1.

M u
1.1. t vn
Cy u tng [Glicinemax (L) Merill] l cy cng
nghip quen thuc nc ta v cc nc trn th gii. V mi b
phn cy u tng u c gi tr nht nh i vi con
ngi nh mang li li ch kinh t, dinh dng v ci to t. Cc
loi thc n c ch bin t u tng rt giu m (40 45%), c th thay th cho tht do protein ca u tng cha
cc axit, amin qu khng thay th r nhiu vitamin thch
hp vi n king, n chay khng km g cc thc phm cao
cp khc, khng b nh hng bi cc cht ho hc, cc loi
ph gia nhn to cng nh qu trnh bin i gen (hay cn
gi l thc phm chuyn gen (GM) gy ra (Norman AG,
1967) [49].
Ht u tng cn cha mt lng du rt ln 12 -24 %
ng u trong cc loi cht bo c hot tnh sinh hc cao,
gluxit 31,1% v nhiu cht khong, vitamin...vv (Rahaminna
ands Nikkuni, 2002) [51]. Cc acid bo omega -3 (anpha
linoneic) trong u tng c tc dng bo v tim mch, gip
mu lu thng tt, tim p u hn. y cng l tin thn
ca cht DHA (Deco sahexaenic acid) chim 1/4 lng cht bo
cha trong no; V vy, nhng thc phm ch bin t ht
u tng rt tt cho vic pht trin tr no ca tr em. Ngoi
ra acid omega - 3 v DHA cn c ghi nhn gim triu chng
ca bnh vim rut, gim chng tin sn git ph n. Cc

acid bo khng no trong ht u tng cng vi protein c kh

nng kt hp vi cholesterol to thnh lipo protein c t trng
cao HDL - C (High Desnity) vn chuyn cholesterol t cc t
chc m v gan chuyn ho lm gim lng cholesterol
chung, lm tng lng cholesterol c li v lm gim lng
cholesterol c hi. Ngoi 2 thnh phn chnh l lipit v
protein, ht u tng cn cha cc cht khong, vi lng, cc
loi hoomon t nhin (phytoestroen), phitattanin v s ho
tan c tc dng phng chng ung th, c ch hay lm gim
qu trnh nh ng ca mu, lm tng qu trnh cung cp
nng lng cho c th, (http:// viwipedia.org viki/) [43].
Cy u tng khng ch cung cp dinh dng cho con
ngi v cn c tc dng v mt y hc. Ht u tng cng
nh cc ph phm ca n, c bit l kh du, u tng
ngy nay c nh gi rt cao trong cng nghip lm thc n
gia sc chim 60% ton b gi tr m (Phm Vn Thiu,
1998) [31]. Ngoi ra cy u tng cn gp phn lun canh
ci to t rt tt. V vy, u tng cn l mt trong cc
cy h u c kh nng c nh ni kh quyn thng qua
nt sn r. R u tng n su, phn nhnh nhiu lm
cho t ti xp. Thn, l u tng c th lm phn xanh,
mt ha trng u tng li trong t 40 - 70% kg m /
nm tng ng 300 - 400 kg m sun pht. Do vy, cy
u tng cn l cy trng tt cho nhiu cy trng v sau
(Nguyn Th Cn, 1992) [3].
Cy u tng khng kn t, c thi gian sinh trng

ngn n trung bnh, nn d dng a vo h thng lun

canh tng v nh trng xen, trng gi v v c th trng c
nhiu chn t khc nhau, tn dng c t ai, sc lao
ng, lm tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, p ng nhu
cu ngy cng tng v sn phm u tng trong nc tin
ti xut khu. tng sn lng cy trng trong nng nghip
ni chung v cy u tng ni ring, mi quc gia u c
th p dng cc bin php nh: Tng din tch thng qua khai
hoang, tng v, thm canh (K.Hinson and E. Harwig, 1990)
[52].
nc ta, din tch t nng nghip ngy cng thu hp
do nhu cu cng nghip ho, cho nn vic tng din tch
t canh tc v lu di s b hn ch; V vy, vic tng v
ch n mc gii hn nht nh. Do , tng nng sut
v sn lng u tng cng nh cht lng sn phm, chng ta
cn dng bin php k thut thm canh c p dng mt
cch trit .
tnh H Ty, c iu kin sinh thi, t ai, tinh
thn lao ng v s cn c, chm ch ca ngi dn,
khng ngng lm tng din tch v sn lng u tng, c
bit l cy u tng ng trong cng thc lun canh 3 v
(2 la - 1 u tng) nh gieo vi trn din tch ln, lm
cho nhiu cnh ng t gi tr 50 triu ng / ha.
Tuy nhin thc tin sn xut nng nghip, sn lng u
tng cn thp nhiu ni. Nguyn nhn, l do cha s dng
b ging thch hp vi iu kin a phng v vic bn

phn ho hc nhiu nm cho mi loi cy trng dn n

vic thiu ht cc nguyn t vi lng trong t, lm cho cy
u tng c nng sut thp v d dng b nhim bnh hi.
khc phc hin tng trn, trong thm canh, ngi ta
khuyn co nn bn phn hu c hoc phn a yu t c
vi lng (gi thnh cao) hoc phn vi lng thng qua l. i vi
phn bn l hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi phn
bn l cn c nghin cu v hiu lc ca chng trn cy
u tng nn chng ti thc hin ti:
"nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng ca
u tng ging DT84, DT12 trng v thu ng v v
xun h trn t Chng M - H Ty "
1.2. Mc ch v yu cu ca ti.
1.2.1. Mc ch
Trn c s tm hiu lc ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng ca
ht u tng m xut k thut s dng dinh dng qua l
gp phn xy dng quy trnh thm canh cy u tng
trn t Chng M - H Ty.
1.2.2 Yu cu ca ti
- iu tra thc trng sn xut u tng, hng ho
huyn Chng M.
- Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut, cht lng ca u t-

ng ging DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h.

- Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut, cht lng ca u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h.
1.3. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti.
1.3.1. ngha khoa hc ca ti
- Kt qu nghin cu ca ti s cung cp cc dn liu
khoa hc v nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng cy u tng.
- Kt qu nghin cu ca ti l ti liu tham kho
khoa hc v cy u tng, phc v cho cng tc ging dy
v nghin cu v cy u tng.
1.3.2. ngha thc tin ca ti
Kt qu nghin cu ca ti s gp phn b sung
vo vic xy dng quy trnh k thut thm cy u tng
nng sut cao ti huyn Chng M - H Ty cng nh nhng
vng sinh thi tng t Vit Nam.

