:
Chuyn nn nhn n ni yn tnh, thong mt, nhng kn gi, t th thch hp.
Ni lng qun o nn nhn d th. Thay ngay qun o, giy dp nu dnh thuc; ng
mi dnh thuc vo mt ci x trnh thuc ry rt ra xung quanh.
Gi thn nhit nn nhn bnh thng: p khn mt nu nn nhn b nng v p chn,
nu nn nhn b lnh.
Khng nn nhn ung sa ( nu trn nhn thuc c ch nh), ung ru, ht thuc.
Ra tht sch bng x phng nhng ni b dnh thuc.
Nu thuc vo mt, th vch m mt, ra mt bng dng nc sch lin tc t nht trong
10-15 pht. Nu khng c nc, dng vi sch, mm thm nh nhng nhng ch b nhim thuc,
khng dng vi th rp c xt ln da.
Cho nn nhn nn nu ung nhm phi thuc v ch gy nn khi nn nhn cn tnh v trn
nhn thuc c ch nh.
Cch gy nn: nn nhn ngi dy; hai ngn tay bp vo m nn nhn, buc nn nhn
phi h rng ming, tay kia lun hai ngn tr vo gia vo hng nn nhn v c st nh. Khi nn
nhn nn c hay khng nn c cng cho ung than hot tnh (pha ba tha canh than hot
tnh vo mt cc nc). Sau t nn nhn nm nh c. C th cho nn nhn ung than hot
tnh vi ln trong khi ch i ch nn nhn i n c s y t gn nht.
Nu nn nhn b co git, phi dng mt vt lt gia hai hm rng, phng nn nhn cn
vo li. Lm nh nhng, khng dng sc mnh, cng bc nn nhn.
Nu nn nhn kh th , b ngt, tho b ngay nhng vt d gy tc hng v lm h hp
nhn to ngay.
Nu nn nhn ngng th, mt v li xm xanh, phi t nn nhn nm nga, u dc
xung di. Dng mt khn gc sch, bc vo u ngn tay ri th vo ming nn nhn lau sch
thuc v rt ri trong ming, sau gh ming vo mi ( tay bt ming nn nhn) hoc vo
ming ( bt mi nn nhn) nn nhn, lm h hp nhn to cho n khi nn nhn th u .
Cn a ngay nn nhn n c s y t gn nht. Phi c ngi bit c tnh tit qu trnh
ng c ca nn nhn i km v phi mang theo nhn chai thuc (hoc gi thuc) gy c cho
nn nhn bc s ra cc phc iu tr tt nht.
*Trnh c cho ngi s dng nng sn:
Gi ng thi gian cch ly l bin php quan trng hn ch lng thuc BVTV xm nhp
vo c th ngi tiu dng nng sn.
* Bo qun, ct gi thuc, dng c pha ch phun ri thuc gia nh ng cch:
Thuc BVTV mua v cha s dng hoc dng cha ht phi c trong bao chai
nguyn, c nt kn, xp theo nhm; thuc dng lng di thuc dng rn; c ct gi trong
cc phng ring, khng dt, c kho chc chn, xa ni , xa chung tri gia sc v xa ngun
nc sinh hot.
Khng thuc BVTV trong chai ng nc, nc mm, tng v cc dng c ng
thc n khc. Ngc li cng khng dng bnh, chai, thng cha thuc ng thc n, ung
Khng thuc, bnh bm trong nh, trn chung gia sc. Khng trt thuc tha, cha dng ht
sang bt k ng khc v khng dng bao b ng thuc vo mc ch khc. Phi tiu hu
chng.
Khng thuc chung hay ln vi thc n gia sc, lng thc thc phm, d chy.
*Tiu hu thuc tha, thuc mt phm cht v v bao b ht thuc ng cch:


-Trng hp ngi tiu dng v ca hng phi tiu hu: Khi c bao b b rch, r r v
trong vn chuyn, bc xp . Thuc lu kho lu ngy b hng hay km cht lng, sau khi kim
tra c th t hu hay chuyn tr ni sn xut.
-a im tiu hu ( t, chn) phi do c quan chc nng chn v thc hin; phi xa
dn, xa khu chn nui, vn cy, xa ni trng trt, xa ngun nc n, mch nc ngm. Phi c
ro cn, bin bo.

CU HI N TP:
1/ C s khoa hc ca vic s dng hp l thuc BVTV?
2/ Nhng hiu bit c bn khi c nhn thuc BVTV?
3/ C s khoa hc ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?
4/ Ni dung ca nguyn tc Bn ng ?

CHNG VI
MT S QUI NH CA NH NC V QUN L THUC BVTV
NHM BO M TNH AN TON V HIU QU TRONG LU THNG
V S DNG THUC BO V THC VT NC TA.

Cung cp cho hc vin c s khoa hc v ni dung ch yu cc qui nh ca nh nh
nc trong cng tc qun l thuc BVTV.
1.YU CU PHI QUN L THUC BO V THC VT
-Thuc BVTV l vt t khng th thiu trong sn xut nng nghip. Khi s dng ng,
thuc BVTV gip y li dch hi, gi nng sut cy trng cao v n nh. Nhng trong
qu trnh lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV, nu s dng khng ng n v thiu bin php
phng nga thch ng, thuc s gy nhng tc hi khng nh cho mi sinh v mi trng. Hu
qu l gy kh khn cho vic phng tr dch hi, chi ph phng tr tn km hn.
-Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tc hi ny l do thiu s qun l cht ch, dng
thuc khng hp l, gy nhim mi trng, gy tn tht kinh t to ln cho tng vng rng ln,
gy tn tht cho ma mng trong nhiu nm lin.
- pht huy mt tch cc ca thuc BVTV trong bo v ma mng v nng sn, hn ch
nhng hu qu xu do thuc BVTV gy ra, khng nhng cn tng cng nghim cu s dng
hp l thuc BVTV, m cn cn c nhng qui nh cht ch ca nh nc trong vic thng nht
qun l cc khu: sn xut , kinh doanh, lu thng v s dng thuc BVTV trong phm vi c
nc.
2. MT S QUY NH CA PHP LUT M NGI SN XUT, KINH DOANH V
NNG DN S DNG THUC BO V THC VT CNG PHI NGHIM CHNH
THC HIN
Thuc BVTV c s dng nc ta t nm 1956. Cho n nay, hng nm chng ta phi
nhp hng trm triu USD thuc BVTV cc loi phng chng dch hi gy hi cho cy trng
cy rng, nng lm sn...


Khi t nc cn chin tranh, thuc BVTV c nh nc nhp khu, phn phi, lu
thng v s dng. Cc B c trch nhim thc hin cc nhim v trn nh B Nng nghip,
Cng an, Y t, Giao thng, Lao ng... ra thng t lin b, qui nh cht ch nhng iu
khon phi thc hin nhm m bo an ton trong mi khu trn.
Sau chin tranh, nc ta chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng, Nh nc khng cn gi c
quyn trong vic cung ng thuc BVTV. m bo cho vic cung ng v s dng c hiu qu
thuc BVTV, nc ta ban hnh Php lnh v Bo v v Kim dch thc vt ca Uy ban
Thng v Quc hi cng b ln u thng 2/1993 v Php lnh mi cng b vo thng
08/2001 thay th cho Php lnh c ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t mi. Km theo l h thng
vn bn phc v cho cc Php lnh ny. Di y, chng ti xin trnh by ni dung ca h thng vn bn
mi nht.
-Php lnh v Bo v v Kim dch thc vt ca Uy ban Thng v Quc hi l vn bn
c tnh php l cao nht ca Nh nc ta v cng tc bo v v kim dch thc vt, trong c
mt chng ring (chng IV) chuyn v qun l thuc BVTV. Trong vn bn ny, thuc
BVTV c lit vo loi hng ho hn ch kinh doanh v kinh doanh c iu kin; nh nc
thng nht qun l mi khu t sn xut, xut nhp khu, bo qun, d tr, vn chuyn bun bn
v s dng thuc BVTV; c chnh sch u i vi vic s dng thuc BVTV c ngun gc sinh
hc, t c. Nh nc cng qui nh trch nhim c th ca B Nng nghip v PTNT, trch
nhim bo m an ton khi xy ra cc s c thuc BVTV, iu kin sn xut kinh doanh v s
dng thuc BVTV; nhng qui nh v vic tiu hu, d tr thuc BVTV v nhng iu nghim
cm trong vic sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi, nhp khu, tng tr , bun bn v s dng
thuc BVTV.
-Ngh nh 92 CP ca chnh ph ban hnh nm1993 c thay bng Ngh nh 58 ban
hnh nm 2002 v Hng dn thi hnh php lnh v Bo v l Kim dch thc vt, trong
c iu l Bo v thc vt( c iu qui nh iu kin ngi trc tip lm dch v BVTV, c
lin quan n vn kinh doanh thuc BVTV) v iu l qun l thuc BVTV .
-Trong iu l qun l thuc BVTV (06/2002) qui nh li phm vi thi hnh ca iu
l v a ra nhiu nh ngha v nhng khi nim dng trong iu l. iu l cng qui nh cc t
chc c nhn c hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc BVTV Vit nam phi tun
theo php lut v qun l thuc BVTV Vit nam v nhng iu c quc t m Vit nam tham
gia. Hng nm B Nng nghip v PTNT s ra danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng, thuc
hn ch s dng, thuc cm s dng. Nhng iu nghim cm trong vic sn xut, gia cng,
sang chai , ng gi, nhp khu, tng tr, bun bn, vn chuyn v s dng thuc cm, thuc gi
thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc khng r ngun gc, thuc khng c nhn, hoc c nhn nhng vi
phm qui nh v nhn hng ho, vi phm nhn c bo h; cm nhp khu bun bn v s
dng thuc ht hn s dng. Cm qung co nhng thuc khng c trong danh mc thuc
c php s dng , nhng thuc hn ch v thuc cm s dng trn lnh th Vit nam.
iu l cn qui nh c th iu kin, tiu chun trch nhim ca nhng t chc, c nhn
v trch nhim ca Nh nc trong cc lnh vc:
Sn xut, gia cng, sang chai ng gi thuc BVTV;
Xut nhp khu thuc v nguyn liu lm thuc BVTV;
Vn chuyn, bo qun, bun bn thuc BVTV trong nc;
S dng thuc BVTV
ng k, kim nh, kho nghim thuc BVTV
Ch qun l s dng d tr thuc BVTV.


-Ngh nh 78 CP ngy 27/11/1996 v c iu chnh, b sung lm r hn trong Ngh nh
s 26/2003 /ND-CP Qui nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc BV-KDTV. Trong Ngh
nh s 26/2003/ND-CP c qui nh phm vi iu chnh, i tng p dng, nguyn tc x pht,
nhng tnh tit gim nh v tng nng, cc hnh thc x pht v bin php khc phc hu qu. Ring
mc C trong chng II, qui nh c th hnh thc x pht v mc pht v qun l thuc BVTV.
-Km theo Php lnh, iu l v cc qui nh trn ca Nh nc, B Nng nghip v
CNTP (nay l B Nng nghip &PTNT) ban hnh nhng quy nh ca B v cng tc qun l
thuc BVTV nh :
+Quyt nh s 100/NN-BVTV/Q ban hnh ngy 23/02/1995 ri Quyt nh
165/1999/Q-BNN-BVTV v nay l Quyt nh 145/2003 Q-BNN-BVTV v qui nh th tc
thm nh sn xut, gia cng, ng k, xut khu, nhp khu, bun bn, lu tr, tiu hu, nhn
thuc, bao b ng gi, hi tho, qung co thuc BVTV. c bit trong quyt nh145/2003
Q-BNN-BVTV cn c mc IV qui nh v vic s dng thuc BVTV, trong qui nh r trch
nhim ca ngi trc tip s dng, trch nhim ca cc c quan qun l v n v kinh doanh thuc
BVTV.
+ Quyt nh 91/2002/Q-BNN qui nh v vic cp chng ch hnh ngh sn
xut , gia cng , sang chai ng gi bun bn thuc BVTV.
+ Quyt nh 150/NN-BVTV/Q ri Q 193/1998/Q,BNN-BVTV, tip n Q
34/2001/Q-BNN-VP b thay th bng Quyt nh 50/Q/2003/Q-BNN qui nh v kim nh
cht lng, d lng thuc BVTV v kho nghim thuc BVTV .
+ kim sot cht ch hn na cht lng d lng thuc BVTV, B Nng
nghip
& PTNT ngy 08/08/2003 ra Quyt nh 79/2003/Q sa i khon 2 &3 iu 11 trong 50/Q
/2003/Q-BNN qui nh Kim nh cht lng d lng thuc BVTV nhm mc ch ng k Vit
nam.
qun l cht ch hn cc loi thuc hn ch s dng, Cc Bo v thc vt gi cng vn s
286/HD-BVTV ngy 19/04/2004 hng dn s dng cc loi thuc BVTV b hn ch dng Vit nam.
Trong nhng vn bn ni trn chng t Nh nc ta rt coi trng vic qun l thuc
BVTV. ng thi Nh nc ta cng i hi cc nh sn xut, kinh doanh lu thng v ngi s
dng (nng dn) thuc BVTV phi qun trit nghim chnh thc hin.
bo m cho vic thi hnh h thng php l ni trn, ngy 18/12/1993, B Nng
nghip v CNTP ra Quyt nh s 703/NN-BVTV/Q v qui ch t chc v hot ng ca
Thanh tra chuyn ngnh v cng tc bo v v kim dch thc vt. Trong vn bn ny ghi r:
H thng thanh tra c thnh lp hai cp Trung ng (Cc Bo v thc vt) v cc tnh,
thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (Chi cc Bo v thc vt); nhn s ch o trc tip ca Cc
trng Cc Bo v thc vt v Chnh thanh tra B ( Trung ng); ca Chi cc trng Chi cc
Bo v thc vt v Chnh thanh tra S Nng nghip v cng tc nghip v thanh tra. Trong Qui
nh ny cng qui nh r ni dung quyn hn ca thanh tra cc cp, tiu chun thanh tra vin.
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca thanh tra chuyn ngnh BVTV l thanh tra thuc
BVTV.
Quyt nh s 412/NN-BVTV/Q ca B Nng nghip &CNTP qui nh r sc phc, ph hiu,
cp hiu, th thanh tra v ch cp pht, s dng i vi vin chc thanh tra chuyn ngnh BVv KDTV.
ng v pha qun l thuc, cng tc thanh tra chuyn ngnh ng mt vai tr tch cc
trong vic hn ch thuc gi, thuc km cht lng, thuc ngoi danh mc lu hnh trn th


trng. Tuy nhin, do lc lng thanh tra cn mng, trnh chuyn mn c hn, nn cha
hon ton p ng c nhim v trc tnh hnh lu thng, qun l thuc rt phc tp hin nay.
3.KHI NIM V CC NHM THUC CM S DNG, C PHP S DNG,
HN CH S DNG V THUC NGOI DANH MC VIT NAM
Nh trn trnh by, thuc BVTV l nhng cht c ( nhiu hay t tu thuc vo bn
cht thuc, nng , dng thuc v iu kin s dng). Tu theo mc tc ng ca thuc n
ngi, ng vt mu nng, sinh qun v mi trng, ngi ta chia cc loi thuc vo cc nhm
c php s dng, hn ch s dng hay cm s dng.
Vit nam, cn c vo kt lun ca c quan thm nh thuc BVTV v Hi ng T vn
thuc BVTV Quc gia, hng nm Nh nc ban hnh Danh mc thuc BVTV c php s
dng, hn ch s dng, cm s dng Vit Nam.
3.1.Nhng thuc BVTV b cm s dng Vit Nam:
Bao gm nhng loi thuc c c cp tnh qu cao, hoc c kh nng gy ung th, gy
qui thai, sy thai hay tn lu lu trong mi trng, gy nguy him ln cho mi sinh, mi
trng s khng c ng k, khng c nhp , khng c bun bn v khng c s dng
Vit nam. Mc d cc thuc ny c th c hiu lc phng t dch hi cao, gi r.
3.2.Nhng thuc BVTV b hn ch s dng Vit Nam:
Thuc BVTV hn ch s dng l nhng thuc c hiu lc phng tr dch hi cao, gy c
cho sinh vt c ch, nhng vn cn dng cho mt s cy trng c th hay dng vi mc ch c
bit ( x l g, kh trng nng sn). Mc d chng c c cp tnh cao i vi ng vt
mu nng, nhng cha c thuc thay th nn vn phi s dng, nhng trong qu trnh s dng
phi tun theo nhng hng dn nghim ngt.
Cc thuc nm trong nhm hn ch s dng c th nm mt hay nhiu iu hn ch sau:
-Hn ch v hm lng hot cht trong sn phm
-Hn ch v dng thuc
-Hn ch v loi cy trng s dng v giai on s dng
-Hn ch v trnh ngi s dng
-Hn ch nhp khu.
Theo quy nh s 310TT/BVTV ngy 16/4/1992 ca B NNc&CNTP v cng vn
s106/Hot ng-BVTV ngy 13/2/1999 ca Cc BVTV th khi s dng thuc BVTV hn ch
s dng nc ta, cn tun th theo 4 nguyn tc:
-Ch nhng ngi c hun luyn, hoc di s hng dn trc tip ca CBKT mi
c dng cc thuc ny. Khi dng phi tun th nghim s ch dn nhn.
-Cm dng cc thuc tr su trong danh mc hn ch cho cc cy rau mu, lng thc,
thc phm, cy n qu sau khi ra hoa v cy dc liu.
-Nhn thuc phi ghi y v r rng v cch s dng cho ph hp vi qui nh.
-Khng tuyn truyn qung co cc loi thuc hn ch s dng
Danh mc thuc hn ch cc nc khng ging nhau. Theo gi ca FAO, cc nc
ang pht trin, ch nn cm hay hn ch mt loi thuc khi:
-C t nht 5 nc trong vng cm hay hn ch
-Cn c vo tnh hnh thc t sn xut, nu nhng thuc ny b cm hay hn ch khng
nh hng n cng tc bo v sn xut nc .


Trong nhng nm qua, do chng ta lm tt cng tc qun l thuc, nn a vo danh
mc cm v hn ch, nhiu loi thuc c, nguy hi, k c nhiu loi thuc c hiu lc tr dch
hi cao, gi r, c dng ph bin. T l thuc hn ch chim t 40% trc kia, nay gim xung
cn 1%, nhng vn khng nh hng n vic kinh doanh thuc BVTV trong c nc, khng
nh hng n cng tc bo v cy trng v nng sn.
Hin nay c mt s kin cho rng: cn loi b cc thuc trong nhm hn ch s dng v
xp chng vo nhm thuc cm vi l do n gin: khng qun l dc cc lai thuc ny. y
l mt kin kh phin din, khng thy c tnh cht c bit khi s dng thuc BVTV, n
gin v hnh chnh ho cng tc qu l v thiu c s khoa hc.
3.3. Nhng thuc BVTV c php s dng Vit Nam:
Gm cc thuc c php ng k, nhp khu, bun bn, phn phi v s dng Vit
nam. Chng thng l cc loi thuc BVTV c c thp v trung bnh i vi ng vt mu
nng, d b phn hu v khng tn d lu trong mi trng.
3.4.Thuc ngoi danh mc:
Thuc khng nm trong danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng Vit nam ( c tn
thng mi ln tn thng dng). y thng l nhng thuc nhp lu, khng qun l c cht
lng, c. y l vn nn hin nay nc ta m cha c g khc phc c.

4. MT S QUI NH C TH PHI TUN THEO:
4.1.Nhng ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc BVTV khng mua bn
thuc ng trong cc bao b khng ng qui cch:
Bao b ( chai thuc, bao gi thuc...) phi kn, kh b h hng trong lu thng v vn
chuyn, bc d, ct gi, c nhn r rng, khng rch bn vi y thng tin cn thit, c th.
y l nhng yu t tch cc gp phn hn ch s r r thuc trong qu trnh lu thng v ct gi,
ngn chn nhng lm ln ng tic c th gy ra ng c trong qu trnh s dng thuc BVTV.
4.2.Trch nhim ngi kinh doanh thuc BVTV
-Phi ng k kinh doanh thuc BVTV. Khng ng k m kinh doanh l vi phm
php
lut. Phi lin h vi c quan chuyn ngnh a phng c danh mc cc thuc cm, thuc
hn ch v thuc s dng Vit nam v nghim chnh thc hin qui nh ca nh nc.
-C chng ch hnh ngh bun bn thuc BVTV. Cn b qun l v cn b k thut cng
ty/ ca hng phi c trnh t trung cp nng nghip tr ln.
-C ca hng bn thuc v kho cha thuc v c trang thit b cn thit bo n an
ton cho ngi , mi trng ; phng chng chy n theo qui nh ca nh nc.
-Ngi bn hng phi c sc kho v cn c trnh chuyn mn, khuyn co nng
dn mua ng thuc, dng ng k thut, c v hiu c nhn.
-Tuyt i khng mua bn nhng thuc BVTV b cm, thuc gi, km cht lng, thuc
qu hn s dng, thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc BVTV khng r ngun gc, nhn khng r rng
hoc khng nhn v nhng thuc trn bao b khng ghi y r rng v cch s dng.
-Khng lu tr, by bn, khng mua bn cc loi thuc BVTV ng trong cc v cha


khng phi chai gi chuyn dng ng thuc BVTV hay trong cc ng thu tinh d v, nhng
chai bch thuc b h hng.
-Khng by bn thuc khng nhn, nhn b m, bn, nhn mang ting nc ngoi,
nhn khng ghi y ni dung theo qui nh ca nh nc. Ngi bn phi thng xuyn tm
hiu cc mt hng mnh c gii thiu cho ngi mua mua c hng ng yu cu, nm
vng cch s dng an ton c hiu qu.
-Khng c t sang chai, ng gi l, t gi ln sang gi nh. Mi loi thuc khi by
bn ti ca hng hay trong kho phi l bao b nguyn do c s sn xut gia cng ng gi vi
y du, tem nt, bo him chng hng gi.
-Khi bn nhng thuc BVTV b hn ch s dng, cn cung cp cho ngi mua nhng
iu hn ch c th vi tng loi thuc.
4.3.Trch nhim ngi mua thuc BVTV:
-Ch mua nhng thuc ng trong chai l bao gi cn nguyn. Khng mua thuc
nhng ca hng khng ng k kinh doanh thuc.
-Tnh lng thuc cn mua ng lng trnh phi lu tr thuc nh. Nn lin kt
cng nhau dng mua nhng bao b cha lng thuc ln.
-Khng t thay i bao b trong qu trnh lu tr.
-Khi dng cc thuc hn ch s dng, cn nm vng phm vi s dng thuc ( loi cy
trng v giai on sinh trng; trn nhng khu vc v cch dng).

4.4.X l v trong khi vn chuyn, bo qun thuc BVTV:
Nu thuc b ra t, sn xe: Tuyt i khng dng nc ra. Dng t bt, vi bt,
mn ca bao quanh khu vc r r, thm ht thuc, no sch lp t thm thuc, dn sch cho vo
ti nha ri chn. Ngn tr em, ngi khng c phn s vo ni thuc b .
Thng xuyn kim tra chai l ng thuc. Nu thy chai r r, ti thuc b v cn cho
cc chai ti y vo ti nha tin di chuyn, x l.
CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng yu cu ca vic qun l thuc BVTV?
2/ Hiu th no v cc nhm thuc BVTV cm s dng, c php s dng, hn ch s dng v
thuc ngoi danh mc Vit nam?
3/ Nhng ni dung c bn phi tun theo ca ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v s dng thuc
BVTV ; bin php x l v trong qu trnh vn chuyn bo qun thuc BVTV ?


PHN B
CC THUC BO V THC VT
Cung cp cho hc vin khi nim c bn v phn loi, hng s dng v c im c bn
ca cc nhm thuc ( tc ng sinh hc, ph tc ng, c ch tc ng v gii thiu tn cc hot
cht chnh trong nhm), khi ra trng hc vin hiu ng v la chn ng thuc.
CHNG VII
THUC TR SU V CC NG VT GY HI KHC
1. THUC TR SU( Insecticides):
Thuc tr su (theo AAPCO) gm cc cht hay hn hp cc cht c ngun gc ho hc
(v c, hu c), tho mc, sinh hc ( cc loi sinh vt v sn phm do chng sn sinh ra), c tc
dng loi tr, tiu dit, xua ui hay di chuyn bt k loi cn trng no c mt trong mi
trng. Chng c dng dit tr hoc ngn nga tc hi ca cn trng n cy trng, cy
rng, nng lm sn, gia sc v con ngi. Cc loi thuc tr su c th c tc ng v c, tip
xc, xng hi, ni hp, thm su, hp dn, xua ui, gy ngn, trit sn, iu ho sinh trng...
Ngoi ra mt s thuc tr su cn c hiu lc tr nhn hi cy trng.
Cc thuc tr su ph tc ng hp mang tnh chn lc, t gy hi n cn trng c ch v
thin ch; thuc tr su ph rng, c th dit c nhiu loi su hi khc nhau. Thuc tr su
c c tn d, c hiu lc tr su ko di; ngc li, c thuc tr su ch c hiu lc ngn d
b phn hu trong mi trng. Nhiu loi thuc tr su c c cao vi ng vt mu nng v
mi trng, nhng nhiu loi thuc li kh an ton.
Cn c vo ngun gc, cc thuc tr su c th chia thnh nhiu nhm: clo hu c, ln
hu c, cacbamat, pyrethroit tng hp, thuc tho mc, xng hi, vi sinh... Cc thuc tr su


cng c phn loi theo c ch tc ng ca cn trng ( km hm men cholinesterase, cht iu
khin sinh trng cn trng...); theo phng php x l ( phun ln cy, x l t...).
Hu ht cc thuc tr su hin nay, u tc ng n h thn kinh cn trng.
1.1. Thuc tr su v c
T cui th k 19 n khong 40 nm u ca th k 20, thuc tr su v c (hp cht
Asen, Flo, Bari clorua... ) gi vai tr quan trng trong phng tr su hi. Thuc tr su v c cn
c dng tr chut, hoc dit c di. c tnh chung ca cc thuc trong nhm l:
-L thuc tr su v tr chut v c, mt s khc cn l thuc tip xc; tc ng nhanh
n sinh vt.
-Rt c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng; tn lu lu v tch lu trong mi trng; d gy
hi cho thc vt v qun th vi sinh vt trong t. Do c tnh ny, ngy nay cc thuc tr su v
c hu nh khng cn c s dng trong sn xut ( ch cn s dng vi lng rt t di dng
b tr su v chut). Cc thuc trong nhm c:
- Cc hp cht cha asen d tan (asen trng As
2
0
3
asen trng As
2
0
3
, cc asenit natri v
canxi) v kh tan (asenat ch, asenat canxi, cht lc pari). Trong c th sinh vt cc asenat chuyn
thnh asenit ri tc ng n sinh vt. Mui asenit c ch hot ng ca men cholinesterase, men
oxidase, lm t lit thn kinh v c ch h hp ca cn trng.
-Cc hp cht cha flo nh cc florua (natriflorua, aluminium florua, bariflorua) v
silicofluorua. Chng l nhng cht c tc dng v c. Tc ng n sinh vt chm hn cc hp
cht asen. Flo c th gy chng long xng cho ng vt, nu tip xc vi lng ln.
- Cc thuc cha cyanit, thu ngn: rt c vi ng vt mu nng v mi trng.
1.2. Thuc tr su, nhn du khong
Du khong l nhng sn phm ca s chng ct du m, du, nha than , than nu
vv... Mt s du khong c dng trc tip phng tr su hi (petroleum oil, mineral oil,
parafin oil) hay cc cht b sung dch phun (adjuvant oil, spray oil ).
Thnh phn chnh ca du khong l cc hydrocacbon bo (no v cha no) c sn
xut bng s chng ct du th. Nhng du dng lm thuc BVTV c nhit si trn 310
o
C.
Du ph gia l nhng du t ho sa, c tinh ch cao, to nh tng mau phn lp, loang
nhanh v gip hot cht xm nhp vo cy v dch hi.
Du khong c dng tr nhn, tr u trng v trng ca cn trng trn nhiu loi
cy trng; l thuc tr c tip xc cho c l rng v l hp v l ph gia thuc tr c ( cht hot
ng b mt). Mt s loi du khong c th gy c cho cy.
Du khong c th c hn hp vi cc thuc tr su khc. Khng c hn hp vi
cc thuc cha lu hunh.
Thuc t c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng v mi trng. Khng li d lng trong
chui thc n. Vi cc loi thc vt, du c th lm tc mch, lm ngng s vn chuyn dinh
dng v nc; nh hng n quang hp, h hp, thot hi nc ca cy. Tnh c ca du vi
thc vt ph thuc vo c tnh ca du, iu kin ngoi cnh, giai on sinh trng v loi cy.
Mt thi gian di, du khong b cc thuc tr su ho hc ln t, do hiu qu chm, c
th gy hi n cy. Hin nay, du khong c dng tr li do tnh an ton ca chng vi mi
trng. Hn na, c nhiu cht hot ng b mt mi xut hin, gip thuc tr su du
khong an ton hn vi thc vt.
Du dng lm thuc tr su phi c nhng c tnh sau y:
- nht: l thi gian mt khi lng nht nh loi du , trong nhit xc nh,
chy ht qua mt l c kch thc tiu chun. Tn gi n v o nht tu thuc vo cc my


o. Cc loi du c nht cao xm nhp vo l th ca cn trng chm, nhng tn ti trong
lu v d gy c cho cn trng. Mt khc khi nht cao th bay hi thp, d gy c cho
cy. Nhng du c nht cao c dng tr su trong ma ng, giai on cy ng ngh.
Ngc li, du c nht thp c dng tr su trong ma h.
- Ch s sunfonic ho: l t l % hydrocacbon no khng b sunfonic ho. Dng trong bo
v thc vt l cc loi du c ch s sunfonic ho t 85% tr ln.
1.3. Thuc tr su tho mc:
T xa xa, nng dn nhiu nc trn th gii bit s dng mt s loi thc vt cha
cht c tr mt s loi cn trng gy hi trn cy trng v gia sc bng cch phun ln cy
hay dng nc chit tm cho gia sc. Trn th gii c khong 2000 loi cy c cht c, trong
c 10-12 loi cy c dng ph bin. Vit nam, pht hin khong 335 loi cy c, gn 40 loi
cy c c kh nng tr su (trong c 10 loi c kh nng dit su tt) ( Nguyn Duy Trang, 1998).
Nhng hp cht tr su tho mc thng dng nh rotenon v rotenoit, arteminisinin,
azadirachtin, cnidiadin, matrine, pyrethrin v nicotin u l nhng loi ancaloit, este, glucozit
v.v... c trong mt s b phn ca mt s loi cy. Hm lng cht c ph thuc loi cy, b
phn cy, iu kin sng v thi gian thu hi chng. Ni chung, cc cht ny rt d b phn hu
di tc ng ca oxy ho, nh sng ( c bit cc tia cc tm), m , nhit v pH mi
trng, nn chng t gy c cho mi sinh mi trng. Nhng cng v c tnh ny, nn iu
kin thu hi, bo qun v k thut ch bin nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca sn phm. Tr
nicotin, cn cc thuc tho mc khc ang c nghin cu s dng.
Thuc tr su tho mc dit cn trng bng con ng tip xc, v c hoc xng hi.
Ph tc ng thng khng rng. Mt s loi cn c kh nng dit c nhn hi cy. Sau khi
xm nhp, thuc nhanh chng tc ng n h thn kinh, gy t lit v lm cht cn trng.
Tr nicotin ( thuc rt c vi ng vt mu nng, c th gy ung th, nn b cm
nhiu nc, trong c Vit nam), Ryania v Sabadilla, cc thuc tho mc ni chung t c i
vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, cc sinh vt c ch v ng vt hoang d. Do thuc tr su tho
mc nhanh b phn hu, nn chng khng tch lu trong c th sinh vt, trong mi trng v
khng gy hin tng su chng thuc.
Thuc tho mc rt an ton i vi thc vt, thm ch trong mt s trng hp chng cn
kch thch cy pht trin.
Do vic thu hi bo qun kh khn, gi thnh t, nn trong mt thi gian di, cc thuc
tr su tho mc b cc thuc tr su ho hc ln t. Ngy nay, vi yu cu bo v mi trng
ngy cng c nng cao, cng vi k thut gia cng c pht trin, nn nhiu thuc tr su tho
mc c dng tr li, em li hiu qu kinh t cao, gp phn bo v mi trng. Nhiu cht mi
c pht hin dng lm thuc tr su nh tinh du chm, tinh du bch n, tinh du ti v.v...
Mt s hot cht tho mc c dng lm thuc tr su c mt Vit nam:
-Pyrethrin: c trong hoa cy cc st trng Chrysanthemun leucanthemun v cc cy
Chrysanthemun khc. Tc ng mnh n cn trng bng con ng tip xc; tc ng yu hn
n cc loi nhn, bng cch bt knh vn chuyn ion Na
+
, ko di giai on m, v th, cn
trng b qut ng v cht nhanh. Thuc c dng tr cn trng v nhn trn rau, ch, nhiu cy
trng, cy cnh; cn trng k sinh trn gia sc v ng vt trong nh. C c rt thp vi
ngi, ng vt mu nng v mi trng.
Ngy nay, bt chc cc pyrethrin t nhin, ngi ta tng hp ra vi chc hp cht
pyrethroid khc, tr thnh mt nhm thuc tr su ln, c nhiu u im hn pyrethrin t nhin.


