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B gio dc v o to

B nng nghip v ptnt


Trng i hc Lm nghip
-- --

Phan Vn Thng

Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s yu t
hon cnh n sinh trng ca tho qu
(Amomum aromaticum Roxb.)
ti x San S H huyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai

Lun vn thc s khoa hc lm nghip

Hng dn khoa hc :
PGS.TS. Vng Vn Qunh

-H Ty 2002-

GII THIEU VE TAI LIEU


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Chng 1

t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, vai tr ca rng ngy cng c nhn thc r
hn bao gi ht. Rng cung cp g v lm c sn qu phc v cho nhu cu
cuc sng ca hng triu ng bo min ni. Rng l ni nui dng ngun
nc, bo v t chng xi mn, lm sch mi trng v mang gi tr vn ho,
tinh thn. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, s bng n ca dn s
th gii, rng ngy cng b thu hp v din tch, gim st v cht lng. Nguyn
nhn ch yu ca mt rng l s can thip thiu hiu bit ca con ngi. Vi
iu kin sng ngho i ngi ta khai thc rng mt cch qu kh nng phc
hi ca n. Ngoi ra, cng c nhng nguyn nhn lin quan ti tnh khng hp
l ca cc bin php k thut lm sinh hoc nhng bin php v kinh t x hi
thiu khoa hc lm gia tng nhng tc ng tiu cc n rng.
Nhiu nghin cu gn y ch ra rng mt trong nhng gii php tt
nht cho bo v v pht trin rng l kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g. N cho php
to c ngun thu nhp kinh t n nh cho ngi dn min ni trong khi vn
bo v v pht trin c rng. Kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g ang nhn c s
hng ng tch cc ca ngi dn min ni.
Tho qu l loi cy cho lm sn ngoi g c thn tho, sng lu nm di
tn rng. Chiu cao trung bnh c th t n 2-3m. Ht tho qu c dng lm
dc liu v thc phm c gi tr. Trong nhng nm gn y tho qu c
xut khu ra nc ngoi vi sn lng hng trm tn mi nm. N tr thnh
ngun thu nhp quan trng ca nhiu h gia nh vng cao cc tnh Lo Cai,
Yn Bi, H Giang.
Tho qu cng l loi cy ch c th sinh trng, pht trin v cho nng
sut cao khi sng di tn rng. Do , trng v pht trin tho qu i hi
ngi dn phi bo v v pht trin rng. V vy, tho qu c nh gi nh
mt yu t quan trng va gp phn pht trin kinh t x hi vng cao, va gp
phn bo v v pht trin rng. Vi nhn thc trn, Nh nc c ch trng
khuyn khch cc a phng gy trng tho qu. Nh nc khng ch tuyn

truyn v gi tr kinh t v sinh thi ca tho qu, m cn quy hoch vng sn


xut tho qu, xy dng cc m hnh trnh din, cho vay vn gy trng v cho
php xut khu tho qu v.v...
Tuy nhin, do cha hiu bit y v c im sinh thi ca tho qu
m vic gy trng v pht trin loi cy ny ang gp khng t kh khn. Trong
mt s trng hp, do gy trng trn iu kin lp a khng thch hp ngi ta
lm gim sinh trng v nng sut ca tho qu. Trong mt s trng hp
khc ngi ta li m tn rng mt cch qu mc. iu ny va lm gim nng
sut ca tho qu, va lm gim kh nng phng h ca rng.
gp phn gii quyt tn ti trn chng ti thc hin ti "Nghin cu
nh hng ca mt s yu t hon cnh ti sinh trng tho qu (Amomum
aromaticum Roxb.) ti x San S H huyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai", hng vo
tm hiu nh hng ca mt s yu t hon cnh n sinh trng v trn c s
xut nhng gii php lm sinh nhm nng cao nng sut ca tho qu x
San S H huyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai - mt trong nhng a phng nm trong
vng quy hoch pht trin tho qu hin nay.

Chng 2

Lc s cc Kt qu nghin cu lin quan n


lnh vc ca ti
2.1. Nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g
2. 1.1. Th gii
a) Khi nim v lm sn ngoi g
Trc y, ngi ta coi g l sn phm chnh ca rng, cn cc lm sn
khc nh song, my, du, nha, si, lng thc, thc phm, dc liu v.v... do
c khi lng nh li t c khai thc, nn thng coi l sn phm ph ca
rng. Ngi ta gi chng l lm sn ph (minor forest products) hoc c sn
rng (special forest products). Trong nhng thp k gn y, rng b tn ph
mnh, g tr nn him v s dng t dn, nhiu nguyn liu khc nh kim loi v
cc cht tng hp dn dn thay th g trong cng nghip v cc ngnh khc.
Trong khi cc "Lm sn ph" c s dng ngy cng nhiu hn v vi
nhng chc nng a dng hn. Mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy nu c
qun l tt th ngun li t Lm sn ph hon ton khng nh, i khi cn ln
hn c g. V vy, khng nh vai tr ca cc "Lm sn ph" ngi ta s
dng mt thut ng mi thay cho n l " Lm sn ngoi g" ("Non- timber forest
products" hay "Non-wood forest products").
Cc nh khoa hc a ra nhng khi nim khc nhau v lm sn ngoi
g. Theo Jenne.H. de Beer (1992[45]) Lm sn ngoi g c hiu l ton b
ng vt, thc vt v nhng sn phm khc ngoi g ca rng c con ngi
khai thc v s dng. Nm 1994, trong hi ngh cc chuyn gia lm sn ngoi
g ca cc nc vng Chu - Thi Bnh Dng hp ti Bangkok, Thi Lan
thng qua khi nim v lm sn ngoi g nh nh sau: " Lm sn ngoi g bao
gm tt c cc sn phm c th, c th ti to, ngoi g, ci v than. Lm sn
ngoi g c khai thc t rng, t rng hoc t cc cy thn g. V vy, cc
sn phm nh ct, , nc, du lch sinh thi khng phi l cc lm sn ngoi
g". c mt khi nim chung v thng nht, hi ngh do t chc Nng lng

th gii t chc vo thng 6/1999 a ra khi nim v lm sn ngoi g nh


sau: "Lm sn ngoi g bao gm nhng sn phm c ngun gc sinh vt, khc
g, c khai thc t rng, t c rng v cc cy thn g".
Sau nhiu nm nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g Jenne.H. de Beer
(2000[3]) b sung khi nim lm sn ngoi g. Theo ng " Lm sn ngoi g
bao gm cc nguyn liu c ngun gc sinh vt, khng phi l g, c khai
thc t rng phc v con ngi. Chng bao gm thc phm, thuc, gia v, tinh
du, nha, nha m, ta nanh, thuc nhum, cy cnh, ng vt hoang d (ng
vt sng hay cc sn phm ca chng), ci v cc nguyn liu th nh tre, na,
my, song, g nh v si". Theo khi nim ny ca Jenne.H. de Beer l n gin,
d s dng nhng khc vi hu ht cc khi nim trc y l ng a ci
vo nhm lm sn ngoi g.
b) Nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g
- V tnh a dng ca lm sn ngoi g:
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng rng nhit i khng ch phong ph v ti
nguyn g m cn a dng v cc loi thc vt cho sn phm ngoi g. Khi
nghin cu s a dng lm sn ngoi g trong phm vi mt bn Thakek,
Khammouan, Lo ngi ta thng k c 306 loi lm sn ngoi g trong
c 223 loi lm thc n (Joost Foppes, 1997[63]). thun tin cho vic nghin
cu C. Chandrasekharan (1995[12]) - mt chuyn gia lm sn ngoi g ca
FAO, chia lm sn ngoi g thnh 4 nhm chnh nh sau:
A. Cy sng v cc b phn ca cy
B. ng vt v cc sn phm ca ng vt
C. Cc sn phm c ch bin (cc gia v, du nha thc vt...)
D. Cc dch v t rng
Mendelsohn (1989[71]) cn c vo gi tr s dng ca lm sn ngoi
g phn thnh 5 nhm: cc sn phm thc vt n c; keo dn v nha;
thuc nhum v ta nanh; cy cho si; cy lm thuc. ng cng cn c vo th
trng tiu th phn lm sn ngoi g thnh 3 nhm: nhm bn trn th
trng, nhm bn a phng v nhm c s dng trc tip bi ngi thu

hoch. Nhm th ba thng chim t trng rt cao nhng li cha tnh c gi


tr. Theo Mendelsohn chnh iu ny lm cho lm sn ngoi g trc y b
lu m v t c ch n.
Cc kt qu nghin cu phc tho mt bc tranh v lm sn ngoi g
trn th gii vi s lng khng l cc ging loi. Chng c dng sng, c
im sinh thi v gi tr s dng v cng a dng. Tnh phong ph ca lm sn
ngoi g c ngha ln trong giai on hin nay. N chng t mt tim nng
ln khng ch cho pht trin kinh t, m cn cho vic xy dng nhng h sinh
thi c tnh n nh v bn vng cao. y cng l c s cho cc nh khoa hc
tin hnh nhng nghin cu y hn v lm sn ngoi g mi khu vc.
- V gi tr ca lm sn ngoi g:
Hu ht mi ngi u tha nhn lm sn ngoi g nh mt yu t quan
trng cho pht trin kinh t x hi min ni. Ghana, lm sn ngoi g c vai
tr cung cp thc phm, thuc cha bnh, vt liu xy dng,v.v... ng thi cng
chim gn 90% ngun thu nhp ca cc h gia nh (Falconer, 1993[49]). Lm
sn ngoi g cng l mt b phn ca rng, nu lm sn ngoi g c s dng
mt cch hp l th n ng vai tr to ln trong qu trnh phc hi v pht trin
rng cc nc ang pht trin. Lm sn ngoi g c cc nh nghin cu coi
nh mt yu t gp phn bo tn rng v pht trin bn vng min ni nhit
i (Clark, 1997; Mendelsohn, 1989[71]). Khi nghin cu lu vc sng Cng
g Cameroon, L.Clark kt lun:" S pht trin ca lm sn ngoi g l mt yu
t ng gp vo s bo tn ca h sinh thi rng". Trong nghin cu ca mnh,
Mendelsohn (1989[71]) cho thy ngi ta c th gp mt m sn phm c
gi tr rt cao. Peter (1989[71]) tm thy nhng khu rng vi 5 loi cy c gi
tr kinh t cao vng Amazon ca Peru. Hng nm chng cho thu nhp t 200 6000 USD/ha. Myers (1980[67]) c lng khong 60% tng sn phm phi g
c tiu th bi ngi a phng v khng bao gi tnh ra tin mt. R rng l
ngi dn a phng t c li ch c bn ca h t nhng khu rng k
cn. i vi nn kinh t ca mt s nc vai tr ca lm sn ngoi g c
khng nh chng hn Thi Lan trong nm 1987 xut khu lm sn ngoi

g t gi tr 23 triu USD, Indonesia cng trong nm t 238 triu USD v


Malaysia trong nm 1986 xut khu hng ho sn xut t lm sn ngoi g t
xp x 11 triu USD (Jenne.H. de Beer,1992[45]).
n (1982) lm sn ngoi g chim gn 40% gi tr lm sn v 60%
gi tr lm sn xut khu. Indonesia (1989) thu 436 triu USD t lm sn ngoi
g (L Qu An, 1999[1]). Lo cng ra mc tiu n nm 2000 c th thu
hi 50% ngun li ca rng khng phi l g (Cu ly tri t, 1993[37]). Trong
mt s trng hp li ch thu c t lm sn ngoi g ln hn nhiu so vi thu
nhp t cc sn phm khc.
Nghin cu v tim nng kinh t ca lm sn ngoi g ng Nam cho
thy c t nht 30 triu ngi ch yu da vo cc sn phm ngoi g, ng gp
cho th trng th gii khong 3 t USD t cc gia dng lm t song my
(Kroekhoen, 1996; De Beer McDermott, 1996[62]). Nhiu nc trn th gii nh
Brazil, Colombia, Equado, Bolivia, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Maylaysia, n ,
Trung Quc v ang nghin cu s dng hp l cc sn phm ngoi g nhm
nng cao i sng ca ngi dn bn a v bo v a dng sinh hc ca cc h
sinh thi rng a phng.
Rng nh mt nh my quan trng i vi x hi v lm sn ngoi g l
mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng nht ca nh my ny
(Mendelsohn,1992). Phn tch vai tr ca lm sn ngoi g vng nhit i tc
gi cn nhn thy ngha c bit ca n vi vic bo tn rng. Bi v vic khai
thc lm sn ngoi g c th lun c thc hin vi s tn hi t nht n rng,
m bo cho rng trng thi nguyn vn t nhin. Bng vic pht trin kinh
doanh sn phm ngoi g, rng t nhin c th c gi gn nguyn vn, trong
khi ngi dn a phng vn c th thu c li ch t cc khu rng ny. Tc
gi khng nh rng, vic kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g s ngy cng c pht
trin nh mt yu t trin vng nht cho qun l rng bn vng, cho gii quyt
vn mi trng v pht trin vng ni nhit i.

Nh vy, cc nghin cu u a ra nhn nh lm sn ngoi g c mt


vai tr to ln, n khng phi l sn phm "Ph", m l mt trong nhng sn
phm chnh ca rng, c ngha n qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi min ni
v gp phn vo bo tn v pht trin rng.
Gn y, nhng pht hin mi v tim nng ca lm sn ngoi g nh kh
nng phc hi nhanh, cho thu hoch sm vi nng sut kinh t cao v n nh,
c kh nng kinh doanh lin tc, ph hp vi quy m h gia nh v c bit l
vic khai thc chng gn nh khng tn hi n rng thc y nhiu nh
khoa hc tham gia vo nghin cu pht trin lm sn ngoi g. Phn ln cc
nghin cu u tp trung cc nc nhit i, ni m tim nng v lm sn
ngoi g phong ph nht, cn vic khai thc g li thng gy tn hi nhiu nht
i vi h sinh thi rng.
- V kin thc bn a:
Hin nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kin thc bn a lin quan
n lm sn ngoi g. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, kin thc bn a v gy
trng, pht trin v s dng lm sn ngoi g ca ngi dn l rt quan trng
trong qu trnh qun l v s dng lm sn ngoi g mt cch hp l. Bi v kin
thc bn a l nhng kt qu nghin cu c c kt v th nghim lu
ngy ca ngi dn trn thc a [69].
Khi nghin cu v kin thc bn a Ghana ca Facolner (1997[49]) v
Lo ca Roost Foppes (1997[63]), tc gi khng nh: kin thc bn a l
nhng kin thc qu bu, c gi tr trong qu trnh gy trng pht trin v s
dng hp l ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g. Tuy nhin, nng cao nng sut v
tnh bn vng trong qu trnh s dng lm sn ngoi g i hi cn c s kt hp
gia kt qu nghin cu khoa hc thc s vi kin thc bn a.
Nm 2000 [69], J. Wong cho rng: cch tip cn c hiu qu nht nh
gi ngun ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g u tin l thu nhn kin thc bn a.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng kin thc bn a c 3 kh khn cung cp thng tin
t mc tin cy trong khoa hc, l: cc thng tin thng chung chung,
khng c th; khi nim loi lm sn ngoi g a phng thng khc vi

khi nim trong sinh vt hc; kin thc bn a mi a phng c khc nhau
v mc p dng khc nhau. V vy, tc gi kt lun : trong nghin cu lm
sn ngoi g kin thc bn a rt quan trng tuy nhin, cn kt hp nghin cu
kin thc bn a vi nghin cu thc a.
Kt qu cc cng trnh nghin cu v kin thc bn a l ch ra tm
quan trng ca n trong qu trnh s dng bn vng lm sn ngoi g. Tuy
nhin, cc kin thc bn a ny c mt s hn ch, c bit l mc tin cy
trong khoa hc. V vy, pht trin cc m hnh lm sn ngoi g cn kt hp
p dng kin thc bn a vi kin thc hin i ca cc lnh vc lin quan.
- V nghin cu k thut trng, khai thc v ch bin lm sn ngoi g
Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca lm sn ngoi g trong chng trnh
pht trin lm nghip, nhiu quc gia, t chc quc t u t nghin cu,
hon thin v h thng bin php k thut nhm pht trin mt s loi lm sn
ngoi g no cho nng sut cao. C nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v gy trng
qu, sa nhn, c du v.v... Cc cng trnh nghin cu u khng nh, trn th
gii c nhiu loi lm sn ngoi g c nghin cu y v h thng.
- V th trng v cc yu t x hi khc lin quan n pht trin lm sn
ngoi g
Mirjam Ros -Tonen v Wim Dijkman (1995[74]) nh gi th trng l
mt yu t cn thit m bo tnh bn vng kinh t ca mt sn phm lm sn
ngoi g. y l mt trong yu t m bo hiu qu, bn vng trong qu trnh
kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g. Nghin cu v th trng lun ng ngha vi pht
trin lm sn ngoi g, l mt mt xch trong qu trnh kinh doanh lm sn ngoi
g. Kt qu nghin cu v th trng lm c s xc nh quy m, c cu cy
trng v tnh n nh ca m hnh kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g ph hp vi tng
khng gian v thi gian c th.
Nhn chung, trong thi gian qua nhng nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g
trn th gii cho thy c tim nng ln lao ca lm sn ngoi g cc
nc nhit i, khng nh vai tr quan trng ca lm sn ngoi g trong i
sng kinh t - x hi nng thn min ni, coi y l mt trong nhng yu t trin

vng nht cho bo tn v pht trin rng, gp phn gii quyt mc tiu qun l
rng bn vng ca cc nc nhit i. Cc nghin cu cng ch ra nhng nguyn
nhn cn tr, nhng ro cn chnh i vi vic qun l hiu qu ti nguyn lm
sn ngoi g nhiu nc l tnh cht t do tip cn ca lm sn ngoi g, th
trng lm sn ngoi g cha hon ho. Ngoi ra, vic thiu nhng thng tin y
lm cho nhiu ngi cha nhn thc y v gi tr ca lm sn ngoi
g, trong c c nhng ngi lp chnh sch.
Cho n nay pht trin lm sn ngoi g c xem l mt trong nhng ni
dung ca chin lc qun l rng bn vng theo hng "Bo tn c khai thc".
Tuy nhin, nhng chnh sch cho pht trin lm sn ngoi g thc s l cha
c ch ng mc. Biu hin ca n mi dng mc nh nc cho php khai
thc lm sn ngoi g hu ht cc loi rng, k c rng phng h, gim thu
vi cc hng ho lm sn ngoi g, tng cng nghin cu nhng kin thc c
lin quan n lm sn ngoi g, tng cng ph cp cho nng dn k thut khai
thc, ch bin v tiu th cc lm sn ngoi g v.v... Ngi ta nhn thy cn
thiu nhng nghin cu y v k thut, chnh sch cho pht trin lm sn
ngoi g, trong c chnh sch s dng ti nguyn, chnh sch qun l cng
ng, chnh sch th trng, chnh sch ngn hng tn dng, chnh sch khoa hc
cng ngh, chnh sch dn tc, chnh sch v gii v.v... c lin quan n pht
trin lm sn ngoi g.
Trong nhng nm gn y, xu hng nghin cu ca th gii l cc
nghin cu nhm pht trin bt k mt sn phm no lun lun phi c nhn
nhn ton din. Mt sn phm c pht trin khng ch c nghin cu y
v yu t k thut m c yu t x hi. V k thut pht trin lm sn ngoi g,
do tnh a dng ca lm sn ngoi g, cc nghin cu k thut v lm sn ngoi
g ch yu tp trung vo mt s loi c gi tr kinh t cao. S loi lm sn ngoi
g khc, kt qu nghin cu k thut ch yu da trn cc kin thc bn a. V
vy, pht trin lm sn ngoi g mt nhu cu cp thit l cn phi c
nghin cu y v k thut i vi mt s loi c gi tr cao nhm pht trin
m rng v tng nng sut.

10

2.1.2. Vit Nam


a) Nhn thc v lm sn ngoi g
Nhn thc c vai tr quan trng ca lm sn ngoi g t nm 1978, nh
nc thnh lp phng nghin cu Lm c sn, v sau pht trin thnh Phn
vin c sn rng v nay l Trung tm Nghin cu Lm c sn thuc Vin
khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam . Theo quyt nh s 639/TCL ngy 27/9/1995
ca B Lm nghip th Trung tm Nghin cu Lm c sn c nhim v chnh l
nghin cu sn xut, gy trng, ci tin v p dng cc k thut khai thc, ch
bin v bo qun lm sn ngoi g. y l c quan u ngnh v lm sn ngoi
g Vit Nam. Trong nhiu nm Trung tm nghin cu, pht hin nhng lm
sn ngoi g c gi tr. Ngoi ra nhng nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g cn c
thc hin mt s c s nghin cu v o to ca ngnh lm nghip, nng
nghip v ngnh khc nh Trng i hc Lm nghip, Vin iu tra Quy
hoch rng, Trng i hc Quc gia H Ni, Trng i hc Dc, Vin Dc
liu, Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit Nam, v.v....
Trc y, xut pht t tnh hnh thc tin, sn phm c gi tr cao c
khai thc t rng c gi l " c sn rng". T nm 1986 cho n nay, vi ch
trng chuyn nn kinh t t bao cp sang c ch th trng, i mi qun l
rng, nhng nhn thc v vai tr ca lm sn ngoi g trong qu trnh xo i,
gim ngho v bo tn rng c nhiu thay i. "Lm sn ph" v " c sn
rng" c gi chung l "Lm sn ngoi g". Trong cun "Tng quan lm sn
ngoi g Vit Nam" cc tc gi V Vn Dng, Hong Hu Nguyn v Trnh
V (2001[12]) a ra khi nim lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam nh sau: " Lm
sn ngoi g l cc sn phm c ngun gc sinh vt ly t rng hoc t rng,
n khng bao gm g, ci, than g v cc sn phm khng c ngun gc sinh
vt. Lm sn ngoi g bao gm cc nhm tre na, my song, cy thuc, cy lm
thc phm, gia v, tinh du, du bo, nha, nha m, ta nanh, thuc nhum, cy
cnh, ng vt hoang d (ng vt sng hay cc sn phm ca chng).v.v..".
Khc vi nh ngha ca J.H. de Beer, Vit Nam cc tc gi khng xp ci
v than g vo lm sn ngoi g trong khi khi nghin cu khu bo tn thin

11

nhin K G, H Tnh, mt s chuyn gia xp ci v than g trong nhm lm


sn ngoi g [28].
b) Nghin cu pht trin lm sn ngoi g
- V a dng lm sn ngoi g v cch phn loi:
Vi vai tr quan trng ca lm sn ngoi g trong thi i hin nay, vic
lm trc tin pht trin chng l cn nghin cu xc nh v phn loi c
ton b lm sn ngoi g, sau tp trung nghin cu mt s loi lm sn ngoi
g c th mnh nc ta. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy lm sn ngoi g
Vit Nam rt phong ph a dng.
T nm 1996 -2000, khi nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g, mt s nh khoa
hc ti Trung tm nghin cu Lm c sn xc nh c danh lc cc loi
lm sn ngoi g, trong c khong 40 loi tre na, 40 loi song my, 60 loi
cy c cha ta nanh, 260 loi cho du v nha, 160 loi cha tinh du, 70 loi
cha cht thm v hng trm loi lm thc n (Trung tm nghin cu Lm c
sn, 2000[36]).
n nm 2000, theo ti liu ca Vin Dc liu, Vit Nam pht hin
c 3830 loi cy lm thuc thuc 1033 chi, 236 h v 101 b, 17 lp, 11
ngnh thc vt. Con s ny ang ngy cng c b sung nhiu hn (Trn Cng
Khnh, 2000[18]). y l nhng cng trnh c ngha quan trng, l c s
pht hin v nh gi tim nng cc loi lm sn ngoi g nc ta, t
xut phng hng pht trin lm sn ngoi g cho tng khu vc mt cch khoa
hc hp l.
Nm 2000[3], H Chu Ch, Trn Quc Tu v Jenne H. de Beer nh
gi v lm sn ngoi g trong cun: " Phn tch phn ngnh lm sn ngoi g
Vit Nam ". Ni dung cng trnh a ra c khi nim, cch phn loi, mt
s vn v nhng hn ch lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam. Cc tc gi thng
k c Vit Nam c 76 loi cho nha thm, 600 loi cho ta nanh, 93 loi cho
cht mu, 160 loi ch cho du, 260 loi cho tinh du v 1498 loi cho cc dc
phm. Tc gi cho rng trong iu kin hin nay, cn tp trung nghin cu v
pht trin v lm sn ngoi g c bit l mt s loi c hu, gi tr cao, c th

12

mnh nc ta nh tho qu Lo Cai, trc so Cao Bng, qu Yn Bi.v.v..


y l nhng cng trnh nghin cu v phn tch tng hp cc th mnh v
ngnh lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam. Cng trnh a ra mt cch nhn mi v
tnh hnh pht trin lm sn ngoi g nc ta hin nay v t xc nh hng
i cho ngnh lm sn ngoi g trong tng lai.
Vit Nam, khung phn loi lm sn ngoi g u tin c chnh thc
tha nhn bng vn bn l Danh mc cc loi c sn rng c qun l thng
nht theo ngnh. y l vn bn km theo Ngh nh 160-HBT ngy
10/12/1984 ca Hi ng B trng v vic thng nht qun l cc c sn rng.
Theo danh mc ny c sn c chia lm 2 nhm ln: h cy rng v h ng
vt rng. Mi nhm ln li c chia lm nhiu nhm ph nh sau:
- Nhm cy rng cho nha, ta nanh, du v tinh du.
- Nhm cy rng cho dc liu .
- Nhm cy rng cho nguyn liu lm cc loi hng tiu th cng v m ngh .
- Cc sn phm cng nghip c ch bin t nguyn liu l cc loi cy rng .
- Cc nhm ng vt rng cho da, lng, xng, ng, tht, x, mt, dc liu v
cc nhm ng vt rng c c dng khc.
Khung phn loi lm sn ngoi g trn ca chng ta l mt mc quan
trng, nh gi s tin b v nhn thc, s hiu bit v lm sn ngoi g ca
Vit Nam. Mc d cn mt vi im cha tht hp l nh: coi shellac (loi nha
cnh kin c ch bin) l sn phm c ngun gc thc vt.
Cn c vo danh mc phn loi lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam c ban
hnh, Trung tm nghin cu Lm c sn da vo tnh cht ca sn phm
a ra h thng phn loi nh sau: lm sn ngoi g gm 2 h l h cy rng v
h ng vt rng. H cy rng c 4 nhm: nhm cy rng cho nha, tinh du, ta
nanh; nhm cy rng cho dc liu; nhm cy rng cho nguyn liu lm cc loi
hng tiu th cng v m ngh; cc sn phm cng nghip c ch bin t
nguyn liu l cc loi cy rng. H ng vt rng gm 2 nhm: nhm ng vt
rng cho da, lng, xng, ng, tht, x, mt; nhm cc sn phm c ch bin
t nguyn liu do cc loi ng vt rng cung cp v shellac c xp vo mt

13

nhm ring [36]. Theo cch phn loi ny, tho qu c xp vo nhm cy
dc liu. Trong khi , nhm cy dc liu c rt nhiu loi, c nhng loi c
gi tr cao, c loi c tim nng ln. V vy, cch phn loi ny cha nu ln gi
tr y ca tng loi lm sn ngoi g.
Nm 2001[12] , V Vn Dng, Hong Hu Nguyn v Trnh V
xut cch phn loi mi. Theo cc tc gi, lm sn ngoi g c chia ra lm 6
nhm chnh bao gm:
- Nhm 1: sn phm c si.
- Nhm 2: sn phm dng lm thc phm.
- Nhm 3: cc sn phm thuc v m phm.
- Nhm 4: cc sn phm chit xut.
- Nhm 5: ng vt v cc sn phm ng vt khng lm thc phm v lm
thuc.
- Nhm 6: cc sn phm khc gm cy cnh, l gi thc n v hng ho.
Nhn chung, mi cch phn loi u c nhng tn ti nht nh, nhng
chng u c ngha trong nghin cu v s a dng, phong ph ca lm sn
ngoi g, v tim nng pht trin ngnh lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam.
- V vai tr v gi tr lm sn ngoi g:
nc ta, lm sn ngoi g c vai tr v gi tr to ln trong i sng
ngi dn vng ni ca nc ta. khng nh vai tr v gi tr ca lm sn
ngoi g, mt s cng trnh nghin cu c thc hin nc ta.
Khi nghin cu v lm sn ngoi g nc ta, cc cng trnh nghin cu
u khng nh: lm sn ngoi g chnh l mt yu t cho pht trin kinh t x
hi min ni. Lm sn ngoi g l ngun cung cp cc thc phm, thuc cha
bnh phc v cho cuc sng ca ngi dn nng thn min ni. Trong qu
trnh s dng, gi tr ca lm sn ngoi g c pht hin ngy cng nhiu, vai
tr ca lm sn ngoi g i vi pht trin kinh t x hi min ni ngy cng
ln.
Nghin cu ca Christian Rake v cng s (1993) cp n tim nng
lm sn ngoi g ti ba tnh Ho Bnh, Sn La v Lai Chu. Cc tc gi thng