2. Tng quan ti liu

2.1. Yu cu sinh thi ca cy u tng

2.1.1. Nhit
Cy u tng c ngun gc n i, nhng khng phi l
cy chu rt. Tng tch n ca cy u tng bin ng
t 1700oC n 2700oC. Nhit thch hp cho u tng
mc nhanh vo khong 30 oC. Phm vi nhit ti thiu v
ti a thi k mc l 10o - 40oC. Trn 40oC ht khng mc
c v di 10oC s vn di ca trc di l mm b nh hng
ng k.
Nhit cho ht ny mm tt nht trong phm vi 18 26oC, trn 30oC ht ny mm nhanh nhng mm yu.
Thi k cy con t l n n 3 l kp, u tng
chu rt kh hn ng, thi k l n c th chu c
nhit di 0oC, l kp pht trin nhit trn12oC. Nhit
thch hp cho s sinh trng l t 22oC - 27o C. Nhit
thp s nh hng xu n ra hoa kt qu. Nhit 10oC
ngn cn s phn ho mm, hoa, nhit di 18oC, t l
u qu thp. Nhit cao hn 39oC nh hng xu n
tc hnh thnh t, cy u tng s pht trin lng v
phn ho hoa. Nhit thch hp nht ca l u tng
trong v h t 25oC - 40o C. Trong cc thi k sinh trng, pht
trin cui cng, nu nhit qu thp, ht kh chn, chn

khng u, t l nc cao v cht lng ca (Nguyn Th Cn,

1992) [3]
2.1.2. nh sng
nh sng l yu t nh hng su sc n hnh thi
cy u tng; nh sng l yu t quyt nh s quang hp
ca l, s c nh Nit (N 2) nt sn, t nh hng n
sn lng cht kh ca cy v nng sut ht. u tng l cy
ngn ngy in hnh. Tc ng ca nh sng ngy ngn
mnh nht vo cc thi k sinh trng trc khi ra hoa. nh sng
ngy ngn vo thi k trn lm cho cy rt ngn c thi
k sinh trng, chiu cao cy gim, s t t v di t
gim.
2.1.3. m
Nhu cu nc ca cy u tng thay i theo iu
kin kh hu, nn k thut trng trt v thi gian sinh trng
ca cy u tng cng i hi v m nht nh. thi
k u tng mc, t phi m ht mc u, nu
kh hn ko di th ht thi. Trong thi k ny mm, lng nc
cn ht bng 100 - 150 % trng lng kh ca ht ging.
Nhu cu nc ca u tng tng dn khi cy ln ln. S
mt nc do thot nc trong ngy thng nhiu hn lng nc cy
ht vo do r. Nhng ngy c nhit cao, gi kh lm cy
ho tm thi c th lm gim hot ng ng ho v nh hng ti nng sut ht, chiu cao cy, s t, ng knh
thn, s hoa, t l u qu, s ht, trng lng ht u tng
quan thun vi m t.

Thi k qu my, u tng cn nhiu nc nht, hn lc

ny lm gim nng sut r rt. Hn vo thi k ra hoa v bt
u c qu, gy rng hoa, trng lng ht gim (Norman A.G,
1967) [49].
2.1.4. t v cc cht dinh dng.
Cy u tng khng

yu cu nghim ngt v t

trng trt. Ni chung loi t no trng cng c, i vi t

trng hoa mu u trng c u tng. Trn t tht
nng, u tng kh mc nhng sau khi mc, u tng thch
ng vi t nng kh hn vi cc cy mu khc. pH thch
hp cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca u tng l 5,2- 6,5
(Ng Th Dn, 1982) [6].
2.2. Vai tr ca cc yu t dinh dng i vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy u tng
2.2.1. m
m l nguyn t dinh dng quan trng nht v ht c
nhiu nht ca cy u tng do ht u tng c hm lng
protein cao. t nng sut 3 tn/ ha th cy u tng
cn 285 kg N/ha. Mc d cy u tng c kh nng t tc
phn ln N nhng vic cung cp N hp l cho u tng c tc
dng lm cy mc nhanh, pht trin h r, to c s cho
vic hnh thnh nt sn. ng thi pht trin thn, l v
cnh; tng t l u qu v t l qu chc, tng trng lng
ht v hm lng protein trong ht (Nguyn Nh H, 2006) [12].
Trong cy u tng, m c tch lu kh nhiu thi
k u v nhiu nht thi k ra hoa kt qu, c bit l

t khi hoa n r cho n khi ht my. Cy u tng thiu

m, l chuyn thnh mu xanh vng v b rng khi c gi,
phin l hp v din tch l nh, cn ci, l kp sau nh hn
hay bng l kp trc, hoa v qu rng nhiu hoc lp, trng
lng ht gim ( Th Bu, 2000) [1]. Nhng tha m, li cn
tr s xm nhp ca vi khun vo nt sn v vic c nh
N ca cy u tng. Tha m cn c kh nng lm cy
pht trin qu mnh, c ch ra hoa v qu lm nh hng
n nng sut v cht lng ht (Nguyn Nh H, 2006) [11].
Thi k ra hoa, u qu nu khng cung cp m
th s hoa, qu rng nhiu hoc lp, trng lng ht thp. Do
r ca cy u tng c kh nng sng cng sinh vi vi khun
c nh m v ngun m ny c th p ng 60% lng
m m cy cn, cho nn vic cung cp m cho cy ngay
t ban u ca con ngi l khng nhiu nhng li rt quan
trng n thc y cho qu trnh c nh nit ca vi
khun (on Th Thanh Nhn v cs, 1996) [14]
2.2.2. Ln
Ln c tc dng xc tin cho s pht trin ca b r v
s hnh thnh nt sn, cc c quan sinh sn. ln s lng
v trng lng nt sn tng ln r rt, s qu v ht chc tng
ln, tng trng lng ht... ng thi ln cng tham gia vo
thnh phn nucleotit, acid nucleic, nucleotit, photpholipit.
Ln c mt trong thnh phn h thng men, c gia trao
i gluxt, s c nh m, tng hp protit, lipit v s
chuyn ho nng lng trong qu trnh quang hp v h hp.

(on Th Thanh Nhn v cs, 1996) [14]. Khi cy u tng

thiu ln nh hng xu n vic hnh thnh r, nt sn v
kh nng c nh m.
2.2.3. Kali
Kali chim 50% trong ht, ng vai tr quan trng trong
trao i m, trong chuyn ho gluxit cng nh hng lot cc
phn ng khc trong cy, kali ng vai tr iu ho cn
bng nc, tng hp protein, tng tnh chng chu bnh, chu
hn v chng cho cy. u tng thiu kali cy non v
gi, mp l b xm r (chy mp l), l b cong ln pha trc.
Cy ht kali trong sut qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin nhng
nhiu nht vn l thi k ra hoa. Thi k cui kali chuyn t
thn l v ht (on Th Thanh Nhn v cs, 1996) [14].
2.2.4. Nhu cu cc yu t dinh dng khc
Nhu cu cc yu t dinh dng khc: Ca, Mg c tc dng
iu chnh pH trong t, thch hp cho vi khun nt sn
pht trin v hot ng c nh m, lm cy sinh trng
pht trin tt.
Lu hunh cn thit cho vic tng hp protein vn xy ra
rt mnh cy u tng. Lu hunh cng cn thit cho vic
hnh thnh nt sn trn r cy u tng. V vy thiu lu
hunh cng nh hng xu n ti vic hnh thnh nt sn
trn r cy v kh nng c nh m, n kh nng sinh
trng, pht trin v cho nng sut. Thiu lu hunh cn c kh
nng nh hng xu ti t l v cht lng ca protein trong ht,
nh hng xu ti phm cht ht u tng. Biu hin thiu lu