-Rotenon v cc rotenoit: l cc alkaloid c trong r, thn l, ht ca mt s loi cy
thuc h Papilionaceae ( c bit c nhiu trong r cy Derris spp., nht l Derris eleptica). Gy
c bng cch c ch s chuyn ho trong h hp, gy ri chuyn ho in t ca NADH v
dehydrogenaza, tch v vn chuyn hydro t c cht n ubiquinon; men citorom b, CX1, C v
men oxydaza c tc dng xc tc vn chuyn in t n oxy, hot ho oxy phn t v coenzym
Q, lm gim nghim trng tiu th oxi, c ch h hp trong ty th.
Rotenon v cc rotenoit tc ng n cn trng (rp mui, b tr, ngi, cc b cnh cng)
v nhn bng con ng tip xc mnh v v c. Ngoi ra cn dng tr kin la, mui
m ly; tr ve bt, di k sinh trn ng vt; tr cn trng trong nh v tr c d trong rung
nui tm. Triu chng trng c th hin nhanh. Thuc t c vi ng vt c v ngoi tr thuc
xm nhp vo c th qua h hp v nhim c mu. Rotenon v cc rotenoit t c vi cc
ng vt khc, nhng rt c vi c. ng bng sng Cu Long r cy Derris elleptica
c bm nh ri xung rung tr c d trong rung nui tm rt hiu qu v an ton.
-Azadirachtin l mt trong 4 cht chnh c tc dng dit su ca dch chit ht (ch yu)
v l cy neem, mt loi cy c ngun gc n , Myanma, sau c trng Ty Phi. Vit
nam, cy neem cng mc ri rc trong ton quc; c bit mc thnh rng hng trm ha Nam
Trung b. Dch chit cy neem c dng rng ri n , Trung quc v nhiu quc gia khc.
Cu trc ca Azadirachtin tng t ecdyson ( mt homon lt xc ca cn trng); c th
l cht i khng ca ecdyson, ngn cn qu trnh lt xc ca cn trng qua cc tc ng: lm
gim hay c ch hon ton kh nng sinh sn, hoc lm gim kh nng trng n; rt ngn thi
gian sng ca trng thnh, ngn con ci trng, trc tip dit trng; gy ngn cho u trng,
trng thnh; lm su non khng bin thi, tc ng ti s lt xc gia cc tui su, tin nhng
v gy t lit u trng - nhng, u trng trng thnh, nhng - trng thnh v trng thnh.
Ngoi ra Azadirachtin cn c tc dng gy ngn v xua ui. Bn cnh tc dng dit cn trng,
Azadirachtin cn dit c c tuyn trng v tr nm. Thuc hu nh khng c vi c, ng
vt thu sinh; ong mt, chim v ng vt hoang d khc.
-Matrine: hot cht c hiu lc dit su mnh nht trong dch chit cy kh sm. Matrine
c ph tc ng rng, dit c nhiu loi cn trng chch ht v ming nhai ; ngai ra cn dit
c c nhn hi cy. Matrine gy c bng cch lm t lit h thn kinh trung ng, bt l th
cn trng lm cho cn trng khng h hp c v b cht nhanh chng. Ngoi ra, nh tc ng gy ngn
v xua ui, nn thuc c hiu lc di. Matrine khng c tc dng ni hp v xng hi. Thuc t gy c
vi ngi, ng vt mu nng v cc loi sinh vt khc. B phn hu nhanh trong mi trng.
-Arteminisinin: C khong 0.3 - 0.5% trong thn l kh ca cy thanh hao hoa vng
(Artemisia annua L.). Arteminisinin c dng ch yu tr bnh st rt cho ngi. Gn y
Arteminisinin c dng tr su t, su xanh, su khoang hi rau; ry xanh hi ch; rp mui
, b tr hi cam chanh. Thuc hu nh khng nh hng n c v ng vt thu sinh; ong mt,
chim v ng vt hoang d. Khng gy c cho cy.
-Cnidiadin: Thuc c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi su hi thuc b cnh phn v
nhn . Triu chng ng c th hin nhanh. Thuc t c vi ngi v ng vt mu nng cng nh
cc loi sinh vt khc.
-Eucalyptol: C trong cy bch n. Ph tc ng rt rng; tr c nhiu loi su v
nhn. Thuc t gy c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng v cc loi sinh vt khc. B phn hu
nhanh trong mi trng.
-Cc thuc tho mc khc dng tr su:


Anabazin: c trong cy Anabasis aphylla hm lng 0.11-0.50%; tc ng n
cn trng nh nicotin. c dng tr su di dng mui sulfat.
Helebo trng ( protoveratin): c trong cy Veratrum album vi hm lng 0.5 -
1%, tr su Php, , B.
Helebo en ( heleborin): c trong cy Heleborus niger.
Ryani ( rianodin): c trong cy Ryana speciosa c hiu lc tr su cao, bng con
ng tip xc v v c. c dng nhiu M.
Sabadilla: l cc cht cevadine, veratridine v cc alcaloid c quan h vi
cevadine, c trong ht cy Schoeocaulon officinaleo c dng nhiu tr b tr n ,
Trung v Nam M. C ch tc ng tng t pyrethrin, hot ho mn cm in p ca knh
truyn dn ion Na
+
trong h thn kinh v mng t bo c xng v c gia.
Pellitorin: c trong r cy Pellitory anacylus.
Spilanthol: c trong hoa cy Spilanthes oleraceae v Spilanthes aceneila
1. 4. Thuc tr su, nhn clo hu c:
Vic pht hin c tnh dit su ca DDT (Paul Muller, 1939) m ra mt k nguyn
mi trong vic phng chng su hi. T n nhng nm 1960, nhm cc thuc tr su clo hu
c c s dng rng ri trn khp th gii. Cc thuc trong nhm c cc c im :
- Tc ng n su hi bng con ng tip xc v v c. Mt s c tc dng thm su
v xng hi. Tc ng n cn trng chm.
-Ph tc ng rng, mt s cn dit c c nhn hi cy (Dicofol).
-Cc thuc clo hu c l nhng cht c t bo thn kinh. Chng lm t lit dn truyn
xung ng in trn si trc thn kinh (axon) ngoi bin thng qua phn ng lin kt vi mng
si trc v hnh thnh phc cht vi mng si trc. Ngoi ra, hp cht clo hu c cn c ch hot
ng ca men ATPaza v mt s men khc nhng khng c ch men ChE.
-Cc hp cht trong nhm c c trung bnh n rt c i vi ng vt mu nng.
Rt c i vi c. An ton i vi cy, thm ch cn kch thch cy sinh trng.
-Nhc im ln nht ca cc hp cht trong nhm ny l c tnh ho hc bn, nn tn
lu trong mi trng, gy nhim mi trng. Mt s thuc trong nhm c kh nng tch lu
trong c th, gy trng c mn tnh cho ngi v ng vt mu nng, gy hin tng chng
thuc ca su hi, nh hng xu n cn bng sinh hc, gy hi cho cn trng c ch. Vi
nhng c im ny, cc hp cht trong nhm b thu hp phm vi s dng.
Thuc tr su clo hu c c chia thnh cc nhm nh:
- Diphenyl aliphatic (DDT v nhng hp cht tng t DDT)
Ph rng, hiu lc di; tc ng n cn trng chm. Trong c th cn trng, chng ph
hu chc nng ca xi nap, c ch hot tnh ca men h hp, lm bin hnh, ph hu m, m v
cc b phn khc nhau ca c th (rut, hch thn kinh). Cc thuc thng dng nh DDT, DDD,
Metoxi-DDT, Pertan, Prolan, Bulan... Ring Dicofon c tc dng tr nhn. y l sn phm
duy nht trong nhm clo hu c cn c dng Vit nam, nhng nm trong danh mc hn ch
s dng. Ngoi c ch tc ng chung c nhm ln, cc thuc trong nhm u c tc dng ko
di thi gian ti phn cc ( ko di hu in th m tnh) theo 4 c ch: gim kh nng vn
chuyn ion K
+
trong mng t bo; thay i cng dng Na
+
;

c ch hot ng ca men ATP-
ase, men vn chuyn ion Na
+
trong h thn kinh v km hm kh nng gi ion Ca
++
ca calmodium (
mt protein), lm tng hm lng ion Ca
++
t do, hu qu dn truyn thn kinh tng ln.
- Hexacloxyclohexan (666):


L hn hp ca 8 ng phn khng gian, trong ng phn gama c tnh c i vi
cn trng mnh nht. Lindan l thuc k thut cha 99,99% gama 666. Trong c th cn trng,
666 ph hu hch thn kinh, lm tng lng axetylcholin trong huyt dch, nh hng xu n
chc nng ca h thn kinh trung ng.
- Thuc tr su xyclodien
Cc thuc u c cu trc cu ni endomethylen; t hp chlorin chim t l ln trong
trng lng phn t . L cc thuc tr su c tc dng tip xc v v c; mt vi thuc trong
nhm c tc dng xng hi. Hiu lc di; ph tc ng rng, nhng khng tr c nhn. C
c cao i vi ng vt mu nng; mt s c th tch lu trong m, trong c, trong h thn
kinh v cc c quan. Rt an ton vi cy.
Cc thuc trong nhm tc ng n h thn kinh trung ng theo 2 c ch: Trit tiu
GABA( iu khin s gii phng ion Cl
-
trung ho cc ion dng Na
+
K
+
Ca
++
) v km hm
s vn chuyn ca ion Ca
++
v Mg
++
qua mng t bo. Hu qu, lm tng hm lng ion Ca
++
tn ti trong h thn kinh, kch thch mnh n hot ng ca cc nron thn kinh bn cnh hot
ng mnh hn, dn n s qu ti.
Cc thuc chnh trong nhm xyclodien gm Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordan,
Heptachlor, Stroban, Endosulfan v Toxaphen.
1.5. Nhm thuc tr su ln hu c:
Thuc tr su ln hu c (vit tt OP- ) l nhm thuc tr su ln, ra i sau nhm clo
hu c. Chng l dn xut ca cc ester trung tnh hay amid ca axit photphoric (mang gc P-
O) hay thiophosphoryl (P-S), thuc 10 kiu cu trc:
R O O
P
R O O R
Cu trc phosphat
R O S
P
R O O R
Cu trc phosphothionat
R O O
P
R O S R
Cu trc phosphothiolat
R O S
P
R O S R
Cu trc phosphodithionat
R O O
P
R O NH2
Cu trc phosphoamidat
R O S
P
R O NH2
Cu trc phosphoamidothioat
R O O
P
R O Cl
Cu trc phosphochloridat
R O S
P
R O Cl
Cu trc phosphochlothioat
R O O
P
R O O R
Cu trc phosphonat
R O S
P
R O S R
Cu trc phosphonthioat
Chng gy c vi hu ht cc loi cn trng; km hm men cholinesteraza (ChE) bng
cch phosphoryl ho cc v tr hot ng ca men (nhm hydroxyl trong serin ti cc im tc


ng ca men, tn cng vo cc nguyn t phospho, bt in t ri khi nhm OP, lm cho
nguyn t phospho hot ng mnh ln, phn ng din ra mnh hn) theo s di:
ENZYM - OH + Z-P-(O)(OR)2 ENZYM-O-P(O) (OR)2 + ZH
Cholinesterase Thuc ln hu c Km hm men
Axetylcholin (ACh) l este ca acid acetic v cholin, c tng hp nh men ChE.
Trong c th sinh vt, acetylcholin lm nhim v dn truyn xung ng thn kinh qua
khe xinap u mt t bo thn kinh. Khi ht kch thch ( xung ng truyn xong),
acetylcholin b ChE lp tc thu phn thnh cholin v mui acetat.

Men tc ng vi ln hu c (I)
Cht khng bn

Thu phn (II)
Thuc ln hu c bng phosphoryl ho
ChE

Gii phosphoryl
+ ho ca ChE phn
hu dn truyn
Kch thch (III)
S 6: Qu trnh tc ng ca thuc ln hu c n men Cholinesterase (ChE)
Cc thuc OP c tc dng c ch rt mnh men ChE. Khi c mt ca cc thuc OP, men
ChE lp tc kt hp vi cc OP to thnh phc, ( nh phn ng trn), nn khng th lm
nhim v phn gii acetylcholin. Cht ny c tch lu li vi lng ln, gy kch thch thn
kinh qu mc lm cho dy thn kinh tn thng v t on. Qu trnh phosphoryl ho l qu
trnh thun nghch. Nhng s lin kt gia OP vi ChE thng kh o ngc. Trng hp, nu
lng thuc OP qu t, khng km hm qu trnh phosphoryl ho, men ChE li c gii phng,
tip tc phn gii acetylcholin. Nh , cn trng nu b trng c li c th c phc hi.
Mc km hm hot tnh men ChE ph thuc vo phn ng ca cc gc khc nhau c
trong phn t ca cc thuc OP. Kiu cu trc P=S c kh nng lin kt men ChE yu hn kiu
cu trc P=O, nn nhng thuc tr su OP c kiu cu trc photphat (nh Diclorophos, Phosphamidon,
Dibrom vv....) c hiu lc khi im cao hn kiu cu trc thiolo (Malathion, Dimethoat).
Cc men thu phn khc trong h thn kinh butylbutyraesteraza, fenylxetatesteraza v
nhiu men khc cng b v hot ho bi cc hp cht ln hu c, nhng chm hn v gi l
pseudocholinesteraze.
Cc thuc OP tc ng n h thn kinh, bao vy cc cung phn x, lm cho sinh vt b ng
c, lc u ry ra, sau co qup, ri cht. Cn trng trng c cc thuc OP cn b ri lon trao
i nc ( ng nc trong xoang ph tng v xut huyt qua ming, lm gim ti 1/3 th trng).
Khc vi cc thuc tr su clo hu c, cc thuc ln hu c :
-C ph tc ng rng hn ( ngoi tc dng tr su, nhiu thuc trong nhm cn ng
thi l cc thuc tr nhn v tuyn trng).
-Tc ng nhanh v mnh n cn trng bng con ng tip xc, v c; mt s thuc
trong nhm cn c tc dng xng hi hay ni hp v xng hi. Nhit mi trng tng cao,
hiu lc ca thuc OP cng tng ln.
+


-Cc thuc trong nhm c vi ng vt mu nng ( hu ht thuc nhm c II, mt s
nhm c Ib); rt c i vi c v ong mt; d gy hi cc loi k sinh thin ch v cc sinh vt
hoang d; kh an ton i vi thc vt. Vic dng cc thuc ln hu c khng hp l d gy hu
qu xu vi mi sinh. Do c c cao vi sinh vt khng phi i tng phng tr, c bit vi
ng vt c v, nn phm vi s dng ca thuc ny cng dn b thu hp.
-Cc thuc OP c tnh ho hc km bn vng, nn c thi gian hu hiu ngn, khng tch
lu trong mi trng.
tin s dng, cc thuc tr su ln hu c c chia thnh 2 nhm:
+Thuc tr su, nhn ln hu c tip xc: Tc ng n su hi bng con ng
tip xc v v c l chnh, mt s c tc dng xng hi v thm su; khng c hay c tc ng
ni hp yu; c dng ch y dit tr cc loi su ming nhai bng cch phun trc tip ln
cy. Cc cn trng chch ht ch b cht nu chng tip xc trc tip vi thuc. Do thuc ch
b mt l, d b iu kin ngoi cnh tc ng ( ma ra tri, b nh sng phn hu), nn chng
c thi gian hu hiu v thi gian cch ly ngn; ng thi d gy hi cho cn trng c ch.
Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Ch tr su: Chlorpyrifos ethyl, Chlorpyrifos methyl ,
Dichlorvos, EPN, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Isoxathion, Malathion, Phoxim, Propetamphos,
Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos; tr c nhn:
Diazinon, Naled, Phenthoate, Phosalone, Pirimiphos-methyl, Profenofos, Pyridaphenthion,
Quinalphos, Triazophos, Trichlorfon; tr c tuyn trng: Ethoprophos, Fenamiphos.
+Thuc tr su ln hu c ni hp: Tc ng n su hi ch yu bng ni hp,
c dng ch y dit tr cc loi su ming chch ht, bng cch phun ln cy hoc ti
vo gc. Ngoi tc dng tr su, mt s thuc trong nhm cn c kh nng dit nhn . Do
thuc tn ti ch yu trong cy, nn thi gian hu hiu v thi gian cch ly di hn cc thuc
tr su tip xc; ng thi t gy hi cho cn trng c ch .
Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Ch tr su Acephate, Demeton -S- methyl, Dicrotophos,
Mevinphos, Phosphamidon, Pyrazophos, Thiometon; tr c nhn : Dimethoate, Omethoate.
Cc thuc ln hu c b cm dng Vit nam n 4/2005: Dimecron, Ethyl Parathion,
Methamidophos, Methidathion (tr c nhn), Methyl parathion, Monocrotophos.
1. 6. Thuc tr su, nhn cacbamat:
L cc dn xut ca axit cacbamic c tnh c tr su, c cng thc cu to chung l:
Cacbaryl l hp cht cacbamat u tin (1953) c dng vo mc HO C NH2
ch ny. T ti nay c nhiu hp cht cacbamat c tng hp
dng tr su hi cy trng. O
Cc thuc ny tc ng n su hi bng con ng tip xc Axit cacbamic
v v c. Mt s cn c c tc ng xng hi, thm su v ni hp. Cc thuc cacbamat thng khng
c tnh c vn nng nh thuc ln hu c. Nhiu hp cht trong nhm tuy c hiu lc cao vi su hi,
nhng khng c tc dng tr nhn, hoc ch c tc dng tr mt s thuc thuc nhm ny, m khng tr
c nhm su khc. Mt s thuc trong nhm cn c c tc dng tr tuyn trng. Hiu lc ca thuc vi
su hi kh n nh, t b ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh.
V c ch tc ng ca thuc tr su cacbamat tng t nh cc thuc tr su OP. Cc thuc
cacbamat km hm men cholinesteraza (ChE) bng cch cacbaryl ho cc v tr hot ng ca ton men.
Qu trnh cacbaryl ho cng l qu trnh thun nghch. Nhng s lin kt gia cc thuc cacbamat vi
ChE thng khng bn, nn c trng hp su hi hi phc c. Cc thuc OP ch kt hp vi cc gc
hot ng ca men, nn cc thuc OP c thu phn cng mnh, cng d gy c cho cn trng; ngc
li cc thuc cacbamat ch c ch c men ChE khi ton b phn t ca chng gn c ln b mt ca
men. Cc cht cacbamat cng bn, cng c ch men ChE mnh.


C OP v cacbamat, u km hm v tr men tc ng, dn n h thn kinh khng kim sot c, lm mt
kh nng phi hp gia cc c quan, gii phng qu mc hoocmon, sinh vt mt nc v cht.
Cc thuc cacbamat an ton vi cy, t c i vi c hn cc thuc OP; khng tn lu
qu lu trn nng sn v mi trng sng. c ca thuc i vi ng vt mu nng rt khc nhau,
tu thuc vo loi thuc.
Thuc c gia cng thnh nhiu dng thch hp s dng theo nhiu cch: x l ging, bn
vo t v phun ln l. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc cha kim.
Cc thuc trong nhm hin c chia lm 3 nhm nh theo cng thc cu to:
-Monometyl cacbamat: Chim phn ln cc thuc trong nhm. Nhiu thuc trong
nhm l tin thuc tr su ( nh Benfuracarb, Carbosulfan ch tc ng n su hi khi c
chuyn ho thnh Carbofuran).
Cht khng bn Cc ester ca thuc cacbamt

R Thu phn gc R
ChE Thuc cacbamt Thu phn bng cacbaryl ho

S 7- Qu trnh tc ng ca thuc cacbamat n men Cholinesterase (ChE)
-Oxim cacbamat: Cng thc cu to phc tp, c nhm oxim. Nhng tnh cht v c
ch tc ng khng khc nhm monocacbamat. Cc thuc trong 2 nhm ny c :
Nhng thuc tr su ch c tc ng tip xc v v c: Alanycarb, Fenobucarb,
Formetanate ( tr c nhn), Isoprocarb, Methiocarb (tr c nhuyn th, nhn v xua ui
chim), Propoxur, Thiodicarb ( v c l chnh, tip xc hn ch), Thiofanox (tr c nhn ),
Trimethacarb ( v c l chnh, tip xc hn ch, tr c nhuyn th), XMC (tip xc l chnh),
Xylylcarb.
Nhng thuc tr su c tc ng ni hp, tip xc v v c: Aldicarb, Bendiocarb,
Benfuracarb, Butocarboxim (tr c nhn), Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Methomyl (tr c nhn),
Metolcarb, Oxamyl (tr c nhn, tuyn trng), Pirimicarb. Hai thuc Carbofuran v Methomyl
nm trong danh mc hn ch s dng Vit nam.
-Dimetyl cacbamat (c t hot cht): c c ch tc ng khc hn. Xem nhm thuc tr
su Nereistoxin.
1.7. Thuc nereistoxin hay dimetyl cacbamat:

S SO2
CH2 S CONH2
(H3C)2 N CH HCl H3C)2 N CH Bensultap
CH2 S CONH2
Cartap hychlorid S SO2

S
(H3C)2 N CH
+ +


Nereistoxin S

CH3 CH2S2O3NA CH3 . S
N-CH N . S
CH3 CH2S2O3NA (H) CH3 . S
Bisultap / Monosultap Thiocyclam
S 8 - S chuyn ho ca cc thuc tr su tin Nereistoxin
Cc hot cht trong nhm l nhng dn xut tng hp ca c t Nereistoxin, mt cht
c trong c th loi giun bin Lumbrineris brevicirra (= Lumbriconercis heteropoda), c
pht hin nm 1934 v mt s cht khc nh carotoxin, ginesne v gerardine c tnh dit su hi.
Cc cht tng hp tng t Nereistoxin nh Cartap, Bensultap, Bisultap (Dimehypo, Shachong
shuang), Monosultap (Monomehypo, Shachong dan) v Thiocyclam u l tin thuc tr su ca
Nereistoxin v pht trin thnh nhm thuc tr su thng dng.
trong c th sinh vt cc thuc ny u chuyn thnh Nereistoxin. Nereistoxin kt
hp vi cht nhn nicotinic acetylcholyl, km hm vn chuyn cholin. Nereistoxin c i lc lin
kt yu vi ChE, nn khng c ch hot ng ca men ny, m c ch hot tnh ca cht nhn
(receptor), mng sau synap ca t bo thn kinh trung ng, dn n truyn dn kch thch thn
kinh b ngng tr. Cn trng trng c, ngng n, t lit (khng b co git) v cht (c th
thng dui thng).
L thuc tr su c tc ng tip xc v v c; ni hp v xng hi yu; dit trng, su
non v trng thnh ca nhiu loi su ming nhai v ming chch ht. Ph tc ng rng, tr
c nhiu loi su thuc b cnh vy, cnh cng trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau: su c thn,
su cun l, su gai hi la, su hi khoai ty v hi rau (su t, b cnh cng hi khoai ty, rui
c l...); su hi u tng , lc, ng, bng vi, ma, ch, cy n qu...
1.8. Thuc pyrethroit:
Trong hoa Cc Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium v C. roseum c cha 6 este ca axit
cyclopropan - cacboxylic l pyrethrin I, cinerin I, Jasmolin I (gi chung l Chrysanthemat) v
pyrethrin II, cinerin II, Jasmolin II ( gi chung l pyrethrat), rt c i vi cn trng v nhn.
Trn c s bt chc ca hot cht Pyrethrin c trong cy cc st trng, ngi ta tng
hp v pht trin thnh nhm thuc tr su pyrethroid ( hin c trn 30 hot cht) vi hot tnh
tr su v bn quang hc cao hn. Cc hp cht pyrethroid u l tan mnh trong cht bo,
gn nh khng tan trong nc, nn chng c hiu lc tip xc mnh hn hiu lc v c. Hu ht
thuc tr su pyrethroid c im si kh cao, dng lng nhy, p sut hi thp ( tr Allethrin,
Prothrin, v Pyrethrin I). Cc sn phm pyrethroid rt an ton vi mi trng ( t tch lu v b
phn hu nhanh; bn thn v cc sn phm chuyn ho u t c v liu lng s dng li thp,
ch bng 1/10 liu s dng ca cc thuc tr su thng dng).
Cc sn phm pyrethroid tri qua 4 th h: (1) Allethrin c tng hp u tin
(1949), c dng lm hng mui v phun sol kh tr rui mui trong y t. Trong nng
nghip, chng c dng tr rp, b cnh cng, b tr, rp bt, su o, ry v nhiu cn trng
khc trn rau, bo qun ht v cc mc ch khc.(2) Th h th hai c Dimethrin (1961),
Tetramethrin (Phthalthrin, 1965), Resmethrin, Bioresmethrin v Biolethrin (1969), c tnh qut
ng cao, ph rng; nhng b phn hu nhanh di nh sng v khng kh, nn chng khng/t


c dng trong nng nghip. Phenothrin (Sumithrin) sn phm cui (1973) dng tr cn trng
trong nh. (3) Cc sn phm th h th 3 nh Permethrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin v
Fenvalerat, bn vi nh sng nht( tng hp 1971; a ra th trng 1980) c dng nhiu
trong nng nghip. (4) Cc sn phm th h thc t a ra th trng vo cc nm 1975-1983,
dng tr cn trng hi bng (Flucythrinat, Cyfluthrin, Fluvalinat) , mt s sn phm khc
c dng tr ngoi k sinh hi gia sc (Cyhalothrin, Cypothrin) v nhiu sn phm khc
ang c nghin cu ( Cycloprothrin v Fenpyridin ).
Thuc pyrethroid tc ng n sinh vt bng con ng tip xc v v c, ngoi ra cn
c tc ng xua ui cn trng. Su nhn b trng c nhanh. Cc thuc trong nhm c ph tc
ng rng, tr nhiu loi su hi ming nhai v chch ht, nht l cc loi su thuc b cnh vy,
cnh cng, cnh na hi cy n qu (cam, qut...), cy thc phm (rau, u ), la v ng cc;
cy cng nghip (bng, thuc l, ch), la v ng cc, cy cnh, cy rng. Mt s c phun vo
t tr su hi trong t; mt s c dng tr su hi kho lng thc. Thuc cn c
dng tr cn trng gy hi sc kho ngi nh rui, mui, gin, b cht, rp trong y t, cn
trng trong chung tri hi gia sc gia sc; tr mt s k sinh ngoi da hi gia sc. Nhiu loi
thuc trong nhm c th tr c nhn. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr su ln hu c
phng tr su hi trong nng nghip. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc cha kim. Thi gian
cch ly ni chung ngn ( do liu s dng thp)
Tuy nhin, khi dng cc thuc pyrethroid cn ch phng nga s hnh thnh tnh khng
thuc ca cc loi su nhn. Hin tng khng cho pyrethroid ca su nhn vi cc thuc clo,
ln hu c v cacbamat vn thng gp. Nhiu thuc trong nhm d gy hin tng ti pht ca
dch hi (Deltamethrin , Cypermethrin, Alpha- Cypermethrin, d gy ti pht ry nu la, ry
xanh ch...). S ln phun cng nhiu, nguy c ti pht cng cao.
Pyrethroid khng tc ng n cc h men sng ca c th sinh vt, m tc ng trc tip
n h thn kinh ca cn trng v ng vt mu nng. cn trng, pyrethroid tc ng n h
thn kinh trung ng v ngoi vi liu rt thp. Thuc gy ri lon s dn truyn xung ng ca
knh natri dc si trc ca t bo thn kinh cn trng. Tc ng n s truyn xung ng ca t
bo si trc thn kinh, ngn cn v km hm s truyn xung ng trong t bo thn kinh. Cc
pyrethroid tng hp u ko di hu in th m (c bit vi h thn kinh ngoi vi), ngn cn s
ti phn cc bnh thng ca cc nron thn kinh. mc phn t, cc hp cht pyrethroid
km hm s vn chuyn Ca
++
/Mg
++
v Na
+
/ K
+
ca men ATP-ase, men vn chuyn cc cation
trn trong t bo thn kinh; c ch sn sinh GABA c tc dng iu khin s sn sinh v vn
chuyn ion Cl- trung ho cc ion Ca
++
,Mg
++
, Na
+
& K
+
ny sinh trong qu trnh vn chuyn
xung ng thn kinh. cn trng, pyrethroid ch tc ng n cc trung tm h hp; cn
ng vt mu nng, pyrethroid tc ng n cc trung tm h hp tu sng v h thn kinh
kim sot chc nng ca tim. Triu chng ng c ca pyrethroid trong cn trng v ng vt
mu nng rt ging nhau: Trc tin l kch ng, rng mnh, ri lon tip sau l bi lit v
cht.
Cc hp cht pyrethroid c cu trc ho hc lp th phc tp, to nhiu ng phn lp th
c hiu lc dit su khc xa nhau. Ni cch khc, s thay i cu trc trong cc hp cht
pyrethroid quyt nh n hiu lc ca thuc. Dng n hoc phi hp cc ng phn.
Cn c vo cu trc phn t m ngi ta chia pyrethroid thnh 2 dng khc nhau v c
triu chng ng c khc nhau: Dng pyrethroid I : Khng c nhm a-cyanopyrethroid gm
pyrethrin t nhin, Allethrin, Tetramethrin, Resmethrin, Permethrin, Kadethrin, Phenothrin,
v.v...gy bn chn, run ton thn tng t trng c DDT. Dng pyrethroid II : c a-


cyanopyrethroid bao gm Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin , Fenvalerat... gy qun qui, run ton
thn, tit nhiu nc bt, c ng ri rc v cht. Biu hin hai triu chng ny cn trng yu
hn ng vt mu nng.
Cc thuc pyrethroid trong nhm: Ch tr su: Allethrin, Bioallethrin v Bioallethrin S-
cyclopentenyl- isomer, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin v beta- Cyfluthrin,
Cyhalothrin, gamma- Cyhalothrin, v Lamda - Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin , Alpha-
Cypermethrin, Beta- Cypermethrin, Thera- Cypermethrin v zeta- Cypermethrin,
Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer],
Esfenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumetrin, Imiprothrin, Methothrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin
[(1R) -trans-isomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrin, Resmethrin, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin,
Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin, ZXI 8901; tr c nhn : Acrinathrin,
Bifenthrin, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerat, Tau-fluvalinate.
1.9. Nhm pyrethroid khng este:
y l mt nhm mi, nh, rt c trin vng, c c ch tc ng n cn trng rt ging
vi cc pyrethroid. Ngoi ra cn mt s tc ng khc.
Etofenprox: dit cn trng bng tip xc v v c; nhng khng dit c nhn. C ch
tc ng ging nh cc hp cht pyrethroid (tc ng n h thn kinh cn trng v quy ri
chc nng ca nron bng s tng tc vi knh natri). Rt an ton vi ng vt mu nng, mi
sinh v mi trng.
Silafluofen: Thuc tr su ph rng vi tc ng v c l ch yu, tip xc yu. C tc
ng km hm tng hp chui nhnh amino acid (ALS hay AHAS), km hm sinh tng hp cc
amino acid valine v isolicine, lm ngng phn chia t bo v sinh trng ca cy.
1.10. Thuc nhm neonicotinoit:
y l nhm thuc tr su mi, ni hp, vn chuyn hng ngn. Tc ng n cn trng
bng con ng tip xc v v c. Cc thuc trong nhm c ph rt rng, dng theo nhiu cch
khc nhau: phun ln cy, x l ging v x l t liu kh thp.
Cc thuc trong nhm u l cc cht i khng ca cht nhn nicotenic acetylcholin, kt
gn vi nhng th quan nicotenic sau khp thn kinh trong h thn kinh trung ng, tc ng xu
n xinap trong h thn kinh trung ng, cn trng b t lit v cht.
Cc thuc trong nhm u t c vi ng vt mu nng ( trong c th ng vt, chng d
b hp th, phn tn ri b bi tit nhanh ra ngoi); t c vi c, chim v ng vt hoang d
khc.Trong mi trng, thuc b chuyn ho nhanh.
Cc thuc trong nhm ny c chia thnh 3 nhm nh:
-Cc hop cht chloronicotinyl ( Th h th nht): Gm cc cht Acetamiprid,
Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid.
-Cc hop cht thianicotinyl ( Th h th hai) : Gm cc cht Clothianidin,
Thiamethoxam.
- Cc hop cht nitromethylen (Th h th ba): Gm Dinetofuran v mt s
cht khc.
1.11. Mt s nhm thuc tr su mi ng ch :
Nhm amidin :
i din l Amitraz. Tc ng rt nhanh n ve bt ( k sinh trn gia sc), bng cch tc
ng n cht nhn octopamin trong h thn kinh, lm tng hot ng ca h thn kinh. Hin
cha hiu ht chc nng ca octopamin trong c th cn trng. Nhng octopamin c trong mi


m thn kinh cn trng v hot ng nh mt cht dn truyn ca xinap, mt hoocmn thn kinh.
Dch hi b kch ng s vn ng, gy ngn n, c ch trng n. Amitraz c hiu lc tr nhn
hi thc vt, ve v mt s cn trng thuc b cnh phn, cnh na vi tc ng vi tc ng tip
xc v xng hi. Hiu lc tr trng su, nhn v su non mi n cao. Thuc t c vi ng vt
mu nng; c c thp vi ong v cc cn trng c ch. Nhanh b phn r trong mi trng.
Nhm Arylpyrrole:
i din l Chlorfenapyr. Sn phm ci bin ca cht khng sinh dixapyrolomycin (c
hot tnh dit vi khun, nm v dit su nhn) do vi khun Streptomyces fumanus sinh ra; c tc
dng tr su v nhn bng con ng v c mnh v tip xc yu; c tnh thm su tt, nhng
hu nh khng c tnh ni hp.
Chlorfenapyr l cht tin st trng (propesticides), trong c th, thuc c chuyn ho
thnh cht trung gian, ri mi dit dch hi. Chlorfenapyr oxi ho nhm N-ethoxymethyl pht
sinh bt cp trong ty th. Cht ny tc ng nh mt phn lin hp trong h h hp ca dch hi.
Ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi cn trng v nhn, bao gm c cc loi cn trng v nhn
khng cacbamat, ln hu c, pyrethroid v c cc hp cht km hm tng hp chitin trn cy
n qu, cy cng nghip, rau v cc cy trng khc. Nhiu loi su mn cm nh su t; b cnh
cng Leptinotarsa decemlineata hi khoai ty; su xanh Heliothis spp. hi bng vi v cc cy
trng khc; nhn Tetranychus spp. hi cy n qu.
Thuc c c trung bnh vi ng vt mu nng; t c vi c, ong v cc ng vt
hoang d khc. Trong c th ng thc vt v mi trng, thuc nhanh chng b phn hu.
Nhm Carbamoyltriazole:
i din l Triazamate. Thuc phun ln l tr rp mui ( k c cc loi rp chng li
cc thuc tr su ln hu c v cacbamat ) trn nhiu loi cy trng bng tc ng tip xc v v
c; c hiu lc ni hp v vn chuyn trong cy ngn. Rt t c vi cc sinh vt c ch. Thuc
km hm hot tnh ca men cholinesterase. Thuc c c trung bnh vi ng vt mu nng.
Trong ng thc vt v mi trng, thuc b thu phn v oxi ho nhanh.
Nhm Fiprole ( hay phenylpyrazol): i din l Fipronil ang c dng rng ri v
Ethiprole.
Fipronil c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi su hi ming chch ht v ming nhai,
bng con ng tip xc v v c; c tnh ni hp va phi. Cc thuc trong nhm u c ch
hot ng ca GABA, cht iu khin knh ion chlor, bng cch bao vy knh dn, lm tc
knh dn ( bt pha trong knh), lm ngng dng ion i qua. C hiu lc cao vi cc loi su hi
pht trin tnh khng i vi cc thuc ln hu c, cacbamat v pyrethroid. Thuc c dng
phun ln cy, x l ging v x l y vi liu 10-80ga.i./ha. Ngoi tc dng tr su, Fipronil
cn dng x l ging trc khi gieo tr cua, c.
Nhm focmamidin:
i din l Diafenthiuron c mt trn th trng nm 1990. Thuc tr su, nhn, c tc
dng tip xc v v c i vi u trng, trng thnh v tr trng. Trong c th ng vt, thuc
chuyn ho thnh cacbodiimit, c ch tng hp ATP, c ch h hp ca ty th v kch ng qu
mc th th octopamin. Ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi cn trng ming nhai v chch
ht trn nhiu loi cy trng, cy rng. Dch hi b trng c, ngng n, cht sau vi ngy. t c
vi cn trng c ch.
Nhm oxadiazine:


Nhm thuc tr su y trin vng. Indoxacarb l thuc i din c pht hin nm
1992; c mt trn th trng nm 2000. Indoxacarb bao vy knh natri trong h thn kinh. Thuc
c tc ng n cn trng bng con ng tip xc v v c. Lm cn trng ngng n, run ry,
t lit v cht. Thuc tr su ph tc ng rng, tr nhiu cn trng b cnh phn trn bng, rau,
cy n qu, lng 12.5-125g/ha.
Nhm pyridazinon:
in hnh l Pyridaben ( c trn th trng 1990). Thuc tr su, nhn tip xc, qut ng
v gy cht nhanh, hiu lc di. Tc ng n mi giai on pht trin ca su nhn, c bit l
u trng v trng thnh. Trong c th dch hi, Pyridaben km hm s vn chuyn in t trong
ty th h I, nh hng n qu trnh to nng lng, gy t vong cho dch hi. Pyridaben c
hiu lc cao vi lp nhn Acari, cn trng h Aleyrodidae; rp mui Aphididae, Cicadellidae v
b cnh t Thysanoptera trn rau mu cy cng nghip, cy n qu v cy cnh. Thuc t c
ng vt c v; c vi ong, c; Thuc khng tch lu trong c th sinh vt v mi trng.