14

k din tch rng tre na ca ba tnh ny l 26000 ha (Ho Bnh 1500 ha, Sn La
16500 ha, v Lai Chu 8000 ha), bnh qun mt nm lng tre na c khai
thc t cc tnh ny l 13 t cy, trong khong 90% l do h nng dn khai
thc cung cp cho nh my giy Bi Bng - Ph Th, ng bng sng Hng
v xut khu sang i Loan, thu 300 triu USD t 1986 n 1992. Nghin cu
cng cho thy, th trng song my bt u pht trin mnh t 1970 xut sang
chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn.
Nghin cu ca Nguyn Ngc Ln (1999) khu bo tn thin nhin P
Mt (Ngh An) cho thy 100% s h dn tham gia khai thc g v lm sn
ngoi g . Tc gi cng cho thy 22.5% s h thng xuyn khai thc mt, na,
song, my; 11.75% s h thng xuyn khai thc mng, mc nh, thu nhp ca
h bnh qun khong 20000/ngy v 8.3% s h chuyn khai thc ci bn ly
tin mua lng thc v trong nhng ngy gip ht c ti trn 90% s h bn
Chu Sn phi vo rng o c mi, c chui, c nu, hi l rng n.
Nm 1999, khi nghin cu Vn quc gia Ba V, D.A Glimour v
Nguyn Vn Sn (1999[15]) kt lun: lm sn ngoi g l ngun thu nhp quan
trng i vi cuc sng ca ngi dn nng thn. Tc gi cho rng mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn mt rng, lm suy thoi a dng sinh hc c ngun gc t
i sng kh khn ca ngi dn, lm sn ngoi g b s dng khng hp l, cn
kit. Mt trong nhng gii php c hiu qu gii quyt vn i sng kh
khn ca ngi dn m vn bo tn v pht trin rng bn vng nc ta l pht
trin ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g.
Nm 2001, trong qu trnh thc hin d n "S dng bn vng lm sn
ngoi g " ti vng m Khu bo tn thin nhin K G v vng m Vn
Quc gia Ba B cc nh nghin cu kt lun rng: pht trin lm sn ngoi g l
mt trong nhng hng i em li hiu qu kinh t cao, p ng mc tiu nng
cao cht lng sng cho ngi dn, t xo i gim ngho v pht trin kinh
t x hi trong khu vc (L Thc Cn v cc cng tc vin, 2001[7]).
Ngoi nhng ng gp vo thu nhp nhm ci thin cuc sng ca ngi
dn min ni, lm sn ngoi g cn c nh gi l mt yu t gp phn bo

15

tn rng v pht trin bn vng min ni nhit i. Nhiu loi lm sn ngoi


g c ngun gc t cc dy leo, cy bi, cy tho, cy k sinh hay ph sinh sng
di tn rng, nn vic khai thc chng mt cch hp l s khng lm ph v
cu trc ca rng. Do rng kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g vn duy tr c vai
tr bo v mi trng v a dng sinh hc ca rng .
Vic pht trin gy nui cc loi ng, thc vt thuc nhm lm sn ngoi
g ang c nguy c b tiu dit cng c coi l mt hnh thc bo tn ngoi vi
(exsitu) ng khch l. Cc kt qu trng hng vn cy sm ngc linh huyn
Tr Mi (Qung Nam), trng cy hong lin Sa Pa (Lo Cai), nui hu sao
H Tnh, nui nai Chu Sn (Bun Ma Thut), nui trn v c su ng bng
sng Cu Long th hin s kt hp gia bo tn v pht trin bn vng. Mt
trong nhng kh khn nht ca cng tc bo tn thin nhin ca Vit Nam hin
nay l sc p ca dn c v nhu cu thu hi lm sn ca ngi dn sng trong v
quanh Vn Quc gia v cc Khu Bo tn thin nhin qu ln. Tnh trng dn s
quanh khu bo tn v vng m ngy mt tng, t canh tc ngy mt thu hp,
ngi dn c i sng qu thp v thng ch s dng 3 thng trong nm cho sn
xut nng nghip, thi gian cn li phi i vo rng thu hi lm sn v sn
bn kim sng. Hin tng ny l ph bin hu ht cc khu bo tn thin
nhin ca Vit Nam. Nu khng gii quyt c sc p ca ngi dn ln rng
th khng th bo v tt cc Vn Quc gia v Khu Bo tn thin nhin c.
Ch c lm sn ngoi g vi c im d nui trng, mau thu hoch, c gi tr
cao mi c th sm tng thu nhp v ci thin i sng ca ngi dn min ni
gim sc p ca h ln cc khu Bo tn. Cc in hnh v cng tc bo v
rng tt cc vng trng qu, tho qu, hi ni ln vai tr ca lm sn ngoi
g vi vic bo v thin nhin, bo v rng. Nu khng c cy tho qu trng
di tn, th chc chn hng nghn ha rng tt ca Lo Cai v H Giang tr
thnh t nng ry (V Vn Dng, Hong Hu Nguyn v Trnh V,
2001[12]).
Trong cng trnh nghin cu " gi tr v s dng lm sn ngoi g 2 tnh
Cao Bng, Bc Kn" (2001[30]) ca Phan Vn Thng v cc cng s cho thy

16

gi tr s dng ca lm sn ngoi g i vi ngi dn rt ln. 90% s h dn


sng da vo rng. Sn phm khai thc ch yu hin nay l g v lm sn ngoi
g nh mng, tre, trc, hi, gi,..v cy dc liu. Thu nhp t lm sn ngoi g
trong mi h gia nh ng th 2 trong c cu thu nhp ca h gia nh v chim
trung bnh khong 22% tng thu nhp kinh t.
Nhn chung cc cng trnh nghin cu u khng nh vai tr to ln ca
lm sn ngoi g trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi min ni cng nh gp
phn vo cng tc bo tn rng. N lm thay i nhn thc v tm quan
trng ca lm sn ngoi g trong thi k hin nay, n l c s xut hng
i mi trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi min ni v bo tn.
- V kin thc bn a:
Kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi cho thy Vit Nam tn ti mt
h thng kin thc bn a phong ph v lm sn ngoi g, trong c c nhng
kin thc v gy trng, khai thc, ch bin, s dng v th trng. Tuy nhin, do
a s kin thc bn a c lu truyn bng li ni nn chng thng tn mn,
mt dn cng vi s suy thoi ca ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g. n nay nhng
nghin cu v kin thc bn a lin quan n lm sn ngoi g cn rt hn ch.
- V k thut gy trng, thu hi v ch bin lm sn ngoi g:
hon thin cc bin php k thut lin quan n xy dng m hnh
kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g c hiu qu, nng sut cao v n nh, khng ch s
dng kin thc bn a m cn da trn mt s nghin cu mt cch c c s
khoa hc vi cc bin php tin tin, hin i.
nc ta, vo nhng nm 1950-1960, cc nh khoa hc c gng
nghin cu nhm to c m hnh pht trin lm sn ngoi g c hiu qu kinh
t cao v n nh. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ch yu tp trung mt s loi cy
dc liu, cy c sn c gi tr cao nh thng, qu, trc, thanh kao, sa nhn
[36]. y l cc cng trnh nghin cu v h thng cc bin php k thut lm
c s cho vic gy trng v pht trin lm sn ngoi g. Tuy nhin cc cng
trnh ch yu tp trung nghin cu v mt s loi cy c gi tr cao lc . Vn

17

cn nhiu loi lm sn ngoi g gi tr cao nhng cha c nghin cu y ,


trong c gi, trm hng, tho qu v.v...
Nhn chung cho n nay cn rt t cc nghin cu hng vo tm hiu k
thut gy trng lm sn ngoi g di tn rng - c s quan trng cho bo tn
rng bng pht trin lm sn ngoi g.
- V th trng lm sn ngoi g:
Th trng l mt trong nhng thnh t quan trng c ngha quyt nh
n vic kinh doanh v pht trin lm sn ngoi g. Nm 2001[28], khi thc hin
d n " S dng bn vng lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam", nh nghin cu th
trng ca FAO l John Raintree xc nh c cu cy lm sn ngoi g
pht trin trong cc m hnh pht trin lm sn ngoi g da trn c s phn tch
th trng. Ni dung nghin cu bao gm 3 giai on:
+ Giai on 1: nh gi thc trng hin nay.
+ Giai on 2: Trn c s phn tch nh gi thc trng tin hnh la chn
sn phm nhiu ha hn nht v a ra phng php tip th.
+ Giai on 3: Xy dng chin lc doanh nghip v mt k hoch kinh
doanh bn vng.
Tc gi s dng phng php phn tch th trng nh gi tnh hiu
qu v bn vng ca mt m hnh kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g. N chng
minh v tnh bn vng ca mt m hnh kinh doanh khi tnh n yu t th
trng, ng thi m ra mt cch nhn mi trong qu trnh xut phng thc
kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g.
Nm 2001, khi nghin cu v th trng lm sn ngoi g ti V Quang H Tnh, tc gi L Th Phi kt lun: yu t th trng l cn c quan trng
xut chin lc pht trin lm sn ngoi g.
V nhng l do khc nhau m cho n nay, vn cha c mt cng trnh
khoa hc no nghin cu mt cch h thng v ng b v lm sn ngoi g
Vit Nam. Phn ln cc cng trnh nghin cu ny mi c thc hin theo
hng chuyn ngnh nh tp trung pht hin loi cho lm sn ngoi g, m t

18

c im hnh thi, cng dng, gi tr kinh t, mt s c im sinh thi, m


thiu hn nhng nghin cu v gii php k thut v kinh t - x hi to ng lc
cho pht trin lm sn ngoi g tr thnh ngun hng ho. Mt s cng trnh
trong khi nghin cu tng i y v lnh vc k thut th li thiu hn v
nghin cu th trng. V vy, hu ht cc m hnh kinh doanh lm sn ngoi g
xy dng u mang tnh cht ca nhng m hnh km bn vng.
Chnh v vy, cho n nay mc d nhn thc c vai tr quan trng
ca lm sn ngoi g, nhng vn cha c nhng cc chnh sch thc y pht
trin sn phm ngoi g. Nhng chnh sch khuyn khch khai thc sn phm
ngoi g ca rng c th hin ch yu trong cc Lut bo v v pht trin
rng v nhng cc vn bn c lin quan n Chnh sch giao t, khon rng.
Ni dung ch yu nht ca cc chnh sch l cho php ngi dn c khai
thc lm sn ngoi g ca cc khu rng, k c rng do h gy trng hay nhn
khon bo v. Vn bn mi nht l Quyt nh ca Th tng chnh ph v i
mi t chc v c ch qun l lm trng quc doanh, ban hnh ngy 16 thng 9
nm 1999. Trong c quy nh bn nhn khon t lm nghip v rng ca
lm trng quc doanh c hng sn phm ph (lm sn ngoi g) thu hi t
rng, c quyn u t trng cy nng lm kt hp, xen ghp vi cy rng
tng thu nhp ci thin i sng. Vic cho php t do khai thc cc lm sn
ngoi g mt cch khng khoa hc, khng c nhng quy nh c th ca chnh
sch nh nc, ca quy nh cng ng v quyn li v ngha v trong qu trnh
khai thc lm sn ngoi g l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cn kit nhanh
chng ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g. Phn ln nhng chnh sch c lin quan n
lm sn ngoi g cha tc ng tch cc n bo tn v pht trin ngun ti
nguyn ny.

19

2.2. Tho qu v nhng nghin cu pht trin


2.2.1. Nhng nghin cu v tho qu - mt loi cy lm sn ngoi g gi tr
cao
a) Trn th gii:
Tho qu l loi cy lm sn ngoi g c gi tr dc liu v gi tr kinh t
cao c con ngi bit n t lu. Trung quc, tho qu c gy trng v
s dng cch y hng trm nm. Nhng nhng nghin cu v tho qu cn rt
hn ch. Kt qu nghin cu tho qu ban u c trnh by trong cun sch
v cng dng v gi tr ca mt s loi cy dc liu do cc nh y hc ca Trung
Quc bin son v xut bn vo u th k 19 (Thn Vn Cnh, 2001[8]).
Nm 1968[8], mt s nh nghin cu cy thuc ti Vn Nam, Trung Quc
xut bn cun sch " K thut gy trng cy thuc Trung Quc". Cun sch
cp n cy tho qu vi mt s ni dung ch yu sau:
- Phn loi tho qu: gm c tn khoa hc (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et
Lemaire), tn h (Zingiberaceae).
- Hnh thi: dng sng, thn, gc, r, l, hoa, qu.
- Vng phn b Trung Quc.
- c im sinh thi: kh hu v t ai
- K thut trng: nhn ging, lm t, trng, chm sc, phng tr su
bnh hi.
- Thu hoch v ch bin: phm cht quy cch, bao gi, bo qun.
- Cng dng: dng lm thuc tr cc bnh ng rut, bnh hn.
y l cun sch tng i hon chnh gii thiu mt cch tng qut
v c h thng v c im sinh vt hc, sinh thi hc, k thut gy trng, thu
hi ch bin v bo qun. Tuy nhin, y l cun sch vit cho cho nhiu loi
cy dc liu nn cy tho qu c gii thiu ngn gn di dng tm tt ca
bn hng dn k thut cho mt s vng Trung Quc. V vy, khi p dng
Vit Nam, mt s c im cng nh bin php k thut c nhiu thay i

20

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ph hp vi iu kin nc ta. y vn l cun sch ghi li mt cch h thng


nhng kin thc v cy tho qu.
Trong nhng nm gn y, khi con ngi nhn thc c tm quan trng
ca lm sn ngoi g ni chung v tho qu ni ring, mt s nh khoa hc tip
tc nghin cu v tho qu. Nm 1992[45], J.H. de Beer - mt chuyn gia lm
sn ngoi g ca t chc Nng lng th gii - khi nghin cu v vai tr v th
trng ca lm sn ngoi g nhn thy gi tr to ln ca tho qu i vi vic
tng thu nhp cho ngi dn sng trong khu vc vng ni ni c phn b tho
qu nhm xo i gim ngho, ng thi l yu t thc y s pht trin kinh
kinh t x hi vng ni v bo tn pht trin ti nguyn rng. V nhu cu th
trng ca tho qu l rt ln, ch tnh ring Lo, hng nm xut khu khong
400 tn sang Trung Quc v Thi Lan. y l cng trnh nghin cu tng kt v
vai tr tho qu i vi con ngi, x hi cng nh tnh hnh sn xut bun bn
v d bo th trng, tim nng pht trin ca tho qu.
Nm 1996[75], Tin Tn Trung, mt nh nghin cu v cy thuc dn tc
ti vin V sinh dch t cng cng Trung Quc bin son cun sch " Bn tho
bc tranh mu Trung Quc". Cun sch m t ti hn 1000 loi cy thuc
Trung Quc, mt trong s l tho qu. Ni dung cp l:
- Tn khoa hc.
- Mt s c im sinh vt hc v sinh thi hc c bn.
- Cng dng v thnh phn ho hc ca tho qu.
Nhn chung, ni dung c lin quan n tho qu trong cun sch cp
tng i ngn gn, n cho bit mt s c im c bn v t l thnh phn cc
cht cha trong tho qu nhng cp rt t n c im sinh thi cng nh
bin php k thut gy trng v pht trin tho qu.
Nm 1999, trong cun " Ti nguyn thc vt ca ng Nam " [68] L.S.
de Padua, N. Bunyapraphatsara v R.H.M.J Lemmens tng kt cc nghin
cu v cc cy thuc chi Amomum trong c tho qu. y tc gi cp
n c im phn loi ca tho qu, cng dng, phn b, mt s c im sinh
vt hc v sinh thi hc ca tho qu. Tc gi cng trnh by k thut nhn

21

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ging, trng, chm sc bo v, thu hi, ch bin, tnh hnh sn xut v bun bn
tho qu trn th gii.
b) Vit Nam
Vit Nam nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma, m v l mt trong nhng
ni phn b t nhin ca tho qu. T lu i, nhn dn ta bit tm kim v
khai thc tho qu lm thc n, thuc cha bnh v coi tho qu l cy
"truyn thng". Theo ti liu ca Php, th cng trnh u tin cp n tho
qu l cng trnh nghin cu v h thc vt ng dng ca Lecomte et al [64]
gm 7 tp vi tn cun sch " Thc vt ch i cng ng dng". Tc gi
thng k c ton ng dng c hn 7000 loi thc vt, trong 1350 loi
cy thuc nm trong 160 h thc vt m tho qu l mt trong nhng loi cy c
gi tr cao.
Nm 1957[19], khi nghin cu v cc v thuc Vit Nam, tc gi Tt
Li cho rng: tho qu l loi cy thuc c trng nc ta vo khong nm
1890. Trong tho qu c khong 1-1.5% tinh du mu vng nht, mi thm,
ngt, v nng cay d chu c tc dng cha cc bnh ng rut.
y l mt cng trnh nghin cu khng nh cng dng ca tho qu
nc ta. Tuy ni dung nghin cu v tho qu ca cng trnh cn t, nhng n
phn no m ra mt trin vng cho vic sn xut v s dng tho qu trong y
hc nc ta.
Vo nhng nm 1960 n nhng nm 1980, mt s nh khoa hc khi
nghin cu v cy thuc nc ta c cp n tho qu. Do tho qu l cy
"truyn thng", c c th ring khc vi mt s loi lm sn ngoi g l c
phm vi phn b hp, chng c trng ch yu di tn rng cc tnh pha
Bc nh Lo Cai, Yn Bi, H Giang nn cc nh khoa hc t quan tm . Cc
cng trnh nghin cu lin quan cn tn mn.
Nm 1982[24], Gio s on Th Nhu cng b kt qu nghin cu ca
mnh v " Bo v, khai thc ngun ti nguyn cy thuc thin nhin v pht trin
trng cy thuc trn t rng Vit Nam". Trong tc gi kt lun : tho qu
l cy dc liu qu v thch nghi tt iu kin di tn rng, tuy nhin cho

22

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n nay vn cha c nghin cu no v k thut gy trng tho qu di tn


rng.
Nm 1994, nhn thc c tim nng nng cao i sng kinh t x hi
ca ngi dn vng ni t ngh rng tnh Lo Cai xc nh tho qu l loi
cy gi tr cao cn c pht trin. S Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn tnh
Lo Cai phi hp vi cc nh khoa hc ti Trung tm nghin cu lm c sn
tin hnh tng kt cc kinh nghim gy trng, thu hi v ch bin bo qun tho
qu trong nhn dn. Sau gn 2 nm iu tra thu thp, tng hp kt hp vi mt
s kt qu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc, bn hng dn k thut tm thi gy
trng tho qu ra i. Ni dung bn hng dn l: xc nh tn khoa hc loi
tho qu phn b trong a phng, m t mt s c im sinh vt hc, sinh
thi hc c bn, k thut nhn ging, trng, chm sc v thu hi. y l bn
hng dn k thut v gy trng v thu hi tho qu nc ta. Do ch yu l
tng kt kinh nghim trong nhn dn v k tha mt s kt qu nghin cu trong
nc v trn th gii cho nn cc bin php k thut nh chn vng trng, iu
kin lp a trng, nhn ging, chn ging, trng v.v... cn khng c th, vn
mang tnh cht nh tnh. Cc cn c xc nh iu kin lp a trng thch
hp, thi v trng, mt trng v.v. .. nng cao nng sut v tnh n nh ca
m hnh trng tho qu cn nhiu thiu st nn hiu qu ca m hnh th
nghim cn thp v cha m bo tnh bn vng. V vy, thc cht bn hng
dn k thut ny ch l tm thi cn nghin cu b sung, hon thin.
Trong cng trnh "Vn nghin cu v bo v ti nguyn thc vt v
sinh thi ni cao Sa Pa", cc tc gi L nh Mi, Nguyn Th Thu v Phm
Vn Thnh (1995) phn loi lm sn ngoi g theo h thng sinh thi v
thng k c tp on ng o thc vt c gi tr lm thuc a phng. Cc
tc gi a ra mt s loi cy lm thuc c th mnh ca khu vc khng ch c
gi tr s dng m cn c gi tr xut khu, tng thu nhp nh hong lin, tho
qu, c xc,v.v...Trong cn c bit ch trng pht trin cy tho qu.
Cng trong giai on ny xut hin mt s cng trnh nghin cu v cy
thuc, trong c trnh by mt s thng tin v tho qu nh cng trnh " Bo

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v ngun cy thuc thin nhin" (1990[33]) ca Nguyn Tp, " Nhng cy


thuc v v thuc Vit Nam "(1999[19]) ca Tt Li, " T in cy thuc
Vit Nam" (1999[11]) ca V Vn Chi v " Cy thuc Vit Nam" (1997[14])
ca L Trn c. Ni dung ch yu ca cc cng trnh l tm tt v lch s trng
tho qu nc ta, mt s c im v phn b, hnh thi, sinh thi v cng
dng ca tho qu. Bn cnh mt s nghin cu v hnh thi v sinh thi, pht
hin tim nng cng dng ca tho qu trong lnh vc y dc, mt s cng trnh
nghin cu v thnh phn ho hc nh: cng trnh v thnh phn ho hc ca
tho qu ca tc gi Nguyn Xun Dng (1989[19]).
Theo bo co chuyn " c sn rng ton quc", nm 2000[13] ca tc
gi Nguyn Quc Dng. Cng trnh a ra mt cch khi qut v vai tr ca
tho qu i vi ngi dn cng nh a phng, tnh hnh gy trng, sn xut,
tim nng th trng v hiu qu ca tho qu ti mt s a phng nc ta.
Cng trnh ny v nn mt bc tranh khi qut v hin trng v xu hng pht
trin ca tho qu nc ta. ng thi cho thy tim nng v tho qu nc ta
rt ln nhng trong qu trnh pht trin v m rng gy trng tho qu cho nng
sut cao cn gp mt s kh khn. Kh khn ln nht l v lnh vc k thut nh
khi pht trin m rng cn tr li mt s cu hi: tho qu c trng u v
nh th no cho nng sut cht lng cao nht v khng nh hng n bo tn
rng.
Nm 2000, p ng yu cu v k thut gy trng cy c sn di tn
rng ca ngi dn, Cc Khuyn Nng v Khuyn Lm bin son ti liu
"Trng cy nng nghip, dc liu v c sn di tn rng". Ni dung ti liu
nu gi tr kinh t, c im hnh thi, sinh thi, phn b v k thut trng,
chm sc, thu hoch v ch bin tho qu di tn rng.
Trong nhng nm gn y cng xut hin mt s ti liu c trnh by
nhng thng tin v tho qu nh " Mt s c im c bn ca h thc vt Vit
Nam" (1999[9]) ca tc gi L Trn Chn; " Tng quan v lm sn ngoi g
Vit Nam" (2001[12]) ca tc gi V Vn Dng, Hong Hu Nguyn v Trnh
V "; a dng thc vt c mch vng ni cao Sa Pa- Phan Si Pan" (1998[34])

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ca tc gi Nguyn Ngha Thn- Nguyn Th Thi; "Nhng cy thuc c la


chn Vit Nam" (2001) ca Vin Dc liu.
Nm 2001[12], khi nghin cu v gi tr ca lm sn ngoi g i vi
ngi dn Sa Pa, Nguyn Tp kt lun: nh trng tho qu m hu ht cc
gia nh thn Seo Mi T x T Van, Sa Pa, Lo Cai tr nn giu c. Trc
y, nu trng la nng mi gia nh ch thu khong 1 tn la/nm, gi tr
khong 2 triu ng. Nay chuyn sang trng tho qu, mi gia nh hng nm
thu bnh qun 2-3 t qu, tng ng vi gi tr 20 - 40 triu ng, gp 10-20
ln gi tr ca trng la trc y.
Nhn chung nhng nghin cu v tho qu cho thy y l loi cy lm
sn ngoi g c gi tr cn c pht trin nh mt yu t gp phn pht trin
kinh t x hi , xo i gim ngho v bo v rng mt s tnh min ni pha
Bc Vit Nam . Tuy nhin, kt qu nghin cu v tho qu ch yu thng qua
iu tra nhanh v mang tnh cht ca nhng tng kt kinh nghim l chnh.
Nhng c im hnh thi, sinh thi, phn b v.v... ch yu pht hin mc nh
tnh. V vy, cc hng dn k thut thng c tnh cht gi , khng c th,
cha p ng c yu cu ca sn xut hin nay.

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Chng 3

iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi vng trng


tho qu san s H - sa pa - lo cai
3.1.

iu kin t nhin

3.1.1 V tr a l, hnh chnh


San S H l mt x min ni vng cao ca huyn Sa Pa cch trung tm
huyn l 3 km v pha Bc. X San S H c bin gii tip gip vi 4 x nh sau:
pha Bc gip x Bn Khoang huyn Sa Pa, pha ng gip th trn Sa Pa, pha
Nam gip x Lao Chi huyn Sa Pa v pha Ty gip huyn Than Uyn tnh Lo
Cai. Ton b x nm trn trong khu bo tn thin nhin Hong Lin, c to
a l nh sau: 22007'30'' n 22022'30'' v Bc, 1030 45' n 1040 00' kinh
ng.
3.1.2. a hnh, a cht v t ai
San S H l mt x nm pha ng Nam dy ni Hong Lin, c a hnh
ni cao, chia ct mnh, c cu trc nhiu tng lp. cao trung bnh trn 1200
m so vi mt nc bin. Do c nhiu tng lp nn c dy dng ph, dng ct, t
to nn a hnh a th phc tp. Qu na din tch ca x c dc trn
250, c nhiu ni dc trn 45 0. cao so vi mt nc bin nh nht l 1250 m
thuc thn Sn Chi. nh cao nht l nh Phanxipan c cao so vi mt nc
bin 3143m. Nhn chung a hnh chia ct to ra nhiu vng sinh thi khc
nhau, tng tnh a dng sinh hc ca khu vc, song cng hn ch cc hot ng
giao lu kinh t vn ho vi cc vng xung quanh.
Theo Kemp et al. (1995[41]) a cht ca x bao gm trm tch bin cht
v s xm nhp ca granit. Di trm tch bin cht chy t ng Bc sang
Ty Nam dc theo thung lng Mng Hoa. Pha ng Bc ca thung lng l di
c nhiu cm thch v khi cc bon trm tch. Pha y ca thung lng bao
gm loi dip thch v phm vi hp hn gnai. Vi granit m rng t
sui Mng Hoa n nh Phanxipan v chy theo sn i din. V m v
lng ma trong khu vc ln nn s phong ho xy ra mnh.

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Trong khu vc nghin cu c nhiu loi t khc nhau nh t mn trn


ni cao, t feralit vng trn ni thp v trung bnh c hnh thnh trn
bin cht, mcma axit tng t trung bnh v dy vi thnh phn c gii tht
nh v trung bnh. Tuy nhin, chim din tch ch yu l 2 loi t sau:
- t mn alit ni cao phn b t cao trn 1700 m so vi mt nc
bin c mu nu xm pht trin trn m granit thuc nhm mcma axit, tng
trung bnh v dy vi thnh phn c gii l tht nh v trung bnh, t ti xp,
hm lng dinh dng kh, hm lng mn cao. Loi t ny thch nghi vi
nhiu loi cy trng lm nghip, cy c sn v cy dc liu, trong c tho
qu.
- t feralit mn trn ni phn b t cao 1000m-1700m so vi mt
nc bin c pht trin trn bin cht thuc nhm macma axit, mu vng
tng t dy v trung bnh, thnh phn c gii l tht trung bnh, pH t 4- 4.5,
hm lng dinh dng trung bnh v ngho. Loi t ny phn b tng i ph
bin, thng tri qua thi k canh tc v trng rng ti sinh. N thch hp vi
nhiu loi thc vt bao gm cc loi cy trng nng lm nghip, gm c cy n
qu, cy dc liu v.v... Tuy nhin, i vi cy tho qu, do t c hm lng
mn thp, ngho dinh dng nn t ny mc thch hp khng cao.
Theo thng k ca phng a chnh huyn Sa Pa (1998[41]) th tng din
tch t nhin ton x l 4788.8 ha trong t nng nghip l 221 ha chim
4.6% tng din tch t nhin ton x. t lm nghip l 3518 ha chim 73.5%.
t chuyn dng l 37.5 ha chim 0.8%, t l 12.5 ha chim 0.3% v t
cha s dng l 999.8 ha chim 20.9% tng din tch t t nhin ton x.
Nhn chung iu kin a hnh, a cht v t ai trong x San S H
thch hp i vi nhiu loi sinh vt, t hnh thnh s a dng, phong ph ca
cc loi thc vt trong khu bo tn Hong Lin. c bit iu kin t ai th
nhng thun li cho vic gy trng v pht trin loi cy tho qu trong khu
vc.

