H thng nng nghip

(Agricultural System - AS)

ThS. Nguyn Du B Mn Quy Hoch - Khoa QL&BS
Mobi: 0985633898 Email: nguyendzu2002@yahoo.com or nguyendu@hcmuaf.edu.vn

Ti liu tham kho

Trn Ngc Ngoan, Nguyn Hu Hng, Trn Vn Minh, 1999. Gio trnh h thng nng nghip. NXB Nng nghip. Trn Danh Thn, Nguyn Hu Tr. H thng trong pht trin nng nghip bn vng. NXB Nng nghip. Trn c Vin. Pht trin h thng canh tc. NXB Nng nghip Cao Lim, Phm Vn Ph, Nguyn Th Lan, 1995. Sinh thi hc nng nghip & bo v mi trng, H Nng nghip I. NXB Nng nghip. L Vn Khoa, Nguyn c Lng, Nguyn Th Truyn, 1999. Nng nghip & mi trng. NXB Gio dc. Website FAO, WB, UNEP, USDA Website B NN&PTNT

NI DUNG CHNH
Chng 1. Lch s v vai tr ca NN Chng 2. L thuyt h thng & UD trong AS Chng 3. H nng dn v AS Chng 4. Cc loi AS Chng 5. Phng php R&D AS

Thng tin chung

im trn lp: 3 02 bi kim tra 15 pht trn lp 01 bui bo co theo nhm Tho lun nhm trn lp im thi: 7

Vai tr ca mn hc
Kt hp vi LEQHSD & QHPTNT Bottom-up >< top-down Thu thp s liu CB, thit k phiu iu tra Lin quan n mn Nng hc i cng, nh gi t ai, QHSD & QHPTNT

Tm tt ni dung
Lch s v vai tr ca nng nghip Kin thc c bn v cy, con, TS & t L thuyt h thng H nng dn v nh hng Yu t nh hng n AS Phn loi AS v c s phn loi Phng php NC pht trin AS

Chng I

Lch s & vai tr: NNG NGHIP

1. S lc lch s pht trin NN -Lao ng, vt t cng c & tr tu. -Kinh t, k thut, bun bn & dn s. 2. nh ngha NN & vai tr ca cy & con NN: l hot ng c mc ch (kim sot & iu khin) ca con ngi to ra nng sn nhm tha mn nhu cu ca XH. -Cy trng: to lng thc, ung, du, si, thuc, trang tr, g, TAGS, ph, bo v t -Con: to thc phm, phn bn, nguyn liu, sc ko

Cc yu t chnh
Cy: thc n ng vt: thc n & tiu th t: nn tng Con ngi: chi phi Nc: Kh hu: chi phi a hnh

Hi lm

Sn bt & nh c

Chn th

-C kh ha -Ha hc ha -Sinh hc ha -Thy li ha -in kh ha

Nng nghip

Cng nghip ha th ha

Siu cng nghip ha

-Chc l cuc cy cy my (Markov 1972)

-Mt dn s (Harrison 1964)

TR TU

CON NGI

V. T + C. C

THIN NHIN

L. NG

-Giai on NN th cng -NN vi VT KTh ptr, CC ci tin

-NN ptr trn CS khoa hc

M hnh thy canh Hydroponic

M hnh nng lm kt hp

c im ca nng nghip
i tng: sinh vt QL sinh hc & t nhin t: TLSX ch yu, c bit & khng thay th Phn b trn phm vi rng Sp: tiu dng ti ch & trao i trn TT Cung v NS & cu v u vo mang tnh thi v Lin quan cht n ngnh CN & DV

c im nng nghip VN
Chuyn i NN theo c ch TT Ngho nn, lc hu, c canh, cha ptrin Tri qua nhiu nm trong chin tranh iu kin TN phc tp, DS cao Tch ly thp H tng c s + XH km pht trin

Tam nng (laodong.com.vn 12/06/08)

GS T.Lai: Lu nay, nng dn ta phi chu nhiu ci "nht": Cng hin nhiu nht, hy sinh nhiu nht, c gip t nht, b mt nhiu nht, phi cam chu nhiu nht, bit tha th nht... Tr..Tng: tnh trng ngho i ti KV NT ca cc nc ang pht trin khng phi do h lm nng nghip, m do c qu nhiu ngi cng sn xut trn mt V DT NN.

 GS V.T.Xun: Khng th hiu mt quc gia xut khu go ng th 2 th gii m l do hng chc triu nng dn c th sn xut trn hng triu mnh t manh mn... n lc t duy "ngi cy c rung" cn phi i mi? nng dn c quyn tch t rung t & QSD c vn ng theo c ch th trng (26-NQ/T)

NHNG VN NI CM HIN NAY

1. Nng thn v nng dn i din vi qu trnh CNH, th ha song hnh vi ton cu ha v th trng ha 2. Mt t nng nghip ang l mt thc trng ng bo ng v n tim n nhng nguy c mt n nh x hi: nng dn bt bnh, khiu kin ko di (Tnh n ngy 1.1.2007 DT t trng la gim 34.330ha so vi ngy 1.1.2005 > tp trung vo vng la: bSCL: 15.000ha, bSH: 8000ha, NB: 6.600, Bc TB: 2.340ha. Mi nm t nng nghip gim: 73.000ha) 3. Mi trng b nhim nng n, cnh quan nng thn b tn ph 4. Vn ha lng ang hp hi

Rural Development & Agriculture in Vietnam (WB)

Stagnant agricultural productivity Slow rate of investment in agricultural diversification (Rice 45% agricultural production & 60% cultivated land Industrial crops (coffee, rubber, cashew, sugar cane & pepper) 20% production) Underdeveloped marketing channels, institutions and infrastructure

(tt)
A widening gap between urban & rural areas & ethnic populations in particular Unsustainable & inequitable patterns of natural resource use, access and control Vulnerability to natural hazards Limited capacity of public institutions & misalignment of public expenditure serving rural sector interests

Nng sn Vit Nam thua v bao b!