10

hunh cy u tng kh ging vi biu hin thiu m (

Th Bu, 2000) [ 1].
Cy u tng cng c nhu cu kh cao v cc cht
dinh dng vi lng m cc cht ny li thng hay b thiu trn
cc loi t c pH trung tnh, vn ph hp cho cy u tng.
Khi cy u tng b thiu st, mngan, km cy b ci
cc, c mt s qu khng bnh thng. Thiu molipden nh hng xu n hot ng ca vi khun nt sn v ng ho
m ca cy. Kt qu u nh hng xu n nng sut v
phm cht u tng (Nguyn Nh H, 2006) [11].
Bo rt cn thit cho qu trnh phn bo v ln ln ca
nh thn, chp r, cho s ny mm ca ht phn v cho
s th tinh. Bo to thun li cho vic di chuyn ng v tng
hp cc acid nucleic v cc kch thch t thc vt.
2.2.5. Cht hu c
Mun t c nng sut cao c bit trn cc loi t
ct, t i, t bc mu cn phi bn cc loi phn chung
v cc loi phn hu c khc v ngoi vic cung cp cc
cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy cn c tc dng ci to t.
(Nguyn Nh H, 2006) [11], (on Th Thanh Nhn v cs,
1996) [14], ( Th Bu, 2000) [1].
2.3. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng trn th gii v Vit
Nam
2.3.1. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng trn th gii
Cy u tng chim mt v tr quan trng hng u

11

trong 8 cy ly u quan trng ca th gii; u tng, bng,

lc, hng dng, ci du, lanh, da v c du. Do vy c
trng ph bin hu ht cc nc trn th gii, nhng tp trung
nhiu nht cc nc chu M chim ti 73,0% tip l cc
nc thuc khu vc chu (Trung Quc, n ) chim 23,15%.
(L Hong v ctv, 1997) [8].
Thc n cho ngi v thc n chn nui t u tng
tng nhanh nhiu nc trong 30 nm qua gp phn cung cp
thc phm giu dinh dng nhiu hn cho nhn dn trn th
gii. V vy din tch trng u tng trn th gii c xu hng
tng nhanh khc phc nn suy dinh dng do i protein
trong khu phn thc n hng ngy. ( Th Bu, 2000) [1].
Bng 2.1. Din tch, nng sut sn lng u tng trn
th gii
(1996 - 2006)
Nm
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Din tch

Nng sut

Sn lng

(triu ha)
61,96
63,18
69,39
71,66
72,19
75,05
75,05
77,35
83,61
91,61
91,42

(t/ha)
20,26
20,84
21,99
22,30
21,80
22,30
23,21
23,34
22,67
22,64
23,45

(triu tn)
125,53
131,67
152,59
159,8
157,37
167,36
176,70
180,53
189,52
206,46
214,35

(Ngun: FAO STAT 2005 v food Outlook, FAO, No -1, June

12

2006)
Theo FAO (2005) din tch u tng ton th gii nm
2004 l 91,62 triu ha, tng 28,43 triu ha so vi nm 1996.
Cng vi vic m rng din tch, nng sut u tng cng c
s tng trng ng k, Nm 2002 nng sut u tng l
23,34 t / ha tng 3,08 t / ha so vi nm 2995.
Nh vy trong vng 10 nm din tch u tng tng
3,08 t/ ha v sn lng tng 88,82 triu tn khng nh
vai tr v hiu qu ca cy u tng trong nn nng
nghip th gii.
Tng sn lng u tng th gii nm 2006 d bo s t
220,18 triu tn tng nh so vi nm 2005. in hnh l s nc
ang m rng din tch trng u tng, u t thm canh
v tp trung nghin cu l: Braxin, Achentina, M, Trung
Quc v n (chim khong 89,6% v din tch v 91,6%
v sn lng ca c th gii). M l nc lun ng u th
gii v din tch v sn lng u tng chnh l nh cc phng php chn lc, nhp ni, gy t bin v lai to. H
to c nhng ging u tng mi (Nguyn Trng Trang,
2005) [37]. Sn lng u tng ngy cng tng, c th:
- Nm 2000, M sn xut c 75 triu tn u tng,
trong c hn 1/3 c xut khu.
- Nm 2001 sn xut c 78,67 triu tn u tng v
n nm 2005 tng ln 82,82 triu tn, tng 4,15 triu tn
so vi nm 2001.

13

Phn ln sn lng u tng ca M nui gia sc

hoc xut khu mc d nhu cu tiu th ca ngi dn
M ngy cng tng; Trong u tng chim ti 80% lng
u tng c tiu th M. Sau M phi k n Braxin, l
nc sn xut u tng ln th 2 trn th gii cng nh chu
M. Nng sut ca nc ny t thay i trong 20 nm qua. Tuy
nhin cho n nm 2003 nng sut u tng t k lc
28,08 t / ha vt tri ln so vi nng sut trung bnh ca th
gii (23,79 t / ha) l 4,29 ha. Hin nay Braxin cng l nc
cung cp v sn xut u tng ln trn th gii, u tng
ca Braxin cng c cc nc nhp khu rt a chung. (Phm
Vn Bin v cs, 1976) [2].
Achentina u tng thng c lun canh vi la m.
Nng sut bnh qun ca u tng khong 1,1 tn / ha vo
nhng nm 60. Vo u nhng nm 70 nng sut t k lc
l 2,3 tn / ha. (Ng Th Dn v cs, 1982) [6]. T nm 2001 2005, din tch v nng sut u tng nc ny tng ln
rt nhiu: Nng sut u tng nm 2003 t 28,01 t / ha cao
hn so vi nng sut trung bnh ca th gii (23,79 t / ha) l
4,22 t / ha. Hin nay Achentina pht trin mnh cy u tng, nn Achentina tr thnh nc sn xut u tng ng
th 3 trn th gii (Hymowitz and Nelwell, 1981) [53].
Trung Quc l nc sn xut u tng ng u
chu v ng th t trn th gii. Trc chin tranh th gii
th 2, Trung Quc l nc ng u th gii v din tch v
sn lng u tng. T nm 2001 - 2005 nng sut v sn lng

14

u tng tng lin tc. Tp trung ch yu vng ng Bc

chim gn 59% sn lng u tng ca c nc v vng ng
bng sng Hong H, sng Hong H chim 45% sn lng
u tng ca c nc. (on Th Thanh Nhn v cs, 1996)
[14]. Mc d Trung Quc ng hng th 4, song hin nay
Trung Quc vn l nc ng u chu v din tch, nng
sut

sn lng u tng. Do dn s ng cng vi nhu cu

tiu dng trong nc tng, nn Trung Quc t mt nc xut khu

tr thnh mt nc nhp khu u tng. (Nguyn Thu Huyn,
2004) [12].
n , u tng cng l cy trng c pht trin,
din tch ca u tng cng c tng nhanh t nm 1979
n nay, nh:
- Nm 1979 din tch u tng l 500 nghn ha, sn lng t 280 nghn tn.
- Nm 2001 din tch u tng trng c khong 6
triu ha, sn lng t 5300 nghn tn, chim khong 7,94%
sn lng u tng trn th gii (Bhanagarps, 1995) [44].
Thnh cng ng k trong nhng nm gn y ca n l
p dng ging u tng mi v k thut thm canh nn nng
sut bnh qun tng gp 2,5 ln t 26,7 t/ha. Ch yu
l do nhng iu kin kh hu vi nhng truyn thng v
kinh t x hi nc ny a n tr thnh nc sn xut
u tng ln th 5 trn th gii.
Hin nay, trn th gii c khong trn 100 nc trng u
tng nhng khng phi nc no cng t tc c nhu cu u