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3.1.3. Kh hu, thu vn


a) Kh hu:
Kh hu ca khu vc thuc kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhng do phn b
trn cao n c nhng c im tng i khc bit so vi kh hu c nc. Kh
hu trong khu vc chia lm 2 ma r rt. Ma kh t thng 11 n thng 1 nm
sau. Ma ma t thng 2 n thng 10. Kh hu thay i theo ma, kh hu
nhit i vo ma h v kh hu n i vo ma ng. Theo s liu ca Tng cc
Kh tng Thu vn th din bin kh hu trong khu vc nh sau:
Bng 3.1. S liu kh hu ca khu vc Sa Pa

Thng
Nhit trung bnh(t0)
Lng ma(mm)
1
8.5
55.8
2
9.9
79.2
3
13.9
105.5
4
17
197.2
5
18.3
353.2
6
19.6
392.9
7
19.8
453
8
19.5
478.1
9
18.1
332.7
10
15.6
208.7
11
12.4
121.6
12
9.5
55.1
Trung bnh
15.2
2833
Ngun: theo s liu ca Tng cc Kh tng Thu vn
Cn c vo s liu trn, ti xy dng biu v nhit sau:
600
500
400
300

Lng ma (mm)
200
100

Nhit (t0)

0
1

10

11

12

Hnh 3.1. Biu v nhit Gaussen Walter

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Qua s liu ca Tng cc Kh tng Thu vn cho thy khu vc c nhit


trung bnh hng nm l 15.20C, nhit trung bnh ti cao l 29.40C v nhit
trung bnh ti thp l 10C, c nm nhit xung di 00C, i khi c tuyt
ri mt s nh ni cao. Thi k m nht l vo thng 7 v thng 8, lnh nht
vo thng 12 v thng 1. Nh thng thng pha bc Vit Nam, khu vc ny
tri qua mt ma ma t thng 5 n thng 9. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm
l 2833mm, lng ma cao nht l 4023mm v thp nht l 2064mm. Lng
ma phn b khng u trong nm, lng ma ln nht thng xut hin vo
thng 7 v thng 8. Trong cc thng ma kh lng ma trung bnh t 50100mm. S ngy c ma phn trung bnh trong nm l 69 ngy. m khng
kh t 75-91% v m trung bnh nm l 86%. Lng bc hi l 85%. Tng s
gi chiu sng trong nm l 1411.6 gi. Hng nm vo thng 3 v thng 4
thng xut hin gi hi thi t Lai Chu sang hay cn gi l gi Qu H.
y l loi gi kh v nng thi vi tc mnh. Hng nm xut hin sng m
t thng 11 v thng 12. Thnh thong trong khu vc c nhng t sng mui
xut hin vo thng 12, thng 1 v ko di khong 10 ngy.
Kh hu c khc nhau ng k ngay trong khu vc nghin cu. Gi ph
bin trong nm c thi t ty sang ng. Gi ty nam thi t thng 3 n
thng 10, gi ty bc thi t thng 11 n thng 2 nm sau. Trn nhng nh cao
my che ph hu ht cc ngy trong nm. My cng c th lan xung cc sn
thp v thung lng to nn khng kh tng i m t. Cng ln cao, ch kh
hu cng lnh (Trn nh L,1996[21],[22]).
Nh vy c im kh hu ti khu vc cho thy khu vc c kh hu nhit
i, nhit trung bnh thp, lng ma, m khng kh trung bnh nm cao
v khng c thng hn v thng kit. y l nhng iu kin kh hu ph hp
vi c im sinh thi ca tho qu.
b) Thu vn:
Sui ln nht trong x l sui Mng Hoa bt ngun t Qu H chy
dc theo chiu di x gip phn ranh gii pha ng Bc, chy sang x Lao Chi
v sng Nm Ph. Ngoi ra, c nhiu sui nh bt ngun t pha Ty Nam

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vo sui Mng Hoa trn sut dc chiu di ca n to thnh mng li thy


vn ca x. Lng cc sui thng su, hp, nhiu thc ghnh. Do dc cao nn
trong ma ma thng xut hin l ng, nh hng n sn xut v i sng
ca ngi dn.
Nhn chung, h thng thu vn trong khu vc l rt phc tp. Tuy nhin,
y l ngun ti nguyn m bo cung cp nc sinh hot v sn xut cho ngi
dn trong vng.
3.1.4. Ti nguyn rng
Ton x c 3518 ha t lm nghip trong t c rng t nhin l 3265
ha chim 92.8% tng din tch t lm nghip v 253 ha t rng trng.
a) Thm thc vt:
Vi din tch rng t nhin l 3265 ha chim 17% din tch rng t nhin
ton khu bo tn Hong Lin. Theo tiu chun phn loi thm thc vt rng Vit
Nam ca Thi Vn Trng (1970[38]) th rng t nhin trong khu vc bao gm c
cc kiu rng:
- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i ni thp.
- Kiu rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim, m nhit i ni thp.
- Kiu rng kn cy l kim n i m ni va.
H thc vt trong khu vc rt a dng v c nht Vit Nam, c 1195
loi thc vt bc cao. Trong 34 h c trn 10 loi, 48 chi c trn 5 loi. Cc
h ph bin l Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Mangoliaceae, Ericaceae, Betulaceae,
Rosaceae,.v.v.. c ti 23 h ch c 1 chi 2 loi, v 44 h 1 chi 1 loi, c mt s
loi qu him nh p mu, thng nng, thng tre, du sam (Trn nh
L,1996[21]).
b) ng vt rng:
Theo nghin cu mi y ca Adrew Tordoff, Steven Swan (1999[2]) c
th nhn thy s a dng v mc phong ph ca th trong khu vc khng cao
nhng rt giu i vi nhng ng vt khc, chng hn: chim - 347 loi, trong
c 49 loi ch c vng ty bc b, ng vt lng c c s loi bng na
tng s loi lng c c Vit Nam.

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3.2.

iu kin kinh t x hi
San S H bao gm 3 thn: Ct Ct, Sn Chi v Linh H. Kt qu

thng k cho thy mt s c im v kinh t x hi nh sau.


3.2.1. Dn s, dn tc:
Hin nay ton x c 400 h, trong c 394 h sng ch yu da vo
nng lm nghip vi tng s dn l 2555 ngi, bnh qun mt h c 6.4 ngi.
T l tng dn s l 2.95%. 100% dn trong x l ngi dn tc H'mng. H
phn b 3 thn vi mt l 51 ngi/km2. X hin c 1048 lao ng chim t
l 41% tng s dn (Lisa Tober v Phan Vn Thng, 2002[35]).
3.2.2. Quy hoch s dng t
Trong x c cc loi t ai c thng k bng sau:
Bng 3.2. Cc loi t ai trong x San S H

Loi t
Din tch (ha)
T l (%)
Ghi ch
Tng din tch t nhin
4789
100.0%
1. t lm nghip
3518
73.5%
Rng t nhin
3265
68.2%
Rng trng
253
5.3%
2. t nng nghip
221
4.6%
t rung
116
2.4%
t trng mu
105
2.2%
3. t chuyn dng
38
0.8%
4. t th c
12
0.3%
5. t cha s dng
1000
20.9%
Ngun: theo s liu thng k ca phng a chnh huyn Sa Pa (1998)
S liu cho thy tng din tch t nhin ca x tng i ln, bnh qun
gn 2ha/ngi, trong ch yu l t lm nghip. Din tch t nng nghip
ch chim 4.6%. Din tch t rung la ch chim 2.4%, bnh qun
450m2/ngi. Din tch t rung t cng vi nng sut thp v bp bnh nn
mt phn cuc sng ngi dn phi da vo rng. Bo v rng v trng tho qu
trong nhng nm gn y tr thnh ngun thu nhp quan trng ca ngi dn
a phng .

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3.2.3. Hot ng sn xut nng lm nghip:


Trc y, do cuc sng du canh du c, i sng nhn dn ch yu l nh
vo nng ry nn vic cht ph rng, t nng lm ry din ra v gy hu qu
nghim trng. T dn n ngun ti nguyn rng b cn kit, i ni trc tng
ln. Hin c ti 21% din tch t cha s dng, v thc cht y l t b
thoi ho do h qu ca hot ng nng ry trong thi gian di. T nm 1994,
thc hin chng trnh " Ph xanh t trng i ni trc" (327) ca ng v Nh
nc, nhn dn c nhn khon rng bo v v trng rng ph xanh i ni
trc nn din tch rng ca ton x tng ln. Vi chnh sch h tr kinh t ca
nh nc, nhng thun li ca iu kin thin nhin mt s h gia nh bit
trng tho qu di tn rng to thm thu nhp, t vn ln xo i gim ngho.
So vi nm 1994 s h ngho i hin nay gim i r rt, ch cn khong
20%, s h kh tng ln 7.5%, s h trung bnh l 72.5% (Lisa Tober v Phan
Vn Thng, 2002[35]).
3.2.4. C s h tng:
Hin nay trong ton x c 1 tuyn ng t i t trung tm huyn n
UBND x vi 3km c ri cp phi v 2 km c ri nha. T trung tm x
c ng t n hu ht cc thn, tr thn Linh H. Cng nh nhiu x
vng cao khc San S H vn cha c in li quc gia. Tuy nhin, nhiu h
s dng my thu in nh phc v cho sinh hot gia nh.
3.2.5. Y t gio dc:
Ton x c mt trm y t vi din tch 108m2, vi mt n h sinh trung
cp v 2 y t s cp. Trong x c 1 trng tiu hc, cha c trng cp 2. V
iu kin i li kh khn nn t l tr em i hc hin ch chim 60%.
Nhn chung, x San S H l mt x c min ni c ti nguyn thin nhin
phong ph v nhiu iu kin thun li cho pht trin nng lm nghip, trong
c pht trin tho qu. Tuy nhin, hin ti San S H vn l mt trong nhng x
ngho, iu kin kinh t x hi cha pht trin tng xng vi tim nng ca a
phng. Pht trin tho qu cng nh pht trin lm nghip ni chung c
xc nh nh mt th mnh, mt yu t cho chuyn i sang sn xut hng ho,
gp phn xo i gim ngho v bo v rng a phng.

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Chng 4

Mc tiu, gii hn, ni dung v phng php


nghin cu
4.1.

Mc tiu

4.1.1. Mc tiu chung


Mc tiu chung ca ti l tm hiu nh hng ca mt s yu t hon
cnh n sinh trng ca tho qu gp phn xy dng c s khoa hc cho cc
bin php nng cao nng sut v tnh n nh ca m hnh trng tho qu x
San S H huyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai.
4.1.2. Mc tiu c th
- Xc nh c quan h nh lng gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi mt s
yu t hon cnh.
- xut c mt s gii php k thut ch yu gp phn nng cao sinh
trng ca tho qu khu vc nghin cu.
4.2.

Gii hn ca ti

- V i tng: i tng nghin cu ca ti l loi cy tho qu 10 tui


c trng ph bin ti x San S H hun Sa Pa.
- V ni dung: ti ch tp trung nghin cu nh hng ca mt s yu t
hon cnh d xc nh v c nh hng n nhiu yu t hon cnh khc nh:
c im cu trc rng, cao so vi mt bin, dc, m t, xp,
dy tng t, pH, hm lng mn trong t.
4.3. Ni dung
thc hin c mc tiu nghin cu t ra, trong phm vi gii hn
ca ti, chng ti tin hnh mt s ni dung nghin cu c th nh sau:
1) c im ch yu cu trc rng.
2) c im th nhng.
3) c im sinh trng ca tho qu.
4) nh hng ca mt s yu t hon cnh ch yu n sinh trng ca tho
qu.
5) xut gii php nhm nng cao sinh trng ca tho qu.

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4.4. Phng php nghin cu


4.4.1. Phng php lun
Ci thin hon cnh l mt trong nhng con ng nng cao sinh
trng v nng sut cy rng
Trong sinh thi rng v sinh thi hc ni chung ngi ta coi sinh vt l
sn phm ca hon cnh. S tn ti, sinh trng v pht trin ca thc vt ph
thuc vo c im ca hon cnh. V vy, tc ng lm thay i iu kin hon
cnh l mt trong nhng con ng nng cao sinh trng ca cy rng. Tuy
nhin, nhng bin i ca hon cnh c th nh hng tch cc v cng c th
nh hng tiu cc n sinh trng thc vt. V vy, xut c gii php
tc ng c hiu qu cn nghin cu quan h nh hng ca cc yu t hon
cnh n sinh trng v nng sut cy rng. Trong ti ny tc gi xc nh
vic nghin cu quan h tc ng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng tho
qu nh mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht. N l c s khoa hc cho
xut nhng gii php k thut nng cao sinh trng v nng sut tho qu.
Hon cnh ca mt s vt, mt hin tng hay mt qu trnh bao gm
tp hp cc yu t bn ngoi c nh hng n s tn ti v pht trin ca s vt,
hin tng hay qu trnh . Vi tho qu - mt loi thc vt sng di tn rng
th hon cnh c th gm cc yu t kh hu, th nhng, a hnh, a cht v
sinh vt rng. y l nhng yu t bao quanh v c nh hng n s tn ti v
pht trin ca tho qu. Do tnh bin chng ca t nhin m cc yu t hon
cnh lun nh hng qua li ln nhau, quy nh c im ca nhau v cng
nhau tn ti hnh thnh nhng th thng nht. i vi tho qu v thc vt sng
di tn rng ni chung nhng yu t hon cnh quan trng nht thng c
xc nh l nhng yu t phn nh c im tiu kh hu rng, nhng yu t
phn nh ph t v t thnh thc vt rng.
Trong s nhng yu t tiu kh hu rng th yu t ch o thng c
xc nh l ch bc x. N va nh hng trc tip n thc vt nh mt yu
t sinh thi quan trng nht va nh hng gin tip n thc vt thng qua vai
tr chi phi cc yu t tiu kh hu khc. S thay i ca ch bc x lun ko

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theo s thay i ca nhiu yu t tiu kh hu rng. Tuy nhin trong mt khu vc


c din tch khng ln th ch bc x di rng ch yu ph thuc vo c
im cu trc rng m quan trng nht l tn che tng cy cao. V vy, khi
phn tch nh hng ca ch bc x ti sinh trng tho qu, ti ny tp
trung vo phn tch nh hng ca tn che tng cy cao.
ph t l thut ng ch tim nng ca t ai cho hnh thnh nng
sut thc vt. N thng c phn nh qua nhiu ch tiu vt l v ho hc t
nh hm lng mn, hm lng cc cht m, ln, kali, cc cht vi lng,
chua, xp, m v dy tng t v.v... Tuy nhin, trong mt khu vc
khng ln vi s ng nht v m nh khu vc nghin cu th s khc bit
v hm lng cc cht vi lng l khng r rt . V vy, trong ti ny khng
iu tra v phn tch cht vi lng. Mt s tnh cht khc ca iu kin th
nhng thng c lin h cht ch vi nhau. V vy, ti cng ch tp trung
nghin cu nh hng n sinh trng tho qu ca mt s yu t d b bin i
nht, ng thi cng c lin h v phn nh c c im ca nhiu yu t
khc nh hm lng mn, chua, xp, m v dy tng t.
T thnh thc vt nh hng n sinh trng ca thc vt ch yu qua
quan h h tr v cnh tranh v dinh dng, nc v nh sng. Ngoi ra chng
cng c th nh hng n nhau qua tng tc ca cc cht ho sinh. Tuy nhin,
nghin cu nh hng ca t thnh cy rng n sinh trng cy rng l mt
cng vic phc tp i hi thi gian, phng tin nghin cu nht nh. Do gii
hn v thi gian v iu kin nghin cu, chng ti khng tin hnh nghin cu
nh hng ca t thnh n sinh trng ca tho qu trong ti ny.
nh hng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu l nh
hng tng hp cng lc ca nhiu yu t. V vy cn m phng quan h nh
hng ca hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu bng nhng phng trnh thng
k a bin.
Tho qu l mt b phn ca h sinh thi rng. Sinh trng v pht trin
ca n chu nh hng ng thi ca nhiu yu t hon cnh. S thay i ca

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mi yu t u c th dn n s thay i trong sinh trng v pht trin ca


tho qu. V vy, v phng din ton hc, sinh trng tho qu c hiu nh
mt hm nhiu bin. Cc bin ny cng khng c lp m chng lin h, tc
ng qua li nhau. y l l do v sao nghin cu quan h sinh trng tho
qu ti ny thu thp ng thi nhiu yu t hon cnh v s dng phng
php phn tch thng k a bin nh mt cng c quan trng.
4.4.2 Phng php thu thp s liu
a) B tr th nghim v dung lng mu
Trn c s kho st s b thu thp cc thng tin v lch s, ngun gc,
mt , tui, ging trng, bin php k thut trng, chm sc, tnh hnh sinh
trng v nng sut ca rng trng tho qu, ti xc nh khu vc iu tra v
b tr tuyn iu tra, im iu tra v lp tiu chun trn bn v thc a.
+ Lp tiu chun in hnh
nghin cu c im cu trc rng ni trng tho qu ti s dng
phng php iu tra trn tiu chun in hnh, lp 3 tiu chun in hnh
cho 3 khu vc trng tho qu ca San S H. Mi tiu chun c din tch l
1000 m2 (40mx25m) c thit lp ni tng i i din v cu trc rng,
iu kin a hnh v th nhng ca ton khu vc.
+ Xy dng h thng im iu tra nghin cu quan h ca sinh
trng tho qu vi cc yu t hon cnh .
nh hng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu c
nghin cu nh thu thp thng tin t h thng 150 im iu tra c xc nh
theo phng php ngu nhin - h thng. Ti mi khu vc trng tho qu ti
xc nh nhng tuyn iu tra. im gc ca tuyn th nht l ni gp ca
ng mn v khu vc trng tho qu, hng i ca tuyn l t ven sui ngc
ln nh dng. Mi khu vc xc nh thm 10 tuyn, cc tuyn song song v
cch nhau l 20m. Trn mi tuyn, c 10 m li xc nh mt im iu tra. Ti
mi im iu tra s tin hnh iu tra ng thi cc yu t v sinh trng ca
tho qu (bi cch im iu tra khng qu 1m), iu kin th nhng v tn
che tng cy cao. Bnh qun trn mt tuyn c khong 5-6 im iu tra.

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b) Phng php thu thp s liu trn tiu chun in hnh


1) iu tra cu trc rng
nghin cu mt s c im cu trc rng ni trng tho qu, ti
tin hnh thu thp trn tiu chun in hnh nhng s liu nh sau:
+ Tng cy cao: tin hnh xc nh loi cy, o ng knh(D1,3), chiu cao
(Hvn), chiu cao di cnh (Hdc) v tn che tng cy cao (TC).
- Loi cy: tn cy c xc nh theo tn a phng.
- ng knh ngang ngc cc cy trong (D1,3): c o qua chu vi bng thc
dy c chia vch n mm ti cao 1.3m .
- Chiu cao vt ngn cc cy trong (Hvn) c o bng thc o cao c
chnh xc n 10 cm.
- ng knh tn cc cy trong (Dt) c o bng thc dy v so c
chnh xc ti 10 cm. ng knh tn c o theo 2 hng ng Ty v Nam
Bc. Kt qu c ly tr s trung bnh ca 2 hng.
Dt= (DtT + DtNB)/2

Trong : DtT, DtNB l ng knh tn theo 2 hng.

- Chiu cao di cnh cc cy trong (Hdc) c o bng thc o cao c


chnh xc ti 10cm .
- tn che ca tiu chun (TC) c xc nh theo h thng xp x 200
im iu tra trong . Ti mi im iu tra tn che ngi iu tra dng thc
ngm ln theo phng thng ng. Nu gp tn cy gi tr tn che c ghi l 1,
nu khng gp tn cy gi tr tn che c ghi l 0. tn che ca tiu chun
l t l gia s im m gi tr tn che l 1 trn tng s im iu tra.
+ iu tra tng cy bi thm ti
Cy bi thm ti c iu tra trong 5 dng bn 4m2, 1 tm v 4
4 gc ca tiu chun. Nhng ch tiu iu tra gm: tn loi, chiu cao trung
bnh, che ph ca loi, che ph chung.
- Chiu cao cy bi thm ti c o bng thc c chnh xc ti cm.
- che ph c xc nh bng phng php c lng c cy bi thm ti
che ph.
+ iu tra cy ti sinh ;

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Cy ti sinh c iu tra trong 5 dng bn. Cc ch tiu iu tra gm:


tn loi, chiu cao vt ngn, tnh trng sinh trng, ng knh gc.
- ng knh gc (D00) c o bng thc kp c khc vch n mm.
- Chiu cao vt ngn (Hvn) v chiu cao di cnh (Hdc) c o bng so c
khc vch ti 1cm.
2) iu tra th nhng
c hnh nh trc quan v iu kin th nhng, ti mi tiu chun
in hnh cc khu vc trng tho qu khc nhau, tin hnh o 1 phu din t.
Cc s liu v iu kin th nhng trn tiu chun c thu thp gm dy
tng t, xp, m, mu sc, t l ln, thnh phn c gii t , kt cu
t. Vic iu tra c im th nhng trn phu din c thc hin theo
phng php iu tra phu din ca Trng i hc Lm nghip.
c) Phng php thu thp s liu trn mi im iu tra
1) iu tra tn che
tn che tng cy cao ti im iu tra c o bng phng php mc
trc ti 5 im, mt im tm bi tho qu, 4 im bn gc vung cch bi
tho qu 2m. Sai s mc trc tn che ti mi im l 10%. Sai s ca s trung
bnh tn che t 5 im l xp x 4%.
2) iu tra th nhng
Ti mi im iu tra ti xc nh nhng yu t sau.
- m (Ws%) : ly mu t 5 im, mt im trung tm im iu tra, 4
im v tr cch u tm im iu tra 1m. Mu c ly su 10- 20cm.
Chng c trn ln vi nhau cho vo ti ni lng vi trng lng khong 200g,
sau tin hnh xc nh m trong phng bng phng php t sy.
- dy tng t (Hs): c xc nh bng khoan, trn mi iu tra tin
hnh khoan 5 im, mt im trung tm im iu tra, 4 im v tr cch u
tm im iu tra 1m, sau cng li ly gi tr trung bnh.

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- xp (X): c xc nh theo phng php ng dung trng. xp tng


t mt ca im iu tra l gi tr bnh qun ca xp t 5 im o, mt im
trung tm im iu tra, 4 im v tr cch u tm im iu tra 1m .
- T l ln (L) c iu tra theo phng php c lng.
- T l mn (MUN): c phn tch trong phng th nghim theo phng php
Tiurin.
- pHKCL : bng my o pH-metter.
- cao a hnh (DC): xc nh trn bn a hnh t l 1/50000.
- Hng phi: bng a bn cm tay.
- dc (DOC) : bng a bn cm tay.
3) iu tra sinh trng ca tho qu
Cc ch tiu sinh trng ca tho qu c iu tra gm: chiu cao bnh
qun ca nhng cy c qu (H), s cy ca bi (nt), s hoa ca bi (Ft), ng
knh cch gc 10cm (D), chiu di l bnh qun (Dla), chiu rng l (Rla), s l
(nla).
- Chiu cao bi (H): c o bng so c khc vch ti cm v o tt c cc cy
ca bi. Chiu cao bi l gi tr trung bnh tt c cc cy trong bi.
- ng knh trung bnh cc cy trong bi (D): ng knh cc cy trong bi
c o bng thc kp vi chnh xc ti mm. Sau tnh bnh qun cho c
bi.
- Chiu di (Dla), chiu rng l (Rla) c o bng thc c khc vch ti cm.
Gi tr chiu di v chiu rng l ca bi l gi tr trung bnh.
4) iu tra nng sut ca tho qu
Thi gian iu tra thu thp s liu hin trng khng trng vi thi k ra
qu nn ti ch iu tra c s chm hoa trn mi bi m khng iu tra trc
tip c nng sut qu. V vy, ti p dng phng php nh gi nhanh
xc nh nng sut ca 40 bi tho qu in hnh cho khu vc nghin cu.
Nhng bi iu tra khc nhau v s cy, chiu cao trung bnh, ng knh gc
v.v... Ti mi bi in hnh, phng vn 5 ch h v s qu ca mt chm hoa.

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Trn c s cc thng tin iu tra trc tip v phng vn c ti xc nh


nng sut cho tng bi in hnh theo cng thc sau.
NS = mi . Ft . P .N/1000 (kg/ha)
Trong :

NS l nng sut tho qu ti

mi l s qu ca 1 chm hoa ca bi, c xc nh bng phng vn trc


tip ti mi bi iu tra th i.
Ft l s chm hoa ca bi, c xc nh bng cch m trc tip trn cc
bi iu tra th t.
P (gam) l trng lng trung bnh ca 1 qu, c xc nh thng qua
phng vn ngi dn (P =12gam).
Nt l mt tho qu (Nt=1650 bi / ha)
d) Phng php x l s liu
Nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu
Sau khi tin hnh thu thp s liu phn ngoi nghip, s dng phng
php thng k ton hc trong lm nghip vi s tr gip ca my tnh xc
nh quan h nh hng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng ca tho qu.
S liu c x l trn my vi tnh bng phn mm Excel 7.0 v phn mm
SPSS.
xut gii php nng cao sinh trng ca tho qu khu vc nghin
cu
Trn c s nghin cu quan h nh hng ca mt s yu t hon cnh
n sinh trng tho qu, xut nhng gii php nng cao sinh trng ca tho
qu. l cc gii php ci thin iu kin hon cnh theo chiu hng lm
tng sinh trng tho qu.

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S s l thng tin trong qu trnh nghin cu

Thng tin v
iu kin t
nhin v kinh
t x hi x
San S H

Thng tin v
c im cu
trc thm thc
vt rng ni
trng tho qu

Thng tin v iu kin th


nhng (thnh phn c gii,
su, pH, hm lng mn,.v.v..)
v a hinh, kh hu.

Thng tin v sinh


trng, nng sut
tho qu v kinh
nghim bn a.

Nghin cu mi quan h ca mt s yu t
hon cnh vi sinh trng tho qu

xut cc gii php k thut nhm


nng cao sinh trng tho qu

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Chng 5

Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun


5.1. c im cu trc rng ni trng tho qu
San S H ngi dn trng tho qu 3 khu vc vi 3 kiu rng
khc nhau tng i r rt. Kt qu iu tra tiu chun c trnh by trong
cc ph biu 01, 02, 03. Di y l mt s c im cu trc rng tng khu
vc.
5.1.1. Rng phc hi sau nng ry
Khu vc trng tho qu th nht cch trung tm x 2km v pha ty, c
cao trung bnh so vi mt nc bin 1250m, di rng phc hi sau nng ry.
c im lm phn c phn nh qua mt s ch tiu iu tra tiu chun s
1 di y.
Bng 5.1. Cc ch tiu iu tra rng ni trng tho qu di rng phc hi

( tiu chun s 1)
Ch tiu

N
(cy/ha)

D1.3
( cm)

Hvn
(m)

M
(m3)

Hdc
(m)

TC

Hb
(cm)

CP
(%)

250

16.5

8.3

24.7

4.8

0.27

30

67

Gi tr
TB

S liu trn cho php i n nhng nhn xt sau:


- Mt cy rng thp (250 cy/ha), phn ln cy tng cao b cht trong qu
trnh dn rng.
- ng knh v chiu cao cy rng khng ln (D1.3= 16.5cm, Hvn=8.3m). Theo
kt qu phng vn th khu rng ny phc hi sau nng ry 17 nm. Nh
vy, lc u ngi ta trng tho qu vo rng mi phc hi 7 nm .
- Tr lng rng hin rt thp (24.7m3/ha). iu ny c th nh hng n
cng trao i vt cht, nng lng trong h sinh thi rng v kh nng ci
to hon cnh ca n.