(VNeconomy 18/1/08)

i hi v sinh t lc trng thu hoch Bo qun & an ton v sinh thc phm Cha c hng dn lm theo qui trnh Li cho XK, TTr ni a & SK ngi TD Qui trnh sn xut sch iu ti quan trng: bao b-VSAT-gi Qui trnh sn xut ng b

Bin php
bt kp Thi Lan: ging (lai, ghp), k thut + c gii Phi hp ba nh: nng-DN (tip th, tm nhn)-NN (hip hi) Improving production, processing and marketing could create jobs & income in rural areas (FAO 28/1/08)

Tha mn nhu cu
Dn tc

C nhn

Tn ti

em bn

An ninh, bo tn

Xut/nhp khu

Lng thc Lao ng

Nguyn/nhin liu

TGS Lng thc TGS Gii tr Nguyn liu

MC CH CA NNG NGHIP

3. Nng nghip v cng ng x hi Cung cp vn, to tch ly ban u To thu nhp v ngoi t Nguyn liu u vo Cung cp nhng sp thit yu Cung cp lao ng Th trng tiu th sn phm -nh hng MT: biofuel, C seques -L ngnh tng hp -C cu kinh t: cng-nng-dch v

SUMMARY
NN l hot ng c mc ch Chi phi bi con ngi

Chng II

L thuyt h thng & ng dng trong nghin cu AS

1. Lch s pht trin v cc khi nim
LS pht trin: Aristotle, Vonbertanlanfy (1920) Kt qu sys > cc phn t sys Quy lut sinh gii H thng ph bin Phn loi sys theo quan im Rusell (1971)

2. Cc khi nim c bn v AS
Vissac (1979)
Biu hin khng gian phi hp gia cc ngnh sx & k thut do 1 XH thc hin: mqh gia sinh hc & con ngi

Mazoyer (1986)
Phng thc khai thc MT, h thng sx thch ng vi k sinh thi kh hu

Phm Ch Thnh et al. (1993)

FS= sp xp ca nng h trong vic s dng ti nguyn
AS = mqh hu c gia qu trnh sinh hc, MT sinh thi & qu trnh XH Quan im v AS: k.thc hiu qu & b.vng KTN & MT

Khi nim v SYSTEM

+Sys: tp hp cc yu t c lin kt +thnh phn sys +cu trc v t chc +Sys sinh thi: t chc sng & MT +AS: h sinh thi sx nng nghip +gii hn ca sys, IN/OUT +h thng th bc +mi trng +dng vn chuyn: n. lng, ng. liu, INFO & tin

c im chung ca tip cn AS hin i

Tip cn t di ln (bottom up) Coi trng mi quan h nhn vn Phn tch ng thi pht trin

Nhng c tnh chnh ca sys STNN

Tnh sn xut (Productivity) Tnh n nh (Stability) Tnh bn vng (Sustainability) Tnh cng bng (Equitability)

Ngoi ra: tnh t tr, tnh hp tc, tnh a dng

Cc bc phn tch HSTNN

Xc nh mc tiu Gii hn th bc Thit lp gi thuyt Thu thp s liu Phn tch mu:

khng gian (S)-thi gian (T)-lu thng (F)-quyt nh (D) T H thng ph

Vn mu cht Thit k, ci tin m hnh

c trng sys

3. Mt s phn tch h thng c ng dng trong nghin cu AS

H thng sinh thi nhn vn
Con ngi & MT tm hiu cc mqh -Dng NL, VC & Info t HST ti sys XH & ng.li -Hat ng XH thch nghi trc thay i HST -Tc ng ca con ngi ti HST

ng dng phng php phn tch h thng trong nghin cu AS

Kh hu

Sinh vt

H THNG SINH THI

Nc

Dn s H THNG XH NHN VN
Cng ngh

Cu trc XH

Nhn thc

4. Mt s m hnh v h thng sn xut nng nghip

M hnh ca Spedding (1979) Robert D.H. (1982) o Th Tun (1989)

Th y

Chung trai

Bc x

Sc sx VT NUI SP

CY TRNG

SP

K thut trng trt

Phn

Nc+dinh dng

Nc ti

M hnh nng nghip (Spedding 1979)

Dn s
Thu nhp Tch ly Tiu dng

t L

Trng trt

Lng thc Cy CN

Chn nui
Vn K.Thut SP C.Nui

Ch bin

SP ch bin

T H T R N G

Xut/nhp

Thnh th

Chnh sch

M hnh h thng NN (.T. Tun, 1989)

M HNH H THNG THEO ROBERT D. H. (1982)

Tin N.Liu NL Info Dng AS 1

Tin N.Liu NL Info

H thng phi NN

Th trng Vn & cc Ngun info

Dng AS 2 Dng AS 3

FAO & WB, 2001

NN = cng c+vt dng+con ngi+cy+con

AS = cy + con + bo qun & ch bin

Thu hach H thng vt l H thng bn ngoi Cy trng Vt nui Cnh quan Sng sui Nc ngm Thm thc vt ng vt

u vo t

Time

CU TRC TNG QUT AS

AS CO2 N2

HST& SYS

Rung cy trng

Phi nng nghip

Dn c nng nghip

Chn nui

M HNH HST NNG NGHIP

AS, Ma, T0, CO2 O2

Tc ng ca con ngi

Cy trng

NS (KT-SH)

t (l ha sinh hc)

Qun th sinh vt

S H THNG SINH THI RUNG NG

5. Hiu qu ca NC h thng trong SX nng nghip

Hiu qu sinh hc Hiu qu kinh t BMP on crop yield, quality, profitability & nutrient loss to water or air is greatly influenced by other agronomic practices such as plant population, cultivar, tillage & pest management, as well as proven conservation practices

Hiu qu kinh t
Quy lut cung cu Quy lut hiu qu gim dn Phn tch hiu qu kinh t: +NPV= Sum(Bt-Ct)/(r+1)^t +BCR= B/C +IRR= Sum(Bt-Ct)/(r+1)^t = npv? Thu nhp thun = tng thu cp c nh Li rng = TTN cp(L, t ai, vn u t)

Hiu qu sinh hc
T s (u vo)/(u ra) Hiu sut chuyn i thc n
Nng lng trong sp/NL trong thc n x 100 Vd: sa b 20%, trng g 10-11%...

Hiu qu s dng nng lng

NL trong sp/lng u t Vd: La go: 3-3,4 Bp: 2,8-5,4 B: 0,18 G: 0,11

SUMMARY

Chng III

H nng dn & h thng nng tri

1. H nng dn 2. H thng nng tri 3. Vai tr ca nng dn trong NC AS 4. L thuyt v hat ng ca hi nng dn 5. PT NN nc ta trn quan im h thng

1. H nng dn
Bin i & pht trin qua cc thi k L i tng NC ca khoa hc NN & PTNT L h thu hoch t rung t, s dng LD gia nh, trnh cha hon chnh c im: -L mt n v sn xut & n v tiu dng -T cp t tc n sx hon ton -Tham gia cc hat ng phi NN

FAO & WB, 2001

c im chung HND VN
Chim > 70% DS, ngho, lc hu, chm pt Quy m sx (t + L) qu nh, L th cng, sx ch yu cho tiu dng CN & hot ng PNN km pt nhn ri Thi gian di hp tc ha, v kinh t t ch ph thuc t nhin Cn c, chu kh nhng bo thchm tip thu KHKT, ri ro cao

Lao ng t ai Vn

Li nhun

Thu nhp quc dn

Doanh nhn

Li Tin lng

Tin thu

2. H thng nng tri

2.1 Nng tri
u vo & u ra KT Ging, phn L T.CNui

Nng tri

Thc phm, Lng thc

u vo & u ra phi KT

Ti nguyn (t, L, V, KT) K nng, kin thc KTN CSHT XH Th ch - Chnh sch

U VO

c bin i
Thng qua FS

U RA
t, L, V, K thut

Mi trng - Chnh sch

Kim tra
Anh ch hy th phn tch u vo & u ra ca mt h thng nng nghip cho mt yu t KT & phi KT.