Nhm Trifluoromethylnicotinamid:
Nhm thuc tr su mi, in hnh l Flonicamid c pht minh 1994 v c mt trn
th trng nm 2000. C ch tc ng cn cha c pht hin. Km hm cn trng n ; c hot
tnh ni hp v vn chuyn tt trong cy. Hiu lc di. Chng nhiu cn trng chch ht trn
cy n qu, ng cc, khoai ty, bng, rau.
1.12. Thuc iu ho sinh trng cn trng( IGR- Insect growth regulator ): Mun
pht trin c, cn trng v nhn cn lt xc chuyn giai on (thay tui su, ho nhng v
v ho). lt xc cn cc loi hoocmon khc nhau:
-Hormon lt xc( ecdysteroids) l nhng hp cht t nhin hay tng hp c tc dng nh cc
steroid c trong c th cn trng, gip cn trng chuyn giai on t nhng ho trng thnh.
-Hormon tr ( juvenoids): l nhng hp cht t nhin hay tng hp c tc dng gip u
trng thay tui, hay t u trng chuyn sang pha nhng.
Con ngi li dng nhng hormon sn c ca cn trng, hoc cc hp cht c tng
hp iu khin qu trnh sinh trng ca cn trng vi mc ch : khng cho cn trng lt
xc, hoc phi chuyn giai on sm hoc mun, ng vo cc thi im bt li cho chng. Tt
c cc cht c tc dng trn u c tn chung l cc cht iu khin sinh trng cn trng (IGR).
Cho n nay, hormon lt xc cha c nghin cu nhiu v cng cha c cc thnh tu
ng dng quan trng trong thc tin.
Hng trm hormon tr c tng hp v c th tc ng n cn trng bng nhiu bin
php x l. Tr ngi chnh trong vic dng cc hormon tr t nhin l :
-Thuc khng tn ti lu trn cy, hiu lc ca thuc chu nh hng ca iu kin ngoi
cnh ( gi, nh sng).
-Khng gy cht trc tip cho dch hi; ngi s dng kh thy tc dng ca chng mt
cch trc tip.
-Ch gy hi cho cn trng nhng giai on pht dc nht nh. V vy, ch nn dng
chng vo ng giai on thuc c th tc ng, nhm ngn chn cn trng ho nhng, t l


trng n v lt xc thp. Kt qu l gim s lng qun th, gim s lng trng v gy cht
cho cn trng.
Cc antihormon cng c s dng nhm ngn cn s hnh thnh hormon trong c th
cn trng cn trng khng vt c mt giai on pht dc no , ri cht. Vic dng cc
antihormon cng c kh khn nh khi dng hormon tr.
Thuc IGR xut hin trn th trng t nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 tr cn trng, c
bit l cc loi cn trng khng thuc clo v ln hu c, cacbamat v pyrethroit. Tuy nhin
hin tng su chng cc thuc IGR cng pht trin kh nhanh.
Cc thuc iu ho sinh trng cn trng c c im:
-Cc triu chng gy hi th hin chm, nhng hiu lc ko di. Tc ng ch yu n
s hnh thnh mt qun th ca i sau. Cc thuc trong nhm hoc ch tc ng n u trng
(Lufenuron), hay u trng v nhng (Chlorfluazuron, Cyromazine), hoc u trng v trng
(Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufennoxuron) hay trng, u trng, nhng (Buprofezin,
Etoxazole) hoc u trng, nhng v trng thnh ( Fenpyroximate). V vy mun s dng thuc
ny c hiu qu, cn phun sm, khi mt u trng t n nht nh. Khng nn dng cc
thuc ny khi cn trng v nhn giai on trng thnh.
-Cc thuc trong nhm c tnh chn lc cao, t gy hi cho cc loi thin ch, t c vi
ng vt mu nng v mi sinh. Chng khng xua ui hay dit trc tip cn trng, nhng lm
gim mnh s c th ca cc loi cn dit, c bit cc loi c tnh x hi.
-Tt c cc thuc trong nhm u tc ng tip xc v v c; mt s trong chng cn c
tc dng ni hp (Cyromazine, Hexaflumuron) hay xng hi yu. t hnh thnh tnh chng chu
bt cho.
-Cc hp cht IGR c c ch tc ng nh sau: Men chitin-UNDP-acetyl glicoaminyl
transfenase xc tc cho qu trnh tng hp chitin (polyacetyl glicoamin), thnh phn c bn ca
v cn trng. Cc cht IGR lin kt vi men chitin-UNDP-acetyl glicoaminyl transfenase v lm
mt hot tnh ca men ny, c ch qu trnh sinh tng hp chitin.
Cc cht IGR c ch s chuyn ho men ecdysteron (hormon lt xc), gy tch t
ecdysteron v kch thch hot tnh ca men chitanase; mt khc cc cht IGR kch thch hot tnh
ca men phenoloxidase v chitanase, chitin khng tch t c, ngn cn to lp cutin mi.
Cc cht IGR c kh nng c ch sinh tng hp ADN trong t bo m non ca biu b
phn bng, lm cho u trng khng lt xc c.
Mt s cht IGR cn c ch s hnh thnh prostagladin trong trng, nh hng n s to
trng ca trng thnh, trng thnh trng b ung, t l v ho thp, hay trng thnh v u
trng khng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng.
Cc thuc IGR bn trn th trng thuc nhiu nhm ho hc khc nhau nh Benzoyl
urea, Carboxamid, Diacylhydrazine, Pyrazole, Tetrazine, Triazine; ch dit cn trng
Bitrifluron, Buprofezin, Chlorfluazuron, Cyromazine, Diflubenzuron, Etoxazole,
Fenpyroximate, Flucycloxuron, Flufennoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenurron, Novaluron,
Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron hay dit c cn trng v nhn Etoxazole,
Flucycloxuron, Flufennoxuron.
1.13. Ch phm sinh hc tr su : gm ba nhm:
-Cc thuc tr su vi sinh : gm cc loi vi khun, vi rus, mycoplasma, nm, protoza,
tuyn trng tr su gy bnh v k sinh c phn lp, gia cng thnh sn phm thng mi, ly
nhim cho cy, cn trng v nhn b nhim bnh v cht.
u im cc thuc tr su nhn sinh hc l: c c chuyn tnh cao, nhng t c vi


ng vt mu nng v b phn hu hon ton trong mi trng.
Trn th gii, cc thuc tr su vi sinh ang c pht trin mnh. Khng nhng tr su,
cc thuc ny cn lan c sang lnh vc tr bnh nm, tr tuyn trng, c di , chut...
Vit nam, chiu hng s dng cc thuc ny cng tng nhanh. Cng ngh gia cng
cc thuc ny cng c nhiu tin b, gip cho cc thuc sinh hc pht huy hiu lc nhanh v cao
hn, liu lng s dng gim i. Trong thi gian ti, cc thuc tr su vi sinh s chim mt v tr
thch ng hn trong vic phng chng dch hi.
-Cc sn phm do chng sn xut ra v cc thuc tho mc: c trnh by thnh mc
ring hay ln trong cc nhm ho hc.
-Cc loi cn trng k sinh, cn trng v nhn bt mi.
a/ Vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) : phn lp ln u nm 1870 v tr cn trng
1915. n 1971, c hn 30 chng Bt, chia thnh 20 serotyp khc nhau gy hi cho 400 loi
cn trng. Sn phm Bt dit cn trng c trn th trng t u nhng nm 60 ca th k 20.
Bt l nhm vi khun ho kh, nhum gram dng, bo t hnh que, kch thc 3-6 x 0,8 -
13 , n hay xp chui. Vi khun di chuyn nh roi di 6 - 8. Bo t hnh trng , chu nhit,
c kch thc 1-1,5 x 0,8 - 0,9.
Trong mi trng, bo t sinh t bo dinh dng hnh que. Hu ht cc chng Bt trong
thi gian hnh thnh bo t, u sn sinh ra tinh th c delta-endotoxin ( tin c t) v c t
ny c hot ho trong rut gia do cc men phn gii protein. Ngoi ra, delta-endotoxin cn
gy ri mng biu m rut gia, lm mt cn bng tnh thm ca t bo, cn trng b lit v cht.
Delta-endotoxin cn tng tc vi cc liposome ca mng t bo biu m, lm tng s ri lon
mng biu m rut gia. Delta-endotoxin c hiu lc tr su non cnh phn Lepidoptera v mt
s loi ca Diptera v Coleoptera. Cc thuc thng phm ca Bacillus thuringiensis u cha
bo t v delta-endotoxin c hiu lc tr nhiu loi dch hi trong nng v lm nghip.
Mt s chng Bt cn sn sinh ra cc c t khc nh:
Alpha-exotoxin ( c t km chu nhit, sinh ra trong thi k dinh dng v b kh hot
tnh trong qu trnh ln men, nn khng c sn phm thng mi), gy c cho ong mt v
chut.
Beta-exotoxin (c t chu nhit) gy c cho ong, rui, mui, ry c, mi, mt s loi
trong b cnh vy, nhn v mt s ng vt c xng sng, nh chut bch v g. Ngoi ra,
beta-exotoxin, gy d tt cho cc cn trng mn cm v hiu ng ny c th truyn qua i sau.
Beta-exotoxin l km hm sinh tng hp RNA, protein v acit nucleic.
Sn xut: Cc chng Bt c tch chit trong t nhin, la chn trn c s tim nng tr
su, ph tc ng v kh nng d nhn nhanh trong qu trnh ln men. Qu trnh ln men c
thc hin trong thng su, c mi trng dch dinh dng tit trng v iu kin sng ca Bt
c kim sot cht ch. Endotoxin v cc bo t sng c thu trong dung dch phn tn m
c, ri c gia cng tip thnh cc dng sn phm khc nhau.
Nng cc dng sn phm c tnh theo n v quc t (IU = international unit) tr
dch hi/mg sn phm hay bng s khun lc (cfu = colony forming units = n v to khun lc)
/mg. Gi trong iu kin lnh, nhng khng trong t lnh. Trnh nh sng mt tri trc x.
Trong iu kin lnh, ti, sn phm c th gi hiu lc > 2 nm. Hn hp c vi nhiu thuc
tr su, tr nhn v tr bnh, cht lm c, cht loang v cht thm t. Khng dng vi nc c
pH>8. Khng hn hp vi cc cht oxi ho, axit v baz mnh, nc clo ho v cc thuc dit
khun ph rng.


Cc sn phm Bt khng tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c. B tia cc tm (U.V.)
phn hu. Bn vng dng bt kh ti 40
o
C. DT50 ca huyn ph m c 40
o
C l na nm;
21-25
o
C l 1 nm; 2-10
o
C >3 nm. B thu phn nhanh trong mi trng kim (100% trong
1 gi pH 11-12); thm ch Bt c th b thu phn ngay c trong iu kin kim trung bnh. Tnh
chu nh sng cn c quan tm.
Tuy Bt c th bo qun lu, nhng li phn hu nhanh trong trn rung, di tc ng
ca nhit , nh sng v cht thi ca cy.
Phng thc tc ng: Bacillus thuringiensis sn sinh bo t bn, cc protein kt
tinh v to bo t ra trong qu trnh bo t ny mm. Khi vo bng cn trng, th hin hot tnh
tr su vi su non v trng thnh b cnh vy Lepidoptera v mt s loi thuc b cnh cng
Coleoptera. Trong c th cn trng, tinh th protein b ho tan v men protease trong rut cn
trng bin tinh th c(tin c t) thnh 4 cht c nh hn. Cc cht c b thu phn bao vy
t bo rut gia cn trng, c bit pha cht nhn, ni to cc amino axit. Qu trnh ny ph
thuc vo hm lng ca ion kali. S tc ng ny to l hng, cho php la chn cation, lm
tng tnh thm ca mng t bo. Tnh thm nc tng, t bo b phng ln thm ch b v, ph v
thnh rut gia. Tnh chn lc c trng ca cc chng Bt vi cc loi cn trng ph thuc vo
cng cc cht c bao vy cc cht nhn. Ngoi ra, cc bo t ca Bt, trong rut cn trng,
cng tip tc pht trin v sn sinh ra tinh th c v bo t mi, lm tng hiu lc ca Bt.
Bt l thuc tr su c tc ng ng rut; khng c tc ng tip xc, xng hi v ni
hp. Vo trong c th cn trng, cc tinh th ni c t b ho tan, hu hoi cc t bo biu m
(epithelial cell) rut cn trng, cn trng chn hay ngng n v t vong. Tuy nhin cn trng
b nhim Bt thng cht chm. Cc bo t ca Bt c th tn ti trong mi trng ti 1 nm hay
lu hn, c th gy hi cho tm. V vy, cc nc trng nhiu du nui tm ch dng ch phm Bt
cha cc ni c t, khng cha bo t.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. aizawai (Bta) c khuyn co tr su non b
cnh vy ( su t hi ci v cc loi su non cnh vy khc hi bng, u nnh, cy n qu, cy
cng nghip (thuc l).
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israellensis (B.t.i.) c khuyn co tr u trng
mui (cung qung) Uranotaenia unguiculata, Culex univitattus, Culix pipiens, Anopheles
sergentii, Aedes caspius, Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis v Anopheles gambiae trong h
ao, mng mng, cng rnh, m ly ven bin v nhng ni nc ng, mi gii gy bnh st
rt. Ngoi ra B.t.i. c dng rui en Simulium damnosum gy bnh giun ch chu Phi .
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. japonensis: Tr ging Plutella ca b cnh phn.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki to bo t v ni c t l nhng tinh th
protein CryI, CryII hoc CryIII, c dng rng ri su non b cnh phn trn cy thc phm
(ci cc loi), cy cng nghip (bng, thuc l, u nnh...), cy lng thc (ng), cy cnh..., m
dch d dy c pH cao. Su non b trng c cht sau 2-3 ngy.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis ( hay Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
subsp. morrisoni) c khuyn co tr su non b cnh cng ( b cnh cng hi khoai ty v
nhiu loi cnh cng khc hi c chua, c, cy cnh...).
Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7261: Loi Bt c Trung quc pht hin trong nhng nm
cui thp nin 80 ca th k 20, c hiu qu cao tr su non b cnh phn.
tng hiu qu v m rng ph k ch, gn y ngi ta cy gen v cc gen vn
chuyn d-endotoxin (gen cry) vo cc chng Bt, E. coli, Pseudomonas clavibacter, to, nguyn
sinh ng vt, cng mt s loi khc v c ng k nh thuc tr su sinh hc.


Mi chng Bt u thuc nhm c III, khng gy c cho ng vt mu nng. Sau khi
xm nhp vo c th ( bng thc n, h hp, tim tnh mch), Bt b thi ra ngoi nhanh v khng
gy hi cho ng vt mu nng. Bt cng khng gy hi cho ong mt, c, mt s ng vt khng
xng sng v cc loi thin ch ca cn trng; nhng c th gy c cho tm. Bt b phn hu
nhanh trong mi trng, nn khng gy c cho mi trng.
b/ Cc nm tr su:
Gm nhiu loi nm k sinh, c th xm nhp trc tip qua biu b cn trng, dng men
b gy chitin v protein biu b, sn sinh ra cc cht chuyn ho, gy cht su. Thi gian nm
pht huy tc dng l 5-10 ngy sau x l, tu thuc vo liu lng v ln ca su. Cc nm
u c c tnh k sinh chuyn bit, khng gy hi cho i tng khng phng tr. Sn phm
c sn xut n gin, gi h v d hn thuc ho hc. Nhng so vi thuc ho hc, hiu lc
tr su ca nm thp hn v k thut x l cng hn ch hn.
Nm Beauveria bassiana Vuill: cn gi l nm trng.
Beauveria bassiana l loi nm thuc h Moniliales, lp Deuteromyces, k sinh trn c
th su non b cnh vy, c dng lm thuc tr su sinh hc. Loi nm ny c pht hin v
phn lp ln u trn su non su c thn ng Ostrinia nubilalis (b cnh vy, h Pyralidae)
min Bc nc Php. Nhiu ni B. bassiana c dng lm thuc tr su nh: ni 147; ni
GHA; ni TBI.
B. bassiana l loi thuc tr su tip xc, ly lan bng conidi ca nm, nh gi th, bm
vo c th cn trng, nhanh chng xm nhp qua biu b, vo khoang c th cn trng, to ra
cc tiu th trong huyt tng. Cc tiu th trn, tiu dit cc t bo bch huyt, gy cht cho
cn trng. C th cn trng cha y si nm, hnh dng c th khng bin dng, tr nn rn.
Khi m, nm chui khi b mt c th su hi, to lp si nm mu trng trn c th su.
Lp si nm ny li to conidi tip tc ly lan sang cc su non khc. B. bassian ly bnh cho
nhiu loi cn trng thuc b cnh vy, cnh cng, cnh mng, cnh thng, cnh u, cnh na
v c nhn Acarina. Vit Nam, pht hin B. bassiana gy hi cho mt s loi cn trng nh
ry nu, ry lng trng, b xt, su cun l la, su o ay, su rm thng. Cc ch phm
Beauveria c khuyn co phng tr nhiu loi su hi rau, ng, u, cy n qu, cy cnh.
Bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt (nhit khong 20
o
C), c th gi c hiu lc trong 2
nm. Khng thy c hin tng tch lu Beauveria trn rung bng.
B. bassiana c th gy bnh cho su ngay khi x l, hoc sau x l mt thi gian ngn,
trc khi nm mt hot tnh. Sau mt ln x l, nm khng th to ngay thnh dch. m cao
l yu cu cho bo t pht trin v to thnh dch. Khi m thp, nm s khng ly lan c v
hiu lc tr nm s thp.
B. bassiana t gy c cho ng vt mu nng, khng c vi c v ong mi giai on
sinh trng. Khng dng Beauveria cho cy du tm.
Nm Metarhium anisopliae (nm xanh):
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok thuc h Moniliaceae, b Hyphomycetes, lp
nm bt ton (Deuteromycetes). c phn lp t nhiu loi cn trng b nhim bnh v sn
xut bng cng ngh ln men. C hiu lc chng nhiu loi cn trng gy hi thuc b cnh
phn, cnh cng, cnh thng (chu chu, hi ng, ma, lung; ry nu hi la; b da su o, su
xanh... hi ay); cnh u (mi...), bng cch phun ln cy, hay to cn trng nhim bnh ly
nhim c n (mi). Nm xm nhp qua cutin v gy bnh cho cn trng. Thi gian bnh
chng 2 ngy; cn trng cht sau 7-10 ngy. Bo t nm mc l bn ngoi xc cn trng. Cc


cn trng b bnh bm cht vo cy. Bo t nm pht trin nhiu hn v gy hi cho cn trng
mnh hn.
Sn phm tr su thng c s lng bo t khng di 10
8
cfu/g M. anisopliae. Cn bo
qun sn phm ni lnh, kh, khng b mt tri chiu trc tip. Trong iu kin nh vy, hiu
lc ca sn phm ko di 12 thng. Dng n. Khng hn hp vi thuc tr nm, vi cc cht
oxi ho mnh, axit hay kim v nc clo ho. Cha c thng bo v tc hi ca nm ny ln con
ngi, gia sc v sinh vt c ch. Khng gy c h hp, khng kch thch da v mt. Khng gy
c cho c, ng vt thu sinh, ong mt v tm. C nhiu chng khc nhau c dng nhim
bnh cho cn trng: Metarrhizium anisopliae var. acridium ; Metarrhizium anisopliae var.
anisopliae; Metarrhizium anisopliae dng ICIPE 30; Metarrhizium anisopliae dng ICIPE 69.
Ngoi hai loi nm tr su trn, cn mt s nm khc cng c dng gy bnh cho
su nhng t ph bin hn nh: Eitemophaga asiatica; Entemophaga grylii; Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus; Verticillium lecanii; Zoophthora radicans.
c/ Virus tr su:
Virus nhn a din ( nuclear polyhedrosis virus = nucleopolyhedrovirus - NPV) nm
trong nhm Baculoviridae, c tch chit ln u trn c th ong n l rng ti M v Canada.
Hin c hng chc chng c tch chit t ngun t nhin.
NPV gm nhiu ht virus trong mt nhn a din (polyhedron) c trong nhn t bo b
bnh. Ht virus hnh gy, cha mt hay nhiu nucleocapsid,c mt lp v (capsid) bao quanh.
Capsid l s kt hp gia ADN v protein dng khng ng nht, to thnh DNP v
ADN c xp gn trong DNP.
Nhn a din l khi protein kt tinh, hnh li lim, ch nhiu polypeptid kt tinh dng
mt co, cha cc ht virus bn trong; c bao bi mt lp v chng s mt nc v tia cc
tm. Nhn a din c tnh n nh va phi, d b kim ho ( d tan trong pH 9.5), d b ph hu
trong dch rut cn trng (dch rut mang tnh kim v c men phn hu).
Tt c cc virus th vi, phi xm nhp vo rut ri mi gy hi cho cn trng.
Trong bng cn trng, virus ch tc ng vo hch t bo rut gia v ch gy cht khi
cn trng b ly nhim y . Cn trng mc bnh do n phi virus v cc cht nn protein ca
virus c ho tan trong rut gia cn trng (c tnh kim), sn sinh ra cc phn t virus.
Nhng phn t ny i qua mng hu mn v vo t bo rut gia, bng cch ho vo cc lng
t nh. Nhng phn t virus ho trong hch t bo biu m, chim cc nhn ca t bo biu m,
dng trn v nhn ln y. Nhng phn t virus u tin dng trn, khng b gi li. S ti
to trc tin sn sinh ra cc phn t khng gi virus, nhng sau , cc phn t virus c sn
sinh, bao bc lp protein. S ly nhim bt u v lm cht cn trng.
NPV c sn xut bng s nhn ging cn trng nhim bnh bng nhiu cch:
-Nhn nui trong phng th nghim: su non v thc n nhn to c phun vi liu
NPV thch hp. Phun vi liu thp, cn trng khng nhim bnh; phun vi liu cao, cn trng b
cht sm, lm gim tng sn phm virus. Sau a vo mi trng c nhit 23-29
o
C ( ti
thch 29
o
C). Tc sinh trng virus ph thuc vo mt qun th v kch thc bnh nui,
thi im ly nhim, kch thc su v t l c ci (con ci thng sn xut nhiu NPV hn con
c). Cc vi khun hoi sinh cng nh hng nhiu n hot tnh ca virus.
thu virus, ngi ta nghin nt mt phn su b nhim vi ba phn nc, lc qua vi
mng, ly dch. Tch chit trn my ly tm. lm sch hn, cn ly tm ln na vi dung dch
ng sacharose c c dung dch th vi.


-Chn nhng qun th su hi c mt cao, x l virus v vi ngy sau thu v nhng
cn trng b bnh, cho ng lnh. Trc khi s dng, cc u trng ng lnh, c nghin nh
nh bt phun.
-Cng c th dng k thut nui cy t bo sn xut virus gy hi cho cn trng.
dit cn trng, NPV thng c hn hp vi vi khun v protozoa.
Thuc tr su virus c gia cng di dng lng, sa, bt thm nc, bt kh, ht v
dng kem. Sn phm cn bo qun ni kh, lnh khng b chiu sng trc x. Thi hn bo
qun : 2 nm. Khng c hn hp vi cc cht oxi ho, axit hay kim v nc c clo ho.
Khng gy c cho ngi, ng vt c v v mi sinh, mi trng.
Nhiu sn phm virus tr su xut hin trn th trng th gii v c hiu qu rt cao
tr su gy hi bng, ng, u , rau mu. Hn hp Neodiprion sertifer NPV v Neodiprion
lecontei NPV c dng tr mt s loi su non b cnh phn cho mt s loi cy trng (su
t, su o hi rau; su c c khoai ty, su c qu; su keo Spodoptera exigua, su xanh da
lng hi bng, lc, u xanh, nho, hnh t... v mt s loi su hi cy rng). Mt s loi khc
nh: Helicoverpa zea NPV; Mamestra brassiucae NPV cng c dng ph bin.
Vit nam, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, sn xut v s dng NPV. Thnh cng
ln nht l hiu qu dng NPV tr su xanh Helicoverpa armigera hi bng, thuc l ; su o
Anomis flava hi ay; su rm thng....
Ngoi cc loi virus nhn a din, cn c nhiu loi virus khc cng c tc dng tr su
nh Cydia pomonella GV.
d/ Tuyn trng tr su:
Tuyn trng sng trong t c th k sinh trn cn trng t, nn chng l nguyn liu
tuyt vi sn xut cc thuc tr su vi sinh.
Sau khi vo t, tuyn trng phn tn v tn cng ngay cn trng.
Tuyn trng xm nhp vo c th cn trng hoc cng thc n ( nh cc loi tuyn trng
Stein rnema v Heterorhabditis), hoc qua l th v hu mn cn trng.
trong rut cn trng, tuyn trng chui qua vch rut, i vo h tun hon. y,
tuyn trng sinh trng v pht trin kh nhanh, gy cht cho cn trng trong 1-2 ngy.
Tr mt s t tuyn trng sng c trong iu kin kh di dng bo nang, cn hu ht
tuyn trng hot ng trong iu kin c mng nc bao quanh. V th, tuyn trng ch tc ng
n cc loi cn trng sng trong t, ni chng sng lu hn.
Tuyn trng Neoplectana carpocapsae c tc dng nh mi gii truyn vi khun gy
bnh cho mi v gy cht mi.
Ngoi cc loi cn trng k sinh trc tip trn su hi v tuyn trng t, t nm 1970,
cc loi tuyn trng k sinh cho cn trng ( EPN entomo pathogenic nematodes) cng c s
dng. Nhng tuyn trng ny c kh nng cng sinh vi vi khun Xenorhabdus spp. to t hp
k sinh tuyn trng/ vi khun. Hin c 17 loi tuyn trng thuc ging Steinernema v 7
loi thuc ging Heterorhabditis thuc b Rhabditida c kh nng ny. Sau khi xm nhp, chng
c kh nng gy bnh v lm cht vt ch trong 48 gi. Cc EPN c kh nng k sinh trn 200
loi cn trng th nghim ( c mt phn i sng trong t) . Mt s sn phm thng mi c
bn trn th trng tr : 10 loi cnh cng; 19 loi su c thn, tin v; 17 loi thuc b
cnh phn; 14 loi thuc b hai cnh trong y t.
e/Cc loi k sinh v bt mi n tht ca su nhn:
y l mt nhm ln gm cc loi cn trng k sinh ( c hiu qu nh Dacnusa sibirica;
Diglyphus isaea; Encarsia formosa; Eretmocerus eremicus; Leptomastix dactylopii; Metaphycus


helvolus; Trichogramma spp.); cn trng bt mi ( ph bin nh Cryptolaemus montrouzieri;
Erwinia carotovora; Hippodamia convergens; Macrolophus caliginosus; Orius spp. ) v nhn
bt mi (Phytoseiulus persimilis; Typhlodromus occidentalis) c tc dng hn ch rt mnh m
s pht trin ca cn trng v nhn trn ng rung.
Vic nhn nui cc loi cn trng v nhn k sinh - bt mi vi s lng ln rt tn km,
gi thnh cao v i hi mt trang thit b hin i. Hiu qu nhn th ph thuc nhiu vo trnh
d tnh d bo s pht trin ca dch hi, thi im nhn th, iu kin thi tit, lng cn.
V vy, bo tn v to iu kin cho cc loi thin ch t nhin pht trin c mt ngha ht sc
quan trng trong vic bo v cy trng v nng sn khi s gy hi ca cn trng v nhn.
1.14. Mt s sn phm tr su, nhn bt ngun t s ln men ca x khun:
Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc tr su nhn l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men ca cc loi
vi sinh vt; trong x khun sn sinh ra nhiu thuc tr su mi nht.
-Nhm thuc Avermectin
Mt trong 16 nhm ester t nhin do vi khun Streptomycin avermitilis sn sinh, gm hai
cht Avermectin B1a v Avermectin B1b. Nhng thay i rt nh trong thnh phn ca thuc
(hm lng v t l hm lng Avermectin B1a v Avermectin B1b) tc ng n hot tnh v
hiu lc phng tr ca sn phm. Cc sn phm Avermectin th rn c hiu lc tr cn trng
v nhn km dng lng. V vy, cc sn phm Avermectin u dng sa. Gn y, nhiu cng
ty s dng bao ng cc sn phm Avermectin th rn c th tan trong nc. Loi thuc ny,
d phn tn trong bnh phun v tng kh nng tip xc ca thuc vi vt phun v t gy c cho
ngi s dng.
Cc thuc trong nhm c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi su ming nhai v ming
chch ht thuc b cnh vy, b hai cnh, b cnh u nh su v ba, c thn qu... v nhn
di chuyn c liu lng 5.4 - 25ga.i./ha trn nhiu loi cy trng nh bp ci v cc loi rau
khc, u tng, cc loi cy n qu, cam chanh, nho, ch, bng, cy cnh. Thuc c hiu qu
phng tr kin la Sclenopsis invicta cao; c th gy v sinh hay git kin cha. C th phun hay
lm b dit u trng v trng thnh hay km hm sinh trng v lm ung trng ca dn.
Chng tc ng n cn trng v nhn bng con ng tip xc v v c; ni hp yu hoc
khng c tnh ni hp. Di chuyn trong cy yu. Cc hp cht Avermectin thm thu mnh vo
m l. Do thuc xm nhp nhanh vo biu b l (vi s gip ca men translaminase), ri tch
lu . V vy hiu lc ca thuc ko di, t chu tc ng ca iu kin thi tit. Cn trng
v nhn b trng c rt nhanh. Sau phun 8 gi, triu chng ng c th hin r; nhng phi sau
3-4 ngy t l cht mi t cao nht.
Sau khi tip xc vi cc thuc trong nhm, cn trng ngng n v cht v i. Cc thuc
kch thch s gii phng GABA ( -aminobutyric acid) gy km hm s vn chuyn xung ng
thn kinh, lng ion Cl
-
trong t bo thn kinh tng ln, lm nhiu lon hot tnh ca h thn
kinh. Cc t bo thn kinh phi hot ng mnh hn, nn nng lng mt nhiu, cn trng v
nhn b t lit v cht.
Su hi t c kh nng hnh thnh tnh khng hay kh hnh thnh tnh khng cho vi cc
thuc Avermectin, nn c th tr c c cc loi su khng cc thuc tr su khc.
Abamectin l mt disaccarit vng ln c phn lp t qu trnh ln men ca vi khun
Streptomyces avermitilis. L hn hp ca >80% avermectin B1a v <20% avermectin B1b.
Trong dung mi hu c, abamectin b oxy ho nhanh. Khng bn trong mi trng axit mnh


v kim. B tia cc tm phn hu nhanh . Hin c thng phm ca Evermectin B1, dng
tr cn trng, nhn hi cy n qu v cc cy trng khc 50 nc.
Emamectin: l sn phm bn tng hp ca VSV v l th h th 2 ca Avermectin khng
c tnh ni hp . Emamectin c hiu qu tr u trng b cnh phn trn rau v bng cao hn
Avermectin.
Emamectin benzoate: Hn hp cha = 90% emamectin B1a v =10% emamectin B1b
cng cc mui benzoat ca chng. Hiu lc ca Emamectin Benzoate n nh hn Emamectin.
Hin nay, nhiu nc dng Emamectin Benzoate tr su hi cy n qu v nhiu cy trng
khc t hiu qu rt cao lng 5,4 - 8.4g a.i./ha. Hiu lc ca thuc b gim mnh trong mi
trng c nh sng.
-Spinosad (t x khun Saccharopolyspora spinosa):
Spinosad cng kch ng th quan axetylcholin nicotinic ( nhng ti v tr khc vi tc
ng ca nicotin v imidacloprid ), lm gim hot ng ca GABA, lm cho cn trng t lit v
cht. Thuc tr su c tc dng tip xc v v c, c ph tc ng rng, tr cc loi su hi
thuc b cnh cng, hai cnh, cnh vy, b ry, trn cc loi rau, u , cy lng thc cy
cng nghip, cy cnh, cy trng trong nh knh, nh li. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng tr
cn trng gy hi sc kho con ngi. Hin nay cha c thng tin v kh nng su hnh thnh
tnh khng vi spinosad. Rt t c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng, sinh vt c ch khc. c cao
vi ong. Khng gy hi cho mi trng.
Bng 5. TM TT C CH TC NG CA THUC TR SU
i tng Ni b tc ng trong c th Nhm thuc tr su
Cc im nhn xung ng ca dy chng thn kinh:
( Neurotrasmitter receptor ligand
recognition sites)
Cholinergic:
-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Nicotine, Cartap,
Nitromethylenes
-Muscarimic Acetylcholine khng
-Glutaminergic Glutamate khng
-Octopaminergic Octopamine Amitraz
-GABAergic - Aminobutylic acid khng
Cc knh ion ( Ion channels )
-Knh Na
+
Depolarization Pyrethroid, DDT
-Knh Cl
-
- Aminobutylic acid Cyclodien
-iu khin GABA Avermectins, Fipronil
H thng thng tin th hai ( Secondary messenger systems)
Cyclic AMP Octapamine, 5HT Khng
Cc h thng vn chuyn cho nhn v ph v
(Transmitter re-uptake and breakdown systems)
Cholinesterase Actycholin Ln hu c; Carbamat
S h hp ca mitochondrial (Mitochondrial respiration):
Oxidative Rotenone, Dinitrophenol,


Phosphorylation Diafenthiuron
C (Muscle)
Contraction (co c) Depolarization Chit xut ca Ryania

1.15. Cht dn d , xua ui, trit sn cn trng:
Cc cht dn d, xua ui, trit sn cn trng khng trc tip gy cht cn trng, nhng
c tc dng gin tip trong vic phng chng su hi, bo v mi trng.
a/ Cht dn d cn trng (pheromon bt ngun t ch pherein- truyn i v hormon
kch thch):
L nhng cht bay hi do c th sinh vt tit ra hay c tng hp c kh nng tc ng
n sinh l hay hnh vi ca cc c th khc cng loi, bt chng di chuyn v ngun pht ra
nhng cht dn d . Cc phn ng c th xy ra tc th ( nh pheromon sinh dc), hay chm
hn ( do tc ng n cc chc nng sinh l).
Cc pheromon u l cc axit bo thay th hay cc thnh phn tng t c trong thc n,
c dng nng rt thp trong khng kh, nn hu nh khng c vi ng vt mu nng.
cn trng, pheromon c tit ra t nhng tuyn c bit hoc t cc gian t. Ngoi
cn trng, pheromon cn c cc loi gip xc (ngnh chn t), c lng th v mt s c khc,
cc v mt s loi ve bt.
Cht dn d cn trng c chia lm cc nhm:
-Nhng cht dn d sinh dc: nhng cht dn d sinh dc cn gi l pheromon gii tnh.
Chng l cc hp cht t nhin (do cn trng tit ra) hoc c tng hp nhn to, c
hot tnh chuyn ho cao, ch hp dn c th cng loi nhng khc gii. Cc pheromon ny sinh
ra t cc tuyn thm ca con ci (l ch yu) hay t con c, c tc ng kch thch dn d hot
ng sinh dc, kt cp , thng thy b cnh cng, cnh vy , b xt, rui. Nng pheromon
trong khng kh tng, lm cn trng t trng thi di chuyn sang kch thch giao phi. Pheromon
sinh dc hay quyn r ( epagon), ng vai tr gim st, theo di s xut hin ca cc loi su hi.
Li dng c tnh ny, ngi ta tng hp ra cc pheromon gi, ph hu kh nng con c
tm kim con ci giao phi, nhm lm gim s lng qun th cn trng i sau.
n nay ngi ta bit trn 350 loi cn trng thuc 12 b c pheromon sinh dc.
Ngi ta cng tng hp c mt s pheromon nhn to, v d cht cis-7-dencen-1-ol axetat
c tc dng hp dn bm c Trichophlusiani spp.. Cht Prophylur l cht dn d sinh dc ca
su hng hi bng Pectinophora gossypiella.
-Nhng cht dn d tm kim thc n: C tc dng gip cho cn trng la chn loi thc
n thch nht cho chng. Nhng cht ny c th l nhng cht men ( nc ng ln men, dch
thu phn albumin), vitamin, vv... Nhng cht dn d tm kim thc n khng c tnh c hiu
cao bng cc cht dn d sinh dc, chng c th hp dn c con c v con ci thuc nhng loi
tng i xa nhau v mt di truyn. Tnh hp dn ca nhng cht ny khng xa v lu di bng
nhng cht dn d sinh dc.
Pheromon ny c trong cn trng trng thnh v u trng, cn c tc dng qun t loi,
gip c th trong loi t tp vnh vin hay nht thi, nhm mc ch nht nh ca loi.
V d: 15 loi cn trng thuc h Ipidae tit ra hormon, gip cho mt qui t trong mt
cy g, m cuc sng ca loi i sau c thun li.
-Nhng cht dn d cn trng tm ni trng: Trn rau h hoa ch thp, cy sen cn
(Capucine), c mc t (Reseda), mt s cy thuc h hng lu (Capparidaceae) c cha cht
alkylizothioxianat dn d bm su xanh bm trng Pieris sp. n trng.