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- tn che rng thp (0.27). Nh vy, hon cnh rng b thay i rt mnh
m trong qu trnh dn rng trng tho qu .
- T l che ph ca cy bi thm ti tng i cao (67%), chng t hon cnh
rng mang c im tng i r rt ca cc khong trng .

nh 5.1. Tho qu trng ti tiu chun s 1, San S H

phn tch c im t thnh rng chng ti thng k s cy (N) v


tit din ngang (G) ca cc loi cy tng cao, s liu c ghi trong bng sau.
Bng 5.2. Thnh phn loi thc vt tiu chun s 1 ti San S H, Sa Pa
TT

Loi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Ba soi (Macaranga denticulata Muell.Arg)


B (Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib exhardw)
Bi li (Litsea balansae Lecomte)
Gi Sa Pa (Quercus chapensis Hick et A.Camus)
Gii l nh nu (Mangolia faveolata Dandy)
Kho (Machilus odoratissima Nees)
Nanh chut ( tn a phng)
Nhc l nh (Enicosanthellum plagioneurum Diels)
Re (Cinnamomum comphora (L.) Presl)
Si (Lithocarpus cornea (Lour.) Rehder)
Sung (Ficus chapensis Gangep)
Tng qu s(Alnus nephanensis D.Don)

T l t thnh (%)

G
13.49
6.80
3.22
10.76
5.37
3.49
3.49
7.22
5.90
9.89
7.63
22.75

N
8.00
8.00
4.00
12.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
12.00
32.00

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S liu trong bng trn cho thy trong rng phc hi sau nng ry, tng
qu s c t l t thnh ln nht, chim 32.00% v s cy v 22.75% v tit din
ngang. Cc loi cy cn li khc nhau khng ln v t l t thnh, dao ng
trung bnh t 5-10%. Theo cng thc ca Simpson c th tnh c ch s a
dng thc vt tng cao tiu chun 1 l Ds= 0.85 theo s cy v Ds= 0.88 theo
tng tit din ngang.
V tng th, kiu rng trng tho qu ny hnh thnh 4 tng. Tng trn
cng gm phn ln cc loi gi Sa Pa, si, re v.v... vi chiu cao 11-14 m. Tng
2 gm cc loi tng qu s, ba soi , b v.v... c chiu cao trung bnh l 6-8m.
Tng 3 l tng cy tho qu c chiu cao t 2-3m v mt s cy bi. Tng thp
nht l tng thm ti bao gm cc loi dng x, ngc trc, c lo, c lng
sng v.v... vi chiu cao trung bnh t 20-40cm.
5.1.2. Rng thng xanh ma m nhit i gi ma trn ni trung bnh b
tc ng mnh.
Khu vc trng tho qu th hai cch trung tm x 4 km v pha ty bc, c
cao so vi mt nc bin trung bnh 1650m, di rng tn rng t nhin b
tc ng mnh. c im lm phn c phn nh qua ch tiu iu tra tiu
chun s 2 di y.
Bng 5.3. Cc ch tiu iu tra rng ni trng tho qu di rng t
nhin ( tiu chun s 2)

Ch tiu

N
(cy/ha)

D1.3
( cm)

Hvn
(m)

M
(m3)

Hdc
(m)

TC

Hb
(cm)

CP
(%)

Gi tr
TB

120

40.4

15.6

173.7

9.5

0.44

25

85

S liu bng trn cho php i n nhng nhn xt sau.


- Mt cy rng thp (120 cy/ha), nhiu cy tng cao b cht trong qu
trnh dn rng trng tho qu.

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nh 5.2. Tho qu trng ti tiu chun s 2, San S H

- ng knh v chiu cao cy rng ln (D1.3= 40.4cm, Hvn=15.6m). Hu ht


cy rng li trong qu trnh trng tho qu l cy c chiu cao v ng knh
ln.
- Tr lng rng trung bnh (173.7 m3/ha). Phn ln l cy c kch thc ln
nn mc d s cy khng nhiu song tr lng rng cn tng i cao. iu ny
c th duy tr cng trao i vt cht, nng lng trong h sinh thi rng v
kh nng ci to hon cnh ca n mc cao.
- tn che rng mc hi thp (0.44), tuy nhin n vn mc duy tr c
nhng c im ca hon cnh rng.
- T l che ph ca cy bi thm ti tng i ln (85%), chng t ph t
rng cn cao, n b li c phn no hin tng thiu nh sng di tn
rng. Tuy nhin, thnh phn loi ca cy bi thm ti thay i r, s lng
ca cc loi dng x v ngc trc tng ln, cn cc loi a sng mnh nh c
lo, c lng sng gim i r rt.

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phn tch c im t thnh rng chng ti thng k v tnh t l t


thnh theo s cy (N) v tit din ngang (G) ca cc loi cy tng cao, kt qu
c ghi trong bng sau.
Bng 5.4. Thnh phn loi thc vt tiu chun s 2 ti San S H, Sa Pa
TT

Loi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Chn chim (Schefflera bodinieri (Lerl.) Rehner)


n (Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schaues)
Lng trng (Litsea sp)
Lng (tn a phng)
Sn (tn a phng)
Sp (cha xc nh c tn)
Sung rng (Ficus chapensis Gangep)
Trng ch (Callicarpa arborea Roxb)

T l t thnh (%)

G
22.17
15.81
4.50
26.91
15.23
7.03
6.38
1.98

N
21.43
14.29
3.57
17.86
10.71
14.29
10.71
7.14

S liu trn cho thy mt v tr lng rng trong khu vc trng tho
qu thp. Hu ht cc loi c gi tr u b cht. S cy cn li ch yu vi
mc ch che bng cho cy tho qu. Theo cng thc ca Simpson c th tnh
c ch s a dng thc vt tng cao tiu chun 2 l Ds=0.85 theo s cy v
Ds=0.82 theo tng tit din ngang. Nh vy, mc a dng sinh hc ca thc vt
tng cao tnh theo tng tit din ngang tiu chun s 2 thp hn so vi tiu
chun th nht. Nguyn nhn ch yu do s khc bit tng i ln v kch
thc ca cc loi cy rng th sinh li che bng cho tho qu.
V tng th, kiu rng trng tho qu ny hnh thnh 3 tng. Tng cy g
c chiu cao t 15-22m ch yu l cc loi gi Sa Pa, thch, cm v.v... Tng 2 l
tng cy tho qu c chiu cao t 2-3.5m. Tng th 3 l tng thm ti, cc loi
thng gp l dng x v ngc trc.v.v.. .
5.1.3. Rng thng xanh ma m nhit i ma ma trn ni cao b tc
ng mnh.
Khu vc trng tho qu th hai cch trung tm x 8 km v pha ty bc, c
cao so vi mt bin trung bnh 2250m, di rng tn rng t nhin tc
ng mnh. c im lm phn c phn nh qua ch tiu iu tra tiu
chun s 3 di y.

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Bng 5.5. Cc ch tiu iu tra rng ni trng tho qu di rng t


nhin ( tiu chun s 3)

Ch tiu

N
(cy/ha)

D1.3
( cm)

Hvn
(m)

M
(m3)

Hdc
(m)

TC

Hb
(cm)

CP
(%)

Gi tr
TB

180

43.6

16.6

266.6

10.9

0.54

25

85

nh 5.3. Tho qu trng ti tiu chun s 3, San S H

S liu bng trn cho php i n nhng nhn xt sau:


- Mt cy rng khng cao (180cy/ha), nhng ch yu l nhng cy to.
- ng knh v chiu cao cy rng ln (D1.3=43.6cm, Hvn=16.6m).
y, trong qu trnh dn t trng tho qu ngi dn ch cht b nhng cy nh,
cc cy ln vn c gi li.
- Tr lng rng cao (266.6m3/ha). iu ny chng t rng b tc
ng song v c bn vn gi c hon cnh rng.
-

tn che rng mc trung bnh (0.54). Do phn ln nhng cy nh

c cht b trong qu trnh dn t trng tho qu, nn mc d tr lng rng


cn cao song tn che gim i mt cch ng k.

47

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- T l che ph ca cy bi thm ti tng i cao (85%), chng t t


c ph cao. Tuy nhin, thnh phn loi ca cy bi thm ti thay i r,
s lng ca cc loi dng x v ngc trc tng ln, cn cc loi a sng mnh
nh c lo, c lng sng khng cn na.
phn tch c im t thnh rng, chng ti thng k s cy v tnh
t thnh theo s cy (N) v tit din ngang (G) ca cc loi cy tng cao. Kt
qu c ghi trong bng sau.
Bng 5.6. Thnh phn loi thc vt ti San S H Sa Pa

( tiu chun s 3)
TT

Loi

1
2
3
4
5
6

Cng l (Betula altoides Decne)


Ch trm ( cha xc inh tn khoa hc)
Bi li (Litsea balansae Lecomte)
Gi Sa Pa(Quercus chapensis Hick et A.Camus)
Gi vng (Quercus anulata Wall)
Re (Cinnamomum comphora (L.) Presl)

T l t thnh (%)

G
6.10
8.95
9.45
46.22
21.96
7.32

N
5.88
5.88
11.76
52.94
11.76
11.76

S liu cho thy trong t thnh kiu rng ny gi l loi chim u th.
T l t thnh loi gi Sa Pa chim 52.94% v s cy v 46.22% v tit din
ngang. Ngoi ra cn mt s loi cy l rng khc nh re, cng l, bi li.v.v..
Theo cng thc ca Simpson c th tnh c ch s a dng thc vt tng cao
tiu chun 3 l Ds=0.67 theo s cy v Ds=0.71 theo tng tit din ngang. Nh
vy, mc a dng sinh hc ca thc vt tng cao tnh theo tng din ngang
tiu chun s 3 thp hn so vi tiu chun th nht v th 2. iu ny c th
lin quan ti s bin i ca s loi cy chim u th theo cao a hnh.
V tng th, c th nhn thy tiu chun s 3 rng trng tho qu c 3
tng. Tng trn cng gm cc loi cy g ln vi chiu cao trung bnh l 16.6m.
Tng th hai l tho qu, chiu cao trung bnh l 2-3m. Cui cng l tng cy bi
thm ti c chiu cao trung bnh 30-40cm. Theo ngi dn, chiu cao cy bi
thm ti thp c lin quan n vic pht dn hng nm trong qu trnh chm
sc tho qu.

48

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Kt qu iu tra c 3 tiu chun thuc 3 kiu rng u khng thy cy ti


sinh. Ngi dn cho bit rng trong qu trnh dn t trng tho qu, h phi
pht dn phn ln nhng cy tng thp hng nm, trong c c cy ti sinh.
Nhn chung kt qu phn tch c im cu trc rng ni trng tho qu
San S H cho thy: tho qu thng c trng 3 kiu rng khc nhau. Trong
qu trnh dn t trng tho qu v chm sc hng nm ngi dn ci to
rng t nhin vi cu trc phc tp thnh rng trng tho qu vi cu trc phn
ln gm 1-2 tng cy g, tn che dao dng t xp x 0.3 - 0.6. Tng cy bi
thm ti rng trng tho qu khng pht trin do vic lm t v chm sc
tho qu hng nm.
5.2. c im t ni trng tho qu.
Kt qu iu tra cho thy t trong cc khu vc trng tho qu u hnh
thnh trn m granit thuc nhm mcma axit. Tuy nhin, cao so vi mt
nc bin khc nhau dn n s phn ho nht nh v c im th nhng.
Theo m t phu din (Ph biu 04, 05,06) c th nhn thy 3 khu vc trng
tho qu c 3 loi t khc nhau.
+ t mn ni cao pht trin trn grant. Loi t ny khu vc trng
tho qu cao nht. t c mu nu xm, tng trung bnh, thnh phn c gii tht
nh, t thng xuyn c m cao, thot nc tt, t tng mt rt xp, t l
ln cao .
+ t feralit mn trn ni pht trin trn grant. Loi t ny phn b
khu trng tho qu th hai cao trung bnh so vi mt nc bin 1650m. t
c mu nu , tng t trung bnh, thnh phn c gii tht nh, nhiu mn, tng
t mt tng i xp, t l ln tng i cao.
+ t feralit mn trn ni thp pht trin trn grant. Loi t ny phn
b khu trng tho qu thp nht, cao trung bnh so vi mt nc bin
1250m. Tng t trung bnh n dy, mu vng , thnh phn c gii tht trung
bnh, hm lng mn thp, t l ln thp.
nh gi tnh cht t mi khu vc trng tho qu, tng hp s
liu phn tch mu t t 150 im iu tra. Kt qu iu tra phn tch t c

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ghi ph biu 07a, 07b, 07c. Di y l s liu trung bnh v tnh cht t ca
tng khu vc.
Bng 5.7. Mt s tnh cht l ho hc ca t cc khu vc trng tho qu
thuc x San S H huyn Sa Pa.

Khu iu tra
Tnh cht
Thnh phn c gii
dy trung bnh(cm)
Mu sc
xp (%)
T l ln (%)
T l mn(%)
pHKCL
m (%)

Khu 1

Khu 2

Khu 3

Tht trung bnh


74.8
Vng
69
10
4,8
5.2
37.4

Tht nh
43.6
Nu
70
45
7.6
4.2
41.5

Tht nh
48.9
Nu xm
70
35
6.8
3.9
36.3

Phn tch s liu bng trn cho php i n mt s nhn xt sau:


- t trong khu vc nghin cu tng i xp. c 3 khu vc xp tng
t mt u xp x 70%.
- T l ln cao. Phn ln nhng ni trng tho qu u gn cc khe sui.
Ni y t thng nhiu ln, t m song thot nc tt.
- Hm lng mn t trung bnh n giu. Hm lng mn thp nht khu
vc trng tho qu di rng phc hi cng t xp x 5%, cc khu vc khc
t trn di 7%.
- pH thp. Phn ln t ni trng tho qu tng i chua. Cng ln cao
pH cng thp. iu ny c lin quan ti hm lng mn cao v mc phn
gii chm ca thm mc ni cao.
- dy tng t trung bnh, phn ln dao ng t khong 45 n 75cm.
- t trng tho qu lun c m cao, dao ng t 37 - 41%. Phn ln
y l t ven sui v di rng t nhin c kh nng gi m cao.
5.3. c im hnh thi v sinh trng ca tho qu khu
vc nghin cu
5.3.1. c im hnh thi
Kt qu iu tra cho php i n mt s nhn xt v c im hnh thi
ca tho qu khu vc nghin cu nh sau:

50

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nh 5.4. Cy tho qu ( Amomum aromaticum Robx.)

nh 5.5. R v mm tho qu

- Cy tho qu l cy thn tho cao trung bnh t 2-3.5 m. Nh sinh sn v


tnh bng thn ngm tho qu lun pht trin thnh tng bi. Theo ngi dn

51

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hng nm h phi ta bt s cy ca mi bi m bo duy tr nng sut qu.


V vy, mt bi tho qu trng 10 tui khu vc nghin cu trung bnh c 8 cy.
Thn tho qu c mu xanh, pha gn gc c mu hng, l v thn u c
mi thm hc c trng. ng knh thn tho qu trung bnh t 3-5 cm.
Cy t mt nm tui tr ln ( trng thnh) thng c 15-17 l, mc so
le, cung ngn hoc khng cung. Phin l hnh trng thun, di t 50-75 cm,
rng t 18-25cm. L tho qu nhn, mt trn c mu xanh sm, mt di hi
xanh nht.
R tho qu mc chm, di trung bnh t 20-30 cm, phn b tp trung
lp t mt t 10-20 cm.
Hoa tho qu mc chm, thnh bng t gc, di chng 15-20cm, mu
nht. Theo kt qu phng vn, mi chm hoa thng hnh thnh t 10-15 qu.
Qu c hnh trng, di khong 3-4 cm, ng knh trung bnh t 2-3 cm. Qu
chn mu nu , mt bng nhn. Khi sy kh v qu nhn li v mu v qu hi
en. Mt qu ti c trng lng trung bnh t 12 gam. V qu dy xp x 5mm.
Trong qu chia thnh 3 ngn, mi ngn c khong 8-10 ht. Ht c mi rt
thm.
5.3.2. c im sinh trng
Theo phng vn, tho qu cng nh nhng loi cy thn tho khc thng
sinh trng nhanh c v ng knh v chiu cao trong giai on ma xun. Sang
h sinh trng tho qu gn nh ngng li, kch thc tho qu bt u n nh
v khng thay i trong c thi gian sng cn li. V vy, c th s dng kch
thc cy tho qu iu tra vo bt c thi im no sau ma h nh mt ch tiu
quan trng phn tch c im sinh trng ca tho qu. Kt qu iu tra 150
bi tho qu khu vc nghin cu c trnh by trong bng sau.

52

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Bng 5.8. Cc ch tiu sinh trng ca tho qu ti San S H - Sa Pa.


STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

H
(m)
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.1
2.3
3.0
3.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.9
2.3
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.5
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.7
1.8
1.4
2.0
3.0
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.4

D
(cm)
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.4
4.2
3.7
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.2
4.0
4.0
4.3
3.1
2.8
4.0
3.4
3.7
3.2
2.3
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
3.1
3.0
3.5
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.5
1.8
1.0
2.5
4.0
3.5
3.7
4.2
4.2
3.6
4.3

S l
16.0
17.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
11.0
11.0
15.0
16.0
14.0
13.0
16.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
12.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
14.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
7.0
12.0
17.0
15.0
14.0
18.0
18.0
17.0
18.0

Rla
(cm)
21.0
20.0
20.0
22.0
21.0
17.5
19.0
25.0
24.0
19.0
19.0
22.0
24.0
20.0
23.0
22.0
21.0
18.0
19.0
22.0
22.0
20.0
17.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
22.0
20.0
26.0
25.0
22.0
22.0
12.0
12.0
18.0
22.0
18.0
19.0
22.0
21.0
19.0
26.0

Dla
(cm)
54.0
68.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
65.0
62.0
68.0
71.0
62.0
64.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
72.0
68.0
75.0
59.0
75.0
65.0
60.0
65.0
62.0
66.0
75.0
75.0
68.0
62.0
65.0
62.0
70.0
70.0
75.0
55.0
45.0
45.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
65.0
72.0
70.0
70.0
70.0

Ghi
H
STT
ch
(m)
76 3.0
77 2.2
78 2.2
79 2.2
80 2.3
81 2.0
82 1.6
83 1.6
84 1.8
85 2.6
86 2.5
87 2.5
88 2.8
89 2.8
90 2.5
91 2.0
92 1.1
93 1.8
94 2.1
95 2.2
96 1.6
97 2.2
98 2.7
99 1.4
100 2.1
101 2.4
102 2.1
103 1.9
104 1.8
105 2.0
106 2.4
107 1.4
108 1.9
109 2.3
110 1.6
111 2.1
112 2.3
113 2.3
114 1.4
115 1.0
116 0.9
117 1.8
118 2.6
119 1.6

D
(cm)
3.1
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.1
1.8
2.3
2.3
3.1
2.6
2.6
3.5
3.5
2.9
2.8
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.9
1.6
2.9
3.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.8
2.8
3.2
2.1
1.5
1.0
2.1
3.3
2.6

S l
15.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
12.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
17.0
12.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
10.0
13.0
13.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
12.0
9.0
13.0
14.0
9.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
9.0
10.0
8.0
11.0
14.0
11.0

Rla
(cm)
18.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
21.0
19.0
13.0
14.0
18.0
21.0
18.0
18.0
24.0
24.0
18.0
20.0
15.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
14.0
19.0
19.0
12.0
17.0
15.0
20.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
20.0
17.0
20.0
20.0
15.0
16.0
19.0
18.0
16.0
11.0
11.0
18.0
23.0
17.0

Dla
(cm)
70.0
62.0
58.0
58.0
54.0
61.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
75.0
75.0
61.0
51.0
45.0
55.0
62.0
65.0
51.0
70.0
63.0
60.0
62.0
51.0
58.0
55.0
60.0
60.0
65.0
54.0
61.0
65.0
60.0
62.0
65.0
52.0
50.0
45.0
29.0
55.0
70.0
50.0

Ghi
ch

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3.5 14.0
45 2.8
1.5
9.0
46 1.6
1.2
8.0
47 1.5
1.5
9.0
48 1.8
3.5 17.0
49 3.0
2.7 13.0
50 2.5
3.1 13.0
51 2.3
2.8 13.0
52 2.3
2.9 13.0
53 2.3
1.5 10.0
54 2.1
2.1
9.0
55 2.2
3.1
3.5
15.0
56
3.1 14.0
57 3.0
2.5 14.0
58 2.8
2.5 13.0
59 3.1
2.4 14.0
60 2.8
2.6
2.1 11.0
61
2.6 15.0
62 3.2
1.9 12.0
63 1.9
2.8 13.0
64 2.5
1.5 10.0
65 2.1
3.1 14.0
66 3.1
3.5 15.0
67 3.0
2.4 13.0
68 3.1
2.4 14.0
69 2.8
2.2 12.0
70 2.6
2.5 13.0
71 3.1
1.8 14.0
72 1.9
3.0
2.6 15.0
73
2.2 11.0
74 2.6
2.4 14.0
75 2.8
TB
Sai tiu chun (S)
H s bin ng (V,%)

21.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
20.0
18.0
22.0
19.0
20.0
17.0
13.0
22.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
19.0
11.0
19.0
18.0
19.0
22.0
20.0
20.0
18.0
20.0
11.0
19.0
19.0
18.0

55.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
70.0
62.0
63.0
54.0
55.0
58.0
56.0
68.0
60.0
60.0
65.0
68.0
68.0
70.0
43.0
55.0
55.0
70.0
69.0
64.0
65.0
65.0
66.0
63.0
70.0
68.0
60.0

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150

1.6
2.9
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.1
3.0
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.3
3.4

1.7
4.0
3.1
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.0
3.9
2.9
2.8
2.5
3.9
3.1
3.8
2.5
4.1
3.7
3.8
4.1
3.2
3.9
3.7
3.3
4.4
4.6
3.1
3.7
4.0
4.2
4.5

10.0
13.0
13.0
15.0
15.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
16.0
13.0
16.0
13.0
14.0
14.0
15.0
14.0
14.0
13.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
15.0
13.0
15.0
15.0
14.0
16.0

15.0
22.5
18.0
23.0
22.0
20.0
22.0
19.0
19.0
17.0
18.0
17.0
23.0
21.0
22.0
17.0
19.0
24.0
19.0
21.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
19.0
22.0
19.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
20.0

48.0
73.0
66.0
70.0
72.0
68.0
69.0
65.0
64.0
66.0
66.0
65.0
78.0
69.0
70.0
65.0
72.0
68.0
74.0
72.0
68.0
67.0
71.0
65.0
68.0
67.0
64.0
76.0
76.0
60.0
70.0

2.5
0.6
22.7

3.0
0.8
26.8

13.3
2.2
16.9

19.0
3.3
17.1

63.4
8.35
13.2

Phn tch s liu trn cho php i n mt s nhn xt sau:


- Sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu bin ng trong phm vi rng.
Chiu cao tho qu ln nht l 3.6m, nh nht l 0.9m, trung bnh l 2.5m v h
s bin ng l 22.7%. ng knh tho qu cao nht l 4.6cm, thp nht l
1.0cm, trung bnh cho c khu vc l 3.0cm v h s bin ng l 26.8%.
- Cc ch tiu sinh trng c lin h vi nhau mt cch cht ch. xc nh
cc lin h ny, ti xy dng biu lin h v phn tch tng quan gia cc
ch tiu sinh trng ( Biu 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4).

54

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4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Chiu cao ( m)

ng knh (cm)

Biu 5.1. Lin h gia chiu cao v ng knh tho qu

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Chiu cao (m)

S l

10

15

20

Biu 5.2. Lin h gia chiu cao v s l tho qu

55

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4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Chiu cao (m)

Rng l (cm)

10

15

20

25

30

Biu 5.3. Lin h gia chiu cao v chiu rng l tho qu

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Chiu cao (m)

Chiu di l (cm)

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Biu 5.4. Lin h gia chiu cao v chiu di phin l

Phn tch m my im phn nh lin h gia sinh trng chiu cao v


cc ch tiu sinh trng khc hnh trn, ti nhn thy:
Cc m my im u phn b tp trung theo cc dng ng thng
hoc ng cong mt cch r rt. iu chng t gia cc ch tiu sinh trng

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c lin h cht ch vi nhau. S dng phng php bnh phng nh nht, chng
ti xc nh c lin h gia cc ch tiu sinh trng ca tho qu nh sau.
Bng 5.9. Phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao vi ng knh, s l, chiu rng l,
chiu di l ca tho qu
i lng lin h

Phng trnh tng quan

Lin h gia chiu cao v ng knh


Lin h gia chiu cao v s l
Lin h gia chiu cao v rng l
Lin h gia chiu cao v di l

H= 0.8214+0.5693xD (1)
H=-0.2707 +0.2105xnla (2)
H= 0.0215+0.1313xRla (3)
H=-0.8689+0.0535xDla (4)

H s tng
quan (R)

R= 0.80
R= 0. 82
R= 0.75
R= 0.78

Kim tra s tn ti ca cc h s a, b cho thy cc h s b 4 phng


trnh u tn ti v |Tb1| = 15.95, |Tb2| = 11.57, |Tb3| = 13.6, |Tb4| =15.26 u nh
hn T05 (k=148) = 1.98 nhng i vi h s a, ch c h s a ca phng trnh (1)
v (4) l tn ti v c |Ta1| = 3.87 v |Ta4| =7.44 > T05 (k=148) = 1.98. Cn li h s
a ca hai phng trnh (2), (3) khng tn ti vi |Ta2| =0.11 v |Ta3| =1.68.
Nhn chung h s tng quan ca cc phng trnh lin h gia cc ch
tiu sinh trng tng i cao, u trn 0.75. Nh vy, c th s dng ch tiu
sinh trng ny phn nh mt cch tng i cho ch tiu sinh trng khc.
V vy, trong qu trnh phn tch c im sinh trng v nh hng ca cc yu
t hon cnh n sinh trng chng ti s dng chiu cao nh mt yu t i
din cho sinh trng ca tho qu. Chiu cao chng nhng l ch tiu lin h
cht ch nht vi nhiu ch tiu sinh trng khc m cn d iu tra v c sai s
t nht trong qu trnh iu tra.
5.3.3. Quan h gia sinh trng v nng sut ca tho qu
Mc ch ca nhng gii php thc y sinh trng tho qu l gp phn
nng cao nng sut qu. V vy, nhng gii php k thut tt s l nhng gii
php iu chnh sinh trng ca n t c nng sut qu cao nht. Vic
nghin cu quan h gia sinh trng v nng sut s l c s khoa hc quan
trng la chn gii php k thut thc y sinh trng cho nng sut qu cao.
Nh trong mc 4.4.2.- phng php nghin cu trnh by, kt qu iu tra
sinh trng, m s chm hoa v phng vn ngi dn v s qu trong tng
chm hoa ca 40 bi cy mu v tnh nng sut cho tng bi c ghi trong
bng sau.