Input
Trng trt
t ai (phn)

Output
Tng NS Tng TGS

TRANG TRI & GIA NH NNG DN

BVTV

Tng thu nhp

C kh

iu kin sng

Khi nim v chuyn gia h thng AS

2.2 H thng nng tri

Tnh a mc ch (SX&DV)

Trang tri cung cp tin, lng thc, vic lm cho nng dn

H nng dn ra quyt nh

H nng dn

Trang tri

Ngoi trang tri

Phi nng nghip canh tranh L vi hot ng NN, to thu nhp thm

c im ca h thng NT
Phc tp: a mc ch Nng ng, pht trin theo t.gian, xh Kt hp kin thc a phng C th iu chnh

H thng nng tri & MT xung quanh

Mi trng VL
Kh hu t ai a hnh nc TV CSHT

Mi trng VH-XH
Cng ng Vn ha

Mi trng chnh sch-th ch

Phm vi chnh sch c cu t chc CS c cu PL Nghin cu & khuyn nng Dch v NN

Phm vi ca chnh sch u tin pht trin: nng, CN, DV, CSHT Chnh sch gi c, tin t, xut-nhp khu C cu t chc ca CS: Cu trc CS & tham gia trong qu trnh lp & thc hin k hoch C cu php l: Quyn lm ch & iu khin nhn t sx & qu trnh sx NC & khuyn nng: hng ti TT, FS, pht trin KV ha, khuyn nng DV NN: t chc & QL, tip th-tn dng-cung ng input

Chnh sch-th ch
Chnh sch gi Chnh sch trao i hng ha nc ngoi T l li sut H thng thu Ch tr cp, tr gi Lut php & quy nh

CC YU T NH HNG N Q CA ND
Mi trng t nhin: t ai, kh hu, ngun nc, sinh hc iu kin kinh t: u t, DV th trng, tn dng iu kin XH: Thng tng kin trc, lut l, tn ngng

Quyt nh ca nng dn

u t

t ai

Lao ng

Qun l

Cy trng

Chn nui

Ngnh ngh khc

Ngnh ngh phi NN

Sn phm sn xut & tiu th

Phn vng theo ch tiu STNN

Kh hu cao tuyt i & a hnh Tnh cht t Ngun nc Thc vt Kh nng thch hp ca t

Ikem, Southern Nigeria (FAO 2007)

Phn vng theo ch tiu h canh tc

Ti nguyn c s (1) S dng ti nguyn Nng h Cng ng Cc vn & tr ngi Cc c hi cho ci thin (thy li, c kh, ngun nc, nh ca)

(1) Ti nguyn c s
Din tch trang tri S mnh/tha t Quyn & thi gian s dng Kh nng lao ng Ti sn c nh Tin mt Trnh k thut K nng & kin thc

S dng ti nguyn
Dinh dng & sinh trng cy trng H thng cy trng Thc tin canh tc S dng nng lng & vt t Cng lao ng Sn phm & gi Chn nui (loi, s lng, mc ch, chm sc, sp, gi) Hot ng phi NN (ch bin & bo qun)

Nng h
Trang tri & tin cng L Mc tiu & u tin: -lng thc -tin mt -thi gian nng nhn -s an ton -chp nhn ca XH -mn n c a thch -quyt nh bi gii -c hi phi NN

Cng ng
Phong tc & li sng, t chc & ti nguyn cng ng, s ra quyt nh Th ch: tn dng, th trng, u vo, my mc, khuyn nng S khu, tui, hc vn, L & lnh vc hot ng Hot ng phi NN & thu nhp Ch bin lng thc & cng nghip G

Kh khn ca a phng
Kinh t suy thoi Cng ty ng ca di i Tht nghip tng CSHT xung cp Thm thng ngn sch Thin tai
Ref: Marketing a phng

Chin lc ci thin a phng

Thit k th Ci thin HTCS Cc DV c bn: ANTT, cu ha, GD Cc im hp dn (v p thin nhin, LS, nhn vt quan trng, ch, gii tr vui chi, im VH, TDTT, cng trnh kin trc, i k nim, iu khc, im khc: qun n)
Ref: Marketing a phng

ng thi ca nng tri

C ch tc ng ca HST t nhin:
Tng IN nng cao hiu qu OUT

Thi gian, con ngi & tin b k.thut:

Lm thay i mi trng ca h thng NT n nh ca h thng ph ca t & sc sn xut ca sys

Nhu cu c bn ca ND
Lng thc, nc ung Nh , qun o Sc khe, gio dc Tin & s giu c Thi gian nng nhn a v & s chp nhn ca XH Quyn con ngi c bn (nguyn vng)

Quyt nh ca nng dn
V nh hng sx V phng hng sd ti nguyn Phng hng u t Phng hng thanh ton Ch bin & nh hng TT Hng ti cng ng

 Hng sx: sx g, ntn, bao nhiu, khi no, u. SD ti nguyn: -L gia nh: NN, phi NN, ngh ngi -L thu theo thi v & khng T.V -u vo sx: c g -Thu/cho thu Hng u t: sinh li & an ton -u t vo u, ntn -u t: thnh qu trc tip cho sx

Hng thanh ton: Nhu cu tin cho s.hot, hc tp, thu Vay tn dng, s tin, mc ch, K Quyt nh trong QL ngn sch Ch bin & nh hng th trng: S ch ti ch hay ch bin ni khc Khi no bn, bn g, u, cho ai D tr Hng ti cng ng: Tham gia cc t chc Ci thin tnh hnh cng ng

Vai tr ca nng dn trong nghin cu AS

Hiu bit v MT sng C kinh nghim a phng Nng ng sng to C mc tiu & s thch ring Chu nh hng ca VH truyn thng S ri ro a ngnh v lin ngnh

5 vic nng dn cn lm
Tn dng Cung ng vt t nng nghip Dch v k thut Ch bin nng sn quy m va Tiu th sn phm nng nghip Ngoi ra: tr gi & thng tin TT