-Pheromon by n (ethophnon ): thng thy cc cn trng c cuc sng by n nh
ong, kin, mi... Cn trng dng loi pheromon ny nh tn hiu thng tin iu tit by n : kt
by, bo nhiu lon n, m trong t.
-Pheromon cnh bo ( torybon): pht tn hiu bo ng khi t b xm phm, gy phn
ng chy trn hay chng tr.
-Pheromon nh du ( odmichinion) ni c tr, ng tm thc n, thm ch iu tit s
lng c th.
Vic phn loi pheromon da vo chc nng ca chng nh: cnh bo, nh du, kt by,
ngu trang, trng, nhn nhm, gi nhm, ngn chn, ngu trang c ngha quan trng trong
vic s dng chng, trong pheromon sinh dc l tm im phng tr cn trng.
Cc pheromon t nhin hay nhn to c dng trong bo v thc vt nhm :
-Pht hin kp thi v nh gi mc xut hin ca mt loi su hi no trong
vng phc v cho cng tc d tnh d bo; xc nh thi im cn phun thuc tr su.
-By bt qun th gim s lng c th trong loi, gim s ph thuc ca cng
tc phng chng su hi vi thuc tr su; dng pheromon dn d su hi tp trung trn din
tch nh dit.
-Trn cht dn d vi thuc tr su thu ht cn trng trng thnh n n v
dit chng. Metyl eugenol (1,3-metoxi-4-alkylbenzen), c trong du x, du inh hng, cy hng nhu,
khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong cn v cc dung mi hu c thng dng, bn vi khng kh,
nhit v nh sng, ang s dng Vit Nam, nh mt hoocmon sinh dc ca rui c qu (Batrocerra
dorsalis hay Dacus dorsalis) c kh nng thu ht rui c mnh. C th lm mi gi pht hin s c
mt ca rui hay quy ri s cp i ca chng hoc thu ht rui vo by, hay vo mt khu vc dit.
c dng hn hp vi thuc tr su thu ht rui c, dit rui c. Rui ci trng, khng c c
s lm gim mt su non n ra, gim thit hi do rui gy ra cho tri cy. t c vi ngi, ng vt
c v, ng vt hoang d v cc sinh vt c ch khc. Khng c vi mi trng. Vizubon - D hoc
Ruvaco 90L l hn hp cha 75% metyl eugenon v 25% Dibrom dn d dit rui vng c qu hi
cy c mi, xoi, to, i rt hiu qu.
-Quy ri giao phi l bin php dng cc pheromon gi khp ni khin cho cn
trng cng loi khng tm c bn tnh, nhm loi tr s sinh sn ca cn trng, l mt trong
nhng phng php ha hn nht .
-By cy trng ( trng mt s din tch nht nh trc v), thu ht cn trng u
v n dit, nhm hn ch hay lm chm s pht sinh ca su trong v.
Dng pheromon c rt nhiu u im:
-Gim chi ph sn xut( gim lng thuc, s ln phun, cng phun thuc).
-Gim s ng c, gim d lng thuc trong mi trng.
-Rt t hi n sinh vt c ch, nn ph hp vi h thng qun l dch hi tng
hp.
Hin nay c hn 700 loi pheromon ca cc loi cn trng khc nhau c tng hp,
trong c nhiu loi c thng mi ho vi rt nhiu dng khc nhau, ph thuc vo k
thut gii phng pheromon.
Cc hot cht pheromon c dng ph bin: Codlemone; Cuelure; (E)-dec-5-enyl
acetate vi (E)- dec-5-enol; Disparlure; Doeca-7,9-dienyl acetate; Doeca-8,10-dienyl acetate;
(Z)-dodec-7-enyl acetate; Dodec-8 - enyl acetate; Dodec-9 - enyl acetate; Ethyl 4-
methyloctanoate; Gossyplure; Grandelure; (Z)- hexadec-11-enal; (Z)-hexadec-11-enyl
acetate; (Z)-hexadec 13-en 11-ynyl acetate; (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one; Japonilure; Methyl
Eugenol; 6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol; 4-methylnonan 5- ol vi 4-methylnonan-5-one; 14-
methyloctadecene; Muscalure; Octadeca-2,13-dienyl acetate; Octadeca-3,13-dienyl acetate;


Sordidin; (E,Z)- tetradeca-4,10-dienyl acetate; (E,Z)- tetradeca- 9,11-dienyl acetate; (E,Z)-
tetradeca-9,12-dienyl acetate; (Z) tetradec 7-enal; (Z) tetradec 9-enol; (Z) tetradec 9-
enyl acetate; Tetradec 11- enyl acetate; Tridec-4-enyl acetate; Trimedlure...
Ngy nay, mt s nc c nhng chnh sch c bit cho pheromon pht trin, nh:
Xp cc cht dn d vo danh mc u tin c p dng trong thc tin; Gim ti a cc th tc
th nghim to iu kin nhanh chng a cc sn phm ny vo sn xut.
b/ Nhng cht xua ui cn trng (repellent):
L nhng cht tng hp hay t nhin c th bay hi, tc ng n c quan khu gic ca
cn trng, lm chng c cm gic chn ght khin chng di chuyn xa ngun kch thch.
Cht xua ui cn trng ch pht huy tc dng khi thuc tip xc trc tip vi c quan
cm th ho hc ca cn trng.
Nhng cht tc ng n ngn thn kinh v gic ( t ru u, gn ming hay trong
hc ming, hoc t bn chn cn trng), lm cn trng ngng n v di chuyn i ni khc c
tn l cht gy ngn (antifeedants). Nhng cht gy ngn, khng xua ui cn trng, nhng lm
cho cn trng chn n, b i v cht.
Nhiu thuc tr su, tr nm, tr c cng c tc dng xua ui , khin cn trng ri b
ni c thc n, hay di chuyn n ni khc sng hoc trng, cng khng c xp vo nhng
hp cht xua ui.
Hin tng cn trng khng n sng hoc trng nhng khu vc b x l thuc,
hoc khng n nhng thc n c thuc, c th do: cc hp cht ny mang tnh xua ui, hay cht
x l lm mt mi hp dn vn c ca cy, khin cn trng khng n trng hay n nhng
cy c thuc. Cn phn bit hai trng hp ni trn trnh nhm ln trong vic nh gi kh
nng xua ui cn trng ca mt cht ho hc.
Cho n nay, vic s dng cc cht xua ui cha rng, mi ch thu hp trong phm vi
bo
v ngi v gia sc khi b rui, mui, rp tn cng di dng du xoa, kem, dung dch, nh
tng, thuc m xoa hay tm vo qun o. Trong BVTV, cha c mt thnh tu ng k no.
Mt cht xua ui tt phi: bo v ngi v gia sc trong nhiu gi; hiu lc phi pht
huy y trong mi iu kin thi tit; khng gy mn nga d ng cho ngi v gia sc;
khng c mi kh chu v khng gy hi da v qun o; c gi thnh hp l. Cho n nay, cha
c mt cht xua ui no t c y cc yu cu ny.
Mt s cht xua ui dc dng ph bin hin nay l: Benzylcyclohexanon,
Butylacetanilin, Dibutylftalat, Dimetylftalat, Fenyl cyclohexanon.
c/ Nhng cht trit sn cn trng ( chemosterilant):
L nhng cht c kh nng gy trit sn loi tr s sinh sn ca cn trng. Cht trit
sn c th xm nhp vo trong c th cn trng qua con ng tip xc hoc v c v hiu lc
th hin bng:
-Gim lng trng v lng tinh trng; gy cht trng v tinh trng ca cn trng .
-Lm cht hay gy thit hi cho vt liu di truyn ca tinh trng v trng ca nhng con
cn sng, hp t c hnh thnh cng khng pht trin c.
Cc trit sn c u im :
-Cn trng mt kh nng sinh sn, nhng chng vn hin din trong qun th, vn cnh
tranh cp i vi cc c th bnh thng, lm gim s th tinh. Nh vy hiu lc cht trit sn
cn hn cc cht tiu dit .


-Nhiu loi thuc trit sn c tnh c hiu kh cao, c hiu qu i vi loi su ny m
khng c hiu qu i vi loi su khc, ch tc ng n con ci m khng tc ng n con c
hoc ngc li v ch th hin hiu qu trit sn khi dng ng vo giai on sinh trng ca cn
trng mn cm nht i vi thuc .
Hai hng s dng cht trit sn ph bin:
-Trit sn cn trng vi lng ln ri th ra t nhin. Phng php ny khng nn p
dng vi cn trng l mi gii truyn bnh, bi d tng kh nng chch ht v truyn bnh.
- Gy trit sn trong qun th t nhin, bng cch dng b cha cht trit sn c hay
khng c cht dn d hoc pheromon sinh dc. Cc cc phng php khc cng c s dng
tng hiu lc cht trit sn v gim c vi mi trng.
Cc cht trit sn cn trng phi an ton i vi ng vt mu nng v cc sinh vt
c ch khc. Tuy nhin vic nghin cu tc ng ca cc ho cht ny i vi ng vt mu
nng v sinh vt c ch cn b hn ch. Mc an ton cao hn khi dng hn hp cc cht
ny vi cc cht khc v nm trong h thng phng tr tng hp.
Cht trit sn gm cc nhm:
-Cc alkyl ho: Apholat, Aphamit, HMPA, Metepa, Methiotepa, Metylapholat, Morzit,
Tepa, TET, Thiotepa; c hiu lc trit sn c cn trng c v ci, c c cao vi ng vt
mu nng. C tc dng trit sn cho su non b cnh vy, cnh cng, mui, gin, rui, nhn
bng con ng v c. Nhiu cht chng ung th c coi nh nhng cht trit sn v chng
cng c tc dng loi tr s phn chia t bo nh cht trit sn.
-Cc hp cht thic hu c: Triphenyl acetat thic (TPTA), Triphenyl clorua thic,
Triphenyl hydroxi thic: gy trit sn cho rui nh, gin, mt, cnh cng. C tnh c i vi
ng vt mu nng.
-Nhng cht chng chuyn ho (antimetabolis): Trit sn con ci, bng cch ngn cn
vn chuyn vt cht tng hp thnh acid nucleic trong nhn t bo sinh dc. C c cao
vi ng vt mu nng. Cc cht in hnh : Aminopterin ( d b nh sng v kim phn hu);
5-
Flouraxin v 5-FO ( kh bn trong mi trng).
Nhng cht khng sinh c tc dng trit sn cho nhn v cn trng nh Ocphiromixin,
Xicloheximit, Pecctamixin.
-Nhng alcaloid c tc dng trit sn mnh nh: Monocrotalin, Conchicin... v cc cht
alcaloid ho tng t Hempa v Hemel. Cc hp cht alcaloid ho thay th hydro bng 1 nhm
alkl c tc ng n h di truyn tng t nh cht phng x.
-Hoocmon gy bt dc: nh Aldosit phun ln mt nc tr mui.
-Tetradifon : Thuc tr nhn khng ni hp, hiu lc di, thm qua l. Tc ng tip xc
vi trng v mi tui ca u trng nhn. Tc ng trit sn con ci, lm cho trng khng tn ti.
Dng tr nhn hi trn nhiu loi cy trng nh cy n qu, rau, bng, ch, cy cnh.
2.THUC TR NHN:
2.1. Hiu bit chung:
Nhn l mt trong nhng dch hi quan trng nht trn nhiu loi cy trng. Chng c
vng i ngn ( c th di chuyn v ng yn xen k), lng sinh sn ln. Nhn thuc ngnh
chn t Arachmida rt gn cn trng; nhng khc cn trng: khng c cnh, ru u v phn
nh u; phn trc v thn nhn kt thnh mt khi hnh van v nhn trng thnh c 4 i
chn. Chng c chia thnh 3 nhm:


-Nhn bt mi (Spider): gm cc loi nhn c ch, chuyn n tht. Ngoi ra cn mt s
nhn k sinh trn cc loi nhn. Hai loi ny c coi l thin ch t nhin ca mt s loi cn
trng v nhn.
-Ve bt: K sinh trn ng vt mu nng v chim; gy mn nga hay l mi gii truyn
bnh cho vt ch.
-Nhn: c th nh ( 0.5mm), c lp v chitin. Chng sng mi ni v thng chng
li lm t. T trng n trng thnh, nhn cn lt xc vi ln. Nhn mi n c 3 i chn.
Ring h Eriophyidae c trng thnh v u trng ch c 2 chn. Nhit cao v m thp l
iu kin thch hp cho nhn pht trin.
Nhn hi cy thng sng trn l v qu, mt s khc sng mt di l, gy hi cho cy
n qu, rau v nhiu cy trng khc. Chng chm chch cy lm l bin dng, l xon, qu rng
sm; cnh non, qu v l b sn si (Eriophyidae); nng sut v cht lng nng sn b gim.
Cc thuc c hiu tr nhn c tn l Miticides hay Acaricides, thng c tnh chn lc
cao, t gy hi cho cn trng n tht v cn trng c ch. Nhiu loi c tc dng tr trng hay
nhn mi n, nhng t loi dit c nhn trng thnh di ng c. Nhiu loi c thi gian
hu hiu di, t c vi ng vt mu nng. Cc thuc ny ch yu c tc dng tip xc, nn khi
dng tr nhn, cn phun vi lng nc nhiu hn thuc tr su.
Mt s thuc tr su, c bit l cc thuc ni hp v mt s thuc tr nm cng c tc
dng tr nhn. Cc hp cht ny thng ch dit c nhn trng thnh, t hay khng dit c
trng nhn, nhiu khi cn t hiu lc tr nhn mi n. Thi gian hu hiu qu ngn.
2.2.Cc thuc ch c tc dng tr nhn:
a. Nhm Diphenyl aliphatic: Dicofon : Thuc duy nht tr nhn clo hu c. Nm trong
danh mc hn ch s dng ca Vit nam.
b. Nhm ete sulfit: nhm thuc tr nhn, su. in hnh l Propargite, pht hin 1969.
Tr nhn (c bit vi nhn hi thc vt di chuyn), c tc ng tip xc l chnh v v c;
xng hi yu. Tuy khng phi l thuc tr nhn ni hp, nhng thuc c th c hp th mt
phn qua l. Hiu lc ca thuc ko di. Propagite c dng tr nhn v nhiu loi nhn
khc hi cy trng. Propargite km hm hot ng ca men ATPase ca ty th, gy tc ng n
s chuyn ho v h hp bnh thng ca nhn.
c. Nhm Pyrethroid: in hnh l Bifenthrin. Thuc tip xc v v c, tc ng n
knh Na
+
trong h thn kinh cn trng, nhn. Tr nhn ( Acarina) v nhiu loi cn trng ( b
cnh cng, hai cnh, cch na, cnh u, cnh phn v cnh thng) v trn nhiu cy trng.
d. Nhm Pyrethroid khng ester: i din Halofenprox. Tr nhn bng con ng
tip xc l ch yu, c c tn d trung bnh. Tr c mi giai on sinh trng ca nhiu
loi nhn (Panonychus sp., Tetranychus sp., v nhiu loi nhn khc) hi cy thc phm, cy n
qu, ch v cy cnh. Thuc km hm trng n, gy cht cho nhn. Thuc cn tc ng n giai
on trng n.
e. Nhm amidine: i din l Amitraz, Tc ng rt nhanh n ve bt, thng qua cht
nhn octopamin trong h thn kinh ve bt, lm tng hot ng ca h thn kinh. Hin cha hiu
ht chc nng ca octopamin trong c th cn trng. Nhng octopamin c trong mi m thn
kinh cn trng v hot ng nh mt cht dn truyn ca xinap, mt hoocmn thn kinh. L
thuc tr nhn v cn trng tip xc v xng hi. Hiu lc ca thuc c th tng, khi hn hp
vi cc thuc tr su khc. Thuc kch ng vn ng, gy ngn n, c ch trng n ca su v
nhn.


f. Nhm Pyrazole: i din l Fenpyroximate l thuc tr nhn c tc dng tip xc v
v c. Qut ng nhanh. Ngoi ra cn c ch s lt xc ca u trng. c ch s vn chuyn in
t trong ty th. Thuc dng tr nhiu loi nhn thuc h Tarsonemidae; Tenuipalpidae,
Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae hi cy n qu, ch, da l, cy cnh.
g. Nhm Tetronic acid: nhm thuc tr nhn rt mi, cha c dng rng ri.
i din l Spirodiclofen: quy ri s pht trin bnh thng ca nhn. Dit cc loi
nhn Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta spp., Brevipalpus spp., Aculus spp. v Tetranychus spp.
gy hi cy n qu, nho...
h. Nhm focmamidin: Thuc c tc dng tip xc v v c; tr c u trng v trng
thnh cho su v nhn. Chng c th tc ng n h hp ca phn bo c t (Diafenthiuron)
hay km hm hot tnh ca men cholinesterase (Formetanat). i din l Diafenthiuron;
Formetanat.
i. Nhm sn phm ln men do x khun: Polynactins (t x khun Streptomyces
aureus): Hiu qu tr nhn rt cao trong iu kin m. Polynactins tc ng n nhn bng cch
gy r r cc cation (nh ion kali) qua lp lipid ca mng trong mitochondrion. Nc lm tng
tnh thm hay s r r ion tng ln.
j. Nhm iu khin sinh trng nhn:
Thuc tr nhn tip xc (Clofenetezine, Fenpyroximate, Etoxazole); hay c tip xc v v
c (Hexythiazox); ch tr nhn (Clofenetezine, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox ) hay nhn v cn
trng (Etoxazole ); tr trng v nhn di chuyn (Clofenetezine) hay tr trng, u trng v nhng
(Etoxazole, Hexythiazox) hoc tr u trng, nhng v trng thnh (Fenpyroximate). Liu dng
thp. Chng c c ch rt khc nhau: Km hm s pht trin ca phi (Clofenetezine) hay km
hm lt xc ca nhn (Etoxazole); hoc km hm vn chuyn in t trong h I v km hm s
lt xc ca nhng (Fenpyroximate). Cc thuc trong nhm Clofenetezine, Etoxazole,
Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox.
2.3. Cc thuc c tc dng tr c su ln nhn:
a, Nhm ln hu c tr c su ln nhn: Gm Azinphos-ethyl; Diazinon, Naled,
Phenthoate, Phosalone, Pirimiphos-methyl, Profenofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos,
Triazophos (tip xc) v Dimethoate, Omethoate, Methidathion (ni hp) ( xem phn thuc tr
su)
b. Nhm cacbamat: Gm: Butocarboxim, Butocarboxim, Formetanate, Methiocarb,
Methomyl, Oxamyl, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox. ( xem phn thuc tr su)
c. Nhm arylpyrrole: i din l Chlorfenapyr ( xem phn thuc tr su)
d. Nhm pheromon tr nhn: Fanesol vi Nerolidol : c hn hp vi thuc tr nhn
tng hiu lc tr nhn.
e. Nhm pyridazinon: in hnh l Pyridaben ( xem phn thuc tr su)
f. Nhm pyrethroid: Fenpropathrin ( xem phn thuc tr su)
2.4.Cc thuc tr bnh c tc dng dit nhn:
a. Nhm hp cht dinitrophenol: Tr nhn tip xc; tr trng v u trng nhn. Gm
Binapacryl; Dinocap; Dinobuton; Dinoterbon.
b. Nhm cc hp cht thic hu c: Thuc tr nhn chn lc, c hiu lc tr nhn di.
Gm: Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxid.


3. THUC TR CC LOI NHUYN TH:
3.1.Hiu bit chung:
Nhuyn th l loi ng vt khng xng sng, thn th xp, khng phn t, c v pht
trin mnh (c sn) hay khng v ( sn trn, ch c v trong phi bao quanh bu ni tng). Mt
s loi trong chng l dch hi quan trng trong nng nghip.
Sn v c sn l sinh vt a thc, chng ph hi nhiu loi cy trng nh: ng cc, rau,
cy n qu, cy cnh. Chng hu hoi cy con, gy hi cho cy ln, lm gim cht lng do
li vt nht v thng qua cc vt thng do chng gy ra, m ng cho nm v vi khun gy hi
cho cy. Chng sng ni m t, di bng rm, trnh nh nng trc x. Ban ngy n np trong
bi cy, ban m khi nhit h thp mi b i kim n. V sinh ng rung v lm t k l
bin php c hiu qu ngn hnh thnh qun th nhuyn th.
u nhuyn th rt pht trin, c 2 i tua c th th ra v tht vo c; sau mi tua c
mt mt nh. Ming ngay sau chn i tua, c rng rp bng sng. Li c gn vi nhiu
rng cong, lm vic ngc vi thanh ngang nh v hm c tc dng nghin nt thc n. Tuyn
nht ca sn v c sn ngay sau ming v tit ra dch nhy hay cht nht t bo v v d
dng di chuyn. Chng b quanh nh i chn thon di .
Sn v c sn l sinh vt lng tnh, ( mi c th u c c quan sinh dc c v ci). L
sinh dc pha phi ngay sau u. S th tinh l kt qu s giao cu cho ca 2 c th. Trng
trong h t m t. Sau khi n, nhuyn th t ln dn.
c bu vng Pomaceae spp. l loi c sn hi m, la non ( khong 20 ngy sau cy),
thm ch c trn la gi. V sinh ng rung, bt c bu vng, trng lm thc n gia sc hay
thiu hu chng l bin php ngn nga c sn c hiu qu nht.
3.2.Cc thuc tr c sn v sn thng dng:
-Metadehyd: dit c sn bng tc dng tip xc v v c. B trng c, t bo nhy b
ph hu, c sn b mt lng ln cht nhn, mt nc v cht. c dng tr nhiu loi c
sn
trn rung vn. Khng nn dng Metadehyd tr c sn v sn khi tri ma nng ht v ma
xun ( sn v c c th t hi phc khi c nc). c trung bnh vi ng vt c v; t c vi
chim, c v ong.
-Methiocarb: Km hm men cholinesterase. i vi nhuyn th l cht c thn kinh.
Dng tr sn v c sn trn nhiu tnh hung khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn dit su, nhn v l
cht xua ui chim. c vi ng vt c v; t c vi ng vt hoang d, chim; khng c vi
ong. c va vi c.
- Niclosamid v Niclosamid - olamine: Tc ng n h h hp v tiu ho c sn. Dng
tr c bu vng hi la. Tr c sn sng trong nc ngt l mi gii trung gian truyn bnh
cho ngi v tr sn dy cho gia sc. C hai u c trung bnh vi ng vt c v; t c vi
ng vt hoang d, chim; khng c vi ong. c va vi c.
-Mt s hot cht khc cng dng tr cc loi nhuyn th: Aminocarb;
Fentinhydroxid; Ferric phosphate ; Mexacarbat.
4. THUC TR TUYN TRNG:
4.1. Hiu bit chung:
Tuyn trng thuc ngnh giun trn Nemathelminthes, lp tuyn trng Nematoda, c c
th mnh, nh, trong sut. Hin bit 17000 loi tuyn trng, trong , c mt phn nh k


sinh cho ng thc vt. Phn ln tuyn trng sng trong t, n dch cy; mt s loi tuyn trng
ch sng mt phn i trong r hay c; mt s t hn xm nhp qua thn, l, hoa.
Tuyn trng hi cy dng kim chch ht cht dinh dng trong t bo, di trung bnh
khong 1mm vi mt trung bnh 20-50con/cm
3
. Tuyn trng ni v ngoi k sinh c thn hnh
mnh. Chng c th thay i hnh dng v truyn t cy ny qua cy khc. Ch con c v u
trng tui 2 l sng trong cy.
Vng i tuyn trng ko di khong 20 - 60 ngy, c 3 giai on: trng u trng ( 5
tui ) - trng thnh. Con ci khong 500 trng v trng sng trong t kh di. Thnh phn
cht tit t r, quyt nh kh nng n ca trng.
Tuyn trng gy hi hng t USD cho cy trng; tng gi thnh sn xut. Tuyn trng lm
cy ci cc, pht trin km, l vng, cy b ho nhanh ( nu gp nhit cao), gim kh nng
chu hn, gim sinh trng v nng sut; lm cy mn cm hn vi s ph hi ca dch hi. Mt
s cn l mi gii truyn bnh virus cho cy( nh cc loi Xiphinema, Longgidorus v
Trichodorus). Triu chng thng gp:
-Gy nt sng: r c nt sng c th c hay khng c tuyn trng.
-Gy thng tn, h nt r: ph t bo r, gy thi r, m ng cho cc k sinh xm
nhp; lm r phn nhnh qu mc: to nhiu r pha trn.
-Ph hoi thn, l, hoa, gy tn thng v cc b phn pht trin khng bnh thng.
C nhiu phng php phng tr tuyn trng c hiu qu: tng cng v sinh ng rung
v kim dch thc vt, lun canh, lm ngp nc (dit mt s tuyn trng khng chu nc nh :
Pratylenchus, Potylenchus v Ditylenchus) v cui cng l bin php ho hc.
4.2. Bin php ho hc tr tuyn trng:
C th tin hnh phun cc thuc tr tuyn trng ni hp hoc x l ging, nhm loi tr
s gy hi ca tuyn trng k sinh trn l v thn cy.
Vi cc tuyn trng sng trong t, c th x l t bng cc loi thuc tr tuyn trng
thng thng hay bng cc thuc xng hi c ph rng. Chi ph rt cao.
Cc thuc tr tuyn trng dng ht hay bt c th c ri trc tip vo t theo hng cy
hay trn ton b t. C th vi thuc vo t thuc pht huy tc dng mnh hn. Di tc
dng ca m t, hot cht c gii phng, tc ng n tuyn trng bng con ng tip
xc v xng hi. Mt s thuc th hin tnh ni hp sau khi xm nhp vo cy. Thi im x l
thuc tr tuyn trng vo t vo cui ma ma hay cui ma kh, khi c nhit v m t
va phi, thi gian thuc pht huy tc dng v mt i trc khi trng cy.
Xng hi t bng thuc ho hc l mt bin php rt tt tr tuyn trng v cc loi
dch hi khc sng trong t. Bin php ny c bit c ngha trong vic chun b t vn
m v gieo bu cho cc cy c gi tr kinh t cao.
Cc thuc tr tuyn trng c th phun ln cy hay ti vo t: thuc nhm ln hu c c
Cadusafos; Ethoprophos; Fenamiphos; Fosthiazate; Terbufos; thuc nhm cacbamat c
Aldicarb; Carbofuran; Oxamyl. Cc thuc xng hi tr tuyn trng c: Chloropicrin, Dazomet,
1,3-dichloroproene, Ethylen dibromide, Metam, Methyl iodide, Methyl isothiocyanate.
5.THUC TR CHUT:
5.1. Hiu bit chung:
Chut l nhm ng vt mu nng c xng sng, c nhiu loi ( m t 6000loi v
phn loi c 2500 loi) vi s lng c th ln, sng khp mi ni. Chng sng thnh n
hay sng n l. C khong 500 loi chut thuc dng Rat, trong c nhiu loi Rattus gy


hi nng cho kinh t v y t. H chut Muridae gm chut nh (Rattus flavipectus), chut ng
ln (Rattus hosaentis), chut ng nh (Rattus losca), chut n (Rattus rattus), chut cng
(Rattus norvegius), chut nht (Rattus exulars), chut en, chut rng vv... gy hi cy trng v
nng sn. Chng thng thay i vng sinh thi.
Chut thuc b Rodentia, c 2 i rng hay rng ca ln, pht trin nhanh sut c i
chut. Chut cn gm nhm lm mn bt s pht trin ca i rng ny, nn chng cn c tn
l loi gm nhm.
Chut thng o hang b , b rung, di bi cy hoc ni t cao sng. Chut
thng hot ng ban m; th gic km pht trin, nhng xc gic, thnh gic v c bit l
khu gic pht trin mnh (chut c th nhn bit b c v thng tin cho nhng c th trong
qun th di chuyn khi a im c b c, nht l i vi loi b c c cht c cp tnh m
chut cht ngay sau khi n b). Chng c ria hng dn i trong m v lng bo v. Mt
s khc c th hot ng c ngy m( sc) min l mi trng sng yn tnh.
Chut c kh nng sinh sn sm (giao phi t 2-3 thng tui) nu gp iu kin thun li;
thi gian mang thai khong 3 tun; chut ci sinh 6-7 con/la v nhiu cp sinh cng ngy. Trong
iu kin thch hp, chut c th giao phi sm vi tun, s con sinh nhiu hn. Chut hot ng
khng xa t. Phm vi hot ng thng c bn knh 40m; mt s loi c th di chuyn xa 400m.
Khi c thc n, chng ch hot ng trong phm vi vi mt. Nhng nu s lng ln hoc
thc n gn t lm chut s, chut c th di chuyn xa vi km.
Chut l ng vt n tp, thch n thc n c cht lng cao nh ht ng cc, nhng cng
c th sng c bng cc loi thc n th nh thn, l, hoa qu chn, xanh, rau. Khi thiu thc
n, chng c th tc v cy, n tng tng. Nhiu loi ch n ht ging hay ng cc, nn s
lng thay i theo ma v. Mt s khc, thch o bi tm thc n trong t nh c lc, thn
c, r non... Mt s khc bit tch tr thc n trong t, phng gp iu kin bt li. Mt s loi
chut li coi cn trng nh thc n hng ngy ca chng.
5.2.Dit chut bng thuc ho hc:
Bn cnh cc bin php dit chut th cng (by, bt), cho ngp nc, v sinh khu vc
cn bo v v ngn nga chut n, dit chut bng phng php trng... bin php ho hc
cng
c dng rng ri.
V nguyn tc, ta c th dit chut bng cc thuc tip xc, v c v xng hi. Nhng do
chut c phm vi hot ng rng nn thuc tip xc kh pht huy tc dng. Thuc xng hi ch
dit c chut nhng ni kn nh hang chut hay trong kho. c dng ph bin hn c l
cc
thuc dit chut v c c ngun gc v c, hu c v vi sinh di dng b.
B chut thng c t nhng ni thch hp, ni chut thng qua li nh: ni c
nhiu du chn chut, ng chy, ca hang...
Trc khi t b, cn cho chut lm quen vi b, bng cch ri b khng thuc trong vi
ngy lin. B sung b nu thy cn (nu cc b b n ht, tc lng b t qu t, phi b sung vi
lng ln hn).
Hiu qu dit chut bng thuc, ph thuc nhiu vo khu t chc v k thut. Cn t
chc t b chut trong vng sinh thi rng v cng thi im, nh nhiu t lin tip, mi t
ko di t 3-5 ngy. Cn phi hp cc ngnh chc nng va t hiu qu dit chut va m
bo an ton cho ngi, gia sc, gia cm. Trong thi gian t b phi nht gia sc, gia cm. Thng
thng t b bui ti, sng hm sau phi thu lm ht b tha v ct cn thn. Cn thu dn k


(khng b st) v bao b, thuc d tha, b khng dng ht v xc chut em t hoc em chn,
trnh gia sc n phi.
Cc thuc dit chut ph bin nc ta hin nay c chia lm cc nhm:
a. Thuc tr chut v c:
Phosphua km (Zinc phosphide): c dng rng ri nht nc ta. i vo c th cng
thc n, phosphua km phn ng vi axit c trong d dy, gii phng phosphin (PH
3
). Phosphin
i vo mu, ph hoi gan, thn, phi v tim, ng vt b nhim c v t vong. Tr cc loi
chut. Chut trng c nhanh v b cht trong vng 24 gi. Thuc rt c vi ng vt c v, gia
sc, gia cm.
Nng phosphua km trong b khong 0.75-5%. Trn rung, hiu lc ca b b phn
hu sau vi ngy.
Nhc im chnh ca phosphua km l gy cho chut tnh nht b, gim hiu lc phng
tr. khc phc, mi b cn c thay thng xuyn nh la chut.
Phosphua km cng c th trn vi du mazut ( t l 1:5). Nhng nn rm, c kh vo
hn hp ni trn, ri b vo hang chut. Khi chm nn, thn b nhim bn, chut lim lng, gy
ng c cho chut. c ca thuc mt i sau 2 tun.
Vit Nam, phosphua km nm trong danh mc hn ch s dng (ch c nhng ngi
c hun luyn k thut dng thuc hoc c cn b k thut BVTV trc tip gim st mi
c tip xc vi phosphua km v phi tun th nghim nhng ch dn trn nhn thuc; ch s
dng thuc dng bt c hm lng hot cht di 20% pha b; bo m an ton cho ngi
v vt nui trong thi gian t b; cm s dng ni cng cng hoc gn tri chn nui). B pha
xong phi dng ngay, trnh lu v tip xc vi m. Khng t b vo ngy tri ma v tun
th nghim qui nh bo m an ton lao ng.
Phosphua nhm hay Phosphua magie: Dng xng hi hang chut.
Sodium fluoroacetate v florua acetamic: Lm b. Thuc tr chut ph rng, hiu lc
cao, rt c vi ng vt mu nng, bng cch, thuc km hm chu trnh tng hp acid
tricarboxylic, tc ng n nhp tim, gy ri lon nhp tim v h hp. Triu chng ng c th
hin sau 40 pht v chut cht trong 24 gi.
Bari cacbonat: Khng mi v, khng tan trong nc, nhng d tan trong acid v c.
Baricacbonat tan trong acid clohydric c trong dch v dch d dy, thnh bariclorua, n mn
nim mc rut, gy mt nc v cht.
Mt s thuc tr chut v c khc : Asen trng, Talisulfat, Natri cyanat... t dng.
b. Thuc tr chut chng ng mu:
c im ca cc cht chng ng mu:
-Hiu qu tr chut rt cao, nhng triu chng ng c th hin chm, nn khng lm cho
chut s b; chut tip tc b la v n tip b. V vy, c th t b lin tc trong cng mt ch,
nhiu ngy, m vn em li hiu qu cao (cng c ngha khi tr chut ng).
-Nng hot cht trong b thp, nn t gy ra ng c cho ngi, gia sc v chim.
-Khi trng c, chut cm thy rt, b ra ch sng, thong kh v cht . V vy vic
thu dn xc chut d dng, chng nhim mi trng.
-Khi trng c, chut di chuyn chm chp, d lm mi cho thin ch. V vy, trong
thi gian nh b, cn nht ch mo, trnh gy c th cp.
C ch tc ng ca cc cht chng ng mu: Trong mu ng vt c mt globulin tn
l fibrinogen. Khi ra ngoi mch mu, fibrinogen chuyn thnh fibrin, c tc dng lm mu ng
li. S chuyn ho ny ch xy ra khi trong mu cha prothrombin, vitamin K v ion canxi.