57

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Bng 5.10. Sinh trng v nng sut tho qu ca 40 bi cy mu

TT bi

H(m)

D(cm)

1
5
6
8
11
12
24
31
32
53
55
56
57
60
61
63
64
67
68
73
74
75
84
88
90
93
95
97
103
105
106
109
113
118
123
133
135
141
143
147

2.8
3.2
2.1
3.0
2.4
3.1
2.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
2.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.6
1.9
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.8
1.8
2.8
2.5
1.8
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.8
3.3
3.2

3.6
2.6
2.5
4.2
2.7
3.6
3.0
4.3
3.8
2.9
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.8
3.5
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.3
3.5
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.8
3.1
2.5
3.9
3.3
3.7

S chm hoa S qu /chm


(Ft)
hoa(mi)
12
12
16
12
6
5
8
20
9
8
6
19
4
10
8
22
8
18
6
8
8
5
8
15
6
12
8
8
8
5
4
4
6
6
6
18
8
12
8
12
7
8
6
9
7
4
6
14
6
10
5
6
8
9
6
8
6
4
6
6
6
8
4
9
7
7
8
11
6
14
4
14
6
4
8
16
6
25
6
23

NS (kg/ha)
2851.2
3801.6
594.0
3168.0
1425.6
2257.2
792.0
3484.8
2851.2
950.4
792.0
2376.0
1425.6
1267.2
792.0
316.8
712.8
2138.4
1900.8
1900.8
1108.8
1069.2
554.4
1663.2
1188.0
594.0
1425.6
950.4
475.2
712.8
950.4
712.8
970.2
1742.4
1663.2
1108.8
475.2
2534.4
2970.0
2732.4

58

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T s liu bng trn c hnh nh trc quan v lin h gia sinh trng
v nng sut tho qu, ti xy dng biu lin h ca nng sut vi chiu
cao v ng knh sau:

4000

Nng sut (kg/ha)

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500

Chiu cao (m)

0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Biu 5.5. Lin h gia nng sut v chiu cao tho qu

4000
3500

Nng sut (kg/ha)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500

ng knh (cm)

0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Biu 5.6. Lin h gia nng sut v ng knh tho qu

59

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T biu 5.5, 5.6, cho thy m my im phn b c xu hng, tp


trung iu ny chng t c mi quan h gia nng sut ca tho qu vi chiu
cao v ng knh ca chng. p dng chng trnh Excel 7.0, ti xc lp
tng quan nh sau :

NS = 3.82x e1.288H

vi R= 0.90 (5)

NS = -2120.21+ 1222.48x D

vi R= 0.80 (6)

Kim tra s tn ti cc h s ca phng trnh (5) v (6) cho thy cc h


s a, b u tn ti v |Ta1| = 14.02 , |Ta2 |= 4.74 , |Tb1| = 12.40 v |Tb2| = 8.33
u nh hn T05(k=38) = 2.02.
Nh vy, t kt qu trn cho thy:
- Sinh trng ng knh v chiu cao c lin h tng i cht vi h s
tng quan ln hn 0.8. Sinh trng cng cao th nng sut cng ln. Cc gii
php thc y sinh trng tho qu cng l nhng gii php nng cao nng sut
ca n.
- Trong s cc ch tiu sinh trng th chiu cao l ch tiu c lin h cht
ch nht vi nng sut (R=0.90). V vy, c th s dng chiu cao nh mt ch
tiu phn nh nng sut ca tho qu. Nhng gii php lm tng chiu cao ca
tho qu cng l nhng gii php lm tng nng sut tho qu.
5.4. nh hng ca mt s yu t hon cnh n sinh
trng ca tho qu.
Sinh trng ca tho qu cng nh cc loi thc vt di tn rng khc
lun ph thuc vo nhiu yu t hon cnh. Trong quan trng nht l cc yu
t thuc v hon cnh kh hu, th nhng v t thnh thc vt rng. Tuy nhin
trong iu kin c th ca khu vc nghin cu th s khc bit v hon cnh kh
hu gy nn ch yu l do s khc bit v cao so vi mt bin v tn che
ca rng. S khc bit v cao so vi mt nc bin gy nn s khc bit v
iu kin tiu kh hu ca tng a im trong khu vc nghin cu, cn s khc
bit v tn che gy nn s khc bit v iu kin tiu kh hu di tn rng.
V vy, khi phn tch nh hng ca hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu ti

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tp trung phn tch nh hng ca cc yu t cao so vi mt nc bin, tn


che tng cy cao, hm lng mn, xp, m, pH v dy tng t. y
l nhng yu t c th nh hng nhiu nht n sinh trng tho qu .
Di y l kt qu phn tch nh hng ca tng yu t hon cnh cng
nh nh hng tng hp ca chng n sinh trng tho qu.
5.4.1. nh hng ca tng yu t ca hon cnh n sinh trng ca tho
qu.
Cc yu t hon cnh nh hng n sinh trng tho qu lun l nh
hng tng hp trong mi quan h tc ng ln nhau. Tuy nhin, xy dng
nhng phng trnh ton hc m phng nh hng tng hp ca cc yu t hon
cnh n sinh trng cn phi la chn cc yu t hon cnh v quy lut tc
ng ca tng yu t n sinh trng. C s khoa hc ca vic la chn cc yu
t hon cnh v dng ton hc phn nh quan h tc ng ca tng yu t trong
phng trnh m phng nh hng tng hp l phn tch nh hng ca tng
yu t ca hon cnh n sinh trng. Nhng yu t hon cnh c mt trong
phng trnh tng hp s l nhng yu t c quan h cht vi sinh trng. Dng
ton hc phn nh quan h tc ng ca tng yu t trong phng trnh tng
hp chnh l dng ton hc phn nh lin h ca n vi sinh trng trong phng
trnh tng quan n l.
a) nh hng ca cao so vi mt nc bin n sinh trng ca
tho qu
cao so vi mt nc bin l mt yu t quan trng c nh hng n
ch kh hu c bit l ch nhit m v qua nh hng n sinh trng
cy rng. Tu theo iu kin kh hu v a hnh ca a phng m mi khu
vc nh hng ca cao so vi mt nc bin n sinh trng c nhng c
im ring. phn tch nh hng ca cao so vi mt nc bin ( cao
a hnh) n sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng k
chiu cao ca tho qu v cao a hnh ca cc im iu tra (ph biu 08).

61

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T s liu ph biu 08 cho php xy dng biu phn nh lin h gia chiu
cao bnh qun ca tho qu vi cao a hnh di y.

4.0
3.5

Chiu cao ( m)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

cao (m)

0.0
1000

1500

2000

2500

Biu 5.7. Lin h gia chiu cao ca tho qu vi cao a hnh

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi cao a hnh, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

Mth

Rsq

d.f.

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

.186
.158
.129
.315
.203
.175
.147
.203

148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

33.89
27.80
22.02
33.87
37.64
31.48
25.47
37.64

Sigf

b0

b1

b2

b3

.000 3.6894 -.0007


.000 10.5799 -1.0851
.000 1.5234 1641.06
.000 -1.9996
.0060 -2.E-06
.000 4.2423
.9997
.000 113.215 -.5164
.000
.4143 789.696
.000 4.2423 -.0003

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi cao a hnh s
c h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.32). V vy, nn chn
dng phng trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau ti nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H =2.78775- 0.0000019x(DC-1610)2

vi R= 0.54

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S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F 0.0000 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong phng
trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 54.69 v |Tb|= 8.26 u ln hn T05(k=148)
=1.98. Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi cao a hnh trn y cho php i n mt s
nhn xt sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi cao a hnh c dng hm
parabol mt nh.
- Theo kt qu kho st phng trnh thc nghim trn cho thy sinh
trng tho qu xp x khng khi cao di 400m v trn 2800m. Nh vy,
c th d on l khu vc nghin cu tho qu c th sinh trng c mi ni
c cao ln hn 500m v nh hn 2700m.
- Gi tr ti a ca sinh trng tho qu v tr c cao 1610m. Nh
vy, cao thch hp nht pht trin tho qu l cao khong trn di
1600m.
b) nh hng ca tn che tng cy cao
nh sng l mt yu t hon cnh quan trng nh hng n sinh trng
ca thc vt di tn rng. phn tch nh hng ca tn che ti sinh
trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng k chiu cao tho qu v
tn che tng cy cao ca tt c cc im iu tra, kt qu trnh by trong ph
biu 08. T s liu trn ph biu 08, ti xy dng biu phn nh lin h
n l ca chiu cao ca tho qu vi tn che di y.

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4.0
3.5
3.0

Chiu cao (m)

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

tn che

0.0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Biu 5.8. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v tn che tng cy cao

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tn che, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq
.000
.011
.047
.386
.000
.015
.056
.000

d.f.

Sigf

148
.05
148
1.65
148
7.32
147
46.25
148 3.5E-03
148
2.22
148
8.79
148 3.5E-03

.826
.200
.008
.000
.953
.138
.004
.953

b0

b1

b2

2.5568 -.0864
2.7070
.1932
2.8983 -.1375
-.5054 15.6786 -18.622
2.4573
.9895
2.6953
.1010
1.0802 -.0677
2.4573 -.0105

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tn che s c
h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.39). V vy, nn chn dng
phng trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau, kt qu nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H= 2.7939-18.613x (TC- 0.42)2

vi R= 0.6 2

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S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 2.15x10-17 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong
phng trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 60.27 v |Tb|= 9.64 u ln hn
T05(k=148) = 1.98. Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng
trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tn che tng cy cao trn y cho
php i n mt s nhn xt sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi tn che tng cy cao c
dng hm parabol mt nh.
- Theo kt qu kho st phng trnh thc nghim trn cho thy sinh
trng tho qu xp x khng khi tn che di 0.1 v trn 0.8. Nh vy, c
th d on l khu vc nghin cu tho qu c th sinh trng c di tn
rng ni c tn che ln hn 0.1 (tng ng vi t trng c cy ri rc) v
nh hn 0.8.
- Gi tr ti a ca sinh trng tho qu tn che tng cy cao l 0.42.
Nh vy, tn che tng cy cao thch hp nht pht trin tho qu l tn
che khong trn di 0. 4. Nu coi tn che thch hp vi sinh trng ca tho
qu l tn che m sinh trng c th vt qu 80% mc sinh trng ti
a th cn c vo phng trnh trn ti xc nh c tn chi thch hp cho
sinh trng ca tho qu nm trong khong 0.26 n 0.6.
- S ph thuc ca sinh trng tho qu vo tn che tng cy cao c xu
hng ln hn so vi cao a hnh. iu ny c phn nh thng qua gi tr
ca h s tng quan gia sinh trng vi tn che (R= 0.62) ln hn gia sinh
trng vi cao a hnh (R= 0.54).
c) nh hng ca yu t m t n sinh trng tho qu.
m l mt yu t hon cnh quan trng nh hng n sinh trng
ca tho qu. Chnh v vy, ngi dn ch trng tho qu khu vc ven khe
sui, thng khng qu 50m. phn tch nh hng ca m ti sinh trng
tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng k chiu cao tho qu v m
ca tt c cc im iu tra, kt qu trnh by trong ph biu 08 . T s liu

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ph biu 08, xy dng biu phn nh lin h n l ca chiu cao ca tho


qu vi m t di y.

4 .0

Chiu cao (m)

3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5

m t (%)

0 .0
0

20

40

60

80

Biu 5.9. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v m t

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi m t, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq

d.f.

.223
.232
.233
.238
.192
.199
.200
.192

148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

Sigf

42.37
44.65
44.96
22.91
35.17
36.85
36.89
35.17

b0

b1

.000
.9968
.0392
.000 -3.0418 1.5261
.000 4.0065 -55.943
.000 -.7496
.1304
.000 1.2900 1.0166
.000
.2376
.6396
.000 1.5155 -23.392
.000 1.2900
.0164

b2

-.0012

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi m t s c
h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.24). V vy, nn chn dng
phng trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau, kt qu nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H=2.888618- 0.00134x (Ws-54)2

vi R=0.49

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S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 2.61x10-10 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong
phng trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 42.57v |Tb|= 6.78 u ln hn
T05(k=148) = 1.98.
Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi m t trn y cho php i n mt s nhn xt
sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi m t c dng hm
parabol mt nh.
- Gi tr ti a ca sinh trng tho qu m l 54%. Nh vy, m
thch hp nht pht trin tho qu l m khong trn di 54%. Nu coi
m thch hp vi sinh trng ca tho qu l m m sinh trng c th
vt qu 80% mc sinh trng ti a th cn c vo phng trnh trn ti xc
nh c m thch hp cho sinh trng ca tho qu nm trong khong 32%
n 76%.
- S liu cng cho thy lin h ca sinh trng vi m t trong khu
vc nghin cu l khng cht ch. Nguyn nhn c th do s khc bit ca
m t trong khu vc khng ln gy kh khn cho vic phn tch. Ngoi ra
nh hng ca m n sinh trng ca tho qu cn b nhiu lon bi tc
ng ca cc yu t sinh thi khc nh tn che, hm lng mn, cao a
hnh.v.v...
d) nh hng ca yu t hm lng mn trong t n sinh trng
tho qu.
Hm lng mn l mt yu t phn nh ph t, n c nh hng quan
trng n sinh trng ca tho qu. Ngi dn thng chn nhng ni t di
rng t nhin cn nhiu mn trng tho qu. phn tch nh hng ca
hm lng mn ti sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng
k chiu cao tho qu v hm lng mn ca tt c cc im iu tra. Kt qu
trnh by trong ph biu 08. T s liu ph biu 08, ti xy dng biu

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phn nh lin h n l ca chiu cao ca tho qu vi hm lng mn di


y.
4.0
3.5

Chiu cao,m

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

MUN ,%

0.0
0

10

15

20

Biu 5.10. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v hm lng mn t

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng mn t, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq

d.f.

.464
.501
.435
.511
.392
.455
.432
.392

148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

Sigf

127.95
148.46
113.89
76.70
95.25
123.58
112.47
95.25

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

b0

b1

1.7764
.1106
1.0445
.8267
3.2826 -4.0424
1.3080
.2414
1.7953 1.0470
1.2948
.3561
1.2373 -1.8202
1.7953
.0459

b2

-.0072

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng mn s
c h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.51). V vy, nn chn
dng phng trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau, kt qu nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H=3.351-0.007049x (MUN -17)2

vi R=0.71

68

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S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 4.3x10-24 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong
phng trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 45.07 v |Tb|= 12.43 u ln
hn T05(k=148) = 1.98.
Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng mn trong t trn y cho php i n
mt s nhn xt sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi hm lng mn trong t c
dng hm parabol.
- Sinh trng tho qu tng dn theo hm lng mn. Nh vy, hm lng
mn cng cao sinh trng cng tt v sinh trng ca tho qu tt nht khi hm
lng mn t gi tr l 17%. Nu coi hm lng mn thch hp vi sinh trng
ca tho qu l hm lng mn m sinh trng c th vt qu 80% mc
sinh trng ti a th cn c vo phng trnh trn ti xc nh c hm
lng mn thch hp cho sinh trng ca tho qu phi ln hn 7%.
e) nh hng ca yu t pH ca t n sinh trng tho qu.
pH l mt yu t quan trng phn nh tnh cht ca t. phn tch
nh hng ca pH ti sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu ti
thng k chiu cao tho qu v pH ca tt c cc im iu tra, kt qu trnh
by trong ph biu 08. T s liu ph biu 08, ti xy dng biu phn
nh lin h n l ca chiu cao ca tho qu vi pH t di y.

69

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4.0

Chiu cao (m)

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

pHKCL

0.0
2

Biu 5.11. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v pH t

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi pH t, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq
.031
.058
.094
.370
.046
.080
.124
.046

d.f.
148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

F
4.68
9.12
15.31
43.14
7.14
12.94
20.99
7.14

Sigf

b0

b1

.032 1.9678
.1303
.003 1.3681
.8055
.000 3.5916 -4.4183
.000 -7.2235 4.2283
.008 1.8003 1.0748
.000 1.3246
.4284
.000 1.4511 -2.2979
.008 1.8003
.0722

b2

-.4410

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi pH s c h s
xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2= 0.37). V vy, nn chn dng phng
trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau ti nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H= 2.912539 -0.4394x(pH - 4.8)2

vi R=0.61

S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 1.54x10-16 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong

70

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phng trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 51.92 v |Tb|= 9.31 u ln hn


T05(k=148) = 1.98.
Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi pH t trn y cho php i n mt s nhn xt
sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi pH t c dng hm
parabol mt nh.
- Gi tr ti a ca sinh trng tho qu pH l 4.8. Nh vy, pH
thch hp nht pht trin tho qu l pH khong trn di 5. Nu coi pH
thch hp vi sinh trng ca tho qu l pH m sinh trng c th vt
qu 80% mc sinh trng ti a th cn c vo phng trnh trn ti xc nh
c pH thch hp cho sinh trng ca tho qu nm trong khong 4.0 n
5.8.
- S liu cng cho thy lin h ca sinh trng vi pH t trong khu
vc nghin cu l khng cht ch. Nguyn nhn c th do nh hng ca pH
n sinh trng ca tho qu cn b nhiu lon bi tc ng ca cc yu t sinh
thi khc nh tn che, hm lng mn, cao a hnh.v.v...
f) nh hng ca yu t xp t n sinh trng tho qu
xp l mt yu t phn nh tnh cht ca t c lin h vi nhiu tnh
cht khc. V vy, n thng c s dng trong phn tch nh hng ca th
nhng n sinh trng cy rng. phn tch nh hng ca xp ti sinh
trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng k chiu cao tho qu v
xp ca tt c cc im iu tra, kt qu trnh by trong ph biu 08 . T s
liu ph biu 08, ti xy dng biu phn nh lin h n l ca chiu
cao ca tho qu vi xp t di y.

71

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4.0

Chiu cao (m)

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

xp (%)

0.0
30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Biu 5.12. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v xp t

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi xp t, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq

d.f.

.486
.496
.501
.501
.517
.540
.558
.517

148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

Sigf

139.78
145.67
148.62
73.80
158.41
173.43
186.53
158.41

b0

b1

.000 -1.0810
.0519
.000 -11.978 3.4252
.000 5.7422 -220.40
.000 -5.2934
.1810
.000
.4562 1.0245
.000
.0026 1.6143
.000 2.4298 -105.06
.000
.4562
.0242

b2

-.0010

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s m


vi c s logarit t nhin (S) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi
xp s c h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.59). V vy, nn
chn dng phng trnh m m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau ti nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
( 2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

H= e

vi R= 0.74

72

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S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 9.22x10-24 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong
phng trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 21.66 v |Tb|= 13.45 u ln
hn T05(k=148) = 1.98.
Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi xp t trn y cho php i n mt s nhn xt
sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi xp t c dng hm m
vi c s logarit t nhin .
- Sinh trng tho qu tng dn theo xp. Nh vy, xp cng cao
sinh trng cng tt. Nu coi xp thch hp vi sinh trng ca tho qu l
xp m sinh trng c th vt qu 80% mc sinh trng ti a th cn
c vo phng trnh trn ti xc nh c xp thch hp cho sinh trng
ca tho qu phi ln hn 60%. y l xp ph bin ca t di rng t
nhin.
g) nh hng ca yu t dy tng t n sinh trng tho qu.
dy tng l mt yu t phn nh tim nng ca t c lin h vi
nhiu tnh cht khc. V vy, n thng c s dng trong phn tch nh hng
ca th nhng n sinh trng cy rng. phn tch nh hng ca dy
tng t ti sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu, ti thng k chiu
cao tho qu v dy tng t tt c cc im iu tra, kt qu trnh by
trong ph biu 08. T s liu ph biu 08, ti xy dng biu phn nh
lin h n l ca chiu cao ca tho qu vi dy tng t di y.

73

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4.0

Chiu cao (m)

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

dy tng t (cm)

0.0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Biu 5.13. Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v dy tng t

ti s dng phn mm SPSS la chn dng hm ton hc m


phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy t, kt qu nh sau.
Dependent Mth
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
COM
POW
S
EXP

Rsq
.018
.011
.007
.046
.010
.005
.002
.010

d.f.
148
148
148
147
148
148
148
148

F
2.65
1.72
1.06
3.51
1.52
.77
.35
1.52

Sigf
.105
.192
.304
.032
.220
.381
.553
.220

b0
2.7297
3.1221
2.4108
1.9791
2.6277
2.9369
.8658
2.6277

b1
-.0040
-.1550
4.9220
.0281
.9986
-.0472
1.2852
-.0014

b2

-.0003

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy nu p dng dng hm s bc


hai (QUA) m phng lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy t s c
h s xc nh (h s tng quan) cao nht (R2=0.05). V vy, nn chn dng
phng trnh bc hai m phng lin h gia hai i lng ny.
S dng phn mm SPSS vi vic th nghim nhiu phng php i bin
khc nhau ti nhn c phng trnh thc nghim c h s tng quan cao
nht nh sau.
H= 2.629485 - 0.00027x (Hs-45)2

vi R= 0. 21

S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng gi tr ca ch tiu


Significance F = 9.2x10-3 < 0.05. S tn ti ca cc tham s a v b trong phng

74

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trnh c khng nh bng gi tr |Ta|= 42.84 v |Tb|= 2.63 u ln hn T05(k=148)


= 1.98.
Phn tch gi tr cc tham s v h s tng quan ca phng trnh lin h
gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy tng t trn y cho php i n mt s
nhn xt sau:
- Lin h gia sinh trng ca tho qu vi dy tng t c dng hm
parabol mt nh.
- Gi tr ti a ca sinh trng tho qu dy tng t l 45cm . Nu
coi dy tng t thch hp vi sinh trng ca tho qu l dy tng t
m sinh trng c th vt qu 80% mc sinh trng ti a th cn c vo
phng trnh trn ti xc nh c dy tng t thch hp cho sinh trng
ca tho qu nm trong khong t 30 n 75cm. Nh vy, phn ln din tch t
trong khu vc u tho mn vi dy tng t ny.
- S liu cng cho thy lin h ca sinh trng vi dy tng t trong
khu vc nghin cu l rt yu. Nguyn nhn c th do nh hng ca dy
tng t nm trong vng thch hp vi yu cu cy tho qu v nh hng ca n
n sinh trng b nhiu lon bi tc ng ca cc yu t sinh thi quan trng
khc.
5.4.2. nh hng tng hp ca cc yu t hon cnh ti sinh trng tho
qu
Kt qu nghin cu nh hng n l ca tng yu t hon cnh n sinh
trng tho qu lm sng t dng lin h ton hc ca chng vi sinh trng
tho qu. y l cn c ti xc nh cng thc i bin trong phn tch lin
h tuyn tnh nhiu lp gia sinh trng tho qu vi cc yu t hon cnh. Di
y ti thng k li phng trnh lin h ca chiu cao tho qu vi tng yu
t hon cnh n l v bin mi s c s dng cho phn tch tng quan tuyn
tnh nhiu lp.

75

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Bng 5.11. Lin h ca chiu cao tho qu vi tng yu t hon cnh n l


v cc bin mi
TT

Yu t nh hng n
chiu cao tho qu

Phng trnh lin h

Bin mi

cao a hnh

H=2.78775- 0.0000019x(DC-1610)2

DC1=(DC-1610)2

tn che tng cy cao

H=2.793912-18.613 x(TC-0.42)2

TC1=(TC- 0.42)2

m lp t mt

H=2.888618-0.00134 x(Ws-54)2

Ws1=(Ws- 54)2

Hm lng mn

H=3.351-0.007049 x(MUN -17)2

MUN1= (MUN-17)2

pH

H= 2.912539 -0.4394x(pH-4.8)2

pH1=(pH - 4.8)2

xp ca t

dy tng t

H= e

( 2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

X1= e( 2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

H= 2.629485 -0.00027x (Hs-45)2

Hs1=(Hs-45)2

Kt qu tnh gi tr ca cc bin mi c trnh by ph biu 09.


T s liu ph biu 09, ti s dng phn mm SPSS phn tch lin
h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tng hp 7 yu t nh hng, kt qu c trnh
by tm lc cc bng di y.
Bng5.12. H s tng quan (h s xc nh ) ca phng trnh lin h gia chiu
cao tho qu vi 7 yu t nh hng (X1, DC1, Hs1, Ws1, pH1, MUN1, TC1)
Model Summary
Model
R
1

a
b

0.907114

R Square

Adjusted R
Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

0.822856

0.814124

0.247182

Predictors: (Constant), X1, DC1, HS1, WS1, PH1, MUN1, TC1


Dependent Variable: H

Bng5.13. Phn tch phng sai


ANOVA
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
40.30137
7
5.757339
1 Regression
8.67603
142
0.061099
Residual
48.9774
149
To|Ta|l
a
Predictors: (Constant), X1, DC1, HS1, WS1, PH1, MUN1, TC1
b
Dependent Variable: H

F
94.22997

Sig.
3.59E-50

76

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Bng 5.14. H s hi quy v ch tiu kim tra s tn ti ca cc h s hi quy


Coefficients

Model

1 (Constant)

Unstandardized
Coefficients
Std. Error

Standardized
Coefficients
Beta

95% Confidence Interval


Correlations
for B
Lower
Upper Bound Zero-order Partial
Part
Bound
1.95E-19 1.524302
2.269476
Sig.

1.896889

0.188479

10.0642

DC1

-9.7E-07

1.49E-07

-0.28429 -6.49632

1.31E-09

-1.3E-06

-6.8E-07

-0.56152

-0.47865 -0.22945

HS1

0.000179

5.2E-05

0.141266 3.443919

0.000754

7.62E-05

0.000282

-0.21198

0.277645 0.121639

MUN1

-0.00262

0.000482

-0.26569 -5.43883

2.28E-07

-0.00357

-0.00167

-0.71459

-0.41521

PH1

-0.08282

0.032735

-0.1146 -2.53004

0.012496

-0.14753

-0.01811

-0.60799

-0.20769 -0.08936

TC1

-5.406

1.496844

-3.6116

0.000421

-8.36498

-2.44703

-0.62143

-0.29005 -0.12756

WS1

-0.00034

0.00012

-0.1258 -2.86515

0.004802

-0.00058

-0.00011

-0.48704

-0.23378

X1

0.501501

0.062657

2.82E-13

0.377639

0.625362

0.699047

0.557572 0.282695

-0.18049
0.372218

8.00387

-0.1921

-0.1012

Dependent Variable: H

Bng 5.15. H s tng quan tng cp gia cc yu t nh hng n chiu cao


tho qu
Coefficient Correlations
Model
1 Correlations

X1
X1

HS1

PH1

WS1

MUN1

TC1

-0.120258

-0.0768835

0.1792496

-0.0223691

0.3267661

0.331109

DC1

-0.120258

0.0057067

-0.2583576

-0.3330663

-0.2424016

0.073149

HS1

-0.0768835

0.0057067

0.1566747

-0.2237774

-0.1592188

-0.3091906

PH1

0.1792496

-0.2583576

0.1566747

-0.2220465

-0.0080483

-0.2750059

WS1

-0.0223691

-0.3330663

-0.2237774

-0.2220465

-0.1128922

0.0530637

0.3267661

-0.2424016

-0.1592188

-0.0080483

-0.1128922

-0.2422591

MUN1

Covariances

DC1
1

TC1

0.331109

0.073149

-0.3091906

-0.2750059

0.0530637

-0.2422591

X1

0.0039259

-1.126E-09

-2.503E-07

0.0003677

-1.688E-07

9.866E-06

0.0310541

DC1

-1.126E-09

2.235E-14

4.433E-14

-1.264E-09

-5.996E-12

-1.746E-11

1.637E-08

HS1

-2.503E-07

4.433E-14

2.7E-09

2.665E-07

-1.4E-09

-3.987E-09

-2.405E-05

PH1

0.0003677

-1.264E-09

2.665E-07

0.0010716

-8.752E-07

-1.27E-07

-0.013475

WS1

-1.688E-07

-5.996E-12

-1.4E-09

-8.752E-07

1.45E-08

-6.55E-09

9.564E-06

MUN1

9.866E-06

-1.746E-11

-3.987E-09

-1.27E-07

-6.55E-09

2.322E-07

-0.0001747

TC1

0.0310541

1.637E-08

-2.405E-05

-0.013475

9.564E-06

-0.0001747

2.2405427

Dependent Variable: H

Cn c vo kt qu phn tch lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tng hp


cc yu t hon cnh c tm tt cc bng trn cho php i n mt s nhn
xt sau:
(1)- Gia chiu cao tho qu vi cc yu t hon cnh tht s tn ti mi
lin h cht ch . H s tng quan(h s xc nh) v h s tng quan hiu
chnh u xp x 0.90. S tn ti ca h s tng quan c khng nh bng
ca ch tiu Sig.=3.59.10-50, nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr 0.05 .

77

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S tn ti ca cc hi quy ca phng trnh lin h c khng nh bng


cc gi tr tuyt i ca |Ta|= 10.06, |Tb1|= 6.49, |Tb2|= 3.44, |Tb3|= 5.43, |Tb4|=
2.53, |Tb5|= 3.61, |Tb6|= 2.86, |Tb7|= 8.00, u ln hn T05(k=142) = 1.98 .
(2)- Cn c vo cc h s hi quy c th vit c phng trnh thc
nghim lin h gia chiu cao tho qu v 7 yu t nh hng vi dng hm
tuyn tnh nhiu lp nh sau.
H=1.896889 - 9.7x10-7xDC1 + 0.000179xHs1 - 0.00262xMUN1 - 0.08282xpH1 5.406xTC1 - 0.00034xWs1 + 0.501501xX1

vi R= 0.91

Hay
H=1.896889-9.7x10-7x(DC-1610)2+0.000179x(Hs-45)2-0.00262x(MUN1-17)20.08282x(pH-4.8)2-5.406x(TC-0.42)2-0.00034x(Ws-54)2+0.501501xe(

2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

(3)- Lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tng hp cc yu t cht ch hn


vi bt k mt yu t ring l no khc. Nh vy, la chn lp a trng hoc
xy dng gii php ci to hon cnh nhm nng cao sinh trng cu tho qu
cn phi phn tch tc ng tng hp ca nhiu yu t.
(4)- C s lin h r rt gia cc yu t hon cnh nh hng n sinh
trng tho qu. Do , hon ton c th chn mt s yu t i din xy
dng phng trnh phn nh lin h ca sinh trng tho qu vi hon cnh, m
khng nht thit phi s dng tt c cc yu t. iu ny cho php lm n gin
ho vic m phng lin h ca sinh trng vi hon cnh v tin li hn cho vic
ng dng kt qu nghin cu sau ny.
c c s la chn cc bin tham gia vo phng trnh lin h gia
chiu cao tho qu vi cc nhn t nh hng, ti phn tch hiu lc ca
cc bin bng phn mm SPSS. Cn c vo gi tr ca h s tng quan bc
khng, h s tng quan ring phn v cc ch tiu kim tra s tn ti cc tham
s hi quy (beta, t, sig.) phn mm la chn c 7 m hnh tt nht phn
nh lin h ca chiu cao tho qu vi tng hp cc nhn t nh hng v sp
xp chng theo th t tng dn ca s bin trong m hnh, kt qu c trnh
by trong bng di y.