Hm mc tiu ca h nng dn: U (ti a li ch) = f(x1, x2, x3) vi x1= Sn lng tiu dng x2= Sn lng bn ra TT x3= Nng nhn
Hm sn xut ca h nng dn: Y (sn lng) = f(a, l, k) vi a = lao dng l = t ai k = vn

Nng nghip & Nng dn

(Tui Tr 11/1/08 L.. Thnh)

NN cha mt g sau 1 nm vo WTO Gi go = TL, tiu tng 2 ln (3.500 $/tn) Nhng CL sng ND gimlm thu Nghch l: BSCL (la) & TN (cf): m.sng thp Gi NS cao khng hng, gi thp: thit trc Do chin lc gi r, DN nm in&out+TL li nhun khng gim CS bo h NN&ND ang c vn

SUMMARY

Chng IV

Cc loi h thng nng nghip

1. Nng nghip du canh 2. Nng nghip du mc 3. Nng nghip chuyn mn ha/sinh hc/sinh thi hc/bn vng 4. H thng kt hp (trng trt/chn nui/VAC/nng lm kt hp/trng trtTS/ trng trt-chn nui-TS)

C s phn loi kiu AS

Phi hp gia cy & con Phng php trng trt & chn nui Cng L, vn, trnh t chc & sn xut Tnh cht hng ha ca sn phm Mc s dng ha cht

Phn loi tng qut AS

AS nhit i

Cy trng

Chn nui

Hng nm

Lu nm

Sx sa

C nh

Chn th

Xen canh

c canh

Xen canh c canh

Cy & con

7 h thng canh tc chnh

Du canh La nc vng trng Cy ng cc vng cao Xen canh quy m nh kt hp chn nui Canh tc c ti quy m nh Agroforestry Cy lu nm quy m nh LUT/vng/din tch/TL

1. Nng nghip du canh

nh ngha: Thay i ni sx khi ph t gim c trng: Cng c gin n K thut lc hu ph nhiu & sinh thi b thoi ha nhanh Nng sut gim, di chuyn ni khc Ty kh nng phc hi Hon ton ph thuc t nhin Kiu: nh c du canh & du c du canh

Nhng thay i trong h thng du canh

Thi k b ha Thi k phc hi dinh dng t Pht trin cy h u Pht rng theo vnh ai t thp ln cao Xen cy rng+thc phm+lng thc S dng mt s phn bn Nui dng gia sc trong chung tri

TL cay nong nghiep va cay lam nghiep la 75/25

40% trng trt + 20% lm nghip + 40% nui d

SALT 4 = SALT3 + CQ

T l s dng t h thng SALT

2. Nng nghip du mc
nh ngha: h thng C.Nui di chuyn lin tc c trng: Khng KN khai ph tho nguyn kh hn & BKH Di chuyn lin tc Khng c nh ca c nh Sng tho nguyn Nng sut c thp Khng trng trt Kiu: du mc hon ton & khng hon ton

3. Nng nghip chuyn mn ha

Sn xut 1 hoc 2 sp Do mc tiu hay phn cng XH Sx tha xut & nhp Cn kit mt lai dinh dng b sung Mt cn bng sinh hc Thiu LD khi thi v D dng tp trung sp Thun li cho NCKH Ph hp cho nc CN pht trin

4. H thng NN hn hp
Nhiu loi sp: cy+con S dng hp l ngun ti nguyn Kt hp cht ch gia trng trt & CN Phi b sung dinh dng B sung sp ph trng trt CNui cho t Din ra vng gn th trc

H thng trng trt (Brown, 1972)

Cy ly ht: la m, la, bp Cy ht c du Cy ly c Cy h u Cy ly si CQ+rau Cy ly ng Cy ung + thuc l Cy cao su

Cy trng chuyn ha NL mt tri d tr trong CHC + to ra sinh khi ch yu trn tri t

C s phn loi cc dng sys trng trt

Loi cy: hng nm, lu nm; cy ly g, cy n tri Loi hnh lun canh, xen canh Mc u t: L, vn, my mc Phm vi hot ng

Trng trt i cng (HTT. Bnh, 2002)

Trng cy g u Din tch bao nhiu Ging V no Thi gian gieo trng & thu hoch Nng sut cao & n nh

C s KH xy dng sys cy trng

Kh hu: nhit (v , a hnh & ma) tng nhit & nhit ti thp nh sng: t.gian chiu sng, AS g.on cui Lng ma: ah lm t, bn phn & thu hoch m kk: sinh trng & clg sp, su bnh t ai: a hnh, TPCG, chua, mn, ph

H thng chn nui

B Tru Cu D Nga Heo La G Vt G ty Ngng

Tm, cua, c... Ong, tm

Sa Tht Trng C tht Lng, len, da T tm

XC NH C CU N GIA SC
Kh khn - tr ngi: vn, ngun thc n, L, chung tri, CSHT iu kin kh hu, t ai Trnh k thut & QL Th trng tiu th

Nhng vn cn ch
Cung cp thc n: t cung hay ch bin H thng th y H thng cung cp ging H thng th trng tiu th sp Cc vn MT

Chn a im lp tri chn nui

a. c tnh t: kh, khng ly li, m, khng nhim bn v ha hc, VSV... b. Ngun nc: quanh nm & di do. c. a hnh: cao ro bng phng, tri phi thp hn khu nh , DT XD rng.
(Nguyn Th Hnh Chi, http://www.agu.edu.vn)

d. S thot nc: chy ra ngoi d dng t phi xp, hi dc. e. Yn tnh v cch ly: Cch xa cc ngun ly bnh (ch, cc rc, cc dch c, ch ng ngi). Trnh lp tri nhng ni c ting ng tht thng. f. nh sng mt tri v chn gi: nhn y nh sng ban mai v t nh sng bui chiu, khng b gi thi thng xuyn, c cy xung quanh.

Nhng iu cn lu khi xy chung tri

-ng n tri c th hot ng quanh nm, khng gn trc giao thng. -a th phi thp hn nh , mc nc ngm < ch thp nht ca nn chung. -Theo hng gi chnh: phi di khu nh v trn nh cha phn. -Khng qu xa TT, gi cng nhn r.