15

tng trong nc. Phn ln cc nc u phi nhp khu u tng. Nhn chung chu mi ch p ng c mt na nhu
cu u tng, cn li phi nhp khu. Hng nm, chu
phi nhp khu 8 triu tn ht u tng, 1,5 triu tn du,
1,8 triu tn sa u lnh. (Nguyn Thu Huyn, 2004) [12].
Cc nc nhp khu nhiu u tng phi k n Trung Quc,
Nht Bn, i Loan, Inonexia, Philippin...
Mt s nc ng u cng c nhu cu nhp u tng ln
ch yu t M v Braxin nh H Lan: 5,06 triu tn; c 3,9
triu tn; Ty Ban Nha: trn 3 triu tn (Ng Th Dn,
1982) [6].
V tng sn lng u tng trn th gii nm 2005 t
214,49 triu tn, trong , lng em p du t 182,65
triu tn. Tng sn lng du u tng nm 2005 t 33,8
triu tn v tng sn lng bt u tng 143,14 triu tn.
V xut khu u tng trn th gii nm 2005 t
65,47 triu tn, xut khu du u tng 9,2 triu tn, bt
u tng 143,14 triu tn.Trung Quc s l nc tiu dng u
tng ln nht th gii, nh:
- Nm 1984 tiu th du n khng ti 30 vn tn, nm
2003 tiu th du n ti 7 triu tn, b u 23,3 triu
tn. Trc y, Trung Quc l nc xut khu u tng, nay l
nc nhp khu u tng ln nht th gii.
- Nm 2003 Trung Quc phi nhp 20,4 triu tn u tng, 1,7 triu tn du u tng, cao hn mc sn xut
trong nc.

16

- Nm 2004 vn nhp 20,76 triu tn, tn 6,98 t USD.

Trung Quc c nhu cu u tng 25 - 30 triu tn/nm,
trong nc mi ch sn xut c 15 triu tn/ nm, cn thiu
ht khong 10-15 triu tn/ nm.
Chu sn xut u tng cng c thc y mnh l
do nhu cu thc n v dinh dng ca con ngi cng nh gia sc
cn rt ln. Tuy nhin nng sut u tng chu vn cn
thp hn nhiu so vi nng sut bnh qun ca th gii mc
d din tch trng u tng chu ng th 2 trn th
gii. S d nh vy, l u tng chu trng nhiu ni t
xu, khng u t v phn bn, ch vi mc ch ci to
t.
Hn 10 nm nay, k t nm 1994, ging u tng
chuyn gen khng Glyphosat (thuc tr c) c ng dng,
din tch trng u tng chuyn gen tng rt nhanh. Nm
2003, t 41,4 triu ha, chim 55% din tch u tng
ton cu v chim 61% din tch cc cy chuyn gen vo
nm , ch yu l c trng 8 nc: M, Achentina, Braxin,
Canada, Urugoay, Nam phi, Rumani. Din tch u tng
chuyn gen M ln nht, t 24 triu ha, chim 81% din
tch u tng ton nc M, trong c 22 triu ha trng
u tng chuyn gen Gliphosat. Hu nh 100% din tch
u tng Achentina l u tng c chuyn gen.
Thng 9/2003, Chnh ph Braxin bi b lnh cm s dng
v tiu th u tng chuyn gen c ban hnh vo nm
2003 -2004, sau li hp thc ho vic trng cy u tng

17

chuyn gen. n nay din tch trng u tng chuyn gen

nc ny ln 10% tng din tch u tng. Trng ging
u tng c chuyn gen khng Glyphosat th phun
Glyphosat, dit c sch c di

m u tng khng chu

nh hng xu n s sinh trng, pht trin cy u tng.

T , c th s dng thuc dit c m khng gy hi cho
u tng chuyn gen, gim ph tn v nguyn liu, nhn
cng, c th ng dng c cng ngh trng dy, khng lm
t m hiu qu sn xut cy u tng tng ln r rt.
Trong nhiu nm qua, vic m rng din tch u tng c
chuyn gen khng thuc tr c ch thy gy hi cho sc kho
con ngi v ng vt, cha pht hin bt k s ng c no
i vi ngi v gia sc (Nguyn Cng Tn, 2006) [20].
2.3.2. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng Vit Nam
Nc ta, c lch s trng u tng lu i, trong th
tch th k VI cho bit, Bc b c trng u tng
(sch Vn i loi ng ca L Qu n th k 18) cp
nhiu n cy u tng. Nhn dn ta bit trng trt
v s dng u tng t hng nghn nm nay, nhng trc
y ch s dng b hp trong phm vi nh thuc cc tnh
min ni pha Bc, nh: Cao Bng, Lng Sn. Trc cch mng
thng 8 din tch u tng c nc l 30.000 ha, nng sut
4,1 t / ha. Sau cch mng thng 8 v trong khng chin
chng M cu nc, nh nc ch y mnh sn xut cy u
tng nhng nng sut t thp, nh: Nm 1967 din tch l
nm cao nht thi k ny, nhng ch xp x bng din tch

18

nm 1939. Sau nm 1973 sn xut u tng nc ta mi c

bc pht trin ng k, sn xut nhm 3 mc ch:
- Gii quyt vn protein cho ngi v gia sc.
- Xut khu.
- Ci to t.
Din tch bnh qun thi k 1985-1993 t 106.000
ha tng gp 2 ln so vi thi k nm 1975 -1980, nng sut
bnh qun tng t

5,0 t/ha -7,8 t/ ha - 9.0 t/ha. Theo

nhiu ti liu nghin cu gn y, trn th gii u chng

minh rng cy u tng c th pht trin tt trong iu
kin sinh thi nng nghip nhit i v nc ta cng l nc
thch hp cho sn xut cy u tng. Tuy nhin kt qu
thc tin sn xut ca cc nm qua cho thy, chng ta gp
nhiu kh khn v thi tit, kh hu nh hng n sn
xut u tng trong iu kin nhit i m. C th s bin
ng tht thng v thi tit cng vi nhit v m cao
dn n su bnh nhiu nht l u tng v xun lm
cho nng sut u tng khng n nh, nng sut thp c
khi tht thu. Ngoi ra nhng iu kin khc nh iu kin
kinh t x hi cn hn ch, sn xut u tng cn gp kh
khn, nh: kho bo qun, c s ch bin, cht lng ging km,
kinh t cho nghin cu u tng cn t... Tuy nhin, trong
nhng nm gn y, cy u tng v ang c ch
nghin cu, c nhng din tch u tng nhn ging mi,
c h tr v ging v cc vt t phn bn khc cho nng dn
nn c ging tt cung cp cho sn xut c bit l v