78

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Bng 5.16. Tham s ca cc m hnh phn nh lin h ca chiu cao tho


qu vi tng hp cc nhn t nh hng
M hnh

1
2

Tham s

H s cha chun ho

(Hng s)
MUN1
(Hng s)
MUN1
X1
(Hng s)

B
Std. Error
3.35084 0.07435
-0.00705 0.00057
1.58584 0.23664
-0.00471 0.00057
0.59901 0.07742
1.46632 0.19409

MUN1
X1
DC1
(Hng s)
MUN1
X1
DC1
PH1
(Hng s)
MUN1
X1
DC1
PH1
TC1
(Hng s)
MUN1
X1
DC1
PH1
TC1
HS1
(Hng s)
MUN1
X1
DC1
PH1
TC1
HS1
WS1

-0.00312
0.64451
0.00000
1.72431
-0.00292
0.56750
0.00000
-0.13546
1.85488
-0.00251
0.51262
0.00000
-0.11398
-3.86535
1.87943
-0.00278
0.49748
0.00000
-0.10365
-5.17843
0.00015
1.89689
-0.00262
0.50150
0.00000
-0.08282
-5.40600
0.00018
-0.00034

0.00050
0.06356
0.00000
0.19459
0.00048
0.06316
0.00000
0.03285
0.19742
0.00049
0.06548
0.00000
0.03327
1.49312
0.19307
0.00049
0.06420
0.00000
0.03271
1.53195
0.00005
0.18848
0.00048
0.06266
0.00000
0.03273
1.49684
0.00005
0.00012

H s
chun ho
Beta
-0.715
-0.478
0.445
-0.316
0.478
-0.372
-0.296
0.421
-0.309
-0.187
-0.255
0.380
-0.317
-0.158
-0.129
-0.281
0.369
-0.326
-0.143
-0.173
0.115
-0.266
0.372
-0.284
-0.115
-0.180
0.141
-0.126

45.07
-12.43
6.70
-8.32
7.74
7.55
-6.24
10.14
-8.58
8.86
-6.12
8.98
-7.03
-4.12
9.40
-5.10
7.83
-7.35
-3.43
-2.59
9.73
-5.66
7.75
-7.71
-3.17
-3.38
2.81
10.06
-5.44
8.00
-6.50
-2.53
-3.61
3.44
-2.87

Sig.

H s tng quan

Bc khng Ring phn


1.61459E-19
1.61459E-19 -0.71459
-0.71459
3.84807E-10
3.50792E-14 -0.71459
-0.5656
1.23805E-12 0.699047
0.537935
3.67544E-12
4.57925E-09
1.71825E-19
6.33758E-15
9.66705E-16
8.19209E-09
4.06918E-16
6.95489E-11
6.24712E-05
2.0968E-17
1.0565E-06
7.73912E-13
1.24975E-11
0.000799053
0.01062003
1.59382E-18
8.05408E-08
1.27262E-12
1.60135E-12
0.001874564
0.000933683
0.005718303
1.95153E-19
2.28337E-07
2.82178E-13
1.30741E-09
0.012496178
0.000421277
0.000753894
0.004801646

-0.71459
0.699047
-0.56152

-0.45864
0.642826
-0.57902

-0.71459
0.699047
-0.56152
-0.60799

-0.45323
0.598022
-0.50426
-0.324

-0.71459
0.699047
-0.56152
-0.60799
-0.62143

-0.39109
0.546379
-0.52218
-0.27452
-0.21088

-0.71459
0.699047
-0.56152
-0.60799
-0.62143
-0.21198

-0.42772
0.543803
-0.54187
-0.25612
-0.27202
0.228432

-0.71459
0.699047
-0.56152
-0.60799
-0.62143
-0.21198
-0.48704

-0.41521
0.557572
-0.47865
-0.20769
-0.29005
0.277645
-0.23378

Dng phng trnh lin h ca cc m hnh v hiu lc ca chng c


phn nh qua s liu bng sau.

79

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Bng 5.17. Phng trnh lin h ca cc m hnh v h s tng quan


M
hnh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Phng trnh lin h

R hiu
chnh

H=3.351 - 0.00705 MUN1


H=1.586 -0.0047MUN1 + 0.599X1
H=1.466- 0.0031MUN1 +0.644X1 -1.3x10-6 DC1
H=1.724-0.0029MUN1 +0.567X1 -1.1x10-6 DC1 -0.135pH1
H=1.855 -0.0025 MUN1 +0.513 X1 -1.1x10-6 DC1-0.114pH1 -30865TC1
H=1.879 -0.00278MUN1 +0.497X1 -1.1x10-6 DC1 -0.104pH1 -5.178TC1
+0.00015Hs1
H=1.897-0.00262MUN1 +0.501X1 -9.7x10-7DC1 -0.083pH1 -5.406TC1
+0.00018Hs1 -0.00034Ws1

0.72
0.81
0.88
0.89
0.89
0.90

0.51
0.65
0.76
0.79
0.80
0.81

0.91

0.81

S liu bng trn cho thy s tng ln ca s yu t nh hng lun ko


theo s tng ln ca h s tng quan. iu ny khng nhng khng nh tnh
chnh xc ca vic la chn cc yu t hon cnh iu tra v phn tch nh
hng ca hon cnh n sinh trng tho qu, m cn chng t dng hm ton
hc la chn m phng nh hng ca tng yu t ring l n sinh trng
l thch hp.
Cn c vo mc thay i ca h s tng quan khi tng s yu t c mt
trong phng trnh hi quy ti cho rng c th s dng 7 yu t hon cnh
xy dng phng trnh hi quy phn nh lin h ca sinh trng tho qu vi
iu kin hon cnh, theo mc quan trng cc nhn t c sp xp nh sau:
hm lng mn trong t, xp tng t mt, cao a hnh, pH, tn
che tng cy cao, dy tng t, v m ca lp t mt.
Phn tch s tng ln ca h s tng quan trong bng trn cho thy c th
chn t 3 n 7 nhn t m phng lin h ca sinh trng tho qu v hon
cnh. Tu thuc vo phng tin nghin cu v mc yu cu ca chnh xc
m c th ch s dng 3 nhn t l hm lng mn trong t, xp tng t
mt, cao a hnh, hoc nhiu hn. Chng ti cho rng trong iu kin cho
php c th s dng 6 nhn t l thch hp nht, khi h s tng quan t
trn 0.9 v nu thm mt nhn t nh hng na h s tng quan cng ch tng
ln khng ng k.
Nh vy, c th s dng phng trnh lin h ca chiu cao tho qu v 6
nhn t nh hng nh sau.

80

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H=1.879 - 0.00278xMUN1 +0.497xX1 -1.1x10-6 xDC1 - 0.104xpH1 5.178xTC1 + 0.00015xHs1

vi R= 0.90

Hay
H=1.879 - 0.00278x(MUN-17)2 + 0.497x e(

2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

- 1.1x10-6 x

(DC-1610)2 - 0.104x(pH -4.8)2- 5.178x(TC-0.42)2 + 0.00015x(Hs -45)2


5.5. Mt s gii php nng cao sinh trng ca tho qu
San S H.
Kt qu phn tch trn cho thy sinh trng ca tho qu lin h cht
ch vi cc yu t hon cnh , trong nhng yu t nh hng r rt nht c
xp theo th t l xp tng t mt, cao a hnh, hm lng mn trong
t, tn che tng cy cao, dy tng t v m ca lp t mt. y l
cn c xut mt s gii php gp phn nng cao sinh trng ca tho qu.
5.5.1. La chn lp a trng tho qu
a) Chn cao a hnh trng tho qu
Kt qu phn tch lin h n l ca chiu cao tho qu vi cao a
hnh cng nh h s tng quan ring phn gia chng trong phn tch tng
quan nhiu bin u cho thy sinh trng chiu cao tho qu ph thuc r rt
vo cao a hnh. Mc d trong ti ny khng c iu kin phn tch lin
h ca cao a hnh vi nhiu yu t hon cnh khc, nhng c th phn on
rng n l yu t nh hng n nhiu yu t tiu kh hu nh nhit , m
khng kh, lng ma, tc gi v.v... qua nh hng n c m t,
pH, kh nng phn gii mn v.v... iu ny c th hin mt phn s tn ti
ca cc h s tng quan gia cao a hnh vi m t, chua v hm
lng mn. Tt c u l nhng yu t nh hng mnh m n sinh trng tho
qu. Tuy nhin, kt qu phn tch cng cho thy nh hng ca cao a hnh
n sinh trng tho qu khng theo quy lut ca hm tuyn tnh m theo quy
lut ca hm parabol vi cc i cao a hnh bng 1610m. Sinh trng ca
tho qu tng dn theo cao cho n 1610m sau li gim dn. Theo kin
ca ngi dn a phng th s suy gim ca sinh trng tho qu nhng

81

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cao trn 1600 m c lin quan ti s xut hin sng mui nng ma ng.
cao a hnh cng ln, nhit khng kh cng lnh, sng mui cng nhiu v
sinh trng ca tho qu cng b hn ch.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi cao a
hnh ( H= 2.78775- 0.0000019(DC-1610)2 ) c th ngoi suy gi tr trung bnh
ca chiu cao tho qu theo cao a hnh nh sau.
Bng 5.18. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo cao a hnh

DC (m)

H (m)

400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1

DC (m)
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

H (m)
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5

DC (m)
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800

H (m)
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.1

Theo s liu trn y c th phn on rng tho qu ch c th sinh


trng c cao t 500-2700m, ngoi gii hn ny sinh trng ca tho qu
gn bng khng. Nu chia cao a hnh thnh 3 cp: cp I - cao a hnh m
chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung
bnh cao a hnh thun li nht, cp II - cao a hnh m chiu cao
trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc nh hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng 90%
chiu cao trung bnh cao a hnh thun li nht, cp III - cao a hnh
m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 90% nhng ln hn hoc
bng 80% chiu cao trung bnh cao a hnh thun li nht th cn c vo
phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi cao a hnh xc nh c
cc cp cao a hnh nh sau.

82

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Bng 5.19. Phn cp cao a hnh cho trng tho qu

cao a hnh Chiu cao bnh qun


Ghi ch
(m)
ca tho qu (m)
Chiu
cao
1
1401-1800
>2.6
trung bnh ca
1301-1400 v
2
II
2.5- 2.6
tho qu
1801-1900
cao 1610m l
1100-1300 v
3
III
<2.2-2.5
2.8m
1901-2100
Nh vy, nn chn vng c cao a hnh tt nht trong khong 14001800m trng tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn cao 1300m-1400m v
1800-1900m.
b) Chn xp ca t trng tho qu
Kt qu nghin cu trn cho thy xp lp t mt c nh hng rt r
rt n sinh trng tho qu. S liu cho thy h s tng quan bc khng gia
chiu cao tho qu vi xp lp t mt t R=0.70, cn h s tng quan
ring phn t 0.56. V vy, chn t c xp thch hp s l mt con ng
lm tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi xp lp
( 2.4298 105.0617/X)
t mt H= e
c th d on c chiu cao tho qu cc
xp t khc nhau nh sau.
TT

Cp cao
a hnh
I

Bng 5.20. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo xp

X (%)
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

H (m)
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4

X (%)
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

H (m)
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4

X (%)
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

H (m)
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.2

83

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Nu chia xp thnh 3 cp: cp I - xp t m chiu cao trung


bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung bnh xp thun
li nht, cp II - xp t m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng nh
hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng 90% chiu cao trung bnh xp thun li
nht, cp III - xp t m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn
90% nhng ln hn hoc bng 80% chiu cao trung bnh xp thun li nht
th cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi xp lp t
mt c th xc nh c cc cp xp nh sau.
Bng 5.21. Phn cp xp lp t mt cho trng tho qu

TT

Cp xp
lp t mt

1
2
3

I
II
III

xp lp
t mt
(%)
72
69-71
64-68

Chiu cao bnh


qun ca tho qu
(m)
>2.6
2.5- 2.6
2.2-2.5

Ghi ch
Chiu cao trung bnh
ca tho qu xp
thun li nht (ln hn
chiu cao trung bnh 1
ln sai tiu chun) l
2.8m

Nh vy, nn chn t c xp tt nht l ln hn72% trng tho


qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn t c xp trn 68%. Gii hn di ca
xp t c chn trng tho qu nn l 64%. Nhn chung, y l xp ca
t ch c c di rng t nhin. iu ny gii thch v sao ngi dn khng
trng tho qu nng ry hay di rng trng, y khng th to ra c
xp t thch hp.
c) Chn t c hm lng mn thch hp trng tho qu
Hm lng mn c nh hng rt r rt n sinh trng tho qu. S liu
cho thy h s tng quan bc khng gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng
mn t R=0.71, cn h s tng quan ring phn t 0.42. V vy, chn t c
hm lng mn thch hp s l mt con ng lm tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng
mn (H=3.351-0.007049 (MUN -17)2 ) c th d on c chiu cao tho qu
cc hm lng mn khc nhau nh sau.

84

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Bng 5.22. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo hm lng mn
MUN (%)

H (m)

MUN (%)

H (m)

MUN (%)

H (m)

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4

1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8

8.6
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0

2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3

15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20.0
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8
21.0
21.2
21.4
21.6

3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2

Nu chia hm lng mn thnh 3 cp: cp I - hm lng mn m


chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung bnh
hm lng mn thun li nht, cp II - hm lng mn m chiu cao trung
bnh ca tho qu bng nh hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng 90% chiu cao

85

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trung bnh hm lng mn thun li nht, cp III - hm lng mn m


chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 90% nhng ln hn hoc bng 80%
chiu cao trung bnh hm lng mn thun li nht th cn c vo phng trnh
lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi hm lng mn ca lp t mt, c th xc
nh c cc cp hm lng mn ca lp t mt nh sau.
Bng 5.23. Phn cp hm lng mn ca lp t mt cho trng tho qu

TT

Cp hm
lng mn
lp t mt

1
2

I
II

Hm lng
mn lp t
mt
(%)
>7.0
6.1-7.0

III

4.4-6.0

Chiu cao bnh


qun ca tho
Ghi ch
qu
(m)
Chiu cao trung bnh ca
>2.6
tho qu hm lng
2.5- 2.6
2.2-2.5

mn thun li nht (ln


hn chiu cao trung bnh
1 ln sai tiu chun) l
2.8m

Nh vy, nn chn t c hm lng mn tt nht l ln hn 7.0%


trng tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn t c xp trn 6.0%. Gii hn
di ca hm lng mn ca t chn cho trng tho qu nn l 4.4%.
d) Chn t c dy tng t thch hp trng tho qu
dy tng t c nh hng tng i r n sinh trng tho qu. S
liu cho thy h s tng quan bc khng gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy
tng t t R=0.21, cn h s tng quan ring phn t 0.27. V vy, chn t
c dy thch hp s l mt con ng lm tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy tng
t (H= 2.629485 -0.00027x(Hs-45)2) c th ngoi suy gi tr trung bnh ca
chiu cao tho qu theo dy tng t nh sau.
Bng 5.24. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo dy tng t

Hs (cm)
3
4
5
6
7
8

H (m)
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3

Hs (cm)
31
32
33
34
35
36

H (m)
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6

Hs (cm)
59
60
61
62
63
64

H (m)
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

86

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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Nu chia

2.3
37
2.3
38
2.3
39
2.3
40
2.4
41
2.4
42
2.4
43
2.4
44
2.4
45
2.4
46
2.5
47
2.5
48
2.5
49
2.5
50
2.5
51
2.5
52
2.5
53
2.5
54
2.5
55
2.6
56
2.6
57
2.6
58
dy tng t thnh

2.6
65
2.5
2.6
66
2.5
2.6
67
2.5
2.6
68
2.5
2.6
69
2.5
2.6
70
2.5
2.6
71
2.5
2.6
72
2.4
2.6
73
2.4
2.6
74
2.4
2.6
75
2.4
2.6
76
2.4
2.6
77
2.4
2.6
78
2.3
2.6
79
2.3
2.6
80
2.3
2.6
81
2.3
2.6
82
2.3
2.6
83
2.2
2.6
84
2.2
2.6
85
2.2
2.6
86
2.2
3 cp: cp I - dy tng t m

chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung bnh
dy tng t thun li nht, cp II - dy tng t m chiu cao trung
bnh ca tho qu bng nh hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng 90% chiu cao
trung bnh dy tng t thun li nht, cp III - dy tng t m
chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 90% nhng ln hn hoc bng 80%
chiu cao trung bnh dy tng t thun li nht th cn c vo phng trnh
lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi dy tng t xc nh c cc cp dy
tng t nh sau.
Bng 5.25. Phn cp dy tng t cho trng tho qu

TT
1
2

Cp dy
tng t
I
II

III

dy tng
t(cm)
22-66
14-21 v
66-76
5-13 v
77-85

Chiu cao bnh qun


Ghi ch
ca tho qu(m)
Chiu cao trung
>2.5
bnh ca tho qu
2.4-2.5
dy tng t
thch hp nht
<2.2- 2.4
(45cm) l 2.6m

87

Nh vy, nn chn t c dy tt nht trong khong 22-66cm trng


tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn t c dy mng hn 22 cm hoc dy
hn 66cm.
e) Chn t m t trng tho qu
S liu cho thy m t c nh hng tng i r n sinh trng
tho qu. H s tng quan bc khng gia chiu cao tho qu vi m t t
R=0.48, cn h s tng quan ring phn t 0.23. V vy, chn t c m
thch hp trng s l mt con ng tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi m t
(H=2.888618-0.00134x(Ws-54)2 )c th ngoi suy gi tr trung bnh ca chiu
cao tho qu theo m lp t mt nh sau.
Bng 5.26. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo m lp t mt
Ws (%)

H (m)

Ws (%)

H (m)

Ws (%)

H (m)

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1

88

Nu chia m lp t mt thnh 3 cp: cp I - m lp t mt m


chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung
bnh m lp t mt thun li nht, cp II - m lp t mt m
chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng nh hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng
90% chiu cao trung bnh m lp t mt thun li nht, cp III - m lp
t mt m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 90% nhng ln hn
hoc bng 80% chiu cao trung bnh m lp t mt thun li nht th cn
c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi m lp t mt xc
nh c cc cp m lp t mt nh sau.
Bng 5.27. Phn cp m t cho trng tho qu

1
2

Cp m
lp t mt
I
II

III

TT

m lp
t mt (cm)
44-64
40-43 v
65-68
34-39 v
69-74

Chiu cao bnh qun


Ghi ch
ca tho qu(m)
Chiu cao trung
>2.7
bnh ca tho qu
2.6-2.7
m lp t mt
thch hp nht
<2.3- 2.6
(54cm) l 2.9m

Nh vy, nn chn t c m lp t mt tt nht trong khong 4464% trng tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn t c m lp t mt t
40-43% hoc 65-68%. iu kin m lp t mt nh vy thng ch c ven
cc khe sui hoc gn mch nc ngm. y l l do ngi dn thng trng
tho qu nhng ni khng cch khe sui qu 50 m.
f) Chn t c chua thch hp trng tho qu
S liu cho thy chua t c nh hng tng i r n sinh trng
tho qu. H s tng quan bc khng gia chiu cao tho qu vi chua t
t R=0.60, cn h s tng quan ring phn t 0.21. V vy, chn t c
chua thch hp trng s l mt con ng tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi chua (H=
2.912539 -0.4394x(pH4.8)2 )c th ngoi suy gi tr trung bnh ca chiu cao
tho qu theo chua lp t mt nh sau.

89

Bng 5.28. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo chua lp t mt

pH
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.75
4.80
4.85

H (m)
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9

pH
4.90
4.95
5.00
5.05
5.10
5.15
5.20
5.25
5.30
5.35
5.40
5.45
5.50
5.55
5.60
5.65
5.70
5.75
5.80
5.85
5.90
5.95
6.00
6.05
6.10
6.15
6.20
6.25

H (m)
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0

pH
6.30
6.35
6.40
6.45
6.50
6.55
6.60
6.65
6.70
6.75
6.80
6.85
6.90
6.95
7.00
7.05
7.10
7.15
7.20
7.25
7.30
7.35

H (m)
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Nu chia chua lp t mt thnh 3 cp: cp I - chua lp t mt m


chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao trung
bnh chua lp t mt thun li nht, cp II - chua lp t mt m
chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng nh hn 95% nhng ln hn hoc bng
90% chiu cao trung bnh chua lp t mt thun li nht, cp III - chua
lp t mt m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 90% nhng ln
hn hoc bng 80% chiu cao trung bnh chua lp t mt thun li nht th

90

cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi chua lp t mt


xc nh c cc cp chua lp t mt nh sau.
Bng 5.29. Phn cp chua t cho trng tho qu

1
2

Cp chua
lp t mt
I
II

III

TT

chua lp
t mt (cm)
4.25-5.35
4.05-4.20 v
5.40-5.64
3.65-4.00 v
5.65-5.95

Chiu cao bnh qun


Ghi ch
ca tho qu(m)
>2.8
Chiu cao trung
bnh ca tho qu
2.6-2.8
chua lp t mt
thch hp nht (4.8)
<2.3- 2.6
l 2.9m

Nh vy, nn chn t c chua tt nht trong khong 4.25-5.35


trng tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th chn t c chua t t 4.05-4.20 hoc
5.40-5.64.
g) La chn cp lp a trng tho qu
Vi vic phn cp cc yu t lp a trn c th d on c mc sinh
trng chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nu bit cp thun li ca tng yu t
lp a theo cng thc sau.
M(%) =97.5n1 x 92.5n2 x 85.0n3 x 10-(2(n1+n2+n3)-1)
Trong : M(%) l mc sinh trng bnh qun ca tho qu so vi mc sinh
trng ti a (mi iu kin u mc thch hp nht), tnh theo phn trm (%).
n1 s yu t lp a thuc cp I.
n2 s yu t lp a thuc cp II.
n3 s yu t lp a thuc cp III.
97.5 l gi tr trung bnh ca 95 v 100 - s phn trm sinh trng
tho qa c th t c khi mt yu t lp a no thuc cp I.
92.5 l gi tr trung bnh ca 90 v 95 - s phn trm sinh trng
tho qa c th t c khi mt yu t lp a no thuc cp II.
85 l gi tr trung bnh ca 80 v 90 - s phn trm sinh trng tho
qa c th t c khi mt yu t lp a no thuc cp III.
10-(2(n1+n2+n3)-1) l h s quy i M ra phn trm.

91

S dng cng thc trn c th c tnh c mc sinh trng M ca tho


qu khi c s thay i ca s yu t lp a t cp I, cp II v cp III theo bng
sau.
Bng 5.30. Mc sinh trng ca tho qu nhng iu kin lp a khc nhau
(sp xp theo mc gim dn ca s yu t lp a t cp I trong s 5 yu t la chn)

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

S yu t lp a
cp I (n1)
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

S yu t lp a
cp II (n2)
0
1
0
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0

S yu t lp a
cp III (n3)
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5

M (%)
88.1
83.6
76.8
79.3
72.9
67.0
75.2
69.1
63.5
58.4
71.4
65.6
60.3
55.4
50.9
62.2
57.2
52.5
48.3
44.4

Nu sp xp li bng trn theo th t gim dn ca mc sinh trng M(%)


s c bng s liu mi nh sau.

92

Bng 5.31. Mc sinh trng ca tho qu nhng iu kin lp a khc nhau


(sp xp theo mc gim dn ca s yu t lp a t cp I)

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

S yu t lp a
cp I (n1)
5
4
3
4
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0

S yu t lp a
cp II (n2)
0
1
2
0
3
1
4
2
0
3
1
4
2
0
3
1
2
0
1
0

S yu t lp a
cp III (n3)
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
5

M (%)
88.1
83.6
79.3
76.8
75.2
72.9
71.4
69.1
67.0
65.6
63.5
62.2
60.3
58.4
57.2
55.4
52.5
50.9
48.3
44.4

Nu xp nhng lp a c mc sinh trng trung bnh M(%) ln hn hoc


bng 85 % mc sinh trng ti a vo cp lp a I, nhng lp a c mc sinh
trng trung bnh M(%) nh hn 85% nhng ln hn 75 % mc sinh trng ti
a vo cp lp a II, nhng lp a c mc sinh trng trung bnh M(%) nh
hn 75% nhng ln hn 65 % mc sinh trng ti a vo cp lp a III v
nhng lp a cn li vo cp lp a IV c th lp bng phn cp lp a cho
trng tho qu khu vc San S H nh sau.

93

Bng 5.32. Phn cp lp a cho trng tho qu San S H


TT S hiu cp

Tn cp

Thun li

II

Kh thun
li

III

Thun li
va

IV

t thun li

iu kin lp a
S yu t lp S yu t lp S yu t lp
a cp III
a cp II
a cp I
(n3)
(n2)
(n1)

5
4
3
4
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0

0
1
2
0
3
1
4
2
0
3
1
4
2
0
3
1
2
0
1
0

0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
5

Mc sinh
trng
(M %)

> 85
75-84

65-74

< 65

Cn c vo phn cp lp a cho trng tho qu trn y th tt nht nn


chn nhng lp a m c 5 yu t lp a u cp I, n s m bo cho sinh
trng ca tho qu t mc trung bnh trn 85% sinh trng ti a. Ngoi ra
cng c th chn cp lp a kh thun li, y l cp lp a c 4 yu t lp a
cp I hoc 3 yu t lp a cp I v 2 yu t lp a cp II. Nhng cp lp
a khc s lm cho sinh trng trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn 75 % sinh
trng ti a , hoc nh hn.
5.5.2. iu chnh tn che nng cao sinh trng tho qu
tn che tng cy cao l yu t nh hng tng i r rt n sinh
trng tho qu. S liu cho thy tn che tng cy cao c nh hng tng
i r n sinh trng tho qu. H s tng quan bc khng gia chiu cao

94

tho qu vi tn che tng cy cao t R=0.62, cn h s tng quan ring


phn t 0.29. V vy, iu chnh tn che rng thch hp s l mt con ng
tng sinh trng tho qu.
Cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu vi tn che
tng cy cao (H=2.793912-18.613x(TC- 0.42)2 ) c th ngoi suy gi tr trung
bnh ca chiu cao tho qu theo tn che tng cy cao nh sau.
Bng 5.33. Ngoi suy chiu cao bnh qun ca tho qu theo tn che tng cy cao

TC
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32

H (m)
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

TC
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56

H (m)
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4

TC
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80

H (m)
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.1

Nu chia tn che tng cy cao thnh 3 cp: cp I - tn che tng cy


cao m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng hoc ln hn 95% chiu cao
trung bnh tn che tng cy cao thun li nht, cp II - tn che tng cy
cao m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu bng nh hn 95% nhng ln hn
hoc bng 90% chiu cao trung bnh tn che tng cy cao thun li nht, cp
III - tn che tng cy cao m chiu cao trung bnh ca tho qu nh hn
90% nhng ln hn hoc bng 80% chiu cao trung bnh tn che tng cy
cao thun li nht th cn c vo phng trnh lin h gia chiu cao tho qu
vi tn che tng cy cao xc nh c cc cp tn che tng cy cao nh
sau.