Cc cht chng ng mu c ch gan sn sinh prothrombin, c ch vi sinh vt sn sinh
vitamin K, lm cho mu chy khi huyt qun khng ng c. V vy cc cht ny c tn cc
hp cht chng ng mu ( anticoagulant). Cc cht chng ng mu cn lm thng thnh
mch, gy chy mu ni tng.
Cht gii c c hiu cho cc thuc trong nhm l vitamin K, cht gip cho s tng hp
prothrombin.
Cc cht chng ng mu th h 1: c pht trin t trc nm 1965.
c im cc thuc chng ng mu th h 1:
-Phi dng b nhiu ln trong thi gian di (mi t x l cn 3-5 tun). V vy, cn
nhiu nhn lc phc v trong thi gian di. t hiu qu, cn cn b k thut c kinh
nghim theo di v iu chnh lng b thch hp, gy tr ngi khng t cho thuc ph bin.
-Do hiu lc ca thuc qu chm, khng gy n tng cho ngi dng, khin ngi ta
xem thng chng.
-Sau mt thi gian dng thuc, qun th mt s loi chut nhanh chng hnh thnh tnh
khng thuc, hiu lc phng tr b gim.
C hai nhm chnh:
Nhm hydroxi coumarin: Gm Warfarin ( lm chy mu ni tng bao gm c gim
hm lng prothrombin trong mu), Coumachlor (gia cng thnh b c nng 0.025% a.i);
Coumatetralyl (km hm to prothrombin trong gan, lm mu chm ng) c nng trong b
0.0375% c th chng cc chng chut Ratus khng Warfarin..
Nhm Indandion: Chlorophacione, Diphacinone, Pindone; nng b 0.005%. Km
hm vitamin K ph thuc vo cc bc tng hp cc nhn t ng mu II, VII v X.
Cc cht chng ng mu th h 2:
Khc vi cc thuc chng ng mu th h 1, cc thuc chng ng mu th h 2 ch
cn mt ln n gy cht chut. Trong c th chut, chng b bi tit v chuyn ho chm,
nhng nhn t chng ng mu nhiu hn v km hm di hn. Nhiu loi chut li mn cm
vi nhm ny hn. Do d s dng, hiu qu dit chut cao, nn cc thuc th h 2 c a
chung hn cc thuc trong nhm th h 1.
Cc hp cht trong nhm u khng trc tip lm cho mu khng ng, m ch tc ng
n cc nhn t ng mu nh heparin v c ch cc phn ng lin quan n vi tamin K trong
qu trnh tng hp cc yu t kt ng. Cc thuc trong nhm gm:
Brodifacoum: km hm vitamin K ph thuc vo cc bc tng hp ca cc nhn t ng
mu II, VII v X. Cc hp cht coumarin, khi xm nhp vo bn trong c th, khng trc tip
lm cho mu khng ng, m ch tc ng n cc nhn t ng mu nh heparin v.v..... ng
vt b nhim c brodicofacoum b xut huyt ni tng, mu phi v cht. Dit hu ht cc
loi chut gy hi liu thp hn rt nhiu cc cht chng ng mu khc (warfarin v pindon).
c dng ch b dit chut v cc loi gm nhm khc.
Difenacoum v Difethialone: c ch cc phn ng lin quan n vi tamin K trong qu
trnh
tng hp cc yu t kt ng. Difethialone dit c c chut khng warfarin
Flocoumafen: Km hm s chuyn ho ca vitamin K1, lm cn kit vitamin K1, nhn
t gy ng trong huyt tng. Km hm s to thnh prothrombin.
c. Thuc tr chut sinh hc ( vi khun tr chut ):
Vi khun Salmonella entiriditis Isatchenko 7. F4 c ng k tr chut Vit nam,
ch gy bnh cho chut v ch tn ti trong phng th nghim, khng tn ti c trong t nhin,


trong c th ngi v cc loi ng vt khc. Chut n phi b c cha vi khun, s b a chy
v
cht sau 3-10 ngy. n chut b ly bnh v nhng c th chut khng n phi b cng b cht .
Cc thuc tr chut dng vi khun Salmonella entiriditis Isatchenko 7. F4 Vit nam u
l hn hp ca S. entiriditis Isatchenko 7. F4 vi mt loi thuc tr chut chng ng mu,
tng hiu qu; ng thi, d dng thu dn xc chut cht.
Biorat: Hn hp ca Salmonella entiriditis Isatchenko 7.F4 vi warfarin sodium. Gy
dch ng rut t 6 -15 ngy sau khi chut n phi thuc. Chut ng c b a chy, xut huyt
di da, chn n, mt mi, lng dng ng, trng lng gim v cht. Thuc gy hi i vi
ng vt mu nng khc (ch, mo, ln, g) khi n phi thuc hay chut trng b. Mi con chut
cn n 2- 6g gy cht. Tr chut ng, chut nht : t 50g/b/im. Cn ch cng tc
phng h khi tip xc vi thuc.
Cc thuc tr chut hu c khc :
Bromethalin: Lm bt cp i ca qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho trong c th chut.
Chloralose: Chut b chuyn ho chm v h thp nhit thn th n cht.
Ergocalciferol: Gy tng qu mc nng vitamin, lm tng hm lng canxi,
choresterol trong huyt tng.
Fluoroacetamide: Tc ng n chut rt nhanh, trc tin tc ng n tim sau tc ng
n thn kinh chut; liu thp gy chut s st.
Sulfaquinoxaline : Git vi khun sn sinh vitamin K trong h tiu ho ca chut, gy hin
tng chng ng mu ca chut, lm tng kh nng chy mu trong, lm cht chut. Thng
c hn hp vi Warfarin tng hiu qu dit chut .
Vitamin D3: Lm tng hm lng canxi trong mch mu v ni tng.
Strychnine: Thuc c ngun gc tho mc. i th ca glycin, cht vn chuyn thn
kinh. Tc ng n tu sng.
6. THUC TR CHIM:
Chim l nhm ng vt ln, c nhiu b khc nhau. Nhiu loi trong chng rt c ch,
nhng khng t loi gy hi. Tc hi ca chim th hin: n ht ging, ph hoi s ny mm ca
ht; gy hi cho hoa qu; n ht trn rung ng cc v lm rng ht.
C nhiu bin php khc nhau phng tr chim: Dng m thanh xua ui chim, dng
chim gi, chim mi, li bt, tuy c dng rng ri, nhng hiu qu thp.
Bin php ho hc cng c thc hin , nhng khng c dng rng ri chu .
Trong mt s trng hp, bo v mt s loi cy ngi ta cng c th dng:
-Trn thuc c tnh xua ui ( nh Carbaryl, Thiuram...) vi ht ng cc, chim n phi,
trng c, s bay khi cnh ng gieo ht. Hoc phun thuc c vo ni chim tr ng ban m
chim rng xung.
- dit chim sng vi mt ln, nh chu Phi, ngi ta phun ho cht tr chim ( nh
Parathion, Diazazosterol...), bng my phun ULV gn trn nhng ct thng ng vo chiu ti,
khi chim v t. Chim bay qua cc m my thuc, s b trng c v cht vi lng ln.

CU HI N TP:
1/ nh ngha v phn loi cc thuc tr su, tr nhn, tr chut, tr c sn, tr tuyn trng?
2/ c im chnh ca cc sn phm du khong tr su nhn v nhng ch tiu cn thit cc
loi du dng lm thuc tr su nhn?


3/ Nhng c im ca cc loi thuc tr su tho mc?
4/ So snh c im ca cc nhm thuc pyrethroid, ln hu c, cacbamat, nereistoxin,
neonicotinoid, amidin, arylpyrrole, fiprole, focmamidin, oxadiazine, pyridazinon ?
5/ Nhng hiu bit v nhm thuc iu ho sinh trng cn trng: Khi nim, c im, phm vi
ng dng v u im ca chng so vi cc thuc tr su ho hc?
6/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr su vi sinh : c im v cch s dng c g khc nhau
gia cc thuc trong nhm?
7/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v cc sn phm tr su vi sinh ?
8/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v cht dn d , xua ui, trit sn cn trng ?
9/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr nhn ?
10/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr cc loi nhuyn th?
11/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr tuyn trng?
12/ Nhng hiu bit v thuc tr chut thng thng, thuc chng ng mu v thuc sinh hc?

CHNG VIII
THUC TR BNH
Thuc tr bnh cn gi l thuc tr nm , gm cc hp cht c ngun gc ho hc (v c
v hu c) v sinh hc (vi sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng, ngun gc thc vt), c tc dng
ngn nga hay dit tr cc loi vi sinh vt ( theo quan nim trc y ch gm cc loi nm v vi
khun ) gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn ( bng cch phun ln b mt cy, x l ging v x l
t... T gia thp nin 90 ca th k 20, xut hin mt s ch phm thuc tr bnh c kh
nng phng tr bnh mt s bnh do virut gy ra trn cy h c. Bn cnh kh
nng tr bnh, mt s thuc tr bnh cn c kh nng tr tuyn trng, tr su v tr c. Thuc
tr bnh khng c tc dng cha tr nhng bnh do yu t phi sinh vt (thi tit khng thun li
cho s pht trin ca cy; do t; do ng; hn...). Thuc tr bnh c tc dng bo v cy trng
tt hn l dit ngun bnh. Tr mt s thuc tr bnh thu ngn hu c, rt c vi ng vt c
v, cn ni chung, c cp tnh ca cc thuc tr bnh thp hn cc thuc tr su. C nhiu
cch phn loi thuc tr bnh: -Cn c vo i tng tc ng, thuc tr bnh c ba nhm:
+Thuc tr vi khun (Bactericide) : l thuc tr bnh nhng c hiu lc ch yu vi cc
loi vi khun. +Thuc tr nm ( Fungicide) : l thuc tr bnh, nhng c hiu lc cao i vi
nm gy bnh. Thng thng, thuc tr nm t c kh nng tr vi khun; nhng thuc tr vi
khun cn c kh nng tr nhiu loi nm bnh. +Thuc tr virut ( Viruside): l thuc tr
bnh, c hiu lc tr cc bnh virut hi cy trng. Nhng thuc ny cng c kh nng tr c
mt s bnh do nm v vi khun gy ra. Ring t Fungicides, nu dng chung, phi hiu l
thuc tr bnh. Chng bao gm cc hp cht c hiu lc tr vi khun, tr nm hay c hai v
hin nay gm c mt s thuc tr virut. -Da vo c tnh tc ng thuc tr bnh c chia
thnh 3 nhm: +Thuc tr bnh c tc dng dit tr: L cc thuc c tc dng ni hp v
khng sinh, hoc cc sn phm chuyn ho ca chng c kh nng ngn nga hoc tiu dit cc
giai on sinh sn ca nm, vi khun c bn ngoi v bn trong cy gip cy phc hi. Mt s
khc, thuc c th gy nn nhng bin i trong qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca cy, to nn min
dch ho hc ca cy i vi vt gy bnh. Chng c tc dng c phng v tr bnh. tr cc
bnh, cc loi thuc trong nhm c th c s dng mun hn thuc tr bnh c tc dng
phng. Nhng tt nht, cc thuc ny nn s dng sm, khi bnh mi pht, s em li hiu qu
cao hn.


+Thuc tr bnh c tc dng phng hay l thuc tr bnh c kh nng ngn nga s xm
nhp: l cc thuc c tc dng tip xc, c kh nng ngn chn s ly lan ca nm v vi khun,
nhng khng c tc dng tiu dit nm bnh khi chng xm nhp vo bn trong cy trng.
Cc thuc tr nm hin nay phn ln nm trong nhm ny. tr bnh c hiu qu, cn dng
cc thuc ny sm, khi ngun bnh mi chm pht hay c kh nng xut hin. Cc thuc ny
phi c tri u trn b mt cc b phn thn, l, qu ca cy v ht ging. + Thuc tr
bnh c tc dng ngn cn kh nng hnh thnh c th mi: l cc thuc tr bnh, tuy khng c
kh nng tiu dit hay ngn nga vi sinh vt gy hi xm nhp, nhng li tc ng trc tip n
vi sinh vt gy hi, hoc lm tng sc khng cho cy, ngn cn vi sinh vt gy hi khng hnh
thnh c cc c th mi, ko di thi gian bnh, gip cy vt qua c giai on nhim
bnh. Hin c 7 hot cht thuc dit virut u nm trong nhm ny.Ningnanmycin: l mt loi
khng sinh mi, do Streptomyces noursei var. xichangensis ln men to thnh, c c thp
vi ng vt. Ninnangmycin c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi bnh do nm, vi khun
trn nhiu cy trng nh la, rau mu, cy cng nghip ngn ngy, di ngy v c bit c hiu
qu vi mt s bnh virus nh TMV, CMV v PYV trn thuc l, t, c chua, khoai ty.
Ninnangmycin l hn hp ca 17 acid amin, mt s vitamin thit yu nht cho c th
sinh vt v mt s nguyn t vi lng.V th, Ninnangmycin l cht iu tit sinh trng ca sinh
vt theo hai hng khc nhau: +Vi cy trng: iu tit sinh trng ca cy theo hng
c li: kch thch cy ht cht dinh dng mnh v cn i hn, gip cy tng hp cht dinh
dng nhiu v tt hn, gip cy kho, tng sc chng chu vi nhng iu kin thi tit bt li
( kh hn, rt ), lm tng kh nng chng chu ca cy vi cc loi sinh vt gy hi ( bnh v su
hi), lm tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn. +i vi sinh vt gy hi: iu tit qu trnh
sinh trng ca nm v vi khun bng cch km hm cc qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi
khun, km hm hot ng ca cc loi men c trong c th chng, cn tr qu trnh to nguyn
sinh cht ca vi khun, ngn cn s hnh thnh vch t bo nm v s hnh thnh bo t dn n
vch t bo ca nm bnh v nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun khng hnh thnh c.
Ninnangmycin ngn cn s hnh thnh cc phn t virus ( ngn cn s tng hp protein v ARN),
lm gim nng virus trong cy, ko di thi gian bnh, gip cy vt nhanh qua giai on
d nhim bnh. Thm ch trong mt s trng hp, ninnangmycin cn c tc dng lm ngng tc
th s pht trin ca virus trn cy b bnh.
- lu ngi dng thuc tr bnh c thc hn ch s hnh thnh tnh chng thuc
ca vt gy bnh, ngi ta cn phn loi thuc tr bnh theo co ch tc dng ca thuc, nh:
Km hm sinh tng hp protein. km hm phn bo c t; Km hm sinh tng hp mng t bo;
Km hm s kh methyl ca cc steroid; Km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol; Km hm h hp
ca ty th.
- Di y l cch phn loi cc thuc tr bnh da theo ngun gc ho hoc:
1. NHM THUC CHA THU NGN
Bao gm cc hp cht thu ngn v c v hu c, c dng phun ln cy, x l ht
ging la cho nhiu loi cy mu, cy n qu, cy cng nghip; mt s rt t c dng x l
t ( ngoi tc dng tr nm v vi khun, cn c tc dng tr su). Cc thuc tr bnh hu c
thu ngn c hiu lc tr bnh khng cao bng cc hp cht v c. bay hi ca thuc cng
cao, hiu lc tr bnh cng mnh.
Khi xm nhp vo c th, cc thuc thu ngn v c gy ngng t nguyn sinh cht,
lm cho sinh vt b cht.


Cc hp cht thu ngn hu c li phn ng vi cc acid amin ca protid hoc ca men
amilase, cytocromoxidase v h men c cha sulfuhidrin, ph hu chc nng sng ca sinh vt.
Tt c cc thuc trong nhm ny u rt c i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng v tn
lu v tch lu trong mi trng. Trong c th ng vt c v, chng gy hi h thn kinh trung
ng, gy ri lon c ng, ging ni run, sc nhn v nghe b gim, hot ng ca tim, phi,
gan, thn b thay i, gy ng c ton thn.
Tuy c c vi dch hi cao, nhng do thuc qu c vi ng vt v tn ti lu trong
mi trng, nn hin nay, nhm thuc ny hu nh khng cn c dng trong nng nghip.
Vit nam, cc thuc trong nhm u nm trong danh mc cm s dng.
2. NHM THUC CHA NG
L nhm thuc tr bnh ln, c dng t lu. Cc thuc c dng ph bin trong nhm
l cc loi hp cht v c. y l nhng thuc c ph tc ng rng, ngoi tc dng tr nm v
vi khun, chng cn c hiu lc cao vi ru, to v l thuc gy ngn cho cn trng. Ngoi ra
thuc cn c dng x l vi, da thuc...
L nhng thuc tr bnh tip xc, c dng phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Thuc c
tc dng hn ch s ny mm ca bo t. Ion ng (Cu
++
) hp th trn b mt bo t, tch lu
n nng cao, dit bo t.
Cc thuc trong nhm t c vi ng vt mu nng, khng nh hng xu n cy
trng( v ng cng l mt nguyn t vi lng rt cn thit cho cy). Khng tch lu trong t.
Cc thuc trong nhm hin nay: Bn thuc c dng ph bin nht hin nay l Copper
citrat, Copper hydroxide (ru, nm, vi khun); Copper oxychloride (tr nm v vi khun);
Copper sulfat (dng n tr nm, vi khun, to hay lm nguyn liu iu ch cc thuc
khc). Ngoi ra cn Copper octanoate (nm, vi khun, to); Copper sulfat tribasis; Coprous
oxid; Oxine copper-8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (nm, vi khun). Dung dch Bordeaux (booc)
c hiu lc tr nm v vi khun cao, nhng pha ch phc tp, nn b hn ch dn).
3. NHM THUC LU HUNH V C
Lu hunh nguyn t:
c dng n ( ch yu xng hi) hay lm nguyn liu iu ch hay hn hp vi
cc thuc tr bnh khc.
L cht phn ng thiol khng c trng, c ch h hp. Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc
dng bo v; ph rng, ngoi tc dng tr nm cn c kh nng dit nhn.
Thuc t c vi ng vt mu nng. B phn hu kh nhanh v khng tch lu trong c
th. Khng c vi chim ct, c, ong v nhiu loi cn trng c ch khc (b ra n cn trng),
nhng c th gy c cho mt s loi ong k sinh.
Calcium polysulfide (CaS. Sx) : Thuc tr nm v tr nhn
iu ch bng cch nu 2 phn lu hunh nguyn t + 1 phn vi sng + 10 phn nc.
Nc ct thu c dng lng, mu mn chn, c mi trng thi. T trng t cao nht 1.285
tng ng 32
o
B. Tan tt trong nc. B CO2 v cc axit phn hu, to thnh mui sunfua
khng tan. Sn phm phn hu l lu hunh, kh H2S v mui sulfua kim loi.
Calcium polysulfide c tc dng tr nm v khi phn hu to thnh lu hunh nguyn t
cng c tc dng phng bnh. Thuc c tc dng tr nm ph rng; ngoi ra cn tr c rp
sp v nhn. Hin nay c thuc gia cng sn bn trn th trng. It c vi ng vt mu
nng.
4. CC THUC TR BNH SINH HC


4.1. Cc thuc khng sinh:
L nhng sn phm do sinh vt sn sinh ra, c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca vi
khun v nm gy bnh cho ng thc vt. C hng trm loi khng sinh khc nhau c pht
hin v lp x khun Artinomycetales l ngun sn sinh cc loi khng sinh ln nht. Bn cnh
cc loi khng sinh phng tr ng vt, cn c nhiu loi khng sinh dng tr bnh hi cy
trng gm:
Blasticidin-S: Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces griseochromogenas.
Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Km hm sinh tng hp protein. Tr o
n la Pyiricularia oryzae (c bit giai on Magnaporthe grisea) liu 10-40g/ha. Thuc tuy
c vi ng vt c v, nhng trong thc t li rt an ton do dng vi lng thp.
Gentamicin sulfate: Thuc tr vi khun, khi phun ln l. It c. D b phn hu trong
mi trng.
Griseofunvin: Sn phm chuyn ho ca Penicillium griseofulvum c kh nng tr nhiu
bnh hi cy trng.
Kasugamycin : Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces kasugaensis.
Thuc tr nm v tr vi khun ni hp, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Kasugamycin km
hm sinh tng hp protein, km hm s kt ni Met-RNA n phc mRNA 30S, ngn cn s
hp nht cc amino acid. Km hm mnh s pht trin ca si nm o n la Pyricularia
oryzae, km hm yu s ny mm bo t, hnh thnh gic bm trn b mt hay lm gim s xm
nhp ca nm vo t bo biu b. Xm nhp nhanh vo m cy v vn chuyn trong cy. Ngc
li Kasugamycin, km hm mnh bo t Cladosprium fulvum khoai ty ny mm, nhng km hm
yu s pht trin ca si nm. c dng phng tr bnh nm v vi khun hi la, rau, cy
n qu, ma v nhiu cy trng khc. Thuc t c vi ng vt c v, c, chim v ng vt
hoang d.
Mildiomycin: C hiu lc chng bnh r st, mc sng trn 15 cy trng.
Ningnanmycin: thuc khng sinh mi, do Streptomyces noursei var. xichangensis ln
men to thnh. C c thp vi ng vt. Ningnanmycin c ph tc ng rng. Tr c nhiu
loi bnh do nm, vi khun trn nhiu cy trng nh la, rau mu, cy cng nghip ngn ngy,
di ngy v c bit c hiu qu vi mt s bnh nh TMV, CMV, v PYV trn thuc l, t, c
chua, khoai ty.
Ningnanmycin l hn hp ca 17 acid amin, mt s vitamin thit yu nht cho c th
sinh vt v nguyn t vi lng. V th, Ningnanmycin l cht iu tit ca c th sinh vt theo
hai hng khc nhau :
Vi cy trng: iu tit sinh trng ca cy theo hng c li: kch thch cy ht dinh
dng mnh v cn i hn, gip cho cy trng tng hp cht dinh dng nhiu v tt hn, gip
cy kho, tng sc chng chu vi nhng iu kin thi tit bt li ( kh hn, rt), lm tng kh
nng chng chu ca cy vi cc loi sinh vt gy hi (bnh v su hi), lm tng nng sut v
cht lng nng sn.
i vi sinh vt gy hi: iu tit qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi khun bng cch
km hm qu trnh sinh trng ca nm v vi khun , km hm hot ng ca cc loi men c
trong c th ca chng, cn tr qu trnh to nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun, ngn cn s hnh
thnh vch t bo nm v s hnh thnh bo t dn n vch t bo ca nm bnh v nguyn sinh
cht ca vi khun khng c hnh thnh. Ningnanmycin ngn cn s hnh thnh cc phn t
virus (ngn cn s hnh thnh protein v ARN), lm gim nng virus trong cy, ko di thi


gian bnh gip cy vt qua giai on d nhim bnh. Thm tr trong mt s trng hp,
Ningnanmycin cn c tc dng lm ngng tc th s pht trin ca virus trn cy b bnh
Oxytetracycline: Thuc tr vi khun. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces
rimosus. Oxytetracycline km hm sinh tng hp protein ca vi khun bng cch bao vy s kt
ni on phn t ribozom 30S n 50S ca vi khun. t c vi ng vt c v. Trn cy,
thuc xm nhp nhanh qua l (qua kh khng), vn chuyn nhanh n cc m khc ca cy. L
loi thuc khng sinh tr vi khun, nhng thng c hn hp vi Streptomycin ngn nga
vi khun hnh thnh tnh khng thuc vi Streptomycin . Dit tr cc bnh vi khun nh
Erwinia amylovora, cc bnh gy ra do Pseudomonas v Xanthomonas. Cng c hiu lc chng
cc bnh do mycoplasma gy ra.
Polyoxins: Thuc tr nm. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces cacaoi var.
asoensis. Gy sng ng mm bo t v nh si nm bnh, lm cho chng khng th gy bnh
c. Mt khc, Polyoxins km hm to vch t bo nm bnh. Polyoxins c hiu lc phng tr
nhiu loi nm gy bnh nh : nm m l Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Sphaeroteca
spp. v cc nm phn trng khc, Sclerotium sclerotiorum, Corynespora melonis, Cochliobolus
miyabeanus. Khng c hiu lc chng vi khun v cc loi men khc.
Streptomycin : Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces griseus v c bn dng
sesquisulfat. Thuc tr nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh trn cy n qu, rau, khoai ty, c chua,
bng v cy cnh vi tc ng ni hp. Streptomycin km hm sinh tng hp protein ca vi
khun bng cch bao vy kt ni on phn t ribozom 30S ca vi khun v c nhm cc m
gen trong qu trnh sinh tng hp protein. Vi khun d hnh thnh tnh khng thuc.
Validamycin: Thuc tr nm khng ni hp. Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces
hygroscopicus var. limoneus. Validamycin tuy khng dit trc tip nm Rhizoctonia solani,
nhng gy phn nhnh bt thng nh nm bnh, lm nm ngng pht trin. c tr nm
Rhizoctonia solani. Validamycin c kh nng km hm men trihelase trong nm Rhizoctonia
solani. Triheloza l ni ct gi hydratcacbon ca nm bnh v s tiu ho triheloza ch yu nh
men ny v vn chuyn gluco n u si nm.
Xeloxidin: Sn xut bng s ln men ca Streptomyces chibaensis, c hiu tr bnh bc
l la. Khng sinh ny n gin, d tng hp.
4.2. Cc nm v vi khun k sinh tr bnh:
Nhiu loi nm v vi khun c kh nng cnh tranh vi nm v vi khun c nghin
cu tr nhiu nm v vi khun hi cy trng. Cc loi ph bin c dng hin nay gm:
Bacillus subtilis: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Vi khun Bacillus subtilis h r
cnh tranh vi cc sinh vt tn cng h r. c dng x l ht ging tr Rhizoctonia solani,
Fusarium spp., Alternasria spp... trn bng, hnh v cc cy trng khc. Phun ln l tr
Botrytis cinyrea trn c chua, du ty v Sphaerotheca aphanis trn du ty.
Candida oleophila: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Nm chn lc chng cc bnh sau
thu hoch ca cy c mi v cc cy n qu nc.
Coniothyrium minitans: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Xm nhp vo t bo bng
phn hu men v p lc, gy x cng mi b mch. T bo cht ca t bo b lan to gy co
nguyn sinh, kt t li v to nhng hc nh v vch tError! Reference source not found. bo
b ph hu dn. Qu trnh ny bao gm c s sn sinh chitin v -1,3-glucanase. Si nm ca C.
minitans trong v t bo thng c lysin. Cc nm k sinh pht trin nhanh, th ng cng v
cc ti bo t c to thnh trong v trn b mt ca th cng di 15 ngy trong iu kin
l tng.


Fusarium oxysporum: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men lng. Fusarium oxysporum chng
Fo 47 khng gy bnh. N pht trin trong vng r cy trng, cnh tranh vi cc chng gy
bnh. Fusarium oxysporum chng Fo 47 cnh tranh dinh dng mnh hn cc vi sinh vt khc
vng r; ngn khng cho cc vi sinh vt t khc trn b mt h thng r n gy bnh. Suy ra
rng Fusarium oxysporum chng Fo 47 hot ho h thng min dch t ng ca cy, to iu
kin cho cy sn sinh cht alexin, cht km hm Fusarium sn sinh cc men tiu hu v gii c
acid fusaric do cc chng gy bnh sinh ra.
Gliocladium catenulatum: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Thuc tr nm vi sinh vi
tc dng bo v mnh hn dit tr. Dit cc nm trong t Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia spp. v
Phytop hthora spp.; cc nm trn nng sn sau thu hoch hay trn l Botrytis spp., Didymella spp.
v Helminthosporium spp. Dit nm bnh bng: sn sinh ra khng sinh dit bnh; k sinh trn
nm bnh v cnh tranh dinh dng.
Mildiomycin: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Km hm sinh tng hp protein trong
nm bng cch km hm men peptidyltransferase. C tc dng dit tr vi tnh ni hp yu. Dit
tr bnh phn trng Erysiphe spp., Uncinula necator, Podosphaera spp. v Sphaerotheca spp.
trn cy cnh liu 5-10g/100lit nc.
Streptomyces griseoviridis: Sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. Hiu lc tr bnh ph thuc
vo cc nhn t, gm s cnh tranh sng trn b mt v dinh dng; to thm cc men phn
hu cellulose tiu hu vch t bo nm bnh v sn sinh ra cc cht khng nm th cp.
Streptomyces griseoviridis chng K 61 cn lm tng sc sng, lm tng s pht trin ca cy
trng kho, tng tnh khng nm trong t ca cy.
Trichoderma harzianum v cc loi Trichoderma khc: Pht hin kh nng dit nm
1987. Nm 1998 hng lot chng nm mi ra i. Trichoderma spp. l thnh phn ca qun th
vi sinh vt t, c sn xut bng qu trnh ln men. C nhiu chng khc nhau c dng
chng cc loi nm trong t Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thelaviopsis, Cylindroclaium,
Myrothecium, Botrytis v Sclerotinia. Chng l nhng nm k sinh, km hm s pht sinh ca
nm gy bnh bng cch xm thc v k sinh si nm; cnh tranh dinh dng mnh hn cc
nm gy bnh. Nm Trichoderma harzianum chng T-22 c hiu lc mnh hn trong r cy
trng v s ho tan ca cc cht dinh dng khc nhau. iu ci thin h thng r cng
vi s cung cp dinh dng nhiu hn trong t.
4.3. Cc thuc tho mc tr bnh :
Gn y, mt s hp cht ngun gc tho mc c dng tr bnh hi cy trng.
L nhng thuc tr bnh tip xc v ni hp, c hiu lc km hm si nm pht trin,
khng ly lan. Tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi la, rau v nhiu loi cy trng khc. Rt an
ton vi cy trng, con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng nh Acide acrylic v Acide ginkgoic. Cc
t hp du thc vt c tc dng tr nm tip xc nh Eugenol ( c trong du inh hng
Syzygium aromaticum; du qu Cinnamomum spp. v hng nhu Ocimum spp.) tr bnh kh
vn hi la; gi sng mai (Pseudoperonospora) v phn trng hi da chut, sng mai c
chua; m nu, m xm hi ch; phn trng hi hoa hng; TP-Zep (du mng tang, du x, du
hng, du hng nhu, du chanh) c dng tr mc sng c chua; m nu, m xm, thi
bp ch; phn trng, m en hoa hng; o n, bc l la; nm mui en Capnodium sp. nhn .
4.4.Cc thuc tr bnh sinh hc khc:
Mt s sn phm c ngun gc sinh hc khc cng c dng tr bnh nh Oligo-
chitosan ( cht c chit xut t v tm, c tc dng tr bnh cho cy, bo qun hoa qu v tr


bng cho ngi); Olicide tr c nhiu loi bnh nh r st trn ch, sng mai bp ci . Phun
phng nh k khi cy ang sinh trng v dng bo qun hoa qu.
5. NHM ALKYLLENBISDITHIOCARBAMAT
L nhm thuc c s dng rt lu. Thuc c tc ng tip xc ( tc dng bo v l
ch yu), c ph tc ng rng. C ch tc ng: Phn ng khng c trng vi nhm thiol, gy
nh hng n qu trnh h hp. Ring c ch tc ng ca Propioneb l cha r. t c vi ng
vt mu nng. Cc thuc ph bin trong nhm: Mancozeb; Maneb; Metiram; Nabam;
Propioneb; Mancopper.
6. NHM ANALIN PYRIMIDINE
Nhm thuc tr nm mi, khng ln, cha c ph bin rng, nhng c trin vng. C
ch tc ng l: km hm sinh tng hp v s sn sinh cc men thu phn; dn n km hm
sinh trng ca si nm. Mt s thuc trong nhm khng gy khng cho vi cc thuc tr nm
nhm benzimidazole, carbamat, dicarboximid, imidazole, morpholine, quinolin, strobilurin hay
triazol ( nh Cyprodinil ); mt s khc c tc dng ni hp hay ch c tc dng tip xc. Cc
thuc ch yu trong nhm : Cyprodinil v Mepanipyrim.
7. NHM AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Mt nhm thuc mi, nh, cha c nhiu sn phm. Cc thuc trong nhm u peoxi ho
lipid ca t bo nm bnh; c tc dng bo v l chnh v dit tr. Ph rng. It c vi ng vt
mu nng. Mt s cn c dng ngm tm giy bc qu chng s xm nhim ca nm bnh.
Cc thuc ph bin trong nhm: Etridiazole, Biphenyl, Chlorophenyl, Dicloram, Tolilofos-
methyl
8. NHM BENZIMIDAZOL
Nhm thuc tr bnh mnh, c dng kh ph bin, c tc dng ni hp, c tc dng
phng v tr. Ph tc ng rng. Ngoi vic phng tr bnh cho cy, cn c thuc c dng x
l bo v nng sn sau thu hoch (Thiabendazole). Thuc xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn
hng ngn ch yu. C ch: km hm phn bo c t bng cch bao vy - tubulin v lm gim
s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm. Mt s nm khng c mt s thuc trong nhm
(Carbendazim b cc nm Botrytis, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Erysiphe, Fusarium, Monilia,
Mycosphaerella, Penicillium, Pseudocercosporella, Pyrenophora, Septoria, Venturia khng).
Thuc t c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng v cy trng cng nh mi trng. Cc thuc c
dng ph bin trong nhm: Benomyl; Carbendazim; Debacarb; Fuberidazole; Thiabendazole;
Thiophanate- methyl; Thiophanate- ethyl.
9. NHM CARBOXAMID
Nhm thuc mi c dng x l ht ging(ch yu), phun ln cy v x l t. Ph
rng, ni hp, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Tc ng ch yu n s vn chuyn in t trong
ty th. Cc thuc ch yu trong nhm: Boscalid; Carboxin; Flutolanil; Furametpyr;
Oxycarboxin; Thifluzamide .
10. NHM CINNAMIC ACID
Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin vo cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20. C tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Dit cc loi nm trong b Oomycetes bng cch km hm s to vch
t bo, chng bo t ny mm. Cc thuc trong nhm: Dimethomorph v Flumorph .
11. NHM CYANO ACETAMIDE OXIME


Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin vo cui nhng nm 80 ca th k 20. Thuc
tr nm c tc dng bo v, dit tr v hiu lc ko di. Km hm bo t ny mm v s pht
trin ca tn nm. Hai thuc ng ch : Cymoxanil tr Peronospora trn nhiu cy trng v
thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr bnh khc; Monilia, Sclerotinia, Alternarria, Corticium,
Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Phoma, Rhizoctonia... trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau.
12. NHM DN XUT CA AXIT CACBAMIC
Gm nhiu nhm thuc tr nm nh, c pht hin cui thp k 70 ca th k 20.
-Thuc Cacbamat: Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr. Xm nhp qua l v
r. Ph rng, tr nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau bng cch km hm gim
s sinh trng ca si nm v s pht trin ca bo t. Cc thuc thng dng: Propamocarb v
Propamocarb hydrochloride
-Amino acid amid carbamat: Nhm thuc tr nm bo v v dit tr. Ph rng. Km
hm sinh tng hp mng t bo, nh hng xu n sinh trng ng mm ca du ng bo t v
bo t ti; s pht trin ca si nm v ny mm bo t ca nm Oomycet. Mi c
Benthiavalicarb- isopropyl v Iprovalicarb bn trn th trng.
-N-phenyl carbamate: Mi c Diethofencarb trn th trng. Km hm phn bo c t,
bng cch bao vy beta-tubulin. Thuc tr nm ni hp vi tc dng bo v v dit tr. Thm
nhanh qua r v l, vn chuyn trong cy. Km hm s phn bo c t trong ng mm mc xanh.
Dng tr nhng nm chng benzimidazol ca nm Botrytis, Cercosporra, Venturia... t c
13. NHM DICARBOXIMIDE
Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Km hm s ny mm ca bo t
v s pht trin si nm. Thuc tr nm ph rng, tr nhiu loi nm nh Alternaria, Botrytis,
Corticium, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monilia, Phoma, Sclerotinia trn nhiu cy trng khc
nhau. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlozolinate; Iprodione( c bit ph bin); Procymidone,
Vinclozolin.
14. NHM DIMETHYL DITHIOCARBAMATE
Nhm thuc tr nm c t lu. Gm cc loi mui ca acid dithiocacbamic, acid ethylen-
bis-dithiocacbamic v thiuramdisulfua, c dng phun ln cy, x l ging, x l t. Hot
tnh tr nm tng t nh nhau.
Cc loi thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Mt s trong chng cn c kh
nng gy min dch vi thc vt.
Thuc khng gy hi i vi thc vt; t c vi ng vt mu nng.
Thuc tr bnh c tc dng bo v. Ph tc ng rng. Dng n hay hn hp vi cc
thuc tr bnh khc. C ch tc ng cha c nghin cu cha ; nhng chng c th
km hm mt s men cha ng v nhm sulhydryl (Ziram); hay phn ng thiol khng in hnh,
km hm h hp(Zineb). Cc thuc ch yu: Ferbam; Thiram; Zineb; Ziram.
15. NHM GUANIDIN
Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c tc dng bo v l chnh; dng phun ln cy (t), x l
ging. C ch tc ng l km hm chc nng mng t bo v sinh tng hp lipid ti cc im
khc nhau ca cc thuc tr nm km hm s kh methyl ca cc steroid. Cc thuc chnh trong
nhm: Dodin; Guazatine; Iminoctadine.
16. NHM IMIDAZOLE


Nhm thuc tr nm mi, c pht trin t nm 1977, nay vn cn ang pht trin
mnh, c nhiu trin vng. Phn ln cc thuc trong nhm mang tnh ni hp, c tc dng phng
v tr nm. Dng phun ln l hay x l ging, tr nhiu loi bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng.
C ch cc thuc trong nhm l km hm s kh methyl (sinh tng hp ergosterol). Dng liu
trung bnh. Cc thuc trong nhm: Imazalil; Oxapoconazole fumarate; Pefurazoate;
Prochlorax; Triflumizole
17. NHM MEN KH (Reductase)
c pht trin mnh trong thp k 70 ca th k 20. Thuc tr nm ni hp, phun ln l
hay x l ht vi tc dng bo v, tr bnh o n la (nh Tricyclazole, Pyroquilon ) hay tr
cc bnh nm khc (nh Pyroquilon, Phthalid) bng cch km hm sinh tng hp melanin (lm
gim1,3,8-trihydroxynaph-thalene). Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Phthalid, Tricyclazole ( hai
thuc ny c dng ph bin Vit nam); Pyroquilon v Vermelon.