19

u tng ng min Bc. Min Bc tuy l vng c truyn

thng sn xut u tng, nhng vic m rng din tch vn
cn nhiu hn ch, nh: thi v, gi c th trng.., mc d
tim nng vn cn kh nhiu. Theo kin ca cc nh hoch
nh, nu c chnh sch u t pht trin khoa hc, ph
bin k thut, h tr ging, vt t v tiu th sn phm cho
nng dn sn xut th c th m rng thm hng chc vn
ha theo hng tng v vng ng bng, thay i c cu
cy trng, m rng din tch vng i.
min Nam trc ngy gii phng cy u tng c
trng mt s ni nh: Lm ng, ng Nai, Hu Giang, Ph
Yn, Khnh Ho, Bnh nh, Qung Ngi. Tnh n nm
1993, din tch t 56.00 ha v c nhng in hnh
nng sut cao nh: ng Thp, An Giang t (16 t -18 t/ ha).
Nhn chung nng sut u tng nc ta cn thp, nhiu ni
ch t 4 - 5 t/ ha. Nguyn nhn nng sut u tng nc
ta cn thp do nhiu yu t c th l do cha c ging tt, cha u t y phn bn, gieo trng cha kp thi v... Do
vy a cy u tng tr thnh mt cy trng chnh, tng xng vi gi tr chin lc ca n trong sn xut nng
nghip nc ta cn gii quyt ton din cc vn kinh t
x hi cng nh khoa hc k thut ( Th Bu, 2000) [1].
-V nng sut: Nng sut u tng bnh qun ca nc
ta cn rt thp, ch mc t 9,5 - 11 t/ha. Nu ly nng
sut ca nm 1992 so snh th nng sut ca ta mi ch
t (820 kg/ ha - 2088 kg/ha) nng sut bnh qun ca th

20

gii. Nu so vi nc c nng sut cao nht th gii th nng

sut th gii so vi nng sut ca ta ch mi bng 22,87%. Tuy
vy, nng sut c tc li tng trng kh nhanh. V d:
- Nm 1976 nng sut bnh qun ca c nc ch t
5,25 t/ha.
- Nm 1995 t 9,6 t/ha. Song tc tng nng sut
u tng ca nhng thp k gn y min Bc nhanh
hn min Nam.
+V sn lng: Trong vng 20 nm t 1976 -1995 tng 6
ln. Tuy vy nu so vi yu cu th cn thiu rt nhiu, v
hin ti sn lng u tng ca chng ta tnh theo u ngi
ch mi 1,1 kg/ nm. Theo k hoch n nm 2000 chng ta
phi phn u t 505,8 ngn tn, nh vy cng ch t
mc bnh qun u ngi l 6,3 kg/ nm. Mc tiu th du
thc vt nc ta rt thp, mi bnh qun u ngi 2,2
kg/nm. Nu nhn dn ta quen dng du thc th chnh th
trng ni a cng kh ln. Trong thi gian ti y, cng vi
nhp tng dn s v mc tng thu nhp cng vi vic thay
i tp qun tiu dng du thc vt cc loi v du u tng
ni ring s tng ln. Hin nay chng ta cn phi nhp u tng t Thi Lan v Campuchia p ng nhu cu cho ngi v lm thc n gia sc, gia cm.
Sn lng u tng th gii 2004 l 2006 triu tn, bnh
qun trn 30 kg/ ngi nm. Nhu cu protein, du n cho ngi
v chn nui rt ln. Nc ta vi trn 88 triu ngi, hng nm
cn hng triu tn u tng sn xut cc loi thc phm

21

cho ngi, du n nguyn liu cho thc n chn nui v nhiu

ngnh cng nghip khc. Hin nay sn xut u tng ca nc ta c quy m cn rt nh b, nh:
Nm 1995 t 121.000 ha, nm 2000 c 124.000 ha,
nm 2001 c140.000 ha, nm 2002 c 160.000 ha v nm
2003 c 170.000ha (trong c trn 100.000 ha cc tnh
pha Bc nng sut 13,5 t/ha, sn lng 225.000 tn, bnh
qun u ngi mi t gn 3 kg/nm, cha bng 10% mc
th gii). V vy, th trng tiu th ni a c coi nh v hn,
nu c d u tng th xut khu tng cng thun li, v
th cn rt nhiu u tng v ch phm u tng m
hin nay cung khng cu.
Trung Quc s l nc tiu dng u tng ln nht th gii,
nm 1984 tiu th du n khng ti 30 vn tn, nm 2003
tiu th du n ti 7 triu tn, b u 23,3 triu tn. Trc
y, Trung Quc l nc xut khu u tng, nay l nc nhp
khu u tng ln nht th gii, nm 2003 nhp 20,4 triu
tn u tng, 1,7 triu tn du u tng, cao hn mc sn
xut trong nc, nm 2004 vn nhp 20,76 triu tn, tn 6,98
t USD. Trung Quc c nhu cu u tng 25 - 30 triu
tn/nm, trong nc mi ch sn xut c 15 triu tn/ nm,
cn thiu ht 10-15 triu tn/ nm.
nc ta, u tng c trng hn 30 tnh, trong
c khong 60 % din tch trng u tng cc tnh pha
Bc, cn li c trng Cao Nguyn, t ngho dinh dng v
c mu m thp. (Phm Vn Thiu, 1988) [31].

22

Hin nay, c nc ta hnh thnh 4 vng chnh sn

xut cy u tng l: Vng ng Nam b c din tch ln
nht l 26,2%, min ni v trung du Bc b l 24,7%, vng
ng bng sng Hng l 17,5%, vng ng bng sng Cu
long c din tch nh nht l 12,4%. Tng din tch ca 4
vng ny chim ti 60% din tch trng u tng ca c nc.
(Ng Th Dn v cs,1982) [6]. Trong 4 vng trng u tng
trn, vng ng bng sng Cu Long c din tch nh nht
nhng li l vng c nng sut cao nht trong c nc (nng sut
bnh qun l 18,8 t/ ha), c bit c nhng ni t 30 t /
ha). Min ng Nam B, u tng tp trung ch yu trn
vng t thuc tnh ng Nai. Tuy c din tch gieo
trng khng c ln, nhng chim 1/3 sn lng u tng
ca c nc. (Phm Vn Thiu v cs, 1988) [32]. V sn lng,
ring 3 vng, ng bng sng Hng, ng Nam B, ng bng
sng Cu Long chim 63,8% sn lng u tng ca c nc.
(Nguyn Trng Trang, 2005) [37].
Tuy nhin, nng sut u tng nc ta cn rt thp so
vi cc nc trong khu vc chu v ch bng 43% so vi nng
sut bnh qun ca c th gii. p ng c nhu cu
ngy cng tng trong nc cng nh xut khu, theo k hoch
d bo quc gia th u tng cn t 770.442 tn vo nm
2010 vi din tch l 404.500 ha, Nhng n nm 2005 sn lng u tng trong nc mi ch t 245 nghn tn, nng
sut mi ch t 13,24 t/ ha vi din tch mi ch c 185
nghn ha. V th pht trin sn xut u tng ngoi
cng tc chn ging phi c cc bin php k thut h tr