Nguyn liu cho TAGS

(VNeconomy 21/1) 2007, 17 tr. tn: trong nc 13,3 tr. tn, nhp 3,7 tr. tn 3,7 tr tn: gi tng cao: ng, u tng, thc n b.sung Khng ch ng n.liu bt c, thc n th xanh.. Cnh tranh quyt lit vi mc ch khc K thut canh tc, thu hoch Thiu kh nng thc hin QH ngun n.liu + CN ph tr ngnh thc n c.nui t trng c pht trin c.nui ~12% (54.000/450.000ha)

 VAC(R/B)
V: rau, CQ, dc liu, cy cnh, cy ging A: c, ba ba, c, ch, c su.. C: tru, b.. R: lm nghip: b , tre, nm

Nng lm kt hp (agroforestry)=SALT -Chng xi mn, n nh dc -Tng che ph, ci thin c tnh l-hasinh hc ca t -Bn vng v li ch KT-XH -Bn vng v sinh thi & MT

Nng lm kt hp

Cc li ch khc

Cc sp t cy

Gim suy DD & suy thoi MT

Tng thu nhp

Tnh mm do ca MT

An ninh LT & dinh dng

ICRAF, 1997

Trng trt-thy sn
u: -Tng kh nng cung cp m -t chi ph, d bt c -a dng ha sx -NS la c v tng ln Khuyt: -Nc nhiu -Cht lng nc -Cng xd ng rung nhiu -ng vt n c con: rn, ch, c d.. -Trm cp -Thiu nghin cu chuyn giao

Yu t thy l ha trong ao nui

Nng tri t cp
Tha mn nhu cu ti thiu nng h Thiu vn, thu nhp thp Cy l. thc tiu th G, cy mu thu tin mt Gia sc nui ly sc ko, tht, cho thu T XD nh, xng Ch yu l L sng Dch v u khng c H thng GT km

Nng tri sx hng ha

Chuyn mn ha cao, hng ti TT Nhiu vn, trang thit b hin i S dng t L sng Qun l phc tp, thi gian chnh xc Chi ph ln, vng quay tin mt cao CN ha khu thu hoch, vn chuyn, ch bin DV ngn hng tn dng pht trin Mng li thng tin rng khp, hiu qu

Nng nghip cng nghip ha

(ha hc ha) - Qun l sx nh trong CN - Dng nhiu sp CN cho NN - Dng phng php CN sx ra sp NN Coi thng bn tnh sinh hc ca sinh gii Coi thng hat ng sinh hc ca t Trn ngp ha hc vo NN Sp c hi cho sk

Nhng vn ny sinh
-V sinh thi: ph v kt cu t, gim kn gi nc+duy tr dd, thiu cht dd dng vi m, VSV gim, do: pH + mn + VSV gim +Gia tng dch bnh +CL nng sn gim + nhim t, nc, k.kh +nh hng n s.khe +Lai c sn p bin mt -V kinh t: tng chi ph, thu hach gim -V XH: ngn cch giu ngho, l thuc vt t, t b tri thc truyn thng

Nng nghip sinh hc hay hu c

Dng phn hu c Khng dng thuc ha hc, pht huy tnh chng chu, thuc tho mc To t c cu trc+hot ng VSV Gia sc c nui t do Cht lng sp cao hn NS thp nhng n nh, cp gim

Kim tra 10 ph
Anh Ch hy nu cc yu t chi phi n s pht trin ca cy, con (bao gm c thy sn).

Organic agriculture contribute to fighting hunger (FAO, 11/12/2007)

chemical inputs must be used with care Choose right inputs, right amounts, apply in the right way & at the right time IPM & Conservation Agriculture (CA) + notillage agriculture reduces labour by ploughing & can use 30% less fertilizer & 20% less pesticides

Nng nghip sinh thi hc

S dng nng dc hp l, hiu qu Ti u ha sx: tng sn lng, bn vng, ha nhp t nhin -Tnh a dng sinh hc Nguyn tc -Nui dng cho t sng -Khng ph hai MT -m bo ti sinh hc t -Cu trc nhiu tng -m bo NS n nh -C kh nng t ch

Nng nghip bn vng

Mc tiu: SD tt ngun li bn trong gim u t t ngoi -Khai thc qu trnh t nhin -Gim u t bn ngai gy hi SK & MT -Tip cn ngun ti nguyn mang tnh NS -SD hiu qu tim nng sinh hc & di truyn -SD tri thc & k nng bn a -Tng cng tnh t ch, t tin cho ND p -m bo tnh bn vng lu di -Sx hiu qu

Khi nim
NN bn vng l NN ti sx trong mt HST cn bng & n nh, trong tnh a dng di truyn, t, nc & mlh gn b gia sinh vt c tn trng, cng c & pt Ci thin CL cuc sng trong kh nng chu ng ca HST

Ni dung ca pht trin NNBV

Tng NS mt cch bn vng & n nh Phn phi cng bng sp & ti nguyn NN S dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin Tng s cng bng gia cc th h & hon thin cht lng cuc sng Khng s dng t i m khc i Sx i i vi tit kim cc ngun TN & BVMT Tng cht lng & an ton thc phm

Pht trin nng nghip bn vng

Xa i gim ngho

Mc tiu

An ninh LT

iu kin

Bn vng Kinh t

X hi
Nguyn vng CT+s nht tr

Sinh thi
Pht trin & bo tn tn+Cn bng gia cc th h

Ngn+di hn

Ch bin nng sn
Tng gi tr hng ha & hiu qu KT a dng sp Gii quyt tiu th Thc y XK Gii quyt vic lm CN ha, hin i ha nng thn CH BIN+BAO BTIU TH

Chng V

Phng php nghin cu pht trin AS RRA/PRA (rapid/participatory rural appraisal) Lch s pht trin u, nhc & ng dng ca RRA/PRA Nguyn tc c bn ca RRA/PRA Cc bc c bn Cng c & k thut c bn Phng php SWOT/KIP/WEB/ABC
nh gi nhanh & c s tham gia nng thn

Lch s pht trin

RRA: 50-60s u t ti chnh CNgh cho cc nc PT RRA tt cho R&D-AS, sinh thi MT, khuyn nng & pht trin cng ng PRA: l RRA b sung nghin cu dn tc hc hay quan im ca ngi dn

u im
Tit kim thi gian, nhn lc, tin nh hng nghin cu & u t S dng k.nghim truyn thng (ging p)

Nhc im
chnh xc ca info: trnh , kh nng, thi lm vic

Nguyn tc c bn
-Nhm a ngnh & lm vic theo nhm -Khm ph vn -Nhc li thng xyn -Nhanh nhng khng vi, hp tp -L qu trnh hc tp -Nguyn tc tam gic

Thnh phn:
a ngnh: trong & ngoi, nam & n

Cng c & k thut nh gi:

Nng cao cht lng thng tin

Ngun thng tin s dng: -S dng kin thc bn a

-Mm do linh ng -Xt on tinh t

Phng php RRA

Ch Lp on Xd mc tiu Chn a im, i tng phng vn Phn cng, lp KH Phng vn K.tra b sung

Ni dung d liu ca RRA

DL k.gian: bn thn bn, s lt ct v cc kiu nng tri (6-8) DL t.gian: s liu 30-40 nm v qu trnh sx, xi mn t, dt rng, sc khe cng ng, thu nhp, DS DL v t chc XH: cc on th & t chc thn bn DL k thut: thng tin v t & nc