18. NHM MEN KH NC (Dehdratase)
Nhm thuc tr nm c pht hin vo nhng nm 80 v pht trin r vo nhng nm
90 ca th k 20; hin cha c nhiu trn th trng, nhng l nhm thuc c trin vng cho ng
cc. Dng phun ln cy v x l ging, c tc dng bo v v hiu lc di. Liu dng kh thp.
C ch tc ng kh phc tp: Carpropamide v Fenoxanil cng km hm cc men kh nc t
scytalon n trihydroxynaphthalen v t vermelon n dihydroxy-naphthalen ca bnh o n;
ngoi ra Carpropamide lm tng s sn sinh phytoalexin trong cy la nhim bnh o n; cn
Fenoxanil km hm sinh tng hp melanin ca bnh o n. Diclocymet: km hm s to thnh
vch ngn v s pht trin ca si nm; Fenfuram: km hm chc nng ca ty th bng cch gy
ri phc II ( men succinate dehydrogenase) vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh h hp; Flutriafol:
km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol ( ph hu vch t bo nm v km hm s pht trin si
nm). Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Carpropamide; Diclocymet; Fenfuram; Fenoxanil;
Flutriafol.
19. NHM MORPHOLIN
Nhm ln cha nitrogen. Thuc tr nm ni hp phun ln l c tc dng bo v v dit
tr, lan truyn khp cy. Thuc c hiu lc tr bnh phn trng Erysiphae spp. trn nhiu loi
cy trng. Ngoi ra cn tr c mt s bnh trn mt s cy trng khc. Km hm sinh tng
hp ergosterol bng cch km hm s kh steroid ca men steroid-
14
-reductase v s ng phn
ho ca men
8
n
7
isomerase. Cc thuc trong nhm c: Dodemorph; Fenpropidin;
Fenpropimorph; Morpholine; Piperidine; Spiroxamine: Tridemorph .
20. NHM PHENYL AMID ACYLALANINE
c pht hin t cui nhng nm 70 ca th k 20. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng
bo v v tr bnh. Ph rng. Thm qua r, thn, l, vn chuyn hng ngn, n mi b phn
ca cy. Km hm sinh tng hp protein trong nm bng cch gy tr ngi cho vic tng hp
RNA ca ribosom (Furalaxyl, Metalaxyl v Metalaxyl M) hay km hm men nucleic RNA-
polymerase (Benalaxyl). Liu dng 250-400g/ha. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Benalaxyl,
Furalaxyl, Metalaxyl v Metalaxyl M.
21. NHM PHTHALMIDE
C 3 thuc chnh Captafol; Captan; Folpet. Thuc tr nm v vi khun tip xc c tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Ph rng, tr nhiu bnh phn trng, m l, so, thi, l c r trn cy


n qu , cy c mi, nho, khoai ty, c chua, da chut, hnh, cy cnh... bng cch phun ln cy
v x l t vi c ch phn ng thiol khng c trng. Km hm h hp v bo t ny mm.
22. NHM PYRIMIDIAMINE
Nhm thuc tr nm nh (c 3 thuc trong nhm), pht trin cui nhng nm 70 v thp
k 80 ca th k 20. Cc thuc trong nhm u l nhng thuc c tc dng bo v v dit tr,
nhng vi c ch rt khc nhau: km hm phc I ca h hp (Diflumetorim); km hm sinh tng
hp ergosterol (km hm kh methyl) (Fenarimol); km hm s kh methyl ca steroid (sinh
tng hp ergosterol), gy ri phn chia bo t (Nuarimol).
23. NHM QUINONE
Nhm thuc nh. c tnh cc thuc trong nhm rt khc nhau. Dithianon dit nm bng
cch phn ng li vi nhm thiol v gy ri s h hp ca t bo; Ethoxyquin km hm s oxi
ho ca men -farnesene c tc dng sn sinh c t gy cht biu b t bo. Quinoxyfen gy ri
sinh trng; km hm s kh methyl ca sterol, nhng km hm s vn chuyn in t trong ty
th, khng km hm men dihydroyortate dehydrogenase( mt enzym c trong s sinh tng hp
pyrimidin). C tc dng bo v thng qua km hm s pht trin gic bm.

24. NHM STROBIN
Nhm thuc tr nm ni hp, c tc dng phng bnh v dit tr gm 2 nhm nh:
Azoystrobin ( nhm Metoxy acrylate ) v Azoystrobin ( nhm Oximino acetamide ). Km hm
h hp ca ty th bng cch bao vy s vn chuyn in t trong cytochrom b v cytochrom c1
ti nhng im oxi ho, km hm ca men 14-demethylase; gy km hm bo t ny mm v
pht trin ca si nm, ng thi c tc dng ngn hnh thnh bo t. Chng li cc loi nm
bnh khng cc thuc tr bnh thuc nhm phenylamin, dicarboxamid hay benzimidazol. Mi
ch c Dimoxystrobin bn trn th trng.
25. NHM STROBULIN DIHDRODIOXAZIN
Gm nhiu nhm nh ( Strobulin dihdrodioxazin, Strobulin imilazolinone, Strobulin
methoxy carbamat, Strobulin oxazolidiine dione, Strobulin oximino acetat). Cc thuc trong
nhm u km hm h hp ca ty th bng cch km hm s vn chuyn in t cc v tr khc
nhau ( tu nhm thuc). Chng u l nhng thuc tr nm phun ln l, ni hp, c tc dng
phng v dit tr. C ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc
nhau. t c vi ng vt mu nng. Cc thuc thng gp: Famoxadone; Fenamidone;
Fluoxastrobin; Kresoxim-methyl; Metominostrobin; Pyraclostrobin; Trifloxystrobin
26. NHM THUC TR NM LN HU C: C 2 nhm nh:
26.1. Phosphorothiolate: Xut hin vo cui nhng nm 60 ca th k 20. Km hm sinh
tng hp phospholipid (Edifenphos v Iprobenfos) hay km hm sinh tng hp melanin
(Pyrazophos). Tr bnh trn la, ng cc. Cc thuc trong nhm: Edifenphos; Iprobenfos;
Pyrazophos.


26.2. Phosphonat: Km hm s ny mm ca bo t, hoc bng bao vy s pht trin ca
tn nm v s hnh thnh bo t (Fosetyl-Aluminium) hoc trc tip gy min dch cho cy hay
trc tip khng nm (Phosphonic acid).Cc thuc trong nhm: Fosetyl-Aluminium; Phosphonic acid.
27-NHM THUC TR NM TRIAZOLE:
L nhm thuc mi, vi nhiu hot cht tr nm, ph rng, c pht trin t nhng nm
70 ca th k 20 cho n nay. C ch tc ng: u km hm s tch methyl ca steroid, dn n
km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Mt s thuc khc cn km hm sinh tng hp gibbellelin v
ergosterol (Triadimenol). Hu qu lm ngng s pht trin ca ng mm v si
nm; ngn cn hnh thnh gic bm hay gic mt v km hm bo t ny mm.
Cc thuc trong nhm u l loi thuc ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr, ph rt
rng, c dng phun ln cy, x l ging. Mt s thuc trong nhm ch c tc dng x l
ging. Lng dng thp. Thuc c th xm nhp vo cy nhanh, vn chuyn hng ngn. Cc
thuc ph bin trong nhm: Azaconazole; Bitertanol; Bromuconazole ; Cypro- conazole;
Difenoconazole; Diniconazole; Epoxiconazole; Fenbuconazole; Fluqinconazole; Flusinazole;
Hexaconazole; Imibenconazole; Ipconazole; Metconazole; Myclobutanil; Penconazole;
Propiconazole;Simeconazole; Tebuconazole; Tetraconazole; Triadimefon; Triadimenol;
Triticonazole.
28.CC THUC TR BNH KHC:
Gm nhiu nhm thuc nh, mi xut hin, mi nhm c 1-2 loi thuc v c nhiu c
ch rt khc nhau:
28.1. Nhm Alinopyrimidine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Pyrimethanil. Km
hm sinh tng hp methionin dn n km hm nhng men cn thit cho s xm nhim. C tc
dng bo v v dit tr.
28.2. Nhm Benzamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Zoxamide Thuc tc ng
nhanh v bo v di. Trnhiu loi nm trong b Oomycete bng cch loi b s phn chia nhn
bng b cu trc siu phn t ca tubulin v gy ri vi ng ca b khung cyto.
28.3. Nhm Benzene sulfonamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Flusulfamide.
Thuc km hm s ny mm ca bo t. Dng x l t tr bnh Polymyxa betae ca ma,
Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora brassicae, Fusarium.
28.4. Nhm benzoic axit: in hnh l Salicylic acide, bn cnh tc dng dit khun
trong y t, cn c tc dng phng tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun khc hi la, rau.
28.5. Nhm Carboxilic acid: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, i din Oxolinic acid. Thuc
tr khun ni hp; c tc dng bo v v dit tr cc vi khun nhum gram m (Pseudomonas v
Erwinia spp.) trn la bng cch km hm men DNA topoisomerase.
28.6. Nhm Chloronitrile: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, nhng ch c Chlorothalonil c
bn trn th trng. Chlorothalonil l thuc tr bnh tip xc phun ln l, c tc dng bo v.
Dit nhiu loi nm bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng. Chim nhm thiol ca glutathion ca nm khi
ny mm, gy ri sn sinh glycolysis v nng lng.
28.7. Nhm Cyanat: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, c t lu. i din Methyl
isothiocyanate Dng x l ging v xng hi t tr tuyn trng, nm, cn trng t v c
di.
28.8 Nhm Dimethyl pyrimidine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, mi. i din Ferimzone
tr mt s bnh hi l la bng phn tch qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho.


28.9. Nhm Dinitrophenyl: Nhm thuc nh, tr nm tip xc c tc dng phng v tr
bnh. Quan trng nht l Dinocap (Tch ri qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho). c tr bnh
phn trng v cc bnh mc sng, sng mai trn nhiu cy n qu, rau, khoai ty, cy cnh.
28.10. Nhm Hetero aromic: i din Hymexazol. C th km hm sinh tng hp
DNA/RNA. Thuc tr nm x l t v x l ging. Tr nhiu nm bnh trong t cho nhiu
loi cy trng.
28.11. Nhm Hydroxy anilide: i din Fenhexamid. Km hm sinh tng hp sterol
(SBI lp III), tc ng n men kh 3-keto-dructase trong kh methyl, c kh nng khng thuc
trung bnh. Km hm s ko di ca ng mm v pht trin ca tn nm. Thuc tr nm phun ln
l c tc dng bo v. Tr Botrytis, Monilia trn cy n qu, rau, cy cnh.
28.11. Nhm Oxathiin: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, thuc i din l Furametpyr, c tnh
ni hp, lan truyn khp cy, bng cch tc ng km hm men oxi ho succinat dehydrogenasa
trong chu trnh axit tricacboxylic ca ty th. Thuc c dng phun ln cy hay x l ging
tr bnh o n la, Rhizoctonia, Puccinia, Corticium v cc loi trong lp nm m. Thuc
dng phun ln l v x l ging la, ng cc, cc cy trng khc v thm c. Khi phun ln l, x
l ging thuc tht s hiu qu tr bnh Ustilago, Tilletia, Pyrenophora .
28.12. Nhm Phenyl amid butyrolacton: Ofurace: Km hm sinh tng hp protein ca
nm bnh, bng cch gy ri s sinh tng hp RNA ca ribosom. Thuc ni hp c tc dng bo
v v dit tr. Thm nhanh qua l v r. Vn chuyn 2 chiu. Km hm s ny mm v bao vy
s hnh thnh bo t.
28.13. Nhm Phenyl amid oxazolidione: i din l Oxadixyl. Thuc ni hp c tc
dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp nhanh qua l v r. Vn chuyn hng ngn, nhng c th
vn chuyn xung gc bng cch lan truyn tr bnh sng mai, phn trng, gi sng mai
trn nhiu cy trng. Km hm sinh tng hp protein ca nm bnh, bng cch gy ri s sinh
tng hp RNA ca ribosom. Thng hn hp vi thuc tr bnh tip xc v d to tnh hp lc.
28.14. Nhm Phenyl maleimide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh. i din Fluoroimide. Km
hm h men sulfuhydryl ca nm bnh. Thuc tr nm phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Km
hm bo t ny mm. Tr nhiu bnh trn cy n qu, hnh, ch , khoai ty...
28.15. Nhm Phenyl pyrrole: Thuc tr nm ni hp yu, tip xc, hiu lc di, c tc
dng bo v mnh hn dit tr. C kh nng hn ch s ny mm ca conidi ca nhiu loi nm
bnh v km hm km hn s pht trin ca ng mm v si nm vi c ch km hm men
MAP-kinase truyn tnh trng thm. c dng x l ht ging chng cc bnh Fusarium
spp.; Microdochium, Rhizoctonia; Tilentia, Helminthosporium v Septoria trn cc loi ng cc
v cc cy khc; phun ln l tr Botrytis, Monilia; Sclerotinia v Alternaria trn cy n qu, rau
v cy cnh. Cc thuc ch yu trong nhm: Fenpiclonil v Fludioxonil.
28.16. Nhm Phenyl pyridiamine: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, mi. i din
Fluazinam. Thuc tr nm c tc dng bo v; tc dng dit tr v ni hp km, nhng hiu lc
di v chng ra tri. Tr mc xanh, phn trng trn cy n qu, mc sng khoai ty v nhiu
bnh trn mt s cy trng khc. C ch : phn tch qu trnh oxi ho phosphoryl ho trong ty
th, km hm bo t ny mm, xm nhp ca si nm, s pht trin v ny mm ca bo t.
28.17. Nhm Phenyl urea: Thuc i din l Pencycuron c pht hin nm 1981.
Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v, tr bnh Rhizoctonia
solani v Pellicularia spp. trn khoai ty, la, bng, ma, rau cy cnh bng phun ln cy, x l
ging hoc x l t.


28.18. Nhm Phthalamic acide: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, mi. i din Tecloftalam.
Km hm s pht trin ca vi khun. Dng tr bnh bc l la (Xanthomonas campestri pv.
oryzea).
28.19. Nhm Phthalat: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, i din Nitrothal-isopropyl. Thuc
tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr nm khc. Tr phn
trng trn to, nho, rau, cy
cnh; so trn to.
28.20. Nhm Piperazine: i din Triforine. Km hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Thuc
tr nm ni hp c tc dng
bo v v dit tr. Thm nhanh qua l v km hm nhiu giai on pht trin ca nm. Tr phn
trng Erysiphales, Monilia, Ascochyta trn nhiu cy trng v nhn.
28.21. Nhm Pyperazinone: Nhm thuc nh pht hin vo cui thp nin 80 ca th k
20. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp qua l v r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Ph rng, tr cc bnh phn trng, so v bnh khc thuc cc lp Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes trn bu b, cy n qu, lc, ma, rau, cy cnh; bng cch km
hm sinh tng hp ergosterol. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Dichlomezine v Pyrifenox.
28.22. Nhm Pyrimidinol: Nhm thuc tr nm nh. i din Bupirimate. Km hm
men kh amin ca adenosin. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp
qua l v h mch. Tc ng lan to. Km hm bo t ny mm. Tr phn trng trn nhiu cy
n qu, nho, hoa cy cnh.
28.23. Nhm Sulfamid: i din Tolylfluanide. Phn ng thiol khng in hnh, km
hm h hp. Thuc tr nm phun ln l; tr Venturia, Podosphaera leucotricha trn to v nhn
. Thng c hn hp vi cc thuc chng Uncinula necator, Plasmopora viticola, Botrytis
cinerea, Perenospora spp. trn nhiu cy trng.
28.24. Nhm Thiadiazole: Thuc ni hp; tr vi khun. in hnh l thuc Saikuzuo, c
hiu lc cao chng bnh bc l la Xanthomonas oryzae.
28.25. Nhm Thiazloe carboxamide: Nhm thuc tr bnh nh, mi. i din
Ethaboxam. Km hm s pht trin ca nm v hnh thnh bo t. Thuc thm su, ni hp, lan
truyn ton cy, dit tr. Dng tr bnh phn trng nho Plasmopora viticola, mc sng
khoai ty Phytophthora infestans).
28.26. Nhm Thiophen carboxamide: Nhm thuc tr nm nh, i din Silthiofam
km hm s vn chuyn ATP trong ty th n t bo cht. Thuc tr nm bo v, thi gian tc
ng di. Dng x l ging.
28.27. Nhm thuc gy sc khng cho cy ch (plant host defence inducer):
Nhm thuc c c ch rt mi, nhiu trin vng. i din l Acibenzolar-S-methyl.
Khng trc tip dit mm bnh, nhng kch thch c ch khng bnh t nhin ca cy trng, nn
hn ch c s pht trin ca bnh. Phng nga nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi la, rau. C th
hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr su v bnh khc. Albendazole:Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c hiu lc
vi lp nm lp m ; tng sc khng ca cy ch vi bnh, tng kh nng khng bnh.
28.28. Nhm thuc tr bnh asen hu c : in hnh: MAFA. Thuc tr nm tip xc
c tc dng bo v, ph tc ng hp. Phun ln cy, tr kh vn la, thi tri nho, da hu.
Thuc hn ch s dng Vitt Nam.
28.29. Nhm thuc tr nm cha thic: L cc mui hay hydroxit ca trifenyl thic.
y l nhm thuc tr nm, tr nhn v su; c tc dng tip xc l chnh. i din l Fentin.
Km hm bo t ny mm v cc chuyn ho cc c quan trong nm bnh, c bit l h hp.


Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc dng bo v l chnh, tc dng dit tr yu. Tr sng mai ( c
chua, khoai try), m l ( ma) v nhiu bnh trn cc cy khc.
28.30. Nhm thuc tr nm xyclopropan cacboxamit: i din l Carpropamid.
Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c tc dng bo v, hiu qa tr bnh km, hiu lc di. C hiu qu cao
vi bnh o n hi la bng cch c ch s sinh tng hp melanin ca nm gy bnh. Thuc
lm tng tnh khng bnh ca cy do gia tng s sn sinh phyto alxin trong cy. Cn phun thuc
sm khi bnh chm xut hin. Dng phun ln cy v x l ht ging.
28.31. Nhm Mt s thuc tr bnh khc khng r nhm:
Bronopol: Thuc tr vi khun. Oxi ho nhm mercapto ca cc men ca vi khun. Km
hm hot tnh ca men dehydrogenase, dn n s ph v mng t bo. c dng x l ht
bng tr vi khun Xanthomonas spp. hi bng.
Chinomethionat : Thuc tr nm tip xc, chn lc, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Tr
nm phn trng v nhn trn cy n qu, cy cnh, da chut, bng, c ph, ch, thuc l, rau,
cy c ch v cy trong nh knh. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng tr nhn.
Cyflufenamide: Thuc tr nm trc sau ny mm. Tr bnh phn trng trn la m,
mch, ngn cy n qu v rau.
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?

CHNG IX
THUC XNG HI
1. NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG
Thuc xng hi (fumigant) (theo AAPCO) l cc cht hay hn hp cc cht sn sinh ra
kh, hi, ga, khi, sng c tc dng tiu dit mi giai on pht trin ca cc loi dch hi ( cn
trng, vi khun, nm, chut... ). Thuc xng hi c th l cht lng hay cht rn bay hi, hoc
ngay c cc cht dng kh. Chng c dng tit trng trong nh, x l t, nng sn hng
ho, cc vt liu khc v cy trng.
Hiu qu v k thut s dng thuc xng hi ph thuc vo nhng c tnh sau y :
- bay hi: l lng hi thuc ti a c th t c trong mi n v th tch khng kh
trong nhng iu kin n, m nht nh. c biu th bng mg/lt khng kh hoc gam/m
3

khng kh. bay hi v nng thuc xng hi tn ti trong khng kh ca ph thuc vo
im si v trng lng phn t: phn t lng cng ln, im si cng cao; im si cng cao
i bay hi cng thp.
Cn c vo im si, c th chia thuc xng hi lm hai loi:
+Loi c im si thp (nh Methyl Bromua): c nn vo bnh kim loi di
p lc cao (chuyn thnh th lng).
+Loi c im si cao ( nh Phosphua nhm AlP): thng th rn hoc th
lng, khi tip xc vi m s hnh thnh kh c.
-Tc bay hi: l khi lng hi bay ln t 1cm
2
b mt thuc xng hi trong 1 giy.
Tc bay hi t l thun vi nhit xng hi v t l nghch vi nhit si v p sut.
-S khuch tn ca thuc xng hi vo khng kh: l kh nng lan truyn ca hi thuc
vo khong khng gian c xng hi. Kh c c khuch tn trong khng kh t ch mt
phn t cao n ch mt phn t thp. S khuch tn ca hi thuc nhanh hay chm c lin
quan n nhit . Tc khuch tn ca kh c trong khng kh nhanh hn khi nhit khng
kh cao v chm hn khi nhit thp.
-T trng hi thuc: T trng hi ca thuc xng hi lin quan rt nhiu n k thut
xng hi. Nu t trng hi nh hn 1, thuc thng t di ng hng; hoc ln hn 1, thuc
c t trn ng hng; hay t trng xp x 1, v tr t thuc s gia ng hng.
Theo nh lut Graham, tc khuch tn ca cht kh trong khng gian t l nghch vi
bnh phng t trng ca chng. Thuc xng hi c t trng ln khuch tn chm hn so vi
loi thuc c phn t lng nh.
S hp ph (adsorption) l qu trnh thu ht cc phn t kh c ln b mt vt phm v
S hp th (absorption) l qu trnh thm nhp kh c su vo th khi vt phm. S hp ph v
hp th ca thuc vo hng ho kh trng tu thuc vo c tnh ca loi thuc, loi hng ho,
cch bao gi, cch xp hng ho, hm m, nhit v m khng kh. Nu s hp ph/th qu
ln, nng ca thuc s gim, lng thuc dng s tng v tng chi ph. Thm vo , thi gian
x thuc ( cho thuc bay ht khi l hng ) s lu.
-Tnh d bt la, bc chy: Mt s loi thuc xng hi d bt la, d gy chy v gy n.
V d: kh PH
3
d t bc chy nng 26,15-27,06g/m
3
khng kh.
-Tnh n mn kim loi: hi ca mt s thuc xng hi c kh nng n mn kim loi, hoc
hp kim ca chng (ALP, Mg
3
P
2
n mn ng, hp kim ng, vng, bc). V vy, khi xng hi ,
cn bt kn hoc dn nhng kim loi ny khi phng xng hi.


-Nng thuc xng hi l lng thuc phn tn trong khng kh thi im nht nh
v ph thuc vo liu lng s dng.
-Liu lng dng: Liu lng thuc xng hi c biu th bng n v trng lng (kg,
g, mg) hoc th tch (l, ml) thuc xng hi trn n v th tch (m
3
) kho hng, phng tin vn
chuyn hoc trng lng hng ho (tn).
Liu lng s dng ph thuc vo loi thuc, loi dch hi cn dit, loi vt phm, thi
gian kh trng v nhit khng kh. Trong iu kin nhit v m khng kh khng i,
th tch ca nng thuc xng hi ( C) vi thi gian xng hi (T) l mt hng s.
k = C x T
Ni cch khc, trong mc nht nh, nu s dng nng thuc thp, thi gian xng
hi phi ko di. Ngc li, mun gii phng hng ho nhanh ( rt ngn thi gian xng hng) th
phi tng nng thuc.
Ring vi PH
3
nu tng nng thuc qu mc cng khng lm tng hiu qu kh trng,
tri li cn c th lm cho su mt chuyn sang trng thi u m t v. V vy, vi PH
3
ko di
thi gian xng hi quan trng hn l tng nng rt ngn thi gian kh trng.
Cc thuc xng hi thng c dng dit su, mt hi nng lm sn: ht v bt ng cc,
bt sn, ht u , hng nan, my tre an vv...Ngoi ra thuc cn c tc dng dit chut; mt s
cn c tc dng tr tuyn trng. Do thuc xng hi rt c vi ngi v ng vt c v, nn khi
tip xc vi cc loi thuc ny cn thc hin nghim qui nh bo h lao ng. Cc thuc xng
hi u nm trong nhm thuc hn ch s dng.
2. NHNG THUC XNG HI THNG DNG:
2.1.Phosphin v nhng hp cht to phosphin dng trong kh trng:
kh trng kho, ngi ta dng 2 dng mui: Aluminium phosphide (photphua nhm)
v Magnesium phosphide (photphua manh). Thuc c s dng di dng bnh, dng bt
trong cc kho nng sn, hm tu, cc ng hng nng lm sn c ph bt kn, dit tr chut,
cc loi mt hi . Khng c xng hi cho cy sng, rau qu ti.
Aluminium phosphide(AlP): Tinh th mu vng ti xm m. Ap sut hi rt thp. Bn
trong iu kin kh; d ht m trong khng kh v phn ng mnh lit vi acid to photphin.
Rt c vi ng vt c v. LD50 qua ming chut 8.7mg/kg.
Do d phn ng vi nc, nn Aluminium phosphide c dng xng hi trc tip do
thuc gp m trong khng kh, gii phng ngay photphin theo phn ng:
2AlP + 3H
2
0 2PH
3
+ Al(OH)
3

Magnesium phosphid (Mg
3
P
2
): Tinh th mu vng lc. Bn trong mi trng kh. t ht
m nhng d phn ng vi axit to phosphin . Rt c vi ng vt c v. LD50 qua ming
chut 11.2mg/kg.
Do Magnesium phosphide kh phn ng vi nc trong khng kh, nn gii phng
nhanh PH3 cc sn phm Magnesium phosphide gm 2 thnh phn ring : Magnesium
phosphide dng thng phm v mt l axit nh. Khi dng, ln vo nhau, gii phng
photphin theo phn ng:
Mg
3
P
2
+ 6HCl 2PH
3
+ 3MgCl
2

Phosphine (PH
3
): Dng kh khng mu, c mi ti hay mi tanh kh . T trng so vi
khng kh 1.18. Tan trong nc 26cm
3
/100ml (17
o
C); trong etanol 0.5; ete 2 (% th tch photphin
/ dung mi ). D b oxi ho thnh axit photphoric. Bc chy tc th trong khng kh (do c s


hin din ca nhng hydrorua photpho khc) v d n ( nng gy n 26.1- 27.1 mg/l khng
kh). n mn ng v hp kim ng bc.
Phosphin l cht c ch vn chuyn in t trong h hp; phn hu nc v chim oxi
trong c th cn trng v chut to thnh axit photphoric. C th thiu oxi, b ngt cht. Ngoi
ra cn c gy c thn kinh.
Phosphin khng thm qua da; nhng l thuc xng hi cc c. LC50 h hp (4 gi) vi
chut 11ppm (0.015mg/l). Trong mi trng c nng 10mg/m
3
trong 6 gi hay 300ml kh/m
3

trong 1 gi, c th gy cht cho sinh vt. Nng cho php khi tip xc vi phosphin 1ppm (
ti a 15 pht/ln vi khong cch 1 gi/ ln v 4 ln/ngy). Khng li d lng trong nng
sn nn khng cn xc nh ADI ca phosphin c trong nng sn. MRL trong bt m, u , qu
kh, c ph, thuc l, ch, dc liu, cam qut, lc, ci da, to, khoai ty 0.01ppm; ng cc
0.05-0.1ppm.
2.2. Methyl bromide (CH
3
Br):
Dng kh khng mu, khng mi nhit thng. Khi nng cao, c mi clorofom.
Tan trong nc 17.5g/l (20
o
C). Tan nhiu trong hu ht cc dung mi hu c nh: ru, este,
ete, keton, hydratcacbon thm, hydratcacbon halogen ho v cacbondisunfit. B thu phn chm
trong nc, mnh hn trong mi trng kim. Khng bc chy.
Methyl bromide khng gy hi cho bng, vi, giy, thuc nhum, khng lm gim kh
nng ny mm ca ht, khng gy chy l cy, khng n mn kim loi ( tr nhm, manhe v hp
kim ca chng). nng 500g/m
3
, methyl bromide c th bc chy nu gp tia la in hoc
cc ngun la khc. Trong kh trng, methyl bromide ch dng nng 15-70g/m
3
( thi gian
xng hi 1-3 ngy) nn an ton.
Nhng methyl bromid d gy hi cho: hng ho cha mui it, cc vt liu bng cao su
t nhin v nhn to, da, si nhn to ch t cacbondisulfua, than hot tnh, xelophan, ho cht
nh, giy nh, u tng (methyl bromid d gy hi cc hng ho ny).
Metyl bromide c ng trong bnh thp, nn p sut cao, c kho. Khi dng, t bnh
thuc ln cn. Vi ca bnh c ni vi dy cao su nhiu nhnh; ng dy dn kh c t
trn cao; ri m kho cho thuc thot ra. Kho vi khi t lng thuc cn.
Metyl bromide c bay hi cao, c tnh khuych tn mnh, nn xm nhp vo hng
nhanh v su. Dng vo nhiu mc ch: tr cn trng, nhn, chut trong kho nng sn, hng
ho, tu thuyn; xng hi t dit cn trng, tuyn trng, mm bnh v ht c; xng hi nh
knh, nh nui nm. Rt c vi cy trng ang pht trin.
Do methyl bromid rt c v kh nhn bit nng thp, nn trong methyl bromid c
cha 2-3% clopicrin lm cht bo hiu ( gy cay mt). Li dng tnh methyl bromid nng
thp s lm ngn la ca n acetylen chuyn sang mu xanh lc, xanh da tri pht hin s r
r ca hi methyl bromid v xem hng x ht thuc cha.
Methyl bromide gy chy da v mt. LC50 (4 gi) h hp i vi chut 3.03mg/l. Rt
c vi ngi. Nng ngng khi lm vic 0.019mg/l. ADI 1.0 mg/kg. Cng nhn c th b
cht nu lm vic trong nhiu gi khng kh nng 100-200ppm hoc ht th trong 30-60
pht trong nng 1000ppm. Khng gy c cho ong. Thi gian cch ly 14 ngy.
Methyl bromide c th gy m cho sinh vt do trong c th, methyl bromide b chuyn
ho thnh ru metylic ( gy t lit h thn kinh) v hydrobromua; tip ru metylic li b oxi
ho thnh formandehit ( gy bin i su sc cho nhng thnh phn trong t bo).