23

c bit l phn bn cho cy, trong khng th khng

k n cc loi phn bn l c tc dng kch thch sinh trng v pht trin cy trng.
nc ta hin nay theo Nguyn Ngc Thnh, (1996)
[21] hnh thnh 3 v u tng trong mt nm l:
+ V xun: Gieo tp trung t 10/2 - 10/3, nh: Vng
Thanh Ho, Ngh An, H Tnh c th gieo sm hn t 20/1 20/2 trnh gi Ty cui thng 4, vng ty bc Bc b
(Sn La, Lai Chu..) gieo mun hn t 1/3 - 23/3.
+ V h: Gieo 25/5 - 20/6 c tp qun gieo u tng h
gia 2 v la th phi gieo kt thc trc 8/6 v dng ging
ngn ngy nh T12 (75 ngy).
+ V ng: Gieo 15/9 - 5/10.
Hin nay mt s tnh ng bng Bc b, nh: H Ty,
Vnh Phc, Ph Th.. tranh th thi v trn la ma sm,
nng dn trng u tng bng phng thc lm t ti
thiu hoc gieo vi khng lm t nh tit kim c
nhn lc, tit kim c chi ph cho thu nhp kh v m rng
kh nng khai thc din tch v ng. in hnh ti tnh H
Ty v ng, nh:
- Nm 2004 trng 24.00 ha u tng th c 10.000 ha
gieo vi.
- Nm 2005 trng 28.830 ha th ch yu gieo vi v lm
t ti thiu (Cc nng nghip, 2005) [5].
V ging u tng. Tu theo t ai, ma v, c cu
cy trng ca tng a phng m s dng ging cho thch

24

hp. Cc nh khoa hc khuyn co, vic b tr ging thch

hp cho cc ma v nh sau: Cc ging thch hp cho v xun:
VX93, AK06, T200, DT96... c s dng Vit Nam.

25

2.4. Vic s dng phn bn l i vi cy trng.

Theo Bi Quang Lanh, (2003) [15] t nhng nm 60 ca
th k trc, nng dn min Bc s dng phn bn ho
hc. Ban u mi c phn m s dng phi hp vi phn
chung a nng sut la t 1 tn/ha/v ln 2 tn/ ha/ v.
Khi nng dn bit s dng thm phn ln th nng sut
th nng sut la c tng ln 3 -3,5 tn/ha/v v khi bit s
dng thm phn Kali th nng sut la tng ln 5-7
tn/ha/v. Nh vy: m, ln v kali l nhng yu t chnh
hn ch nng sut cy trng, nu cy trng c bn ,
bn cn i vi m, ln, kali v bn ng k thut th
nng sut tng t bin. Kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy,
cy trng khng ch cn m, ln, kali m cn rt nhiu
cht dinh dng khc nh vi, magi, lu hunh, silc, st, bo,
km, ng, cht hu c, vv...sn c trong t v c b
xung hng nm bng ngun phn chung. Qu trnh canh
tc hng ngn i nay lm cht dinh dng cn thit ngy
cng cn kit. mt khc cuc cch mng v ging hin nay
cho ra i nhiu loi ging cy trng nng sut cao, i hi
s dng nhiu cht dinh dng, nu ch bn m, ln, kali
hay NPK thng thng th cy trng khng pht huy nng
sut v nh hng n cht lng nng sn.Tuy nhin trong
thc t khng phi ngi nng dn no cng s dng phn
bn ng k thut, nn c nhiu ngi u t thm canh cao
nhng nng sut, cht lng nng sn li gim do bn khng
cn i, khng ng thi im. Vic s dng phn bn

26

qua l s khc phc c cc nhc im trn. Theo Chu Th

Thm v cs, (2006) [25] th phn bn qua l l mt tin b
k thut c dng nhiu trong thi gian gn y. Tuy vy,
bn phn qua l khng th hon ton thay th c 100%
bn phn qua t. Cc loi phn bn qua l l nhng hp
cht dinh dng, c th l cc nguyn t a lng, trung lng
hoc vi lng, c ho tan trong nc v phun ln cy cy
hp thu. y l cch bn phn mi c ph bin trong
nhng nm gn y, bi v thng thng phn c bn vo
t v c cy trng hp thu qua r.
Bn phn qua l pht huy c hiu lc nhanh. T l
cy s dng cht dinh dng thng t mc cao, cy s
dng n 90% cht dinh dng bn qua l, trong khi bn
qua t cy ch s dng 45-50%.
Bn qua l tt nht l cc t bn b xung, bn thc
p ng nhanh cc nhu cu dinh dng ca cy. c bit l
gip cy chng phc hi sau khi b su bnh, bo lt gy
hi, hoc l khi

trong t v nhng l do khc nhau b

thiu cht dinh dng mt cch t ngt.

Cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc cng nh thc t sn
xut cho thy l bn phn qua l c tc dng r rt trong
vic lm tng nng sut v phm cht nng sn, tng gi tr
thng phm ca nng sn hng ho. Nh ngi ta phun ur ln
l vi nng 0,5-1,5 %. Tuy nhin phn ln cc loi phn bn
qua l l nhng hn hp cc cht dinh dng a lng v vi lng
dng ho tan trong nc. nng cao hiu qu ca phn bn

27

qua l, ngi ta thng b xung cc cht kch thch sinh trng

cy, cc phi tohocmon, cc ezim vo.
Hin nay trn th trng nc ta c rt nhiu loi phn
bn qua l. Trong c nhng loi do cc x nghip trong nc sn xut nh HVP301 N, Comix; HB101, Biofact, BK104,
CSF002, HUMID. Cc loi phn bn qua l nhp t nc ngoi
c Atomix, c a thu, Lc thu thn, Open all...
Phn bn l thng c bn di dng lng, tuy vy vn
c mt dng bt nh Thn nng, Thin nng, nhp t Thi Lan..
Khi s dng phn bn qua l cn ch : Ho long phn theo
ng t l c ghi trn bao b. Khi m khng kh thp,
t b hn nng th khng nn dng phn bn l v d lm
rng l.
Khng nn nhm ln gia phn bn l vi cht kch
thch sinh trng. Bi v cht cht kch thch sinh trng ch
pht huy c tt khi cy c y cht dinh dng, nu
khng cy c th b thiu cht dinh dng dn n nhng
hu qu xu n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. V vy,
khi trong phn bn l c cht kch thch sinh trng th cc
cht dinh dng c sn trong phn, cho nn 2 loi cht s
pht huy tc dng ca nhau. Nu ch dng ring cht kch
thch sinh trng th phi b xung thm phn bn cy mi
dinh dng tng trng. Phn bn qua l c th l cc
loi phn n nh N, P, K, Cu, Zn vv.
Khng nn s dng phn bn l khi cy ang ra hoa,
lc tri ang nng. V vy s lm rng hoa, qu v lm

28

gim hiu lc ca phn bn (Nguyn Hc Thu, 2001) [31].

L l c quan duy nht thc hin c quang hp, to ra
nng sut, ng thi cng l c quan c kh nng hp thu
cht dinh dng cho cy. Phn bn qua l c th c ngun
gc ho hc hoc hu c. Phn bn qua l c ngun gc ho
hc thng l cc cht vi lng.
Ngoi m, ln, kali v vi lng, cy trng cn cn
nhng cht dinh dng hu c khc nh vitamin, m hu c
(protein), cc cht kch thch sinh trng vv.. sinh trng
v pht trin. Cc cht ny c cu to phn t ln v phc tp
hn m, ln v kali, do vy, r khng hp thu c m ch
c l mi hp thu c.
b xung kp thi ngun dinh dng cho cy trng
ngoi phng php bn phn hu c, phn chung hoai
mc...kt hp vi cc loi phn khong, ngi ta cn p dng
phng thc bn phn qua l to iu kin cho cy
trng hp thu dinh dng, d dng to iu kin cho cy
trng sinh trng v pht trin tt. Theo V Cao Thi, (1996)
[26], nhn nh, bn phn qua l l mt gii php chin
lc an ton dinh dng cho cy trng. Kh nng hp thu dinh dng qua l c pht hin vo u th k XIX bng phng
php ng v phng x cho thy cy trng ngoi b phn l,
cc b phn khc nh thn, cnh, hoa, tri u c th hp
thu c cht dinh dng. Mt khc, theo tc gi trn cho rng
din tch l ca cy bng 15-20 ln din tch t do tn
che ph, do nhn c dinh dng bng phun qua l c