Phng php chnh thu thp

T TL sn c Phng vn Quan st thc a Lp bn /m hnh vi th.gia ca ngi dn XD s lt ct Lch ma v Tng hp & phn tch d liu Sp xp cc vn Sp xp cc gii php Xy dng cc k hach QL ngun li Thc hin k hoch

Ikem, Southern Nigeria (FAO 2007)

Phng php PRA

Xd mc tiu ti chnh Ni dung cn thc hin Xc nh ngun thng tin Cng c thu thp v phn tch Thit k cng c

Mt s k thut c bn
Thu thp ti liu t: chnh quyn a phng, CQ chuyn mn, DA chng trnh v TL l.quan To mi quan h: lnh o, ngi dn, gii thch l do & cng vic s lm, to s gn gi. Lm vic vi nhm: nhm lm vn, trng CQ, chn nui Phng vn linh hot=cu hi m: who? what? where? when? why? How? How many? Hp dn nhm k.tra & b sung info, b sung & thng nht cc gii php, thng nht chng trnh hot ng & cam kt thc hin

Mt s cng c ch yu

Lc s thn, bn XD sa bn thn, bn V s thn, bn Xy dng biu : s dng t, vt nui, DS, nng sut hay thu nhp, tnh hnh y t, GD.. iu tra theo tuyn & XD lt ct Phn tch lch thi v Phn loi h gia nh: sn lng, s gia sc, lao ng, kinh nghim, nh ca & vt dng Phn tch kinh t h Phn tch t chc: tm quan trng & mc nh hng

Phn loi, xp hng da trn mt s ch tiu: Gi tr kinh t D trng Ging sn c CY t su bnh Vn u t t D tiu th XK tt Thun li, kh khn & hng gii quyt

Hi nhng ngi am hiu

(KIP- Key Informant Panel)
Mc ch: m bo tin cy ca TT thu thp Tho lun nhm gm nhng ngi am hiu v nhng s vic khc nhau Nhm 7-15 ngi Vd: Tm hiu v hat ng kinh t gm:
-Nng dn -Ch ngn hng -Chnh quyn p -Thy gio -Nh bun bn -Ch nhim HTX -Khuyn nng

Tin trnh xc nh & iu khin tho lun

Xc nh thng tin cn thit T.xc lnh o p, t chc. Gii thch mc ch Xc nh tiu chun cho thnh vin nhm KIP D kin s ngi tham gia nhm Tip xc ngi tham gia xd vic tham gia n nh ngy gi v a im tho lun Khi bt u TL cn gii thiu l do, mc ch cn t, s dng KQ v li ch ca KQ

Li ch ca KIP
Mi ngi tham gia & ng gp tch cc Tng mc chnh xc ca thut ng Gia tng s mu i din ( ngai) Chi ph thp Ngi tham d i thai vi nhau

Nhc im
kin cc oan, khc thng, hay s b trit tiu Ngi c trnh v kn n nichi phi Ngi iu khin cn bn lnh trong vic iu phi, gi

Phng php SWOT

(Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats)

S: iu kin, phm cht, ngun ti nguyn W: yu t bt li, khng thch hp thi im hin ti O: phng hng ti u ha cc k pht trin, bin php thc hin T: kt qu xu, khng mong i d bo tng lai

Tin trnh thc hin

Tip xc lnh o. Gii thch mc ch Xc nh thnh phn, s ngi tham gia n nh ngy gi v a im tho lun C ngi ghi bin bn v SWOT C mt ngi ph trch (NPT) NPT cn gii thiu l do, mc ch cn t Nhm c ngi trnh by KQ Nhm nghin cu tp hp KQ

Phn loi ABC

Lp DS ch h Vit tn ln nhng th ring Hp nhm theo KIP: phn lai giu-TBngho, a ra tiu chun phn lai Tiu chun: vn, din tch t

Phng php WEB

Phn tch nhng kh khn hin hu Tin trnh: -Xc nh cc kh khn -XD nguyn nhn v h qu lin h -Biu din mlh bng mi tn () Hn ch: Mang tnh thi im

Nhng thng tin cn thu thp

H thng sx & tiu th sp Lch sx & lch cung cp lng thc Nguyn nhn bin ng NS, pp sx chnh t ai, LD, kh nng vn K thut trng trt K thut CNui

Kh nng tng NS
Ging cy trng Phn bn Bo v ma mng

CM xanh= ging NS cao+phn HH+TL

Ch s nh gi tnh bn vng
Kinh t: hiu qu sx, tc tng trng Sinh thi MT: Tnh bv ca t: NS, pH, OM, NPK d tiu& vi lng q. trng, lng & ch. lng nc Tnh bv sinh vt: ch s a dng Tnh bv MT: in/out c & khng c QL X hi: s dng & hiu qu sd, th trng tiu th, cung ng vt t, hat ng VHXH, hiu & thc hin cc chnh sch

Mc tiu
S cy ti a trn VDT S bng ti u trn cy S ht v trng lng ht Cht lng ht

X
Hi

Mi trng

Kinh t

Chnh sch (ttp://www.un.org)

GREEN WATER CREDITS

RURAL POVERTY & GLOBAL WATER SCARCITY

HNG DN SD LM GIU BNG KINH T G

Nng nghip BV & o c Sinh thi hc nn tng Tm hiu k khu t ca mnh Kh hu & tiu KH t mt c th sng Hat ng & chc nng ca nc Cy trng di sn ca chng ta Cy rng & hng cy chn gi

tt
Khu zero ni Khu 1 vn: ni d tr thc n Khu 2 rng thc phm Gia cm & ong trong rng thc phm Khu 3 trang tri Khu 4 nhng du hiu ca hy vng Khu 5 rng t nhin Nui trng thy sn Thit k chng thin tai

K hoch pht trin c du Malaysia

Th trng & chim lnh TT Ging tt nht Phng php canh tc thch hp & hng dn nng dn Min thu & cho vay u i Vay vn ca WB xy dng NT c du: thit k, phn l, xd nh, ng v nh my s ch Lp vin nghin cu ch bin cc sp t CD Cc xc tin tiu th CD khp TG Ngi dn tr ht n sau 15 nm & Malaysia b ch th gii v XK CD

Bn tip chuyn pht trin bn vng v nng thn, nng dn

Tng Lai, Bo Thanh nin 03/06/2007

NS la 5 nm qua dng mc > 5,4 tn/ha Gi VT input v chi ph sx tip tc tng "N ha nng nghip" Chuyn dch c cu kinh t, ngnh ngh nng thn cn qu chm: t l L trong ngnh CN&DV ch tng t 10,88% nm 1996 ln 17,35% nm 2004

Q. 'Does your wife work?' A. 'No, she stays at home.' Q. 'I see. How does she spend her day?' A. 'Well, she gets up at four in the morning, makes the fire and cooks breakfast. Then she goes to the river and washes clothes. After that she goes to town to get corn ground and buy what we need. Then she cooks the midday meal.' Q. 'You come home at midday?' A. 'No, no. She brings the meal to me in the fields - about three km from home.' Q. 'And after that?' A. 'Well, she takes care of the hens and pigs, and of course she looks after the children all day. Then she prepares supper so it is ready when I come home.' Q. 'Does she go to bed after supper?' A. 'No, I do. She has things to do around the house until about nine o'clock.' Q. 'But you say your wife does not work?' A. 'Of course she doesn't work. I told you, she stays at home.'