Sau khi xng hi, phi thng gi hoc ht ht kh c khi ni xng hi. Bnh cha
methyl bromid cn c di chuyn nh nhng, trnh va chm, bo qun ni rm mt, c kho
tt, trnh thuc tht thot.
Methyl bromide l cht kh ph hu tng ozon, nn b hn ch dng khng ch trong nng
nghip, m cn c trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc v tin ti cm hn. V vy, methyl bromid
b hn ch nghim ngt (ch c php dng khi kh trng trong kim dch v tit trng cc tu,
thuyn).
2.3. Cc thuc xng hi khc:
Chloropicrin (CCl
3
NO
2
): Loi thuc xng hi c ph tc ng rng, tr c cn trng,
nhn, chut, tuyn trng, nm, vi khun. Thng c dng xng hi kho rng, kho ng
ng cc v nng sn, t. Lng dng 16-40g/m
3
vi thi gian xng hi l 3-5 ngy.
bay hi 184.5g/m
3
. Tc bay hi 2.5g/pht. Trng lng ring ca chloropicrin l
1.65; hi chloropicrin c t trng 5.67. Khng gy chy, n. Khi b phn hu to thnh fotgen rt
c vi ngi, to ra acid c th n mn kim loi, lm, hi vi, giy, bng, t, la. Chloropicrin
d b hp ph, khuych tn chm; sau khi xng hi, cn thi gian di x ht hi c. Thuc rt
c vi ng vt c v.
Khng dng chloropicrin kh trng cho cy ang sinh trng v ht ging, v thuc d
gy c ging cy trng.
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN): L loi thuc xng hi c ph tc ng rng, tr c cn
trng, nhn, chut. t c hiu lc tr nm v vi khun. Th lng c t trng 0.688, d tan trong
nc v trong nhiu dung mi hu c. T trng th kh 0.9 (20
o
C). Rt c vi ng vt c v.
LD50 qua ming chut l 1mg/kg. C th b cht nu ht th khng kh c nng 120-150mg
HCN/m
3
trong 30 pht c th b cht. Do thuc qu c, nn hin nay t dng.
Anhydric sulfur; Ethylen dibromide; Methyl iodide; Methyl isothiocyanate.cng c
dng xng hi, nhng t dng nc ta.

CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng hiu bit c bn v k thut s dng thuc xng hi ?
2/ c im c bn ca mt s thuc xng hi chnh: Phosphin, Methyl bromide ?


CHNG X
THUC TR C
Nm 1890, nhng thuc tr c v c nh dung dch Booc, acid sulfuric, c dng
u tin. Tip n nm 1920, nhm thuc tr c Chlorat c s dng. Chng u l nhng
thuc tr c khng chn lc, tn ti lu trong mi trng. Thuc tr c chn lc u tin l
Dinoseb c s dng vo nm 1930. Nm 1940, thuc tr c 2,4-D c pht hin, m u
cho hng lot thuc tr c thuc nhm phenoxy ra i. Nm 1966, thuc tr c 2,4,5-T (hot
cht ch yu ca cht c mu da cam) ln u, c M s dng nh mt v kh ho hc chng
li nhn dn Vit nam, li nhng hu qu rt xu cho mi sinh, mi trng, m n nay vn
cha khc phc c.
Nm 1996, c trn 300 hot cht tr c, gia cng thnh hng nghn ch phm khc nhau
c s dng trong nng nghip. Phn ln nhng ch phm ny l nhng hp cht hu c c
hot tnh tr c cao, nhiu loi dng liu lng rt thp v kh an ton vi cy trng.
u im ca thuc tr c : Tin li, hiu qu, d dng, kinh t v an ton.
C nhiu cch phn loi thuc tr c khc nhau:
-Da vo thnh phn ho hc ca thuc tr c (xem thm phn nhm thuc tr c)
-Tu vo c tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c chia ra:
+Thuc tr c trong iu kin nht nh c tc dng dit hoc lm ngng sinh
trng i vi mt s loi c di m khng hoc t nh hng n cy trng v cc loi c di
khc, c gi l nhng thuc tr c c chn lc. V d: Thuc tr c l rng, thuc tr c ho
tho, ci lc, thuc tr c m ly, thuc tr c nc... Thuc tr c c tc ng chn lc c
dng tr c trn rung c cy trng ang sinh trng.
Tnh chon lc ca thuc tr c mang tnh cht tng i v ph thuc vo liu lng v iu
kin s dng. Khi dng mt thuc tr c c tnh chn lc vi liu lng cao hn liu qui nh, tnh chn
lc ca thuc c th gim hoc mt hn, thuc d dng gy hi cy trng. Nhiu loi thuc th hin tnh
chn lc khi c dng vo thi k m cy trng c sc chng chu cao i vi thuc, c di ang giai
on chng chu thuc yu. i vi thuc tr c dng x l vo t, tnh chn lc ca thuc cn tu thuc
vo thnh phn c gii, c im nng ho th nhng ca t, lng ma trong thi gian dng thuc.
+Nhng thuc tr c khi dng gy c cho mi loi c v cy trng gi l thuc
tr c khng chn lc.
-Tu thuc phng thc tc ng m ngi ta chia ra:
+Thuc tr c tip xc: ch gy hi cho thc vt nhng ni thuc c tip xc
vi c v thng ch dit nhng phn trn mt t ca c di. Nhng thuc ny cn gi l thuc
gy tc ng cc b nh thuc Propanil, Paraquat.
+Thuc tr c ni hp hay vn chuyn: cn c gi l thuc tr c c tc
ng ton b. Sau khi xm nhp qua l hoc qua r, thuc dch chuyn khp trong cy v gy
c cho c di. Nhng thuc ny c hiu lc dit c lu nm, c thn ngm ( c tranh, c gu
v.v...) nh Dalapon, Glyphosat.
-Da vo thi gian s dng thuc tr c: Tu theo c im ca loi thuc m thi gian
p dng khc nhau:
+ Dng thuc tr c khi cha lm t: Trn rung cha gieo trng c nhiu c di,
c th x l thuc tr c dit c di, sau mt thi gian thuc b phn hu, khng hi cy trng,
tin hnh lm t gieo trng cy.
+ Dng thuc tr c sau khi gieo ht (ngay sau khi gieo hoc mt vi ngy sau
khi gieo ht) thng l nhng thuc tr c x l t; ch dit c di mi ny mm ( cn gi l


thuc tr c tin ny mm). Chng l nhng thuc c chn lc, khng gy hi mm cy trng
v khng nh hng xu n sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng.
+ Thuc tr c dng rung c cy trng ang sinh trng phi l nhng thuc tr c
chn lc v phi dng vo thi k m cy c sc chng chu cao, cn c di c sc chng chu
yu i vi thuc; hoc phi c dng theo phng php phun nh hng ( khng phun thuc
vo phn xanh ca cy) trnh thuc gy hi cy trng.
-Tu theo kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo c di qua r hoc qua l m nhng loi
thuc c phun ln l hay x l t. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng loi thuc tr c xm nhp vo
thc vt qua r l ch yu, nhng phn no cng c th xm nhp qua l v ngc li, chng
c xp vo nhng nhm trung gian: thuc tr c dng x l t v phun ln l, hoc thuc tr
c dng phun ln l v x l t.
Mt s thuc tr c c kh nng dit c nhng cy thn g, c gi l thuc dit cy
thn g , dng tr nhng bi cy di trn t khai hoang.
Mt s thuc tr c c dng lm rng l cy, lm kh thn thu hoch nng sn
d dng hn. Nhng hp cht ny c gi l cht lm rng l, kh cy.
-Da vo phng php x l thuc tr c: Tu trng hp c th m p dung phng
php x l thuc cho thch hp. Vi thuc tr c chn lc cao, ch dit c m khng gy hi cy
trng, c th x l thuc trn ton b din tch trng trt ( nh: phun thuc Sofit trn ton b
din tch la gieo vi, thuc Rifit trn la cy. C trng hp ch dng thuc tr c dit c di
gia hai hng cy, cn trong hng v xung quanh gc dng th cng.
- lu ngi dng thuc tr c c thc hn ch s hnh thnh tnh chng thuc ca
c di, ngi ta cn phn loi thuc tr c theo c ch tc ng nh : km hm sinh tng hp
thc vt, km hm sinh h hp, km hm s chuyn ho acid nucleic, gy ri phn chia t bo,
km hm sinh tng hp lipid, km hm sinh tng hp amino acid...
1. CC NHM C TRN 3 LOI THUC TR C :
1.1. Nhm Acid Benzoic: Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hu ny mm Xm nhp qua
l v r, vn chuyn ngay trong cy. Tc ng nh mt auxin iu khin sinh trng. Tr c l
rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy mu. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc tr c iu ho sinh
trng khc tr c l rng hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong nhm :
Chloramben, Dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA.
1.2. Nhm Acid Pyridine carboxylic: L cc auxin tng hp, c tc dng iu khin sinh
trng, ging indolyl acetic acid, ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r; vn chuyn hng
gc v hng ngn. Tch lu trong m sinh trng. Tc ng ko di t bo v h hp. Tr c l
rng hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn, t khng trng trt. Cc thuc thng dng trong
nhm : Clopyralid, Fluroxypyr, Picloram, Picolinafen, Triclopyr.
1.3. Nhm Aryloxyphenoxy propionate: Km hm sinh tng hp axit bo bng cch
km hm men acetyl CoA carboxylaza trong c l hp. L thuc tr c chn lc, tip xc v ni
hp. Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn c hng ngn ln xung r, ti r v thn r. Tr c c ho
tho hng nm v lu nm hu ny mm cho khoai ty, u , u tng, rau, bng, v.v... Khi
hn hp vi mefenpyr-dietyl (cht an ton) c th tr c hng nm v lu nm cho ng cc.
Thuc c th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c ho tho khc v cc thuc tr c hu ny mm l
rng. Khng gy c cho cy trng l rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Clodinafop-propargyl,
Cyhalopop butyl, Diclofop-methyl, Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, Fluazifop butyl, Fluazifop p


butyl, Haloxyfop-R (methyl ester), Quizalofop, Quizalofop-P, Quizalofop-P-ethyl,
Propaquizafop.
1.4. Nhm Auxin tng hp (Aryloxyalkanoic acid): Tc ng nh auxin tng hp (tc
ng tng t indolylaxetic axit). Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, xm nhp qua l v r. Tp
trung m phn sinh, km hm sinh trng. Dng mui c r hp th, cn dng este c l
hp th. Vn chuyn trong cy v tch lu vng m phn sinh ca r v mm. c vi c hai l
mm hn c mt l mm. Ch yu dng phun ln l, d b vi sinh vt phn hu, tn ti ngn
trong t. It c vi ng vt c v; c dng tr c chn lc cho ng cc, t khng trng trt.
Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Clomeprop, 2.4D, 2.4DB, 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-
dimetylamonium, 2,4-D-diolamin, 2,4-D-2-etylhexyl, 2,4-D-isoctyl, 2,4-D-isopopyl, 2,4-D-
sodium, 2,4-D-trolamine, Di clomeprop, Di clomeprop P, MCPA amin, MCPA dimetyl amin,
MCPA thioethyl, Kali -MCPA.... Natri -MCPA, MCPB, Mecoprop, Mecoprop P, Triclopyr
butoxyethyl ester (triclopyr-butotyl) , Triclopyr-trietylamonium, Clomeprop.
1.5. Nhm Benzamide: Nhm thuc tr c nh, ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua r, vn
chuyn qua thn v l. Tr c l hp hng nm v lu nm trn cy n qu v cy trng cn. Cc
thuc trong nhm: Ixozaben, Propyzamide, Tebutan.
1.6. Nhm Chloroacetamide: Thuc km hm phn chia t bo v s ko di r bng cch
km hm sinh tng hp protein v c th km hm tng hp cc chui rt di acid bo. L nhng
thuc tr c chn lc, tr c tin ny mm, hu ny mm sm, hoc dng trc khi cy trng.
Hp th qua tr di l mm, tr gian l mm, l bao mm, r v r th cp ca mm cy. Tch
lu trong cc b phn dinh dng nhiu hn l cc phn sinh sn; phn no gi li mm r.
Tr c nhiu loi c l rng, ci lc v c l hp hng nm trn rung la cy v la gieo
thng, ng, bng, ma, khoai ty, lc, u tng, rau, cy n qu, cy cnh v nhiu cy trng
khc. Thuc c th hn hp vi mt s thuc tr c khc. Trong ng c men glutation transferasa
c tc dng phn gii thuc nhanh, nn khng b cc thuc trong nhm gy hi. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Acetochlor; Alachlor, Butachlor, Dimethenamid, Metazachlor, S- Metolachlor,
Metolachlor, Pretilachlor, Propachlor, Propisochlor, Thonylchlor.
1.7. Nhm Cyclohexanedione oxime: Km hm tng hp acid bo bng cch km hm
hot tnh men acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase). C th km hm phn bo c t (Sethoxydim,
Cycloxydim), hay km hm phn chia t bo (Tralkoxydim). Thuc tr c chn lc ni hp, xm
nhp ch yu qua l; vn chuyn hng ngn (Tralkoxydim) hay hng gc (Clethodim,
Tepraloxydim) hoc c hai (Sethoxydim) n cc im sinh trng. Hu ny mm, tr c l hp
hng nm v lu nm cho cy trng cn l rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Alloxydim, BAS 625H,
Butroxydim, Clefoxydim, Clethodim, Cycloxydim, Flumeturon, Sethoxydim Sethoxydim,
Tepraloxydim, Tralkoxydim.
1.8. Nhm dn xut Glycin: Km hm men 5-enolpyruvylshikimat-3-photphatsynthaza
(EPSPS), mt men trung gian trong qu trnh sinh tng hp cc axit thm; ngn cn sinh tng
hp cc amino axit thm cn cho s tng hp protein. Thuc tr c ni hp, khng chn lc,
c hp th qua l, vn chuyn nhanh trong cy cng vi vn chuyn ng, trong qu trnh
tng hp ca cy. Thuc b kh hot tnh khi tip xc vi t. Dng tr nhiu c l hp v c l
rng hng nm v lu nm trc thu hoch, sau cy trng/trc ny mm trn ng cc, u;
phun trc tip vn cy n qu, nho v oliu, cy rng. Triu chng trng c th hin chm; t
c vi ng vt mu nng. C b thuc tc ng, khng c kh nng mc li. Hn hp vi
cc thuc tr c khc c th lm gim hiu lc ca glyphosat. Cc hot cht c dng ph bin


Glyphosate, Glyphosate amonium salt, Glyphosate- sodium salt, Glyfosate dimethylamine
(Glyphosat DMA), Glyphosate IPA salt (Glyphosateisopropylammonium), Glyphosate-
trimesium, Sulfosate.
1.9. Nhm Dinitroanilin: Km hm s phn chia v tng trng t bo. Thuc tr c
chn lc, Pendimethalin xm nhp qua r v l. Trifluralin l thuc tr c x l t; xm nhp
vo tr di l mm, km hm s pht trin r. Gy cht cho c trong thi gian ngn sau khi ny
mm hoc mi nh mm. Ph rng, tr c nhiu loi c l rng v c l hp hng nm, dng
trc khi gieo cy, trc mc hoc ngay sau khi mc trn ng cc, rau mu, cy cng nghip
ngn v di ngy, cy n qu, cy rng v cc loi cy bi. Thuc cng c dng tr c trn
t khng trng trt, lm rng l trc khi thu hoch bng, v.v... Cng c dng x l chi
thuc l. Kh nng gy c cho cy: c th gy hi cho ng nu trn thuc vo t trc khi
gieo hay cng lc gieo ng. Trong nhm ny c hot cht : Befluralin, Dinitramin,
Ethalfluralin,Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, Trifluralin; ph bin: Pendimethalin, Trifluralin.
1.10. Nhm Diphenyl ether :
Km hm qu trnh oxi ho protoporphyrinogen. Ring Aclonifen li km hm sinh tng
hp caroten. Thuc tr c chn lc tip xc, xm nhp qua l v r, t vn chuyn trong cy.
Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm cho c l rng, cho nhiu loi cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Acifluorfen- sodium, Aclonifen, Bifenox, Fluoroglycofen-ethyl, Fomesafen, HC-252,
Latofen, Oxyfluorfen
1.11. Nhm Imidazolinon: Km hm sinh tng hp chui axit amin mch nhnh (ALS
hay AHAS), km hm sinh tng hp protein v ADN. Thuc tr c ni hp, tip xc, tn lu lu,
xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn trong mch dn v tch lu min sinh trng. Tr c
trc khi trng, tin hay hu ny mm sm, tr c l rng cho u tng v nhiu cy trng
khc. to tnh chn lc cho u tng v lc, thng cho thm cht gii c vo thuc, nh
cc cht kh methyl v glycosyl ho. Cc thuc trong nhm : Imazamethabenz-methyl,
Imazamox, Imazapic, Imazapyr, Imazaquin, Imazethapyr
1.12. Nhm mt s thuc tr c Ln hu c: Thuc tr c hng nm, ni hp, chn lc.
Xm nhp ch yu qua r (Anilofos), qua r, bao l mm v l non (Piperophos). Tr c ho tho
v c ci lc hng nm trn la gieo thng v la cy. Km hm phn chia t bo (Anilofos,
Piperophos). Hay thuc tr c tip xc vi tnh ni hp yu; xm nhp qua l, r v chi; km
hm sinh trng bp. Tr c thn g vng t khng trng trt (Fosamine). Mt s thuc trong
nhm: Anilofos, Fosamine, Piperophos
1.13. Nhm n-phenylphthalimide:
Km hm hot tnh men oxi ho protoporphyrinogen; cy tch lu porphyrin, tc ng
nh cht mn cm nh sng, thc y s to thnh cc loi cht oxi ho c bn trong t bo, ri
peroxi ho cht bo mng t bo, ph v khng th hi phc chc nng v cu trc mng t
bo. Triu chng th hin nhanh v in hnh : kh l, ho r, bc l, nu v cht hoi. Thuc tr
c l rng, tip xc, hu ny mm cho cc cy trng cn hng nm. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc
trong nhm: Cinido-ethyl, Flumiclorac-pentyl, Flumioxazin.
1.14. Nhm Pyrazole:
Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Thuc tr c chn lc ni hp,
xm nhp qua r (Benzofenap ) hay r v thn non (Pyrazoxyfen). D vn chuyn n cc b
phn ca cy. Dng tr c cho la l ch yu. in hnh trong nhm : Benzofenap,


Pyrazolynate, Pyrazoxyfen.
1.15. Nhm Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic: Km hm s tng hp axetolactat, bao vy sinh
tng hp cc chui nhnh amino axit. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hu ny mm; hp th qua
l v r. Thuc tr nhiu loi c, c bit c lng vc Echinochloa spp. trn la gieo thng.
Lng dng thp. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm :
Bispyribac-sodium, Pyribenzoxim, Pyribenzoxim, Pyriminobac-methyl, Pyrithiobac-sodium.
c dng ph bin Bispyribac-sodium, Pyribenzoxim.
1.16. Nhm Sulfonylurea:
Km hm sinh tng hp amino axit c bn valin v isoleuxin, dn n km hm tng hp
mch nhnh amino axit (axetolactatesynthaza hay ALS), lm ngng s phn chia t bo v pht
trin ca cy. Tnh chng chu thuc ca cy ph thuc vo tc chuyn ho ca thuc trong
cy. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r; vn chuyn nhanh n m phn sinh.
Tc ng liu thp, c hiu lc cao tr c l rng hng nm v lu nm; c m ly (nh ci,
nn, lc... v mt s c l rng khc) trc v sau ny mm. Thuc c th xm nhp qua l v r
nn c dng phun ln l v x l t. Cn lu n kh nng tn lu lu ca thuc trong
t. C th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc chnh trong nhm: Amido sulfuron,
Azimsulfuron, Bensulfuron-Methyl, Chlorimuron ethyl, Chlorsulfuron, Cinosulfuron,
Cyclosulfamuron, Ethametsulfuronmethyl, Ethoxysulfuron, Flazasulfuron, Flupyrsulfuron
methylsodium, Imazosulfuron, Iodosulfuron, Methylsodium, Metsulfuron methyl,
Nicosulfuron, Oxasulfuron, Primisulfuron-methyl, Prosulfuron, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl,
Rimsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron, Sulfumeturon methyl, Thifensulfuron-methyl, Triasulfuron.
Cc hot cht c dng ph bin trong nhm: Bensulfuron-Methyl, Chlorimuron ethyl,
Ethoxysulfuron, Imazosulfuron, Metsulfuron methyl, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, Triasulfuron.
1.17. Nhm Thiocacbamat: Thuc km hm s tng hp lipid (khng km hm ACCase).
L thuc chn lc, mt s c tnh ni hp. Xm nhp qua l, r hay l mm. Tr c l rng trn
cc cy mu l ch yu; mt s tr c c l hp v l rng cho la gieo thng v la cy. Dng
liu cao. C th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm c tnh bay hi mnh
nn cn vi trong t; hiu lc mnh hn chng c hng nm; xm nhp mnh qua chi; km hm
phn chia t bo. Cc thuc trong nhm: Butylate, Cycloate, Dimepiperate, EPTC, ES-Procarb,
Molinate, Orbencarb, Pebulate, Prosulfocarb, Thiobencarb, Tiocarbaril, Tri-allate, Vernolate.
Hai thuc dng ph bin: Molinate xm nhp nhanh qua r; vn chuyn hng ngn,
km hm ny mm; tr mm c ci lc v c lng vc Echinochloa spp. giai on sau mc trn
rung la. Thiobencarb xm nhp vo cy qua bao l mm v tr gian l mm, qua r v l, km
hm s sinh trng ca mm ht. Dit c giai on tin v hu ny mm sm.
1.18. Nhm 1.3.5. triazin : Tr c chn lc, c tnh ni hp, xm nhp qua l v r; vn
chuyn hng ngn v tch lu trong m phn sinh ngn v l. Tr c tin v hu ny mm. Km
hm phn ng Hill ( km hm s vn chuyn in t ti h thng quang ho II trong quang hp).
C bc hi thp, khng b phn hu bi nh sng Tr c liu cao. Tc ng chm vi c
mn cm v c thp vi ng vt mu nng. Ph tc ng rng tr c hng nm v c l rng
trn u tng, khoai ty, c chua, ng da, ma, chui, cam chanh, c ph, ch v.v... v t
khng trng trt. Ng chng chu c cc hp cht triazin do trong ng c men glutathion S-
transferaza gii c nhanh, phn hu simazin thnh hydroxi simazin khng gy c cho ng. Cc
thuc trong nhm c th hn hp vi thuc tr c khc. X l t l ch yu, mt s cng c
phun ln cy; xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn trong mch g. Hiu lc chng mm c l rng v c


thng. Ho tan km, nn ch c dng WP, F hay ht; B hot ho vi ma hay nc ti. Tnh
chn lc ph thuc vo su lp r. Cc thuc trong nhm: Ametryn, Amitrole, Atrazin,
Cyanazine, Dimethametryn, Metribuzin, Prometon, Prometryn, Propazine, Simazine,
Simetryn, Tebumeton, Tebuthiazine, Terbutryn, Terbuthylazine, Trietazine.
1.19. Nhm Triazolinon: Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen (Azafenidin, Carfentrazone ethyl, Sulfentrazone) hay km hm quang hp
(Amicarbazone). Xm nhp qua r, mm l c (Amicarbazone), hay r v chi (Azafenidin)
hoc qua r v l (Sulfentrazone) hoc qua l (Carfentrazone ethyl). tin v hu ny mm. t
vn chuyn trong cy. Tr c hai l mm trn cy trng cn (Amicarbazone), c l rng cho cy
ng cc (Carfentrazone ethyl); c l rng, ci lc v mt s c ho tho (Sulfentrazone) cho cy
trng cn. Cc thuc thng dng: Amicarbazone,Azafenidin, Carfentrazoneethyl,
Sulfentrazone
1.20. Nhm Triazolopyrimidine:Thuc tr c chn lc. Km hm cc men tng hp
acetolactat (ALS) (nh Diclosulam, Cloransulam - methyl) hay km hm sinh tng hp chui
amino acid ( leucin, isoleucin v valin) mch nhnh ( ALS hay AHAS) ( nh Florasulam). Xm
nhp qua r v l; vn chuyn n cc im mi sinh trng, tch lu trong m phn sinh, hn
ch phn chia t bo, cui cng l cy cht. Tch lu rt t trong r cy. Thuc tr c l rng,
hu ny mm, v nhiu cy h thp t trn ng cc, ng. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc thng dng:
Cloransulam - methyl, Diclosulam, Florasulam, Flumetsulam.
1.21. Nhm Uracil: Km hm phn ng Hill (km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang
hp ); c bc hi thp; khng b phn hu bi nh sng, tit trng t liu cao. c cy
hp th ch yu qua r, t hn qua l v thn. Tc ng chm vi c mn cm v c thp vi
ng vt mu nng. X l t l ch yu, mt s cng c phun ln cy; xm nhp qua r, vn
chuyn trong mch g. Hiu lc chng mm c l rng v c thng; tr cy bi v cc loi c
t khng trng trt, liu dng cao; tr c hng nm v lu nm trn cam chanh, da (thm).
Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Ho tan km, nn ch c dng WP, F hay ht;
B hot ho vi ma hay nc ti. Tnh chn lc ph thuc vo su lp r. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Bromacil, Lenacil, Terbacil.
1.22. Nhm Urea: Km hm quang hp ( c ch phn ng Hill), km hm s vn
chuyn in t trong quang hp ti h thng quang ho II) hay km hm phn chia t bo
(Cumyluron, Daimuron ). Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, hp th ch yu qua r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Thuc c tc dng chn lc khi dng tr c l hp v c l rng ang mc mm trn
nhiu cy trng cy n qu, nho, da, chui, chui, ma , bng, ng cc, ng v c lu nm mc
t ht. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlorbromuron, Chlortoluron, Cumyluron, Daimuron,
Dimefuron, Diuron, Fenuron, Fluometuron, Isouron, Linuron, Methabenzthiazuron,
Metobenzuron, Metobromuron, Metoxuron, Monolinuron, Neburon, Sidurn, Tebuthiuron
1.23. Nhm V c.: Thuc tr c khng chn lc, xm nhp qua l v r. Tr c cho cy c thn
g, c l rng hng nm, cc c ho tho khc t khng trng trt, t rng, t trng cy (Ammonium
sulfate); tr nhiu loi c hng nm khi gieo ht, hu ny mm cho mt s cy trng cn, t khng trng
trt (Acid Chloro acetic); hoc tr c trn t khng trng trt; c th dng lm cht kh cy, rng l cho
bng, u tng v mt s cy trng khc (Sodium clorate). C th tr ru (Ferrous sulfate= sulfat st).
Khng an ton vi cy trng, dng lng ln.


1.24. Nhm cht tng hiu qu tr c:
Esterified vegetable oil: lm tng hiu qu thuc tr su pyrethroit, cacbamat; thuc tr
c hu ny mm thuc cc nhm xyclohexanedion, sunfonyl urea, bipyridium...; thuc tr bnh
nhm triazole do kh nng lm mm biu b l v ngoi b ca cn trng, tng tnh thm, tnh gi
m v tng loang dnh ca thuc tr su, bnh v c. Ho thm vo dch phun trc khi dng.
Nng dng <1% dch phun.
Fenclorim: Cht an ton thuc tr c la. Tc ng n qu trnh chuyn ho Pretilachlor
bng cch lin hp vi glutathion trong cy la. Xm nhp nhanh vo cy qua r mm la, bo
v mm la khng b pretilachlor gy hi .
Flurenol butyl: Cht hp lc thuc tr c. Xm nhp qua l v r. Vn chuyn hng
ngn v hng gc. Tch lu nh sinh trng ca chi v r. Km hm sinh trng v pht
trin ca chi v mm. Hn hp vi cc thuc tr c phenoxy tr c l rng trn ng cc, c
ho tho trn la hu ny mm.
2. CC NHM C 2 THUC TR C I DIN:
2.1. Nhm Acetamide: Tr c chn lc, xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn trong cy. Km
hm phn chia t bo, km hm sinh trng v pht trin r. Tr c l hp hng nm v mt s
c l rng trn nhiu cy trng cn; tr c tin ny mm. Cc thuc trong nhm: Diphenamid ,
Naproanilide.
2.2. Nhm Acid alkanoic halogen ho: Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l
v r, dch chuyn trong cy, gy kt ta protein, km hm s sn sinh axit pantotenic. Dng tr
c l hp hng nm v lu nm trn vng t khng trng trt, knh mng, vn cy, rung
nho, rng, chui, ma, khoai ty, u tng , ng, c ph, ch, cao su, bng... i din Dalapon
sodium, TCA sodium
2.3. Nhm Acid quinolinecaboxylic: L mt auxin tng hp, tc ng ging nh IAA
(indol axetic axit) hay nhng thuc tr c dng auxin ca nhm axit benzoic v pyridin. Khng
nh hng n phn ng Hill. Xm nhp vo l nhanh. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm tr cc
loi c lng vc Echinochloa spp. v c ho tho khc; c in ma Aeschynomene spp.; in in
gai Sesbania spp. v cc loi c khc trn la cy v la gieo thng. An ton vi la. C th gy
hi cho cy trng h hoa tn rung lin k, nu dng chung ngun nc ti. Thuc c kh
nng hn hp vi cc thuc tr c la khc khng c hiu lc tr c lng vc. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Quinclorac v Quinmerax, trong Quinclorac c dng thng dng hn.
2.4. Nhm anilide: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang hp. Thuc tr c chn
lc, tip xc, hu ny mm, thi gian hu hiu ngn. Tr c l rng v l hp trn rung la.
c hn hp vi MCPA tr c cho ng cc. D gy c cho cy trng l rng. Cc hot
cht trong nhm: Dicloanilin v Propanil; trong Propanil ( DCPA) c dng thng dng.
Propanil s gy c cho mi loi cy trng- k c la- nu trc hay sau phun propanil
trong vng 1 tun m c phun, rc cc thuc tr su bnh thuc cc nhm ln hu c v
cacbamat. Trong cy la: propanyl b men aryl axylamidaza phn hu thnh 3,4-dicloanilin, axit
propionic, nn khng gy c cho la.
2.5. Nhm Benzofuran: Km hm sinh tng hp lipid, nhng khng km hm ACCase.
Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc. Xm nhp qua mm r (c l hp) v qua r ( c l rng), vn
chuyn n l. Khng xm nhp vo l c biu b thun thc. Km hm s sinh trng ca


m phn sinh, lm chm s phn chia t bo v hn ch to sp. X l tin hay hu ny mm.
Tr c cho cc cy mu. Liu dng thp. Cc thuc trong nhm: Befxyresate, Ethofumesate.
2.6. Nhm Benzonitrile: Km hm sinh tng hp vch t bo, nhng khng nh hng
n h hp v quang hp. Thuc tr c chn lc, km hm phn chia m phn sinh s ny mm
ca ht v hu hoi thn r. Tnh chn lc i vi cy thn g, cy cnh, cy n qu v cy
rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Chlorothiamid, Diclobenil
2.7. Nhm benzothiadiazinon: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh quang
hp. Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc, hp th qua l( ch yu) v qua r; t vn chuyn trong cy.
c phun ln l tr cc loi c l rng, ci lc trn nhiu cy trng nh lc, ng, u, la,
u tng. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr c khc. Thuc trong nhm: Benazolin,
Bentazone; trong Bentazone dng thng dng hn.
2.8. Nhm Bipyridylium: Tc ng n lc lp, nh hng n chc nng quang hp ca
thc vt. Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc, phun ln l, xm nhp qua l v t vn chuyn
trong cy, d ho tan trong nc, khng hot ho t, tc ng mnh hn khi c nh nng chiu.
Triu chng trng c th hin nhanh ( trong 1 gi); c c cao. Ph rng, tr c l rng v
cc loi c l hp khc trn nhiu cy n qu, cy cng nghip lu nm, chui, ma, da cy rng
v cc loi cy bi. Thuc cng c dng tr c trn t khng trng trt, tr c trc khi trng
mi c chn nui; tr c di knh mng. Ngoi ra cn c dng rng l trc lc thu hoch
bng bng my. Khng hn hp vi thuc mang tnh kim, cht hot ng b mt anionic. Cc
thuc trong nhm: Diquatdibromide, Paraquat dichloride.
2.9. Nhm Bis Carbamate: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong qu trnh quang ho
II. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, xm nhp qua l, vn chuyn trong ht. Tr c l rng. Hu
ny mm cho cy trng cn. Cc thuc trong nhm: Desmedipham, Phenmedipham.
2.10. Nhm Carbamate: Km hm sinh tng hp men dihydroteroate synthease (Asulam)
hay km hm to phn bo c t (Carbetamide). Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, xm nhp qua
l v r. Vn chuyn trong mch g v libe, n cc b phn ca cy, lm cy chm xanh. Tr
c l hp v l rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy trng cn.Thuc trong nhm: Asulam,
Carbetamide.
2.11. Nhm Dicarboximide: Nhm tr c mi. Km hm phn chia t bo, km hm sinh
trng ca r v chi. X l trc trng v trc ny mm tr c ho tho v c l rng hng
nm trn t khng trng trt, cy cnh, thm c v ht g cng. Cc thuc trong nhm: MK-
616, Prodiamine.
2.12. Nhm Dinitrophenol: Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc. Tch qu trnh oxi
ho v phosphoryl ho, gy ri to mng t bo. Tr c l rng hng nm, hu ny mm cho cy
mu ngn ngy. Cc thuc tr c thng dng trong nhm: Dinoterb, DNOC.
2.13. Nhm Hydroxybenzonitrile: Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong chu trnh
quang ho II, cng gy bt cp qu trnh oxi ho v phosphoryl ho. Thuc tr c chn lc, tip
xc l chnh, ni hp yu. Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn yu. Tr c hu ny mm cho c l
rng. Cc thuc trong nhm: Bromoxynil, Ioxynil.
2.14. Nhm Oxadiazol: Km hm men protoporphyrinogen IX oxidaza. Thuc tr c c
tc dng chn lc, tin ny mm v hu ny mm sm, tr c hai l mm, c l hp v c nn lc


hng nm trn rung m; cy trng cn ( khoai ty, rau, ma), da, cc cy n qu, cam chanh
khc. Cc thuc trong nhm: Oxadiargyl, Oxadiazon.
2.15. Nhm Oxyacetamide: Km hm chuyn ho axit bo dn n km hm phn chia t
bo v sinh trng ca c di. Kh nng phn gii thuc ca men glutathion transferase c trong
cy quyt nh tnh chng chu ca cy i vi thuc. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny mm sm, c
tc ng chn lc v ph rng, tr c l hp v mt s loi c l rng. c phun trc khi
trng tr c cho ng, u tng c chua, khoai ty hoc phun sau ny mm tr c cho ng,
la. Hot cht Flufenacet , Mefenacet c s dng trong nng nghip.
2.16. Nhm Phenylpyrazole: Km hm hot tnh men oxi ho protoporphyrinogen. Khi
phun ln l, gp nh sng, thuc xm nhp nhanh vo m cy, nhanh chng gy cht hoi hay
kh thn l. Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc, hu ny mm dng tr c l rng trn la
(Pyraflufen-ethyl) hay tr c ho tho v c l rng cho ng cc trc ny mm (Fluazolate).
Liu dng thp. Cc thuc trong
nhm: Fluazolate, Pyraflufen-ethyl.
2.17. Nhm Pyridazinone: Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc. Xm nhp qua r, vn chuyn
hng ngn. Tr c l rng hng nm (Chloridazon); c ho tho v c l rng (Norflurazon);
hu ny mm. Km hm s vn chuyn in t trong quang hp h quang ho II (Chloridazon)
hay bao vy s tng hp carotenoid bng cch km hm men kh bo ho phytoen
(Norflurazon). Thuc in hnh trong nhm: Chloridazon, Norflurazon.
2.18. Nhm Pyridin cacboxamide: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Diflufenican,
Picolinafen. Thuc tr c tip xc , vi cc loi c l hp v c l rng, tin v hu ny mm
sm cho la m, la mch; tn lu lu, c mm r c mi mc hp th, t di chuyn trong
cy. Km hm tng hp caroten v dng in t trong quang hp. Thng hn hp vi cc thuc
tr c khc.
2.19. Nhm 1.2.4. triazinone:Thuc tr c tip xc, khng chn lc (Hexazinone) hay
ni hp, chn lc (Metribuzine), xm nhp qua r v l, vn chuyn hng ngn. Tr nhiu c l
hp v l rng, tin v hu ny mm cho cy trng cn ; hay tr c trn t khng trng trt
(Hexazinone). Cc thuc thng dng trong nhm : Hexazinone, Metribuzine
3. CC NHM MI C 1 THUC TR C I DIN
3.1. Nhm Acid arylaminopropyonic:
Nhm thuc tr c nh , mi, i din l Flamprop-M ( gm Flamprop-M-isopropyl v
Flamprop-M-methyl). Km hm tng hp acid bo; km hm ko di v phn chia t bo , nn
km hm cy pht trin. Tnh chn lc ph thuc vo liu lng thu phn n acid t do.
Trong cy chu thuc, acid b gii c do to thnh cc phc hp. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc,
xm nhp qua l.
3.2. Nhm Acid Benzendicarboxylic: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Chlorthal-
dimethyl: Km hm s lp rp vi ng. Thuc tr c chn lc, tip xc, xm nhp qua bao l mm
( c l hp) v tr di l mm. Dit mm ht. Tr c tin ny mm cho c l hp v mt s c
l rng trn cy trng cn.
3.3. Nhm Acid carboxylic: i din l Flurenol. Cht iu khin sinh trng tng hp.
Ni hp, vn chuyn hng ngn v hng gc. Gy km hm sinh trng, cy ln, km hm
phn nhnh v vn chuyn auxin.