29

nhiu hn.
Phn bn l do cc c s trong nc sn xut c chia
lm 2 dng chnh:
- S dng cc cht sinh trng gip cy tng cng sinh trng, t tng kh nng hp thu cc cht dinh dng a lng.
- Khng cha cc cht sinh trng m ch da vo
nguyn t khongvi lng, a lng c phi hp trn theo mt
t l hp l gip cy trng sinh trng n nh mt cch t
nhin.
Trong nhng nm 90 ca thp k 90, chu u ch
to v s dng rng ri cc loi phn phc hu c. u im
ca loi phn bn l phc hu c l: Nh kh nng to phc
gia cc axit anim vi cc kim loi nh Cu++, Zn++, Mo++, Ni++,
Mn++, Mg++, Ca++ m ta c th a cng mt lc hu ht cc
nguyn t vi lng, a lng v trung lng trong cc cu to ca
phc cht. Cu trc dng phc to kh nng bn vng cho cc
phn t do kh nng bo qun ct gi c lu

bn,

cng nh c cu trc dng phc hu c nn pH n nh

tuyt i. Cc axit amin trong cu trc ca phn bn l c
tc dng cung cp trc tip dinh dng trc tip cho cy v
tham gia ngay vo vic tng hp v kch thch kh nng
sinh tng hp Protein trong cy, kch thch s hp thu cc
yu t dinh dng khc. Cng nh c cc u im trn, hiu
sut ng ho ca cy i vi cc loi phn bn l ny cao
hn so vi cc loi phn bn l khc, phn bn c ch to
dng d bo qun (Hong Ngc Thun, 1996) [28].

30

 Vit Nam, Phn bn l phc hu c Pomior c

th nghim trn din rng t nm 1995 Yn Hng (Qung
Ninh), Phc Yn (Sn La), Yn Dng, Hip Ho (Bc Giang),
Tin Sn (Bc Ninh), Ngc Lc (Thanh Ho), M Ho (Hng
Yn), Sc Sn, ng Anh, GIa Lm (H Ni), Ngh An, Nha
Trang, Tha Thin Hu. Trn tt c cc loi cy trng la
mu, cy n qu, hoa v cy cnh. tt c cc a phng
trn u cho nhng nhn xt tt: nng sut tng nhanh, cy
sinh trng tt, t su bnh, tit kim phn bn v nhn
lc, phm cht rau v qu t cht lng cao. (Hong Ngc
Thun v CS, 1996) [27].
Qua thc t phn bn l phc hu c Pomior c tc
dng cung cp y v kp thi cc nguyn t dinh dng
cho cc loi cy trng mi giai on sinh trng. c bit l
nhng giai on khng hong dinh dng ca cy trng nh
sau khi kt thc ny mm (khi cy c mt l tht), thi k
cy tng trng mnh, thi k phn ho mm hoa, thi k n
hoa v thi gian th tinh, th phn hnh thnh qu. Phn
bn l pht huy c hiu qu mnh i vi cy trng trn t
mn, t hn (thi k hn cy khng th hp thu y
cht dinh dng trong t c khi c ngng tr hon ton).
(Hong Ngc Thun v CS, 2005) [29].
Phn vi sinh qua l BioGro l ch phm c chit rt t
vi sinh vt nn v v vy, n mang ngun gc hu c. Cng
chnh do y l ch phm c chit rt t vi sinh vt nn
tc dng ca n c th thy nhanh hn (5- 7 ngy) so vi vi

31

sinh vt bn qua r. Phn vi sinh BioGro bn qua l gip cy

trng pht trin nhanh hn, nng sut cao hn, rt ngn
thi gian thu hoch (Chu Th Thm v cs, 2006) [25]. T trc
n nay, ngi ta vn phun cho l cc loi phn vi lng, a lng c ngun gc ho hc.
Phn vi sinh bn qua l l ch phm c chit rt ra t
vi sinh vt, cung cp cc cht dinh dng hu c, cht kch
thch sinh trng v cc loi vitamin. Cy trng d hp thu
phn vi sinh bn qua l... Phn vi sinh bn qua l BioGro c
th phun cho cc loi cy trng. Tu tng loi cy, trong mt
v c th phun cho nhiu loi cy trng, Tu tng loi, trong
mt v c th phun nhiu ln, mi ln c th phun cch
nhau 2 tun.
Vi cy la, c th phun 2-3 ln, phun cho lung m trc
khi cy 5-7 ngy, trc khi tr 5-7 ngy.
Vi cy rau v ng, t khi c 3-4 l, 2 tun phun 1 ln trong
1.5 thng u.
Vi cy ch, phun sau mi ln hi 10-15 ngy, khi xut
hin l non.
Cy trong vn m v c vn ng rt thch hp vi
phn vi sinh bn qua l. L non hp thu cht dinh dng tt
hn l gi, mt di hp thu cht dinh dng tt hn mt trn
ca l (Chu Th Thm v cs, 2006) [25].
Ti Lm ng, Trung tm khuyn nng Lm ng
th nghim v cho kt qu rt kh quan trn cc ging cy

32

trng. Vi cy c chua khi phun 26 ml H1 cho nng sut 614

t/ha tng 13,74% so vi i chng, phun 36 ml H1 cho nng
sut 717,9 t/ha tng 32,99% so vi i chng. i vi cy
du ty, khi phun 26ml H1 sn lng t1.210 kg/1000m2,
tng 7,07% so vi i chng, trong t l qu loi 1 t
52,15%. Khi phun 36ml H1 sn lng 1.530 kg/1000m2, tng
35,49% so vi i chng, trong t l qu loi 1 t
52,15% (Nguyn Xun Linh, 1998) [ 19].
i vi la Bc u 64 sau cy 7 ngy(15/8/1995) ton b
din tch b ngp nng ch cn 1-1,5 % s l cn li trn
mt nc. Ton b din tch 5 ha c lm c sc bn sau khi
rt nc, bn 1 so 10 kg Superln v phun b xung 3 ln
phn bn l Pomior. Kt qu sau 5 ngy l non bt u mc
tr li, sau 8-10 ngy nhnh r v sinh trung bnh thng.
S nhnh bnh qun 20-22 dnh /khm, s dnh hu
hiu 8-10 rnh. So vi din tch chung ton huyn, din tch
la Bc u b ngp nng c phun Pomior tng nng sut
18,1 ta/ha. Cng trong thi gian ny Nguyn Tin Huy, (1997)
[16], thc hin th nghim v phn bn l Si Gn VA v
Si Gn (SAFER) HQ phn bn l c tc dng tt i vi la,
biu hin : l la m, mu xanh sng, dy hn i chng, bi
la cng cp, b l gi bn lm cho la tr tp trung, t l lp
thp, s ht chc tng. Nng sut la c phn bn l Si Gn
tc ng ch trn 10% v xun 1996 H Ty, nn s tng
tuyt i kh cao 800 - 900 kg thc/ha. u t thm mi ha 30
cng phun (mi cng 10.000 ng) v 30.000 ng phn