95

Bng 5.34. Phn cp tn che tng cy cao cho trng tho qu

TT

Cp tn che
tng cy cao

tn che
tng cy cao

1
2

I
II

III

0.34-0.50
0.29-0.33 v
0.51-0.54
0.22-0.28 v
0.55-0.59

Chiu cao bnh


qun ca tho
qu(m)
>2.7
2.5-2.7
2.2- 2.5

Ghi ch
Chiu cao trung
bnh ca tho qu
tn che tng cy cao
thch hp nht
(0.42) l 2.8m

Nh vy, tt nht nn iu chnh tn che tng cy cao trong phm vi


tn che 0.34-0.50 trng tho qu, ngoi ra cng c th iu chnh tn che
tng cy cao trong gii hn t 0.29 - 0.54. S liu ny cho thy yu cu v tn
che ca tho qu khng cao. Chnh v vy, ngi dn thng cht kh nhiu cy
rng trong qu trnh dn t rng trng tho qu, c ni tn che bnh qun ch
cn di 0.3. Chng ti cho rng h thp tn che qu mc s lm gim kh
nng ci to, duy tr hon cnh ca h sinh thi rng - nhng iu kin cn thit
cho sinh trng tho qu. Hin nay, sinh trng ca tho qu nhng ni c
tn che thp vn c duy tr l do mi ph rng nn hm lng mn, xp,
m v.v... cn cao. Nhng sau mt thi gian na vic duy tr tn che nh
vy s lm cho t rng suy thoi i v chc chn sinh trng tho qu s b
gim theo, kinh doanh tho qu s khng th c n nh. V vy, nn duy tr
tn che rng mc cao trong gii hn thch hp vi sinh trng tho qu
(TC=0.54 tr ln). tn che ny s m bo duy tr c hon cnh rng
mc cao nht m vn thch hp vi sinh trng tho qu .
5.5.3. Ci thin m t bng bin php dn nc truyn thng
Kt qu phn tch trn cho thy tho qu yu cu t c m cao.
m t thch hp nht vi sinh trng tho qu l 54%. V vy, hin ti ngi ta
ch trng tho qu khu vc ven sui thng m t quanh nm. Hay ni cch
khc trong kinh doanh tho qu ngi dn mi ch da vo ngun tr m ti
ch. Tuy nhin, kt qu iu tra cho thy ngi dn a phng rt c kinh
nghim dn nc bng h thng ng tre t khe sui v sinh hot v trng la.

96

Chng ti cha thy dn nc ti cho tho qu. V vy, c th dng bin php
ny dn nc v nhng ni trng tho qu. Nh vy, khng ch c th tng
nng sut ca tho qu trng khu vc nc cha y , m cn c th m
rng hn khu vc trng loi cy ny. y c th s l mt phng php r tin
ph hp vi kin thc bn a pht trin tho qu a phng.

97

Chng 6

Kt lun, tn ti v khuyn ngh


6.1. Kt lun
T ton b kt qu nghin cu, ti i n mt s kt lun sau:
1. Tho qu San S H thng c trng khu vc ven sui di tn rng t
nhin. Cc khu rng trng tho qu u c pht dn lm thay i mnh m v
cu trc. Rng trng tho qu thuc 3 kiu rng ph bin vi cc c im cu
trc nh sau:
- Rng phc hi sau nng ry c mt cy g l 250 cy/ha, chiu
cao trung bnh l 8.3m, ng knh ngang ngc trung bnh l 16.5cm, tr lng
khong 25m3/ha, tn che 0.27. Rng c cu trc gm 2 tng cy g vi t
thnh loi cy ch yu l tng qu s (32%), gi Sa Pa (12%), sung (12%).
- Rng thng xanh ma m nhit i gi ma trn ni trung bnh b tc
ng mnh c mt cy g l 120 cy/ha, chiu cao trung bnh l 15.6m,
ng knh ngang ngc trung bnh l 40.4cm, tr lng khong 173.7m3/ha,
tn che 0.44. Rng c cu trc gm 1 tng cy g vi t thnh loi cy ch yu
l chn chim (21%), lng(18%), n (14%). y cng l kiu rng c ngi
dn thng trng tho qu vi din tch ln nht.
- Rng thng xanh ma m nhit i ma ma trn ni cao b tc ng
mnh c mt cy g l 180 cy/ha, chiu cao trung bnh l 16.6m, ng knh
ngang ngc trung bnh l 43.6cm, tr lng khong 266.6 m3/ha, tn che
0.54. Rng c cu trc gm 1 tng cy g vi t thnh loi cy ch yu l gi Sa
Pa (53%), re (12%), gi vng (12%).
2. t trng tho qu c ph cao : xp xp x 70%, hm lng mn trn
5%, pH 4-5, dy tng t dao ng t khong 45 n 75cm, m t
trung bnh t 37 - 41%.
3. Sinh trng tho qu khu vc nghin cu bin ng trong phm vi rng.
Chiu cao tho qu ln nht l 3.6m , nh nht l 0.9m, trung bnh l 2.5 m v
h s bin ng l 22.7%. ng knh tho qu ln nht l 4.6 cm, nh nht l

98

1.0 cm, trung bnh l 3.0 cm v h s bin ng l 26.8%. Cc ch tiu sinh


trng c lin h cht ch vi nhau, h s tng quan gia chiu cao vi cc ch
tiu sinh trng khc ca tho qu t trn 0.75. C th s dng chiu cao nh
mt yu t i din cho sinh trng ca tho qu trong qu trnh phn tch quan
h nh hng ca cc yu t hon cnh n sinh trng .
Lin h gia chiu cao v ng knh tho qu vi nng sut ca n l
tng i cht ch, h s tng quan ln hn 0.8. V vy, nhng gii php nng
cao sinh trng ca tho qu cng c xem l nhng gii php nng cao nng
sut ca n.
4. San S H, sinh trng chiu cao ca tho qu ph thuc nhiu vo mt s
yu t hon cnh. Mi yu t hon cnh thng nh hng n l n sinh
trng chiu cao tho qu theo cc mc khc nhau, trong nh hng c
lin h cht ch nht l xp v hm lng mn (R=0.74 v R=0.71) v nh
hng c lin h yu nht l dy tng t (R=0.21). C th s dng cc
phng trnh sau m t lin h n l ca chiu cao tho qu vi tng yu t
hon cnh khu vc nghin cu.
1

Yu t nh hng n
chiu cao tho qu
cao a hnh

H=2.78775- 0.0000019x(DC-1610)2

H s tng
quan
R= 0.54

tn che tng cy cao

H=2.793912-18.613x (TC-0.42)2

R=0.62

m lp t mt

H=2.888618-0.00134x (Ws-54)2

R=0.49

R=0.71

TT

Hm lng mn

Phng trnh lin h

H=3.351-0.007049x (MUN -17)

pH

H= 2.912539 -0.4394x(pH-4.8)

R=0.61

xp ca t

H= e( 2.4298 - 105.0617/X)

R=0.74

dy tng t

H= 2.629485 -0.00027x (Hs-45)2

R=0.21

C th s dng 6 yu t m phng nh hng tng hp ca hon cnh


khu vc nghin cu n sinh trng tho qu, l xp tng t mt,
cao a hnh, hm lng mn trong t, tn che tng cy cao, dy tng t,
v chua ca t. Phng trnh lin h ca chiu cao tho qu v 6 nhn t
nh hng nh sau.
H=1.879 - 0.00278x(MUN-17)2 + 0.497x e( 2.4298 - 105.0617/X)- 1.1x10-6 x (DC-1610)2
- 0.104x(pH -4.8)2- 5.178x(TC-0.42)2 + 0.00015x(Hs -45)2

(R=0.90)

99

y cng l phng trnh c th d bo mc sinh trng ca tho qu.


5. T kt qu nghin cu ti xut mt s gii php nng cao sinh trng
v nng sut tho qu :
(1) La chn lp a thch hp trng tho qu : cao a hnh so vi
mt bin c th t 1300-1900m, xp l trn 60%, hm lng mn trn 7%,
m t t 32-76%, pH t 4-5.8 v dy tng t t 30-75 cm.
(2) C th xc nh mc thun li ca iu kin lp a vi sinh trng
ca tho qu thng qua gi tr ca 5 yu t lp a, cch xc nh c trnh by
bng 32.
(3) iu chnh tn che n khong 0.54 l tt nht.
(4) Ci thin m t bng phng php dn nc truyn thng.
6.2. Tn ti
y l mt trong nhng cng trnh nghin cu u tin v nh hng ca
mt s yu t hon cnh n sinh trng v nng sut ca tho qu khu vc
nghin cu nn khng th trnh khi nhng hn ch:
- S lng nghin cu in hnh v c im cu trc rng cha nhiu.
Nn c th nhng kt lun v c im cu trc rng trng tho qu cn c
tip tc nghin cu iu chnh.
- Mt s c im lp a ni trng tho qu cha c iu tra phn
tch trong ti, trong c dc mt t. Khi thit k th nghim ti
tnh n vic iu tra v phn tch nh hng ca dc mt t n sinh trng
tho qu. Song trong qu trnh iu tra dng c o dc b hng do va p v
ni dung iu tra dc phi hu b. Do tnh lin h ph thuc ln nhau ca cc
yu t nh hng, m quy lut tc ng tng hp ca chng n sinh trng
tho vn c m phng vi mc tin cy cn thit. Tuy nhin, trong nhng
nghin cu sau cn iu tra v phn tch thm c nhng yu t hon cnh khc,
trong c dc mt t.
-

D bo hiu qu kinh t t cc gii php trn cn cha c nghin

cu trong ti.

100

6.3. Khuyn ngh


Trong iu kin y hn v kinh ph v thi gian ngh tip tc
nghin cu theo hng tng dung lng mu iu tra, m rng vng nghin cu
tng mc tin cy ca cc kt lun t c. Ngoi ra cn th nghim cc
phng php nng cao sinh trng ca tho qu hnh thnh c vn bn
hng dn c th cho vic p dng ngoi thc tin sn xut. Trong iu kin cho
php cn tin hnh nghin cu thc nghim kim tra lin h ca sinh trng
vi nng sut iu chnh c nhng gii php nng cao nng sut ca tho
qu.

101

Ti liu tham kho


Ting Vit
1. L Qu An (1999), Cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh pht trin.
2. Andrew Tordoff, Steven Swan (1999) , Khu bo tn thin nhin Hong
Lin, Bo co k thut s 13 trong chng trnh kho st a dng sinh hc v
nh gi cng tc bo tn1997-1998, Vin Sinh thi Ti nguyn sinh vt.
3. Jenne H. de Beer, H Chu Ch v Trn Quc Tu (2000) , Bo co phn
tch ngnh lm sn ngoi g Vit Nam, Trung tm nghin cu lm c sn,
(Ti liu cha xut bn).
4. Nguyn Ngc Bnh, Phm c Tun (2000), Trng cy nng nghip, dc
liu v c sn di tn rng , NXBNN H Ni .
5. Trn Thanh Bnh, H Quang Khi (1997), Bi ging t v s dng , Ti
liu dnh cho cao hc v nghin cu sinh ngnh lm nghip, i hc Lm
nghip.
6. B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (1996), Kt qu nghin cu khoa
hc cng ngh lm nghip 1991-1995 , NXB Nng nghip H Ni .
7. L Thc Cn, Phng Tu Bi v V Ngc Long ( 2001), Bo co nh gi
bn ngoi cho d n lm sn ngoi g - Bo co cho i s qun H Lan
ti H Ni, (ti liu khng cng b).
8. Thn Vn Cnh (2001), Cy tho qu, Trung tm nghin cu Lm c sn,
(Ti liu cha xut bn).
9. L Trn Chn (1999), Mt s c im c bn ca h thc vt Vit Nam,
NXB Khoa hc v k thut.
10. Nguyn B Cht (1990), Nghin cu cc bin php k thut tng sn
lng qu sa nhn t tiu chun xut khu , Bo co tng kt ti, Vin
Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam.
11. V Vn Chi (1999), T in cy thuc Vit Nam , NXB Y hc H Ni .
12. V Vn Dng, Hong Hu Nguyn v Trnh V (2001), Tng quan v
lm sn ngoi g ca Vit Nam, Trung tm nghin cu Lm c sn, (Ti
liu cha xut bn).
13. Nguyn Quc Dng (2000) , nh gi ti nguyn c sn ch yu ca Vit
Nam , Bo co chuyn , Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng, (Ti liu cha
xut bn).
14. L Trn c (1997), Cy thuc Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni .

102

15. D.A. Gilmour v Nguyn Vn Sn (1999), Qun l vng m Vit Nam,


T chc bo tn thin nhin quc t - Cc Kim lm, H Ni.
16. Phm Hong H (1970), Cy c min Nam Vit Nam, tp 2, NXB Trung
tm hc liu .
17. V Tin Hinh, Phm Ngc Giao (1997), iu tra rng, NXB NN, H Ni .
18. Trn Cng Khnh (2000), Cy thuc dn tc v vn bo tn tri thc bn
a v cch s dng cy thuc, Tp ch dc hc s 10 /2000 trang 8,9.
19. Tt Li (1999), Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam, NXB Khoa hc
v k thut, H Ni.
20. Phng Ngc Lan (1986), Lm sinh hc , NXB Nng nghip, H Ni, (120
trang).
21. Trn nh L, Hu Th, L ng Tn (1996), Thm thc vt v h
thc vt vng ni cao Hong Lin Sn, Tp ch lm nghip s 4+5 nm 1996,
trang 7-9.
22. Trn nh L, Hu Th, L ng Tn (1997), Din th thm thc vt
sau chy rng Phangxipan, Tp ch lm nghip s 4+5 nm 1997, trang
15,16.
23. Hong Kim Ng, Phng Ngc Lan (1998), Sinh thi rng , Gio trnh i
hc Lm nghip, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
24. on Th Nhu (1982), Bo v, khai thc ngun ti nguyn cy thuc thin
nhin v pht trin trng cy thuc trn t rng, Tp ch lm nghip s 8
nm 1982, trang 10-13.
25. E.P. Odum (1978), C s sinh thi hc, (tp I), NXB i hc v trung hc
chuyn nghip, H Ni, (ti bn ln th ba).
26. Trn Ng Phng (2000), Mt s vn v rng nhit i Vit Nam,
NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
27. Vng Vn Qunh (1999), Phn mn khai thc thng tin kh hu phc v
ging dy v nghin cu khoa hc trong Lm nghip, Kt qu nghin cu
khoa hc (1995-1999), NXB Nng nghip.
28. J. B. Raintree, L Th Phi v Nguyn Vn Dng (2001), Nghin cu
phn tch nh gi th trng Ba B v K G, Trung tm nghin cu Lm
c sn, H Ni.

103

29. S NN&PTNT Lo Cai (1999), D n quy hoch trng mi 5 triu ha rng


trong khu bo tn thin nhin Hong Lin.
30. Phan Vn Thng v cc cng s (2001), Gi tr v s dng lm sn ngoi
g Cao Bng v Bc Kn, (Bo co kt qu nghin cu thuc D n" S
dng bn vng lm sn ngoi g ").
31. T chc bo tn thin nhin quc t (IUCN) (1998), S dng bn vng
lm sn ngoi g (Vn kin d n: Bo tn a dng sinh hc v pht trin
kinh t). H Ni.
32. Phm Ngc Ton, Phan Tt c (1975), Kh hu Vit Nam, NXB Khoa
hc v k thut, H Ni.
33. Nguyn Tp (1990), Bo v ngun cy thuc thin nhin, Tp ch Lm
nghip s 9 nm 1990, trang 9,10.
34. Nguyn Ngha Thn, Nguyn Th Thi (1998), a dng thc vt c mch
vng ni cao Sa Pa - Phan Si Pan, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni.
35. Lisa Tober, Phan Vn Thng (2002), Vai tr v gi tr ca rng v lm
sn ngoi g ti Sa Pa - Lo Cai, (Bo co kt qu nghin cu).
36. Trung tm nghin cu Lm c sn (1999), Phn tch hot ng Trung
tm nghin cu lm c sn, H Ni, (Bo co).
37. Trung tm ti nguyn mi trng (1993), Cu ly tri t, NXB Khoa hc
v k thut, H Ni.
38. Thi Vn Trng (1970), Thm thc vt rng Vit Nam , NXB Khoa hc v
k thut, H Ni.
39. Nguyn Hi Tut (1982), Thng k ton hc trong Lm nghip, NXB Nng
nghip, H Ni.
40. Nguyn Hi Tut, Ng Kim Khi (1998), X l thng k kt qu nghin
cu thc nghim trong nng lm nghip trn my vi tnh, NXB NN, H
Ni.
41. UBND x San S H (1999), D n pht trin tng th kinh t x hi x San
S H, huyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai giai on 1999-2010.

104

42. Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam (1995), Khoa hc k thut lm


nghip Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
43. Nguyn Hu Vnh, Ng Quang , Phm Xun Qung (1986), Trng
rng , NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
Ting nc ngoi
44. M.J. Balick and R. Mendelsohn (1989), Assessing the economic value of
traditional medicines from tropical rain forests, Advances in Economic
Botany.
45. J. H. de Beer (1992), Non-wood forest products in Indochina , Mission
report for FAO.
46. Laurie Clark (1997), Non-wood forest products research in Central Africa,
CARPE.
47. Vu Van Dung (1996), Vietnam Forest Trees, Agricultural Publishing
House.
48. ETFRN -FAO-DFID (2000), Developing Needs-Based Inventory Methods
for Non-timber forest products, Report on workshop in Rome.
49. J. Falconer and J.E.M. Arnold (1989), Household Food Security and
Forestry, An Analysis of Socio-economic Issues, Community Forest Note,
1. FAO, Rome.
50. FAO (1991), Non-wood forest products, Report on expert consultation.
Tiger paper Vol. XVIII, No. 4. Bangkok.
51. FAO (1993), International trade in non-wood forest products, Rome.
52. FAO (1995), Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood
Forest Products, Rome.
53. FAO (1995), Gum, resins and latexes of plant origin, Rome.
54. FAO (1995), Gum naval stores-Turpentine and rosin from pine resin, Rome.

105

55. FAO (1995), Beyond timber- Social, Economic and Cultural Dimension of
Non-Wood Forest Products in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.
56. FAO (1995), Non-wood forest products for rural income and sustainable
forestry, Rome.
57. FAO (1997), Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care,
Rome.
58. FAO (1995), Tropical palms, FAO, Rome.
59. FAO (1998), Trade restriction affecting international trade in non-wood
forest products, Rome,.
60. FAO (1985), Non-wood forest products in Thailand, Special study forest
management, afforestation and utilization in the development region. Asia Pacific Region, Bangkok.
61. FAO (1998), Non-wood forest products from conifers, Rome.
62. Forest Tree and People (1994, 1995, 1998) , Non Wood Forest Products,
Bangkok.
63. Joost Foppes, Thongphoun Saypaseuth and Khamsamay Sengkeo
(1997), The use of Non-timber forest products on the Nakai Plateau,
NTEC.
64. H. Lecomte (1907-1951), Flore gnerale de l'Indochine, T.I-IV, Paris.
(Ting Php)
65. J.M.Lock, J.Held (1994), Legumex of Indochina, Royal botanic gardens
Kew.
66. Ministry of Forestry (1991), Current status of perspectives for non-wood
(special) forest products development in S. R. Vietnam.
67. N. Myers (1986), Forestland farming in Westerrn Amazonia: stable and
sustainable, Forest Ecology and Management.

106

68. L.S. de Padua, R.H.M.J Lemmens (1999), Plant Resources of South-East


Asia, Bogor Indonesia.
69. M.R. Perez and J.E.M Arnold (1999), Curren issues in Non-timber Forest
Products Research,CIFOR - ODA.
70. Charles M. Peter (1998), Sustainable Harvest of Non-timber Plant
Resources in Tropical Moist Forest - An Ecological Primer, The New York
Botanical Garden.
71. Charles M. Peter, A.H. Gentry and R.O. Mendelsohn (1989), Valuation
of an Amazonian rainforest, Nature 339.
72. Charles M. Peter (1996), The Ecology and Management of Non-timber
Forest Products, World Bank Technical Paper No.322.
73. Ron Teeguarden, Caroline Davies (1999), Chinese Tonic Herbs, Japan
Publications, Inc.
74. Mirjam Ros-Tonen, Wim Dijkman and Erik Lammerts van Bueren
(1995), Commercial and sustainable extraction of Non-timber forest
products, The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands.
75. Tin Tn Trung (1996), Bn tho bc tranh mu Trung Quc, NXB Vin
v sinh dch t nhn dn Trung Quc, (Ting Trung Quc).

107

Phn ph biu

108

Ph biu 01. Kt qu iu tra tng cy cao ti khu vc trng tho qu San S H


- tiu chun s 2

Ni iu tra: Ct Ct- San S H


iu tra:
2
Ngy iu tra: 25/02/2002
Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
STT
Loi
1
ng
2
Trm
3
Cm
4
Sung
5
sp1
6
Thch
7
V sn
8
Gi
9
V sn
10
Thch
11 T b rng
12
ng

C(cm)
100.0
38.0
210.0
45.0
200.0
190.0
190.0
96.0
55.0
200.0
110.0
90.0

Hvn(m)
13.0
8.0
20.0
3.5
18.0
25.0
28.0
15.0
10.0
18.0
15.0
14.0

Hng dc:
cao:
dc:

Hdc(m)
10.0
5.0
14.0
2.5
13.0
18.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
12.0
8.0
6.0

D1.3(cm)
31.8
12.1
66.9
14.3
63.7
60.5
60.5
30.6
17.5
63.7
35.0
28.7

Bc
1650m
350

Dt(m)
6.0
3.0
11.0
1.5
8.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
7.0
6.0
4.0

109

Ph biu 02. Kt qu iu tra tng cy cao ti khu vc trng tho qu San S H


- tiu chun s 1

Ni iu tra: San S H
iu tra:
1
Ngy iu tra: 27/02/2002
Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Loi
C (cm)
Gi
37.0
Sung
28.0
Sung
32.0
Nhc l nh 72.0
Gi
65.0
Ba soi
67.0
Gi
50.0
Tng qu s 54.0
Tng qu s 50.0
Tng qu s 52.0
Si
84.0
Re
65.0
Tng qu s 42.0
B
38.0
Tng qu s 38.0
Bc tn
62.0
B
45.0
Sung
68.0
Ba soi
72.0
Tng qu s 45.0
Tng qu s 42.0
Tng qu s 38.0
Kho
50.0
Nanh chut 50.0
Bi li
48.0

Hvn(m)
8.5
6.0
6.5
13.0
11.0
7.5
11.0
8.0
6.5
8.0
14.0
12.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.5
6.5
9.0
10.0
8.5
7.5
6.0
7.0
7.5
6.0

Hng dc:
cao:
dc:

Ty Bc
1250m
250

Hdc(m)
4.0
3.0
3.5
9.0
7.0
2.5
7.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
9.0
7.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

D1.3(cm)
11.8
8.9
10.2
22.9
20.7
21.3
15.9
17.2
15.9
16.6
26.8
20.7
13.4
12.1
12.1
19.7
14.3
21.7
22.9
14.3
13.4
12.1
15.9
15.9
15.3

Dt(m)
4.5
3.5
4.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
4.5
3.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
4.0
6.5
5.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
4.0

110

Ph biu 03. Kt qu iu tra tng cy cao ti khu vc trng tho qu San S H


- tiu chun s 3

Ni iu tra: San S H
iu tra:
3
Ngy iu tra: 27/02/2002
Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Loi
Trm
Re
Gi
Gi
Gi
Cng l
Gi
Gi
Re
Bi li
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Re
Bi li

C (cm)
172.0
110.0
214.0
162.0
32.0
142.0
164.0
26.0
276.0
108.0
242.0
217.0
186.0
26.0
98.0
207.0
73.0
142.0

Hvn(m)
22.5
23.0
23.5
11.0
14.0
15.0
17.0
8.0
19.0
15.0
25.0
21.0
25.0
14.0
19.0
23.0
18.0
21.0

Hng dc: Ty Bc
cao:
2250 m
dc:
250

Hdc(m)
16.0
12.0
6.0
4.5
8.0
10.0
12.0
4.0
6.5
9.0
18.0
8.5
15.0
10.0
15.0
12.0
14.5
16.0

D1.3(cm)
54.8
35.0
68.2
51.6
10.2
45.2
52.2
8.3
87.9
34.4
77.1
69.1
59.2
8.3
31.2
65.9
23.2
45.2

Dt(m)
9.0
5.0
11.5
8.5
23.0
6.5
8.9
2.5
12.5
6.5
9.5
8.0
9.0
3.0
5.5
12.5
5.5
7.5

111

Ph biu 04. Bng m t phu din t

-S hiu phu din t: TN01


-Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
-Tnh hnh chung:
+Thi tit iu tra: Nng
+V tr: chn sn
- a hnh
+ dc: 400 + Hng dc: Bc + cao tuyt i: 1450m+Dng a hnh: Ni
- m: macma axit
- Thc vt: rng t nhin b tc ng gm cc loi cy ch yu thuc cy h
gi, thch..vi tn che 0.45. Cy bi thm ti ch yu cc loi thuc h
dng x, ngc trc.. vi chiu cao trung bnh l 30 cm v che ph l 85%.
- Nc ngm: gn sui
- Xi mn:t
- Ch s pH: 4.37
- l u: 20%
- Tn t: t feralit mu nu vng pht trin trn m mc ma axit tng trung
bnh.
S phu
din

su
tng t
(cm)

Tn tng
t

Mu sc

m
(%)

R cy
(%)

Kt
cu

cht

TPCG

Cht
mi
sinh

0
5

A0
A

Nu xm
Nu vng

m
m

20
20

Vin
ht

Xp
Xp

Tht
nh

Phn
giun

Nu vng

10

Ht

Xp

Tht
trung
bnh

Vng

Hi
m

Ht

Cht
ln
vo

T l

ln
(%)
15

A
30
B

B
75

20

Ngy 9 thng 2 nm 2002


Ngi iu tra

Phan Vn Thng

112

Ph biu 05. Bng m t phu din t

S hiu phu din t: TN02


-Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
-Tnh hnh chung:
+Thi tit iu tra: Nng
+V tr: chn sn
- a hnh
+ dc: 200 + Hng dc: |Tb| + cao tuyt i: 1250m+Dng a hnh: Ni
- m: Granit
- Thc vt: rng phc hi sau nng ry gm cc loi cy ch yu: tng qua s,
ba soi..vi tn che 0.25. Cy bi thm ti ch yu cc loi thuc h dng
x, ngc trc, sim mua.. vi chiu cao trung bnh l 50 cm v che ph l 65%.
- Nc ngm: gn sui
- Xi mn: trung bnh
- Ch s pH: 5.25
- l u: 25%
- Tn t: t feralit mu vng pht trin trn m granit tng trung bnh.
S phu
din

su
tng t
(cm)

Tn tng
t

Mu sc

m
(%)

R cy
(%)

Kt
cu

cht

TPCG

Cht
mi
sinh

0
1

A0
A

Nu xm
Nu vng

m
m

20
15

Ht

Xp
Xp

Tht
nh

Phn
giun

Nu vng

15

Ht

Hi
xp

Tht
pha
st

Vng

Hi
m

Ht

Cht
ln
vo

T l

ln
(%)
15

A
15
B

B
55

20

Ngy 11 thng 02 nm 2002


Ngi iu tra

Phan Vn Thng

113

Ph biu 06. Bng m t phu din t

S hiu phu din t: TN05


-Ngi iu tra: Phan Vn Thng
-Tnh hnh chung:
+Thi tit iu tra: Nng
+V tr: chn sn
- a hnh
+ dc: 250 + Hng dc: B + cao tuyt i: 2250m
+Dng a hnh: Ni (khe- thung lng)
- m: mc ma axit
- Thc vt: rng t nhin gm cc loi cy ch yu: gi..vi tn che 0.45. Cy
bi thm ti ch yu cc loi thuc h dng x, ngc trc,. vi chiu cao trung
bnh l 25 cm v che ph l 80%.
- Nc ngm: gn sui
- Xi mn: trung bnh
- Ch s pH: 4.25
- l u: 35%
- Tn t: t mn A litt mu nu pht trin trn m macma axit tng dy.
S phu
din

su
tng t
(cm)
0
10

Tn tng
t

Mu sc

m
(%)

R cy
(%)

A0
A

Nu xm
Nu

m
m

10
10

Nu

Vng

Hi
m

Kt
cu

cht

TPCG

Cht
mi
sinh

Ht

Xp
Xp

Tht
nh

Phn
giun

10

Ht

Hi
xp

Tht
pha
ct

Ht

Cht
ln
vo

T l

ln
(%)
35

A
35
B

B
85

20

Ngy 16 thng 02 nm 2002


Ngi iu tra

Phan Vn Thng

114

Ph biu 07a. Kt qu iu tra phn tch t , tn che v chiu cao tho qu


im trong khu vc trng tho qu ti San S H (Khu vc 1)
(Q kim tra)
S hiu
im
iu tra

X (cm)

MUN(%)

pHKCL

Ws (%) Hs(cm)

DC(m)

TC

H(m)

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
TB
STC
V%

67.6
70.0
69.5
61.1
76.1
72.6
70.9
64.5
76.7
65.2
68.1
77.6
69.2
68.8
67.1
71.3
69.0
75.7
70.1
69.8
76.2
55.3
66.0
65.5
66.4
74.1
68.8
67.5
65.2
69.2
4.9
7.1