3.4. Nhm Acid halogenate alkanoic: i din l Flupropanate. Thuc tr c ni hp
mnh, tip xc yu. Xm nhp qua r. Tr c ho tho hng nm v lu nm trn ng c v t
khng trng trt.
3.5. Nhm Acid photphinic: Km hm hot ng ca men glutaminase, dn n tch lu
ion NH4
+
v km hm quang hp. L thuc tr c tip xc v ni hp yu, khng chn lc.
Thuc ch dch chuyn trong l ( t cung n mt l) . Dng tr nhiu c l hp v c l rng
hng nm v lu nm trn vn cy n qu, nho, cy cnh, khoai ty v cc cy trng chng chu
glufosinate-amonium (c du, ng, u tng, c ci ng) c pht trin thng qua k thut
bin i gen; cy bi v t khng trng trt; tr c trc khi mc cho t trng rau. Lm kh l
u tng, hng dng trc thu hoch. Thuc c th hn hp vi diuron, simazin, MCPA v
mt s thuc tr c khc. Cc thuc trong nhm Bilanafos v Glufosinate ammonium; trong
Glufosinate ammonium c dng rng ri.
3.6. Nhm Aniline: i din l Fluchloralin: Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc tr c
chn lc; xm nhp qua chi v r; vn chuyn hng ngn . Tc ng xu n mm ht v cc
qu trnh sinh l khc, c bit l r con. Tr c ho tho v c l rng hng nm trn bng, la
cy, u tng. lc, cc loi u khc, hng dng, khoai ty v mt vi loi rau. X l t
trc khi trng hay trc khi ny mm.
3.7. Nhm Carboxamide: i din l Cafenstrole: Km hm phn chia t bo. Tr c ho
tho v c hng nm, tin v hu ny mm trn la.
3.8. Nhm Cineol: Nhm thuc tr c nh v mi ; i din c Cinmethylin c bn
trn th trng. Tr c ho tho, c ci lc trong rung la nc, tin ny mm hay hu ny mm
sm. Thuc c hp th qua r v mm c di ang ny mm hoc c mc. Vn chuyn
trong cy v hn ch s pht trin ca nh sinh trng v chp r c. Ngoi ra, Cinmethylin
cn c hiu lc tr bnh o n Pyricularia oryzae hi la. Thuc thng c hn hp vi mt
s thuc tr c l rng khc.
3.10. Nhm dn xut ca Acid propionic: Km hm hot ng ca acetyl CoA
carboxylase. Tnh chn lc ph thuc s chuyn ho khc nhau trong la v c. Tr c hi la.
Tnh mn cm ca c lng vc ph thuc vo ca s chuyn ho nhanh ca dng este thnh dng
axit hot ho. Vit Nam, hot cht Cyhalofop -butyl c khuyn co tr c ho tho (sau
mc) cho la gieo thng.
3.11. Nhm Dione: i din l Indanofan. Tr c tin v hu na mm trn la cy (
lng vc, ci lc v nhiu c ho tho khc) v tr c tin ny mm cho bi c, cho la m,
mch.
3.12. Nhm Isoxazole:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Isxaflutole. Chuyn ho nhanh trong cy; trong t m
vng isoxazol to mt diketonitril, tc ng n nhiu loi, km hm men p-hydroxyphenyl
pyruvat dioxigenase. Men ny bin i p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvat n ng th, mt bc ch
yu trong qu trnh sinh tng hp plastoquinon. Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp carotenoid,
lm tng bin vng b phn mi pht trin. Thuc tr c ni hp, khng vn chuyn c ln l
v r. Tr c l rng trn ng, ma, trc ny mm v trc khi trng. m rng ph tc ng,
c th hn hp vi cc thuc tr c khc.


3.13. Nhm Oxazolidinedione:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Pentoxazone. Km hm s oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen. Km hm men thu phn s hon i ca protoporphyrinogen IX n
protoporphyrin IX trong qu trnh sinh tng hp dip lc ca cy. Thuc tr c tin v hu ny
mm sm, tr c lng vc, ui phng trn la.
3.14. Nhm Isoxazolidinon: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Clomazone. Km hm
sinh tng hp carotenoit. Thuc tr c chn lc, xm nhp nhanh qua r v chi, vn chuyn ln
trn. C vn mc nhng khng c sc t. Tr c l rng v cc loi c ph bin trn u tng,
u, ng, ma, thuc l. X l tin ny mm hay ngay trc khi trng. L cc loi cy mn cm,
khi tip xc vi nc thuc hoc hi thuc d b mt mu l. C th hn hp vi cc thuc tr
c khc.
3.15. Nhm Phenyl urea: i din l Methyldymron. Km hm phn chia t bo. Thuc
tr c chn lc, xm nhp ch yu qua r, vn chuyn n min sinh trng. X l tin n hu
ny mm sm tr c ci lc v mt s c ho tho trn bi c.
3.16. Nhm Phosphoroamidate: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Butamifos. Km hm
s lp rp vi ng. Thuc tr c ni hp, tip xc, khng chn lc. Dng trc khi mc mm.
Tr c hng nm, c bit c ho tho trn u, la, rau.
3.17. Nhm Phosphorodithioate: Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din Bensulide: Km hm
sinh tng hp lipid, nhng khng km hm men ACCase. Thuc tr c tin ny mm, chn lc,
xm nhp qua b mt r; mt lng nh xm nhp qua chi. Bn thn Bensulide khng vn
chuyn n l, nhng cc cht chuyn ho li c chuyn n l. Tc ng bng cch km hm
s ny mm.
3.18. Nhm Phthalamate: i din l Naptalam. Km hm s vn chuyn acid
indolylacetic. Thuc tr c chn lc, xm nhp ch yu qua r, mt phn qua l v tch lu
min sinh trng. Km hm ht ny mm. Thuc tr c l rng v mt s c l hp tin ny mm
trn bu b, da chut, u , lc, cc cy cnh thn g.
3.19. Nhm Pyridine: i din l Dithiopyr. Km hm phn chia t bo bng cch ph v
s hnh thnh cc ng nh mc thng. Thuc tr c tin ny mm. Dng tr c tin v hu ny
mm sm cho c ho tho hng nm v c l rng.
3.20. Nhm Pyridinon: i din l Fluridone. Lm gim sinh tng hp carotenoid bng
cch km hm phytoen bo ho, ph hu dip lc v km hm quang hp. Thuc tr c ni hp,
chn lc. Cy trong nc, xm nhp qua l v r; cy trng cn xm nhp ch yu qua r v vn
chuyn ln l. Nng dng cho cy di nc : 45-90ppb; ti a 150ppb.
3.21. Nhm Pyrimidione: i din l Butafenacil. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen . Thuc tr c tip xc khng chn lc, xm nhp qua l. Vn chuyn ch
trong l. Tr nhiu c l rng hng nm v lu nm trn cy n qa, cy cnh v t khng trng trt.
3.22. Nhm Pyrrolidinon
i din l Flurocloridone. Km hm sinh tng hp carotenoid ( cht loi tr dip lc
trong qu trnh quang oxi ho) bng cch km hm men bo ho phytoen. Thuc tr c chn lc,
xm nhp qua r, thn v bao l mm. Tr nhiu c l rng, tin ny mm cho ng cc, khoai
ty, hng dng.


3.23. Nhm Semi Carbamate: i din l Diflufenzopyr. Km hm s vn chuyn
auxin, bng cch bao vy s vn chuyn protin trn mng t bo. Khi hn hp vi Dicamba,
vn chuyn trc tip Dicamba n cc im sinh trng, lm tng hiu lc tr c l rng. Thuc
tr c ni hp, hu ny mm. Cc cy l rng mn cm b cong trong vi gi; c mn cm b cn
ci. Tr c hu ny mm vi c l rng hng nm v c l hp lu nm trn ng, bi c rng v
t khng trng trt. Trong thng mi thng c hn hp vi Dicamba. C hai u dng
dng mui natri.
3.24. Nhm Striketone:
i din l Sucotrione. Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Xm
nhp ch yu qua l, mt phn qua r. Tr c l rng v ho tho, hu ny mm cho ng ma.
3.25. Nhm Tetrazolinon :
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Fentrazamide. Km hm s chuyn ho axit bo. Km
hm s phn chia t bo r v chp r, lm ngng s sinh trng, thn cy b vn vo, cc m
ko di. Thuc tr c lng vc, cc loi c ho tho v ci lc hng nm trn la gieo thng v
l cy t trc khi c ny mm n khi c c 3 l tht.
3.26. Nhm Thiadiazole:
Nhm thuc tr c nh, i din l Fluthiacet-methyl. Km hm men oxi ho
protoporphyrinogen, lm tch lu protoporphyrin, lm tng peroxi ho cht bo ca mng, ph
hu cu trc mng v chc nng si. Tr c l rng, hu ny mm cho ng, u tng.
3.27. Nhm Triketone:
i din l Mesotrione. Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, cui
cng tc ng n sinh tng hp carotenoid. Xm nhp qua r v l; dch chuyn c hng gc
v ln ngn. Lm trng l v cht hoi min sinh trng. Tr c l rng tin ny mm.
4. CC THUC KHC KHNG R NHM:
Acrolein: Phn ng vi nhm cc men c gc sulfuhydryl. Thuc tr c tip xc, ph v
vch t bo. Thuc tr c nc knh mng. Phun trn mt nc, nng 1-15mg/l.
AKH-7088: Thuc tr c l rng, hu ny mm cho cy trng cn .
Benzobicyclon: Km hm men p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase. Thuc tr c
chn lc, xm nhp qua r v thn c; vn chuyn ton cy, gy mt mu l non. Tr c hng
nm v lu nm, tin n hu ny mm sm trn la gieo thng v la cy.
Bromobutide: Thuc tr c chn lc cho la; hiu lc chng ci lc, c ho tho, c l
rng trn la nc; cng c hiu lc tr c trn la cn.
Etobenzanid: Tr c tin v hu ny mm cho la.
Oxaziclomefon: Cht km hm sinh trng mi, km hm ko di t bo, nhng cha xc
nh c i tng. Cy b trng c, l v chi b a vng, hi , cht hoi, ri cht. Tr
c lng vc, ci lc v mt s c l rng trn la; trc ny mm.


BNG 7. TNG HP PHNG THC TC NG CA THUC TR C
(Trch t Herbicide Resistance Action Commitee Clasification of Herbicides by Mode Action.)
Nhm Phng thc tc ng Tn nhm thuc Nhm
WSSA*
A Km hm acetyl CoA
carboxylase ACCase
Aryloxyphenoxy propionates
Cyclohexanediones

1

E
Km hm acetolactat syn thase
(ALS)( acetohydroxyacidsynthase
(AHAS))
Sulfonylureas
Imidazolinones
Triazolopyrimidines
Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates

2

C1

Km hm h quang hp II
1,3,5-Triazines, Triazinones
Uracils, Pyridazinone
Phenyl carbamates

5
C2 Km hm h quang hp II Phenylureas, Amide 7
C3 Km hm h quang hp II Nitriles, Benzothiadiazole
Phenyl pyridazine
6
D Sai lch in t h quang hp I Bipydyliums 22

E

Km hm protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (PPO)
Diphenyl ethers,
N-Phenylphthalimides
Thiadiazoles, Oxadiazoles
Triazolinones

14

F1
Ty trng: Km hm sinh tng hp
carotenoide ti men phytoene
desaturase (PDS)
Pyridazinones,
Nicotinanilides,
Cc loi khc

12

F2
Ty trng: Km hm men 4-
hydroxyphenyl pyruvate
dioxygenase (4-HPPD)
Triketones,
Isoxazole,
Pyrazole

28
Triazoles 11 F3 Ty trng: Km hm sinh tng hp
Carotenoid (khng r i tng) Isoxazolidinone, Phenylurea 13
G Km hm sinh tng hp EPSP Glycines 9
H Km hm sinh tng hp glutamine Phosphinic acids 10
I Km hm men dihydropterate
synthase (DHP)
Carbamates 18

K1

Micrptubule ases
Dinitroanilines,
Phosphoroamidates
Pyridazines, Benzoic acid

5
K2 Km hm gin phn Carbamates, Benzylethers 23

K3

Km hm phn chia t bo
Chloroacetanilides,
Carbamates, Acetamides
Benzamides,Oxyacetasmides

15
Nitriles 20 L Km hm sinh tng hp vch t bo
(cellulose) Benzamides 21
M Khng cp i (ri lon mng) Dinitrophenol 24
Thiocarbamates,


N Km hm sinh tng hp lipid,
nhng khng km hm ACCase
Phosphorodithioates,
Benzofurans,
Chloro-carbonic acids
8

C

Sinh tng hp auxins
Phenoxy alkanoic acids
Benzoic acids
Pyridinecarboxylic acids
Quinoline carboxylic acids

4
P Km hm tc ng indolacetic acid Phthalamates 19
Arylaminopropionic acids 25
Cc asen hu c 17

Z

Cha bit
Cc loi khc 27 & 8
Ghi ch: WSSA: Phn loi ca Hip hi Khoa hc c di M (Weed Science Society of
America)

CU HI N TP:
1/ Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc tr c : nh ngha, phn loi v phng thc s dng?
2/ c im chung ca cc nhm thuc tr c : acid alkanoic halogen ho, acid photphinic, acid
quinolinecaboxylic, anilide , aryloxyphenoxy propionate, auxin tng hp, benzamide,
bipyridylium , chloroacetamide, cineol, cyclohexanedione oxime, dn xut glycin, dinitroanilin,
diphenyl ether, oxadiazol, oxyacetamide, pyrimidinyl -oxybenzoic, sulfonylurea, thiocacbamat,
1.3.5. triazin, urea?


CHNG XI
CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG CY TRNG
Cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt (Plant growth regulator - PGR) cn c gi l cht/thuc kch
thch sinh trng cy trng. nng thch hp, cc hp cht ny kch thch cy sinh trng v pht
trin, tng t l ny mm, tng sc sng ca mm, gip cy nhanh ra r, l, hoa, qu, rt ngn thi gian
sinh trng... , tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn. nng cao thuc d gy hi cho thc vt.
Thuc t c vi ng vt c v, mi sinh v mi trng.
Trong mt s nm gn y, Vit nam, mt s cht kch thch sinh trng c s dng n (
kch thch cy trng) hay gia cng thnh cc loi phn bn l.
Mun s dng cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng c hiu qu cn:
-Cc cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng ch pht huy c tc dng trn c s c cht dinh
dng. V vy, mun cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng mun t c hiu qu ti u, cy trng cn
c cung cp dinh dng.
-Khng nn lm dng cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng v khi s dng qu mc c th gy
thoi ho ging, hoc lm tng sinh khi nhng gim cht lng nng sn. Nn nh, cht kch thch sinh
trng khng th thay th cc loi phn bn.
Nhm thuc kch thch sinh trng cy trng gm mt s nhm nh sau:
1. NHM PURIN: i din l cc Cytokinin, cc hoocmon thc vt, kch thch qu trnh phn
bo; lm tng sinh trng cy. Ngoi ra cng vi cc auxin khc v gibberellin, tham gia iu
tit cc qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng nh m chi, tr hoa, to qu, lm cng l, lm chm
qu trnh gi ca cc b phn x l. Thuc cn c tc dng tr tuyn trng.
2. NHM ETYLEN: i din l Ethephon. iu khin sinh trng cy trng mang tnh ni
hp. Thm vo m cy, phn hu thnh etylen. Thc y s chn trc thu hoch ca cc loi
cy n qu, c chua; tng u qu c ph, to, nho, mn, cam chanh, chui, xoi...; thc y tri
cy thu hoch mau chn; gim dai d thu hoch; tng kh nng u qu v ra chi ...
Khng hn hp vi cc cht c tnh kim v thuc tr bnh cha kim loi (st, km, mangan).
3. NHM CC HP CHT GIBBELLERIN: iu khin sinh trng cy nng rt thp.
Di chuyn trong cy v ch tc ng n cc b phn trn mt t. X dng nhiu mc ch: tng
u qu, tha chm qu v tng kch c qu nho, km hm chn (km hm s xut hin sc t
vng trn cam chanh), kch thch la pht trin v tr u; lm tng chiu cao hay lm ln cy
(tu nng s dng), ph v trng thi ng v thc mm khoai ty, tng nng sut nhiu cy
trng. Lm p cy cnh, hoa. Khng hn hp vi cc cht cha kim v dung dch c ion Cl
-
.
Vit Nam, thuc c ng k kch thch sinh trng da chut, da hu, u, rau ci, bp
ci, la. Gibberellic acid cn c hn hp vi cc cht khc to cc sn phm kch thch
sinh trng cy.
4. NHM AMONI BC BN: i din l Chlormequat chloride ( km hm ko di t bo,
cy thp, cng thn; tng pht trin r, lm tng dip lc, tng lm tng s phn nhnh, ra hoa v
n hoa; chng rng ht v lm tng nng sut ca cy) v Mepiquat chloride ( xm nhp v
vn chuyn khp cy, km hm sinh tng hp acit gibberelli)c. Dng lm gim sinh trng dinh
dng ca bng v lm qu chn sm; km hm m chi ca hnh, ti.
5. NHM AUXIN TNG HP: Gm cc cht 2-(1- naphthyl) acetamide: Km hm to lp
tch cung qu, nn c dng ngn rng qu non ca to, l , anh o. Acid N-
phenylphthalamic: Ko di thi gian sng ca phn hoa, ci thin iu kin th phn, tng u
qu v ci thin nng sut ca c chua, h tiu, u, u tng, rau khc, hng dng, nho v


cc loi cy n qu. Acid 2- napthyloxyacetic: nng thp, thc y to r v ko di r;
nng cao km hm sinh trng cy. Dng kch thch s to r cho nhng cy thn g,
thn tho v nho; ngn ra hoa sm, rng qu cho l, to, nho, i, xoi, cy c mi, c tm, da
chut, bng, u nnh v.v... tng u qu, lm mng v qu to, l, cy c mi, thc y da
ra hoa. Vit nam, thuc c dng n hoc hn hp vi cc cht kch thch sinh trng
khc. C th pha trn vi cc nguyn t vi lng, va lm phn bn l v sn phm kch thch
sinh trng cho cy. Acid 4 - indol -3-ylbutyric: tc ng n s phn chia v ko di t bo.
6. NHM DINITROANILINE: i din l Butralin ngn cn sinh trng ca chi, nhnh v
chi r; km hm s sp xp ng mm. Ngn cn m chi thuc l. Thuc c hiu lc dit c (
tr c chn lc, thm qua r, mm ht, vn chuyn hng ngn chm).
7. NHM HN HP CC NITROPHENOL: i din l mt thng phm Atonik gm 3
cht: sodium-5-nitroguaiacolate; sodium- o- nitrophenolat v sodium- p- nitrophenolat.
Kch thch hot tnh ca endoauxin (iu khin qu trnh oxi ho ca acid indol-3-acetic acid) v
hot tnh cc men trong qu trnh chuyn ho khong cht. Dng kch thch sinh trng, lm
tng s huy ng dinh dng trong cy bng, la v u tng liu 2l/ha.
8. NHM TRIAZOLE / AZOLE: i din l Paclobutrazol: Km hm sinh tng hp
gibberellin v sterol, tc ng n phn chia t bo. Xm nhp qua l, thn, r vo m g v dch
chuyn n vng phn sinh, lm cy rn chc li, thc cy tng n hoa v u qu. c dng
trn cy n qu km hm sinh trng dinh dng v tng u qu, nh dng cy cnh v cy
hoa. Lm tng nhnh hu hiu ca la, hn ch lp v tng nng sut; km hm s pht
trin cc bi c, c gieo pht trin ng u. Dng phun ln l, ti hay bm vo t. Cn
c hiu lc chng nm phn trng v g st. C th gy vt m trn l khi nhit cao.
9. NHM PHENYLUREA: i din l Thiadiazuron: tng hot tnh ca cytokinin, mt
hoocmon thc vt. Xm nhp qua l, kch thch s to thnh lp tch gia thn v cung l, gy
rng l xanh.
10. NHM VITAMIN : i din l ATCA . Lm tng hot ng ca t bo. Hn hp vi acid
foric lm cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng. Vit nam, hn hp ATCA (axit N-axetyl
thiazolidin -4 -cacboxilic) 5% vi acid folic 0,1% lm cht kch thch sinh trng cho la.
11. PYRIMIDINYL CARBINOL: i din l Ancymidol: Km hm sinh tng hp gibberellin.
Xm nhp qua l v r, vn chuyn trong b libe. Km hm ko di lng cy chc hn. Dng
trong nh knh hay phun ln cy hoc x l t rt hiu qu. Khi phun ln cy dng nng 6-
66ppm; trn khay ging 3 -33 ppm; ra hoa 20-50ppm.
12. CC CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG KHC:
Carvone: Km hm khoai ty ny mm v chng mt s bnh trong bo qun khoai ty
nh vy bc Helminthosporium solani, thi kh Fusarium sulfureum.
Chlorflurenol methyl: 1964. Km hm auxin. iu ho sinh trng v tr c. Xm nhp
qua l v r; vn chuyn hng ngn v gc, mm; bi tit vo t v lm r n ln trn t.
Dng lm chm sinh trng.
Clofencet: Thuc ni hp. Km hm to phn hoa.
Cloprop: Xm nhp qua l nhng chm vn chuyn. Km hm sinh trng chi da
tng kch thc v trng lng qu, chi v cy, lm qu chn chm. Lm mng v qu.


4-CPA: Ci thin s ra qu ca c chua( 15-30ppm) v km hm s to nhnh ca u
xanh. Qu mng v.
Cyclanilide: Km hm s vn chuyn cc auxin phn cc. Dng iu khin sinh
trng bng. Hn hp vi ethephon dng cui v bng n tt hn, lm rng l, km hm bng
ra l cui.
Daminozide: Km hm sinh tng hp acid gibberellic. Thm qua l v vn chuyn trong
cy. Km hm ra lng ca cc, chi t hng... v cc cy cnh khc.
n-Decanol: Tc dng tip xc. Dng n hay hn hp vi cc cn bo dit mm ca
c chua.
Dikegulac: Xm nhp qua l v vn chuyn trong cy. Dng mui natri c dng
gim u th tri nh, gim s ra cnh v ra hoa ca cy kh,
Ethychlozate: Tc ng ging mt auxin, kch thch s sn sinh ethylen, to lp tch
nhng qu non. Vn chuyn ngay trong r v lm tng hot tnh ca r. Dng cho qu v mng,
lm tng mu sc v, ci thin cht lng ca cam chanh, c bit nh quit.
Flumetralin: iu khin sinh trng vi tc ng ni hp b phn. Kim sot s pht
trin chi thuc l.
Inabenfid: Km hm sinh tng hp gibberellin. Cht iu ho sinh trng vi tc ng
lm ngn lng gc v phin l trn, chng la b bng cch phun ln b mt t.
Prohexadione-calcium: Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp 3-hydroxyl ha ca GA20 v
GA1 trong gibbrellin. Do gim gibbrellin nn lm chm s sinh trng ca cy. Phun ln l v
thm trong m xanh, vn chuyn trong cy hng gc cng tt nh hng ngn. c dng
chng rng ht ng cc, lng 0.075-0.1kg/ha; cng c th lm chm s sinh trng ca c, lm
chm ko di cnh mi ca cy n qu, lc, hoa.
Sodium-5-nitroguaiacolate,Sodium-O-nitrophenolate,Sodium-P-nitrophe-nolate: Lm
tng kh nng ra r, tng sinh trng, tng cht lng v nng sut nng sn.
Tribufos: Cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt, xm nhp qua l. Kch thch s to m
tch gia thn v cung l, gy rng l xanh; lm rng l bng d thu hoch.
Trinexapac-ethyl : Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp 3-hydroxyl ha ca GA20 v GA1
trong gibbrellin. Mc gim gibbrellin lm chm s sinh trng ca cy. Cht iu ho sinh
trng thc vt, lm gim s sinh trng ca cy, bng cch km hm ko di lng thn. Thm
qua l v vn chuyn ngn. Dng chng rng ht ca ng cc v c du, dng cho thm c
pht trin u; lm chm s chn v chng to bc cho ma.
Uniconazole: Km hm qu trnh sinh tng hp gibbrellin. Cht iu ho sinh trng
thc vt, thm qua thn v r, vn chuyn qua b mch n cc im sinh trng. Dng gim
rng ht la, lm chm sinh trng ca rau, s ra hoa ca cy cnh; gim sinh trng sinh thc
ca cy d ta cy.

CU HI N TP :
Vic s dng cc cht kch thch sinh trng trong nng nghip c khc g vi cc nhm thuc
BVTV khc? ( phm vi; ch ).


TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

1. A.S.Perry, I. Yamamoto, I. Ishaaya, R. Perry (1998): Insecticides in Agriculture and
Environment- Retropspects and Prospects. Published by Springer. Berlin, Newyork, London,
Tokyo, Singapore...
2. A.W.A. Brown (1977): Ecology of Pesticides. A Wiley Interscience Publication John
wiley & Sons. New york. Chichester . Brisbane . Toronto
3. C.D.S. Tomlin (A world compendium, 2000): The Pesticide Manual . Twelfth edition.
The British Crop Protection Council. London (UK).
4. C.D.S. Tomlin (A world compendium, 2003): The Pesticide Manual . Thirteenth
edition Published by The British Crop Protection Council. London (UK).
5. D.A. Knowles (1998): Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical formulations.
Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherland.
6. FAO- Plant production and protection (2000)- Manual on the Development and Use of
FAO specifications for plant protection products. Fifth edition, including the new produces.
Rome.
7. FAO/WHO/ OMS- Food standards programme (2000)- Codex Alimentarius. Vol. 2B.
Rome.
8. FAO/ UNEP (2004): PIC Circular XIX, June 2004. Secretariat for the Rotterdam
Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Produce for Certain Hazardoux Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade.
9. Farm Chemical Handbook ( from 1981 to 2002): Global guide to crop protection.
Meister publishing Co. USA.
10. H.G. Hewitt (1998): Fungicides in crop protection - CAB International. Wallingford
(UK), Newyork (USA).
11. Jan H. Oudejans ( at request of ESCAP secretariat ,1991): Agro-Pesticides Properties
and Funtions in Integrated crop protection. Bangkok.
12. Koz0 Ishizuka (1996): Selectivity and Mode of action of Herbicides International
Traing course in the Asian tropical weed management- At Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng
Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Oct. 13
th
Nov. 9
th
. 1996.
13. L Trng, Nguyn Trn Onh, o Trng nh (2005) : T in s dng thuc bo
v thc vt Vit nam. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
14. L.G. Copping (A world compendium, 2001): The Biopesticide Manual. Second
Edition. Published by The British Crop Protection Council. London (UK).
15. Nguyn Trn Onh (1988): Nhng hiu bit c bn v cc cht c dng trong nng
nghip (Gio trnh i hc Nng nghip I H Ni). Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
16. Nguyn Trn Onh (1997): Ho hc Bo v thc vt. (Gio trnh cao hc Nng
nghip - Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip): Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
17. Phm Vn Bin, Bi Cch Tuyn, Nguyn Mnh Chinh (2000): Cm nang thuc bo
v thc vt. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, TP. H Ch Minh.
18. T in Bch khoa Bo v thc vt (1996). Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.


MC LC
Tn mc Trang

LI NI U 1

M u: VAI TR CA BIN PHP HO HC BO V THC VT TRONG
SN XUT NNG NGHIP; LCH S PHT TRIN, XU HNG V
TNH HNH S DNG THUC BVTV TRN TH GII V VIT NAM 2
1.Vai tr v ngha ca bin php ha hc bo v thc vt trong sn xut nng nghip:
2
2. Lch s pht trin ca bin php ho hc, tnh hnh sn xut v s dng thuc
bo v thc vt trn th gii v vit nam:
3
Phn A: NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V
THC VT QUN L V S DNG 6
Chng I: C S C CHT HC NNG NGHIP 6
1. Khi nim chung v cht c 6
2. Yu cu cht c dng trong nng nghip 9
3. Phn loi thuc bo v thc vt 10
Chng II: C S SINH L, SINH THI HC CA THUC BO V
THC VT TRONG PHNG TR DCH HI 12
1. iu kin ca mt loi thuc c th gy c cho sinh vt: 12
2. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c: 15
3. Nhng nhn t lin quan n tnh c ca thuc bo v thc vt 16
Chng III: THUC BO V THC VT, MI TRNG & HU QU
XU CA CHNG GY RA CHO MI SINH. 26
1.Tc ng ca thuc n mi trng v con ng mt i ca thuc 26
2.Thuc bo v thc vt v mi trng sng: 28
3. Hu qu do thuc bo v thc vt gy ra cho qun th sinh vt 33
Chng IV: CC DNG THUC BO V THC VT V PHNG PHP
S DNG 48
1.Cc dng thuc bo v thc vt 48
2. cc phng php s dng thuc bo v thc vt 67
3. Hn hp thuc bo v thc vt 72


Chng V: BO M AN TON V T HIU QU CAO TRONG
S DNG THUC BO V THC VT 74
1. An ton v hiu qu l hai mc tiu khng th tch ri trong vic s dng thuc
bo v thc vt ca ngi nng dn. 74
2. Ni dung k thut ca nguyn tc " bn ng" trong vic dng thuc Bo v thc vt : 75
Chng VI: MT S QUI NH CA NH NC V QUN L THUC BO V
THC VT NHM BO M TNH AN TON V HIU QU TRONG LU
THNG V S DNG THUC BO V THC VT NC TA. 85
1.Yu cu phi qun l thuc Bo v thc vt 85
2. Mt s quy nh ca php lut m ngi sn xut, kinh doanh v nng dn s dng
thuc Bo v thc vt cng phi nghim chnh thc hin 85
3. Khi nim v cc nhm thuc cm s dng, c php s dng, hn ch s dng
v thuc ngoi danh mc Vit nam 87
4. Mt s qui nh c th phi tun theo 88
Phn B: CC THUC BO V THC VT 90
Chng VII: THUC TR SU V CC NG VT GY HI KHC 90
1. Thuc tr su 90
2.Thuc tr nhn: 114
3. Thuc tr cc loi nhuyn th 116
4. Thuc tr tuyn trng 117
5.Thuc tr chut 118
6. Thuc tr chim 122
Chng VIII: THUC TR BNH 123
1. Nhm thuc cha thu ngn 124
2. Nhm thuc cha ng 124
3. Nhm thuc lu hunh v c 125
4. Cc thuc tr bnh sinh hc 125
5. Nhm Alkyllenbisdithiocarbamat 128
6. Nhm Analin pyrimidine 128
7. Nhm Aromatic hydrocarbon 129
8. Nhm benzimidazol 129
9. Nhm Carboxamid 129
10. Nhm Cinnamic acid 129
11. Nhm Cyano acetamide oxime 129
12. Nhm Dn xut ca axit cacbamic 129
13. Nhm Dicarboximide 130
14. Nhm Dimethyl dithiocarbamate 130


15. Nhm Guanidin 130
16. Nhm Imidazole 130
17. Nhm men kh (Reductase) 130
18. Nhm Men kh nc (Dehdratase) 130
19. Nhm Morpholin 131
20. Nhm Phenyl amid acylalanine 131
21. Nhm Phthalmide 131
22. Nhm Pyrimidiamine 131
23. Nhm Quinone 131
24. Nhm Strobin 132
25. Nhm Strobulin dihdrodioxazin 132
26. Nhm Thuc tr nm ln hu c: C 2 nhm nh 132
27-Nhm thuc tr nm Triazole 132
28.Cc thuc tr Bnh khc 132
Chng IX: THUC XNG HI 138
1. Nhng hiu bit chung 138
2. Nhng thuc xng hi thng dng 139
Chng X: THUC TR C 142
1. Cc nhm c trn 3 loi thuc tr c : 143
2. Cc nhm c 2 thuc tr c i din: 148
3. Cc nhm mi c 1 thuc tr c i din 151
4. Cc thuc khc khng r nhm: 154
Chng XI: CHT IU KHIN SINH TRNG CY TRNG 156
1. Nhm purin 156
2. Nhm Etylen 156
3. Nhm cc hp cht gibbellerin 156
4. Nhm amoni bc bn 156
5. Nhm auxin tng hp 156
6. Nhm Dinitroaniline 157
7. Nhm Hn hp cc nitrophenol 157
8. Nhm triazole / azole 157
9. Nhm Phenylurea 157
10. Nhm Vitamin 157
11. Pyrimidinyl carbinol 157
12. Cc cht iu khin sinh trng khc 157

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