SUMMARY

n tp chng I
Nu vai tr ca nng nghip Nu v phn tch cc dng tc ng ca con ngi vo AS. Lch s pht trin ca NN ph thuc vo nhng yu t no, gii thch l do. Ti sao ni NN l hat ng c mc ch (kim sot v iu khin) ca con ngi. Nu thnh phn chnh v tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong AS.

n tp chng II
nh ngha h thng v h thng NN. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng. Cc khi nim v AS v gii thch. M hnh sys sinh thi & h thng x hi nhn vn. Phn tch mlh gia 2 sys. Ch tiu nh gi hiu qu kinh t, hiu qu sinh hc. Nu & phn tch m hnh AS ca Spedding, .T.Tun & Robert.

n tp chng III
K. nim h nng dn v sys nng tri Cc loi Q ca nng dn. Ni dung ca cc Q ny. Vai tr ca nng dn trong nghin cu AS Nu v phn tch hm mc tiu v hm sn xut ca h nng dn. Cc yu t nh hng n Q ca ND C s phn loi h nng dn

n tp chng IV
Phn bit cc loi AS hc Cc yu t c bn to nn s khc bit gia cc lai AS Nhng li ch ca m hnh nng lm kt hp (SALT). Phn bit nng nghip cng nghip ha, sinh hc & sinh thi hc.

n tp chng V
-Mc ch ca phng php SWOT/KIP/ABC/WEB -Cc tc ng nng cao nng sut h sinh thi. Nu mt vd minh ha. -Nhng thng tin cn thu thp trong nghin cu AS -RRA(d liu cn thit)/PRA(cng c ch yu) -Kinh nghim ca Malaysia

nh hng pht trin nng nghip Vit Nam

Thnh tu Th hai trn th gii v xut khu go Rau qu, CF, CS, ch, iu, h tiu Tng n g.sc, sn lng tht, trng, sa Tng thu hi sn nui trng, khai thc

Tn ti v pht sinh
Thu hp qu rng - t - nc gien Do t ph rng, xi mn, thoi ho Mi trng sinh thi ang b nhim Do cht thi c.nghip, phn h.hc, nng dc i ngho

nh hng pht trin

2020: c bn thnh nc cng nghip coi trng CN ho, hin i ho nng nghip & nng thn pht trin ton din nng, lm, ng nghip gn vi cng nghip ch bin vng tp trung chuyn canh: s lng, cht lng, an ton + c.nghip ch bin & t.trng trong & ngoi

 nng nghip sn xut hng ha nng sut, cht lng v sc cnh tranh cao pht trin vi tc cao, bn vng C cu kinh t nng nghip: Trng trt chn nui - ngnh ngh & DV khc C cu kinh t nng thn: Nng, lm & TS - cng nghip, ngnh ngh & DV

Ngnh sn xut hng ho quan trng

lng thc: la go + bp cy cng nghip ngn ngy: u phng, u tng, m, hng dng+bng, du tm+thuc l nguyn liu cy cng nghip lu nm: c ph, iu, tiu, CS, ch rau, hoa qu v cy cnh

Lm nghip
bo v, khoanh nui, ti sinh, trng rng phng h, rng sn xut -tre, trc, keo, thng, bch n: NL giy -vn g nhn to qu, hi g qu: ging hng, sao, lim, lt, pmu, tch nguyn liu ch bin sn phm th cng, m ngh

Chn nui
Heo B: tht & sa Gia cm: g vt vng chn nui tp trung, nui cng nghip, gn vi ch bin & x l cht thi Thy sn: nh bt xa b + nui trng tm nc l: tm s, tm he nc ngt: tm cng xanh nui trng cc loi c nc ngt, nc l, nc mn v cc loi c sn khc An ton lng thc + N.liu cho c.nghip + nng kim ngch xut khu

Cng nghip DV nng thn

cng nghip ch bin & bo qun c in NN & ngnh ngh nng thn. khuyn nng, dch v thy nng, th y, bo v thc vt, thng tin lin lc, vn ha, x hi, cung ng vt t, tiu th sn phm thy li, iu, kin c ha knh mng, nc sch cho sinh hot; pht trin giao thng in v bu chnh vin thng, h thng y t, gio dc, vn ha nng thn

Cu hi
Nu 3-5 cu hi lin quan n mn hc

HT

iu khin trong sx NN
iu khin SV sn xut iu khin MT sng iu khin HST

Thnh phn, chc nng & gii php nng cao a dng SH
Cn trng Cy trng TV khc V khc VSV, giun, mi

a dng sinh hc trong HST NN

Th phn Bt mi K sinh

SX sinh khi

Khng ch SH iu chnh qun th

Tiu th & Phn hy

Quay vng VC

Trng xen, NL kt hp, lun canh, cy ph t, bn phn HC Bng cy chn gi, lm t ti thiu, IPM

a dng thin ch (n tht & k sinh)

a dng cy trng & a dng cn trng

a dng su hi (n thcvt)

a dng cy trng

Hot ng HST

B sung
Nhng bin php nng cao tnh bn vng cho AS Phn tch tim nng ca nng h trong pht trin kinh t x hi.