2.90
2.90
4.06
2.00
3.90
13.60
4.06
3.43
5.59
2.58
3.85
13.39
2.00
2.90
2.79
6.43
5.90
6.80
3.90
2.79
7.96
3.79
6.90
2.90
4.06
5.48
4.11
3.92
2.79
4.7
2.9
60.4

4.53
5.93
5.93
6.49
6.21
4.14
4.67
4.40
4.84
4.46
4.99
6.13
5.46
5.93
5.49
4.67
4.14
4.84
4.46
4.99
4.84
5.46
6.13
4.99
4.40
4.73
6.21
5.49
5.93
5.2
0.7
13.7

41.37
33.54
33.54
26.30
31.19
39.98
37.64
37.10
42.03
41.19
39.14
40.98
44.41
33.54
26.30
37.64
39.98
42.03
41.19
39.14
42.03
44.41
40.98
39.14
37.10
37.62
31.19
26.30
33.54
37.3
5.2
14.0

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250.0
0.0
0.0

0.32
0.22
0.24
0.20
0.24
0.36
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.28
0.22
0.32
0.24
0.28
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.30
0.22
0.30
0.20
0.26
0.32
0.26
0.32
0.22
0.26
0.24
0.3
0.0
15.7

2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.2
1.9
2.5
2.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.1
1.9
3.0
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
0.4
15.8

78
80
63
79
79
72
68
80
73
72
81
74
77
80
78
78
79
75
78
80
74
68
77
73
76
74
73
77
72
75.4
4.3
5.7

115

Ph biu 07b. Kt qu iu tra phn tch t , tn che v chiu cao tho qu


im trong khu vc trng tho qu ti San S H (Khu vc 2)
(Q kim tra)
S hiu
im X (cm) MUN(%)
iu tra

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

67.6
71.3
71.3
75.1
77.0
71.3
70.4
75.5
77.7
55.7
57.1
75.5
62.2
62.2
69.5
76.2
76.2
74.7
76.2
75.5
73.9
65.5
67.6
67.6
73.9
79.2
66.6
68.5
62.2
71.3
77.0
75.1
77.0
75.9
56.4
52.3
61.0

5.38
7.25
7.48
8.80
6.75
3.64
4.32
8.15
13.60
3.85
5.59
8.12
7.80
7.54
8.80
11.80
6.22
5.06
13.39
6.75
6.32
5.53
3.64
4.53
10.01
8.27
5.48
5.80
5.80
5.12
13.39
8.12
3.79
3.95
3.27
3.64
4.53

pHKCL

Ws (%) Hs(cm)

DC(m)

TC

H(m)

3.94
3.98
3.88
3.50
3.87
3.83
3.81
3.90
3.91
3.72
3.75
4.01
3.99
3.93
3.55
3.93
3.66
4.02
3.89
3.92
3.75
4.03
3.93
3.99
4.03
3.85
3.93
3.89
4.49
4.49
4.17
4.13
3.94
3.96
6.13
3.04
3.93

37.31
36.20
38.37
35.20
36.10
45.25
45.95
40.05
43.25
48.35
50.40
46.75
53.69
50.50
42.10
58.25
31.85
36.27
44.10
44.56
38.18
42.58
39.77
43.00
43.40
46.25
39.50
52.85
49.35
49.35
44.62
38.03
37.27
41.16
29.37
37.35
39.77

1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650

0.48
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.46
0.54
0.56
0.48
0.38
0.64
0.62
0.50
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.48
0.42
0.54
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.40
0.27
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.48
0.54
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.40
0.48
0.58
0.66
0.24
0.24

2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.1
2.3
3.0
3.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.9
2.3
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.5
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.7
1.8
1.4
2.0

69
57
54
57
56
56
44
29
73
61
53
43
45
42
55
43
47
64
47
68
53
52
49
49
50
38
41
40
49
48
40
33
49
42
86
34
16

116

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
TB
STC
V%

73.5
75.9
76.2
77.7
75.5
75.9
76.7
76.2
56.8
51.6
51.8
69.0
65.0
64.4
75.1
66.6
69.2
74.3
73.9
68.5
64.4
66.6
67.6
69.5
58.5
77.7
68.1
64.4
67.6
77.7
72.2
67.6
69.5
69.6
7.7
11.1

8.12
8.96
5.80
10.54
10.54
8.12
13.39
6.75
5.11
3.64
6.38
7.38
6.38
4.85
8.96
7.59
7.80
12.56
10.43
9.91
7.91
10.43
7.59
7.59
7.69
12.56
5.48
9.91
6.01
9.91
9.91
8.85
9.91
7.5
2.7
36.3

4.22
3.81
3.39
4.73
4.73
3.81
3.94
3.57
6.13
3.04
6.13
4.13
3.75
3.11
4.16
4.67
4.63
4.21
4.16
4.81
4.35
4.02
4.59
4.59
4.10
4.21
4.35
4.81
4.35
4.81
4.81
4.83
4.81
4.1
0.7
17.2

48.35
39.50
53.48
51.09
51.09
39.50
51.09
49.25
29.37
47.35
29.37
38.03
40.40
31.68
36.43
36.29
35.23
41.57
36.43
35.31
48.77
35.69
38.54
38.54
46.79
41.57
32.84
35.31
48.77
35.31
35.31
35.53
35.31
41.5
6.6
15.8

26
40
33
19
42
53
38
38
82
28
21
27
55
34
29
36
46
40
30
44
35
31
21
35
30
37
50
37
41
35
37
41
41
43.8
13.7
31.3

1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
2250
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1604.3
148.8
9.3

0.38
0.38
0.64
0.40
0.38
0.38
0.42
0.58
0.72
0.20
0.22
0.46
0.38
0.22
0.34
0.42
0.42
0.46
0.34
0.38
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.50
0.46
0.36
0.44
0.46
0.36
0.40
0.4
0.1
26.7

3.0
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.4
2.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
3.0
2.5
1.6
2.9
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.1
3.0
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.7
0.6
21.4

117

Ph biu 07c. Kt qu iu tra phn tch t , tn che v chiu cao tho qu


im trong khu vc trng tho qu ti San S H (Khu vc 3)
(Q kim tra)
S hiu
im X (cm) MUN(%)
iu tra

80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116

69.5
59.0
57.0
52.6
64.1
71.4
75.5
78.2
79.0
77.0
75.2
68.0
51.6
67.9
73.7
80.4
58.7
79.4
70.8
57.2
78.7
69.4
73.2
72.8
71.6
68.6
67.5
53.7
73.6
67.0
61.8
65.9
80.1
81.8
51.0
46.4
48.2

3.32
3.37
3.85
3.85
4.90
4.74
3.43
5.96
5.55
4.19
7.48
5.38
2.90
5.85
6.01
6.13
4.22
6.01
7.59
3.79
4.85
7.69
5.27
5.59
5.55
5.69
5.32
2.58
5.80
5.25
5.25
5.74
5.59
5.32
3.32
2.00
2.00

pHKCL

Ws (%) Hs(cm)

DC(m)

TC

H(m)

5.93
3.86
3.03
3.72
3.46
3.75
3.82
3.36
3.88
3.67
3.87
3.87
3.03
3.80
3.37
3.67
3.07
3.69
3.88
3.85
3.84
4.04
3.65
3.73
3.85
3.75
3.45
4.01
3.85
3.55
3.25
3.43
3.67
3.64
3.45
3.05
3.05

33.54
37.92
26.23
28.71
23.71
37.66
41.42
31.19
38.66
45.25
35.91
36.79
33.41
31.42
31.15
31.19
36.18
30.56
37.41
33.22
36.83
41.77
36.21
30.72
30.51
26.00
26.30
36.00
38.37
38.70
39.71
26.32
25.76
27.63
31.55
36.34
35.53

1250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250

0.46
0.44
0.46
0.22
0.24
0.42
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.54
0.42
0.50
0.66
0.64
0.48
0.40
0.68
0.40
0.48
0.56
0.42
0.32
0.38
0.44
0.72
0.44
0.44
0.68
0.44
0.46
0.62
0.54
0.44
0.44
0.24
0.20
0.20

2.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.0
1.1
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.6
2.2
2.7
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.4
1.4
1.9
2.3
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.3
1.4
1.0
0.9

72
37
76
50
78
61
44
40
31
53
41
81
81
85
38
64
83
64
72
87
62
39
44
45
45
60
71
51
64
75
40
26
26
25
43
27
30

118

117
118
119
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
TB
STC
V%

68.8
80.0
63.9
70.4
63.3
76.2
77.0
74.7
79.2
58.5
79.2
79.9
80.5
79.9
69.2
9.7
14.0

4.95
5.38
4.95
5.48
8.96
13.28
18.77
9.59
15.52
6.48
16.97
18.77
16.97
17.92
6.8
4.4
64.9

4.03
3.83
3.65
4.35
4.42
4.42
4.63
4.70
4.65
4.99
4.99
3.89
3.95
4.33
3.9
0.6
14.3

36.00
40.81
32.06
32.84
49.85
49.85
46.79
44.19
46.90
45.74
45.74
50.37
42.33
44.10
36.3
6.9
19.1

32
47
30
35
44
48
50
26
49
27
27
33
17
19
48.9
19.5
39.8

2250
2250
2250
1450
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
2136.3
227.2
10.6

0.24
0.36
0.26
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.40
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.40
0.46
0.36
0.44
0.4
0.1
27.6

1.8
2.6
1.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.3
3.4
2.2
0.6
28.5

119

Ph biu 08. Sinh trng chiu cao tho qu v mt s yu t hon cnh ti 150
im iu tra
TT mu
iu tra

X (cm)

MUN(%)

pHKCL

Ws (%)

Hs(cm)

DC (m)

TC

H(m)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

67.6
71.3
71.3
75.1
77.0
71.3
70.4
75.5
77.7
55.7
57.1
75.5
62.2
62.2
69.5
76.2
76.2
74.7
76.2
75.5
73.9
65.5
67.6
67.6
73.9
79.2
66.6
68.5
62.2
71.3
77.0
75.1
77.0
75.9
56.4
52.3
61.0
73.5
75.9

5.38
7.25
7.48
8.80
6.75
3.64
4.32
8.15
13.60
3.85
5.59
8.12
7.80
7.54
8.80
11.80
6.22
5.06
13.39
6.75
6.32
5.53
3.64
4.53
10.01
8.27
5.48
5.80
5.80
5.12
13.39
8.12
3.79
3.95
3.27
3.64
4.53
8.12
8.96

3.94
3.98
3.88
3.50
3.87
3.83
3.81
3.90
3.91
3.72
3.75
4.01
3.99
3.93
3.55
3.93
3.66
4.02
3.89
3.92
3.75
4.03
3.93
3.99
4.03
3.85
3.93
3.89
4.49
4.49
4.17
4.13
3.94
3.96
6.13
3.04
3.93
4.22
3.81

37.31
36.20
38.37
35.20
36.10
45.25
45.95
40.05
43.25
48.35
50.40
46.75
53.69
50.50
42.10
58.25
31.85
36.27
44.10
44.56
38.18
42.58
39.77
43.00
43.40
46.25
39.50
52.85
49.35
49.35
44.62
38.03
37.27
41.16
29.37
37.35
39.77
48.35
39.50

69.0
57.0
54.0
56.6
56.0
56.0
44.0
29.0
73.0
61.0
53.0
43.0
45.0
42.0
55.0
43.0
47.0
64.0
47.0
68.0
53.0
52.0
49.0
49.0
50.0
38.0
41.0
40.0
49.0
48.0
40.0
33.4
49.0
42.4
85.8
33.8
16.4
26.2
39.6

1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650

0.48
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.46
0.54
0.56
0.48
0.38
0.64
0.62
0.50
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.48
0.42
0.54
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.40
0.27
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.48
0.54
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.40
0.48
0.58
0.66
0.24
0.24
0.38
0.38

2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.1
2.3
3.0
3.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.9
2.3
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.5
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.7
1.8
1.4
2.0
3.0
3.2

120

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

76.2
77.7
75.5
75.9
76.7
76.2
56.8
51.6
51.8
69.0
65.0
67.6
70.0
69.5
61.1
76.1
72.6
70.9
64.5
76.7
65.2
68.1
77.6
69.2
68.8
67.1
71.3
69.0
75.7
70.1
69.8
76.2
55.3
66.0
65.5
66.4
74.1
68.8
67.5
65.2
69.5
59.0
57.0

5.80
10.54
10.54
8.12
13.39
6.75
5.11
3.64
6.38
7.38
6.38
2.90
2.90
4.06
2.00
3.90
13.60
4.06
3.43
5.59
2.58
3.85
13.39
2.00
2.90
2.79
6.43
5.90
6.80
3.90
2.79
7.96
3.79
6.90
2.90
4.06
5.48
4.11
3.92
2.79
3.32
3.37
3.85

3.39
4.73
4.73
3.81
3.94
3.57
6.13
3.04
6.13
4.13
3.75
4.53
5.93
5.93
6.49
6.21
4.14
4.67
4.40
4.84
4.46
4.99
6.13
5.46
5.93
5.49
4.67
4.14
4.84
4.46
4.99
4.84
5.46
6.13
4.99
4.40
4.73
6.21
5.49
5.93
5.93
3.86
3.03

53.48
51.09
51.09
39.50
51.09
49.25
29.37
47.35
29.37
38.03
40.40
41.37
33.54
33.54
26.30
31.19
39.98
37.64
37.10
42.03
41.19
39.14
40.98
44.41
33.54
26.30
37.64
39.98
42.03
41.19
39.14
42.03
44.41
40.98
39.14
37.10
37.62
31.19
26.30
33.54
33.54
37.92
26.23

33.4
19.0
42.4
53.4
38.4
38.4
82.0
28.4
20.6
27.4
55.0
77.8
80.0
62.8
78.8
78.6
72.0
68.0
79.6
73.2
72.0
80.8
73.8
77.0
80.2
78.0
78.4
79.0
74.8
78.0
80.4
74.0
67.6
77.2
73.4
76.4
74.0
73.4
77.0
71.6
72.0
36.8
75.8

1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1650
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
2250
2250

0.64
0.40
0.38
0.38
0.42
0.58
0.72
0.20
0.22
0.46
0.38
0.32
0.22
0.24
0.20
0.24
0.36
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.28
0.22
0.32
0.24
0.28
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.30
0.22
0.30
0.20
0.26
0.32
0.26
0.32
0.22
0.26
0.24
0.46
0.44
0.46

2.1
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.4
2.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
3.0
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.2
1.9
2.5
2.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.1
1.9
3.0
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.0
1.6

121

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

52.6
64.1
71.4
75.5
78.2
79.0
77.0
75.2
68.0
51.6
67.9
73.7
80.4
58.7
79.4
70.8
57.2
78.7
69.4
73.2
72.8
71.6
68.6
67.5
53.7
73.6
67.0
61.8
65.9
80.1
81.8
51.0
46.4
48.2
68.8
80.0
63.9
64.4
75.1
66.6
69.2
74.3
73.9

3.85
4.90
4.74
3.43
5.96
5.55
4.19
7.48
5.38
2.90
5.85
6.01
6.13
4.22
6.01
7.59
3.79
4.85
7.69
5.27
5.59
5.55
5.69
5.32
2.58
5.80
5.25
5.25
5.74
5.59
5.32
3.32
2.00
2.00
4.95
5.38
4.95
4.85
8.96
7.59
7.80
12.56
10.43

3.72
3.46
3.75
3.82
3.36
3.88
3.67
3.87
3.87
3.03
3.80
3.37
3.67
3.07
3.69
3.88
3.85
3.84
4.04
3.65
3.73
3.85
3.75
3.45
4.01
3.85
3.55
3.25
3.43
3.67
3.64
3.45
3.05
3.05
4.03
3.83
3.65
3.11
4.16
4.67
4.63
4.21
4.16

28.71
23.71
37.66
41.42
31.19
38.66
45.25
35.91
36.79
33.41
31.42
31.15
31.19
36.18
30.56
37.41
33.22
36.83
41.77
36.21
30.72
30.51
26.00
26.30
36.00
38.37
38.70
39.71
26.32
25.76
27.63
31.55
36.34
35.53
36.00
40.81
32.06
31.68
36.43
36.29
35.23
41.57
36.43

50.4
78.2
60.6
44.2
39.8
31.0
52.6
40.6
81.4
80.6
85.0
37.8
64.4
83.0
64.4
71.6
87.0
61.8
39.4
44.4
45.4
44.8
60.2
71.0
51.2
64.0
75.4
40.4
26.4
25.6
25.4
43.4
26.8
29.8
32.0
47.0
30.0
34.0
29.0
35.6
46.0
39.6
30.0

2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450

0.22
0.24
0.42
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.54
0.42
0.50
0.66
0.64
0.48
0.40
0.68
0.40
0.48
0.56
0.42
0.32
0.38
0.44
0.72
0.44
0.44
0.68
0.44
0.46
0.62
0.54
0.44
0.44
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.36
0.26
0.22
0.34
0.42
0.42
0.46
0.34

1.6
1.8
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.0
1.1
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.6
2.2
2.7
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.4
1.4
1.9
2.3
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.3
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.8
2.6
1.6
1.6
2.9
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.0

122

126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150

68.5
64.4
66.6
67.6
69.5
58.5
77.7
68.1
64.4
67.6
77.7
72.2
67.6
69.5
70.4
63.3
76.2
77.0
74.7
79.2
58.5
79.2
79.9
80.5
79.9

9.91
7.91
10.43
7.59
7.59
7.69
12.56
5.48
9.91
6.01
9.91
9.91
8.85
9.91
5.48
8.96
13.28
18.77
9.59
15.52
6.48
16.97
18.77
16.97
17.92

4.81
4.35
4.02
4.59
4.59
4.10
4.21
4.35
4.81
4.35
4.81
4.81
4.83
4.81
4.35
4.42
4.42
4.63
4.70
4.65
4.99
4.99
3.89
3.95
4.33

35.31
48.77
35.69
38.54
38.54
46.79
41.57
32.84
35.31
48.77
35.31
35.31
35.53
35.31
32.84
49.85
49.85
46.79
44.19
46.90
45.74
45.74
50.37
42.33
44.10

44.0
35.0
31.0
21.0
35.0
30.0
37.0
50.0
37.0
41.0
35.0
37.0
41.0
41.0
35.0
44.0
47.6
50.0
26.0
48.8
26.6
27.0
33.2
17.4
18.8

1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1450
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850
1850

0.38
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.50
0.46
0.36
0.44
0.46
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.40
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.40
0.46
0.36
0.44

2.9
2.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.1
3.0
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.3
3.4

123

Ph biu 09. Gi tr bin mi ca cc yu t hon cnh


STT mu
iu tra
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

X1

MUN1

pH1

Ws1

Hs1

DC1

TC1

2.40
2.60
2.60
2.80
2.90
2.60
2.55
2.82
2.94
1.72
1.80
2.82
2.10
2.10
2.50
2.86
2.86
2.78
2.86
2.82
2.74
2.28
2.40
2.40
2.74
3.01
2.34
2.45
2.10
2.60
2.90
2.80
2.90
2.84
1.76
1.52
2.03
2.72
2.84
2.86
2.94
2.82
2.85
2.89
2.86
1.79

135.02
95.06
90.63
67.24
105.06
178.49
160.78
78.32
11.56
172.92
130.19
78.85
84.64
89.49
67.24
27.04
116.21
142.56
13.03
105.06
114.06
131.56
178.49
155.50
48.86
76.21
132.71
125.44
125.44
141.13
13.03
78.85
174.50
170.30
188.51
178.49
155.50
78.85
64.64
125.44
41.73
41.73
78.85
13.03
105.06
141.37

0.74
0.67
0.85
1.69
0.86
0.94
0.98
0.81
0.79
1.17
1.10
0.62
0.66
0.76
1.56
0.76
1.30
0.61
0.83
0.77
1.10
0.59
0.76
0.66
0.59
0.90
0.76
0.83
0.10
0.10
0.40
0.45
0.74
0.71
1.77
3.10
0.76
0.34
0.98
1.99
0.00
0.00
0.98
0.74
1.51
1.77

278.56
316.84
244.30
353.44
320.41
76.56
64.80
194.60
115.56
31.92
12.96
52.56
0.10
12.25
141.61
18.06
490.62
314.35
98.01
89.11
250.27
130.42
202.49
121.00
112.36
60.06
210.25
1.32
21.62
21.62
87.98
255.04
279.89
164.87
606.64
277.22
202.49
31.92
210.25
0.27
8.47
8.47
210.25
8.47
22.56
606.64

576.00
144.00
81.00
134.56
121.00
121.00
1.00
256.00
784.00
256.00
64.00
4.00
0.00
9.00
100.00
4.00
4.00
361.00
4.00
529.00
64.00
49.00
16.00
16.00
25.00
49.00
16.00
25.00
16.00
9.00
25.00
134.56
16.00
6.76
1664.64
125.44
817.96
353.44
29.16
134.56
676.00
6.76
70.56
43.56
43.56
1369.00

1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00

0.0036
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0144
0.0196
0.0036
0.0016
0.0484
0.0400
0.0064
0.0036
0.0004
0.0004
0.0036
0.0000
0.0144
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0004
0.0225
0.0016
0.0000
0.0016
0.0036
0.0144
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0036
0.0256
0.0576
0.0324
0.0324
0.0016
0.0016
0.0484
0.0004
0.0016
0.0016
0.0000
0.0256
0.0900

124

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96

1.48
1.49
2.48
2.25
2.40
2.53
2.50
2.03
2.86
2.67
2.58
2.23
2.89
2.27
2.43
2.93
2.49
2.47
2.37
2.60
2.48
2.84
2.54
2.52
2.86
1.70
2.31
2.28
2.33
2.75
2.47
2.39
2.27
2.50
1.91
1.80
1.54
2.21
2.61
2.82
2.96
3.01
2.90
2.81
2.42
1.48
2.41
2.73
3.07
1.90

178.49
112.78
92.54
112.78
198.81
198.81
167.44
225.00
171.61
11.56
167.44
184.14
130.19
207.94
172.92
13.03
225.00
198.81
201.92
111.72
123.21
104.04
171.61
201.92
81.72
174.50
102.01
198.81
167.44
132.71
166.15
171.09
201.92
187.14
185.78
172.92
172.92
146.41
150.31
184.14
121.88
131.10
164.10
90.63
135.02
198.81
124.32
120.78
118.16
163.33

3.10
1.77
0.45
1.10
0.07
1.28
1.28
2.86
1.99
0.44
0.02
0.16
0.00
0.12
0.04
1.77
0.44
1.28
0.48
0.02
0.44
0.00
0.12
0.04
0.00
0.44
1.77
0.04
0.16
0.00
1.99
0.48
1.28
1.28
0.88
3.13
1.17
1.80
1.10
0.96
2.07
0.85
1.28
0.86
0.86
3.13
1.00
2.04
1.28
2.99

44.22
606.64
255.04
184.96
159.52
418.61
418.61
767.29
520.30
196.56
267.65
285.61
143.28
164.10
220.82
169.52
91.97
418.61
767.29
267.65
196.56
143.28
164.10
220.82
143.28
91.97
169.52
220.82
285.61
268.30
520.30
767.29
418.61
418.61
258.57
771.17
639.58
917.48
267.00
158.26
520.30
235.32
76.56
327.25
296.18
423.95
509.86
522.12
520.30
317.55

275.56
595.36
309.76
100.00
1075.84
1225.00
316.84
1142.44
1128.96
729.00
529.00
1197.16
795.24
729.00
1281.64
829.44
1024.00
1239.04
1089.00
1115.56
1156.00
888.04
1089.00
1253.16
841.00
510.76
1036.84
806.56
985.96
841.00
806.56
1024.00
707.56
729.00
67.24
948.64
29.16
1102.24
243.36
0.64
27.04
196.00
57.76
19.36
1324.96
1267.36
1600.00
51.84
376.36
1444.00

1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
1600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
129600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00

0.0484
0.0400
0.0016
0.0016
0.0100
0.0400
0.0324
0.0484
0.0324
0.0036
0.0196
0.0256
0.0196
0.0196
0.0400
0.0100
0.0324
0.0196
0.0324
0.0100
0.0100
0.0196
0.0144
0.0400
0.0144
0.0484
0.0256
0.0100
0.0256
0.0100
0.0400
0.0256
0.0324
0.0016
0.0004
0.0016
0.0400
0.0324
0.0000
0.0064
0.0004
0.0004
0.0144
0.0000
0.0064
0.0576
0.0484
0.0036
0.0004
0.0676

125

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

3.03
2.57
1.81
2.99
2.50
2.70
2.68
2.62
2.46
2.39
1.60
2.73
2.37
2.08
2.31
3.06
3.15
1.45
1.18
1.29
2.47
3.05
2.19
2.22
2.80
2.34
2.49
2.76
2.74
2.45
2.22
2.34
2.40
2.50
1.88
2.94
2.43
2.22
2.40
2.94
2.65
2.40
2.50
2.55
2.16
2.86
2.90
2.78
3.01
1.88

120.78
88.55
174.50
147.62
86.68
137.59
130.19
131.10
127.92
136.42
207.94
125.44
138.06
138.06
126.79
130.19
136.42
187.14
225.00
225.00
145.20
135.02
145.20
147.62
64.64
88.55
84.64
19.71
43.16
50.27
82.63
43.16
88.55
88.55
86.68
19.71
132.71
50.27
120.78
50.27
50.27
66.42
50.27
132.71
64.64
13.84
3.13
54.91
2.19
110.67

1.23
0.85
0.90
0.92
0.58
1.32
1.14
0.90
1.10
1.82
0.62
0.90
1.56
2.40
1.88
1.28
1.35
1.82
3.06
3.06
0.59
0.94
1.32
2.86
0.41
0.02
0.03
0.35
0.41
0.00
0.20
0.61
0.04
0.04
0.49
0.35
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04

549.43
275.23
431.81
294.81
149.57
316.48
541.96
551.78
784.00
767.29
324.00
244.30
234.09
204.20
766.18
797.50
695.38
504.00
311.88
341.14
324.00
173.98
481.36
498.18
308.70
313.64
352.31
154.50
308.70
349.32
27.35
335.26
239.01
239.01
51.98
154.50
447.75
349.32
27.35
349.32
349.32
341.14
349.32
447.75
17.22
17.22
51.98
96.24
50.41
68.23

376.36
707.56
1764.00
282.24
31.36
0.36
0.16
0.04
231.04
676.00
38.44
361.00
924.16
21.16
345.96
376.36
384.16
2.56
331.24
231.04
169.00
4.00
225.00
121.00
256.00
88.36
1.00
29.16
225.00
1.00
100.00
196.00
576.00
100.00
225.00
64.00
25.00
64.00
16.00
100.00
64.00
16.00
16.00
100.00
1.00
6.76
25.00
361.00
14.44
338.56

409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
409600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
25600.00
57600.00
57600.00
57600.00
57600.00
57600.00
57600.00

0.0004
0.0036
0.0196
0.0000
0.0100
0.0016
0.0004
0.0900
0.0004
0.0004
0.0676
0.0004
0.0016
0.0400
0.0144
0.0004
0.0004
0.0324
0.0484
0.0484
0.0324
0.0036
0.0256
0.0400
0.0064
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0064
0.0016
0.0196
0.0064
0.0004
0.0000
0.0016
0.0064
0.0064
0.0016
0.0036
0.0004
0.0016
0.0036
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004

126

147
148
149
150

3.01
3.05
3.08
3.05

0.00
3.13
0.00
0.85

0.04
0.83
0.72
0.22

68.23
13.18
136.19
98.01

324.00
139.24
761.76
686.44

57600.00
57600.00
57600.00
57600.00

0.0004
0.0016
0.0036
0.0004

127

Phng trnh tnh xp


X%=0.0567+0.328ln(dochatcm)
V sao khng cp n dc mt t: hng dng c, nh hng ca n
c th hin qua nh hng yu t khc , thc t l n c
lin h vi nhiu yu t nh hng khc.
V sao ch cn 5 yu t lp a phn nh lp a , trong khi cn nhiu yu
t khc cha cp n: cc yu t khc lin h vi 5 yu t
hin ang c s dng , vic xc nh chng phc tp v
khng thc s cn thit v chng lun bin ng theo 5 yu t
ny . Trong iu kin ca a phng th c th s dng 5 yu
t ny i din cho cc yu t lp a ni chung. Chng
c c h s tng quan cao xp x 0.9.
V sao iu tra 150 im : khi thit k iu tra thy c 5 cao phn b tho
qu nn d kin iu tra 5 khu vc , mi khu 30 im. V
khi lng 150 im l c tnh kh thi vi thi gian v chi ph,
cng sc ca bn thn hc vin.

128

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