Khi nha kinh

dioxide carbon (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluoro carbon (HFC), polyfluoro carbon (PFC) v hexafluorur sulfur (SF6)

deforestation, expansion of agricultural land, urban and peri-urban growth, and unsustainable use of freshwater resources climatic conditions (unusual droughts, excessive rainfall, hurricanes and cyclones)

human life, health and settlements, agricultural production, food security and biodiversity

developing countries continue to confront major challenges related to poverty and food insecurity, lack of productive technologies and unsustainable livelihoods

 reductions in fallow periods, soil nutrients, organic matter, soil fertility and permeability Processes of land degradation include soil compaction, soil and water erosion, soil fertility decline, reduction of biomass, salinity, loss of soil biodiversity and other physical and chemical alterations as a result of inadequate drainage and misuse of soils, as well as loss of soil biodiversity

Land degradation affects freshwater availability and quality and alters the water regimes of rivers and streams, groundwater recharge and flooding

 Land degradation affects freshwater availability and quality and alters the water regimes of rivers and streams, groundwater recharge and flooding Potential impacts include silting of reservoirs and estuaries, lowering of groundwater levels, intrusion of salt water into aquifers, pollution of water by suspended particles, and salinization

Indicators of sustainable land use

Sustainable forest management Biological diversity Desertification Land quality

VOA Science in the NEWS 6/6/2007

rising sea levels, damaging storms and severe lack of rain in different areas extreme heat, more floods, and shortages of clean water to drink food production and more world hunger

More rural families earning money from non-farm work But limited skills mean agriculture is still main source of income 5 June 2007, Rome A growing proportion of rural family income is coming from non-farm activities such as commerce, service provision and immigrant remittances. However earnings from agriculture continue to be a fundamental source of livelihood for 90 percent of rural households, particularly the poor, according to a report released today by the FAO during a seminar on rural incomes. The report, Rural Income Generating Activities: A Cross Country Comparison, is part of a larger project on Rural Income Generating Activities (RIGA) overseen by FAOs Agricultural Sector in Economic Development Service (ESAE). It is based on a recently developed crosscountry database of rural household surveys, which includes information on multiple categories of rural household income and access to wealth generating assets. Kostas Stamoulis, ESAE Chief, said Non-farm rural activities, even when more remunerative than agricultural work, are not accessible to the poorest of households because they often lack the education, capital and credit needed to participate in these areas. This systematic study of the sources of rural household income will fill some of the gaps that exist in our understanding of who has access to what type of income and such information could be very helpful to policymakers looking for ways to reduce poverty. Improved data resulted from institutional cooperation The new reports were made possible by a multi-agency project that saw FAO, the World Bank and the American University (Washington, DC) working together on the RIGA project. The RIGA project combines information on the sources of rural household income using 23 datasets from 15 countries. These sources include agriculture and livestock, non-agricultural wage and self-employment, and public and private transfers. The project is designed to help development analysts and practitioners understand rural household behaviour so they can map pathways out of poverty. The projects aim is to contribute to better-informed policies and programmes for poverty reduction, said Mr Stamoulis.

 No longer measuring apples and oranges

According to Benjamin Davis, an FAO economist and principal investigator in the project, The FAO report marks the first time that we are able to base statements about non-farm and farm sources of income on data that have been collected and compiled in such a way that we can measure the same thing in different countries. Until now, we have been basing our analyses on country-specific case studies and data collection methods, and it was like trying to compare apples to oranges, so this is a really big breakthrough for the analysis of rural development.
Overall, the study paints a clear picture of multiple activities across rural areas and diversification across rural households. This is true across countries in all four continents, though less so in the African countries in the study. For most countries the largest share of income stems from off-farm activities, and the largest share of households have diversified sources of income. Diversification, not specialization, is the norm. The poor are handicapped in their effort to escape poverty, the report says. While incentives to diversify may be there, their capacities to enter more lucrative income activities is limited. In Guatemala for example, the poorest households derive only 18 percent of their income from non-agricultural wages and self-employment. For the rich that share exceeds 50 percent. Education may make the difference. Average education of poor household heads is 1.3 years, compared to almost 4 for rich households. A related study, which analyzed more than 40 agricultural censuses and 120 demographic censuses in an attempt to provide a global long-term perspective on farming and demographic trends, was also presented at the seminar.

According to Gustavo Anrquez, an FAO economist, this global view of rural demographics allows us to observe that although at a global level nine out of ten farms are small, there are important regional differences. Small farms are less common in Latin America, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
A global perspective clearly shows us that the feminization of rural areas is present only in sub-Saharan Africa, he said. Rural Income Generating Activities: A Cross Country Comparison was written by Benjamin Davis, Katia Covarrubias, Esteban Quinones, Alberto Zezza, Kostas Stamoulis, Genny Bonomi and Stefania DiGiuseppe of FAO, Paul Winters of American University and Gero Carletto of the World Bank.

Total capital
the natural capital (the land, the water, the air, genetic material, ecosystems, etc.); the human capital (knowledge, science, culture, health, nutrition); the institutional capital (schools, universities, research facilities, infrastructure); the social capital (democracy, good governance, civil rights, equity, social harmony).

FAO & UNEP, 1997

ISRIC

Kim tra 15 ph
Anh ch hy phn tch ngn gn nh hng ca cc yu t (u t, t ai, lao ng, qun l) n quyt nh ca nng dn.

iu khin hat ng ca HST

Tng vng quay qu trnh SH, tng vng quay chu chuyn VC iu chnh cc giai an ca chu trnh chu chuyn VC To ra mt c cu hp l cho ra sn lng cao

Tun han m trong t nhin

T..Vin, N.T.Lm, 2006

T duy h thng
Hiu r vn Gii quyt thch thc: tnh phc tp Phn nh s thay i v cht X l cc mqh nhn qu phi tuyn Pht hin logic tin ha & pht trin Tng tnh nhy bn ca t duy

 Nng nghip l ngun sng chnh ca 73% dn s Vit Nam, nhng tc pht trin ch t 4% (REF?)

Kh hu

Sinh vt

Nc

M hnh h thng sinh thi

Dn s

Cu trc XH

Cng ngh

Nhn thc

M hnh h thng x hi nhn vn

Cu hi kim tra Ch3

Phn tch tim nng ca nng h trong pht trin kinh t x hi.

1. Thnh phn cp ht (soil particles)

Ct VL 2mm 0,02mm 0,002mm St VL 0,0002mm

Ct

Limon

St

Keo

2. Thnh phn c gii (soil texrure) Cch xp loi t theo thnh phn ct, limon, st theo t l quy nh.

TPCG Theo Katrinsky

TPCG
Ct xp Ct cht Ct pha Tht nh Tht TB Tht nng St nh St TB St nng

% st VL
0 -5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-70 70-80 > 80

% ct VL
95100 90-95 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 30-50 20-30 < 20

Cc ni dung chnh ca tiu lun

DL gn vi thi gian: s liu gn y v qu trnh sx, xi mn t, dt rng, sc khe cng ng, thu nhp, DS DL v t chc XH: cc an th v t chc, tm quan trng & mc nh hng DL k thut: thng tin v t & nc Lch thi v C s PL h gia nh: sn lng, s gia sc, L, kinh nghim, nh ca & vt dng Phn tch kinh t h

MPOWER
M means monitoring tobacco use & prevention policies P is for protecting people by establishing smokefree areas O is for offering services to help people stop smoking W means warning people about the dangers of tobacco E is for enforcing bans on tobacco advertising & other forms of marketing R is for raising taxes on tobacco