33

bn, vy u t thm 1.000 ng th thu c 2,4- 2,7 kg/thc

(cng c th ni mi cng lao ng s dng phn ny thu
c 200 kg thc).
i vi la Mc tuyn c phun giai on m v 2 ln
sau cy: La hi xanh nhanh hn, sm, kho so vi rung
khng phun. Bnh qun s nhnh ca la Mc tuyn cy
ti gi l 14-15 dnh/khm. Rung i chng khng phun ch
t10-12 dnh/khm. S nhnh hu hiu 8-10 dnh. S
nhnh hu hiu: 6-7 (khng phun 4-5). Chiu cao cy cao
hn i chng 5-6,5 cm, chiu di bng di hn i chng
0,7-1,2 cm, l to, dy, xanh m hn. La c phun Pomior tr
sm hn cc tr khng phun 4-5 ngy ht my u, mu
vng sng. Nh vy trong iu kin v ma, do la cy trn
t ngp ng, c nc l trn qua, nhit cao v m cao
thi gian sinh trng ca la li qu ngn so vi yu cu ca
ging (do cy mun), phn bn l Pomior pht huy u th
mnh: Cung cp kp thi v nhanh chng cc cht dinh dng
a v vi lng gip cho la sinh trng nhanh, nhnh tt rt
ngn c thi gian sinh trng, do tr kp trc khi c
nhng t gi ma ng bc lnh trn v, v vy c la Mc
tuyn v la Bc u u cho nng sut cao (so vi cc din
tch la cy ti gi khc khng phun Pomior). Kt qu kho
nghim ca Bi Th Hng Vn, (1995) [38] ca phn bn l
Komic BFC 201 v la ma 1996 ti HTX M Hng - Thanh Oai H Ty cho thy:
thi k pht trin dinh dng, c phun, chiu cao tng

34

5%, cy cng, b l to di, mu xanh sng. Khi thu hoch b

l vn gi c mu vng sng.
thi k nhnh, la nhanh, gn tp trung th
hin rt r, s dnh tng 8%, tc pht trin dnh trn
ngy tng 60%.
thi k sinh trng sinh thc, th hin qua cc yu t
cu thnh nng sut la. Do phun phn qua l chiu di
bng la tng 7%, s bng trn khm tng 7%, t l ht lp
gim 15% so vi khng phun, nng sut thc thu tng 13%, v
ht la mu vng ti.
Trn cy da theo V Quang Vnh, (2004) [40], khi phun
Pomior nng 0,65 cho ng sut tng cao hn i
chng phun nc l 8,37 tn/ha bng 100%, vt nng sut so vi
phun Komic KF 13,13 tn/ha bng 54,48%. Nng sut tng
mnh do 2 yu t c tc ng bi Pomior: Cy da rt
thch hp vi hnh thc bn phn qua l v Pomior c hm lng dinh dng tng i ph hp vi yu cu ca cy da; yu
t th 2 l kh nng kch thch lm tng t l ra hoa ca da
Cayen ti 32% so vi cng thc i chng. Tc gi cng
nghin cu nh hng ca phn bn l phc hu c Pomior
n thnh phn sinh ho qu da Cayen kt qu:
Bng 2.2. nh hng ca phn bn l phc hu c
Pomior n mt s ch tiu phm cht ca da Cayen
Ch tiu

Hm lng T l

ng

Vitamin

Axit

cht kh

nc

tng

(%)

(%)

(%)

s (%)

(mg/100

35

(%)
i chng (nc l)
Phun (pomior)

14,56

86,3

13,6

12,45

10,15

2,75

16,75

3
88,4

7
13,8

10,28

10,23

2,87

Khi phun Pomior nng 0.6% lm tng hm lng

cht kh trong qu da Cayen, tng ng k v hm lng ng tng s cng tng ln tng ng. Cc ch tiu khc nh
vitamin C, axit gn nh khng c s thay i ng k no.
Kt qu thc hin m hnh s dng phn bn sinh hc
(NAB) ca Trng Ngc Lng, (2006) [18] trong thm canh
la ma ti Ba V, H Ty a ra ngh s dng phn
sinh hc (NAB) cho hiu qu cao vi la ma, c th thay th
mt phn n thay th ton b phn ho hc, gim c chi
ph v phn bn, gim c chi ph v cng phun thuc
phng

tr

su

bnh,

li

thun

th

tng

thm

1.080.000/ha so vi bn n thun bng phn ho hc

hoc phn sinh hc. Nguyn Tin Huy, (1997) [15] s dng
phn bn l ch phm EM, nng 1/200, ch phm Si
Gn HQ, ch phm MADU, nng 1/400 cho da chut, u
trch v ng nm 1996-1997 cho thy do bn nhiu phn
ho hc, nht l m, da chut, u trch u c l mng,
d nhim bnh, qu thng phm khng p, mu xn. Sau
trng 30 ngy, da chut v u trch c th bc vo thu
hoch, thi gian thu hoch 35-40 ngy. Khi bt u c qu
u, bt u s dng phn bn l phun 1 ln ri u trn
mt l da chut, u trch c tc dng mu xanh ca l bn

36

n cui v, t su bnh. Thn l pht trin nhanh, ngn

mp, t l u qu cao, qu mu ti, m mng, bn c gi
v thi gian qu ko di thm 5-7 ngy. to ra s cn bng
dinh dng trong thn, l cy trng, nng cao hiu qu cc
loi phn c bn.
Trong ngh trng hoa cc, nng dn thng ch bn lt
phn chung, phn ur v phn ln, c th bn thc phn
ur hoc khng bn. Nhn chung a s h nng dn vn
thu c nng sut cao v hnh thc hoa p, nhng kh nng
bo qun, vn chuyn v bn hoa ct thp, cha th p
ng nhu cu tiu th trn a bn c nc v xut khu. Theo
Phan Th Thu Trang,

(2003) [33], phn Pomior c th s

dng bn thc cho hoa cc m khng cn phi bn thm

phn khong vi nng dung dch pha l 0.4% v phun
10 ngy 1 ln. Nu:
- Khng c bn lt phn hu c v phun 15 ngy mt
ln.
- Khng c bn lt phn hu c v phun 15 ngy mt
ln.
- C bn lt phn ln sng Gianh cng vi phn hu c.
S dng phn phc hu c Pomior c tc dng nng cao
bn ca hoa t nhin so vi cng thc khng s dng t 2- 4
ngy; ng thi nng cao nng sut hoa, tng t l hoa hu
hiu, tng kh nng chng chu su bnh v iu kin ngoi
cnh bt thun.
Cht Kch thch hot ho gen thc vt k nhn (hot

37

ho gen); sn phm ca cng ty hu hn pht trin khoa hc

u Thng Trng Khnh.
Hot ho gen l dng phn bn c tnh ho tan; hot ho
gen ly vic cung cp cht dinh dng m, ln, kali cho thc
vt lm chnh, ng thi c ph thm axit thc vt mc vng
hot tnh, nng cao tnh hiu qu ca cht dinh dng.
Theo H Th Thnh v cs, (1989) [35], phun vi lng cho
cy u tng v lc trn t Mai Sn- H Sn Bnh giai
on 3 l, 5 l v 7 l nh hng tt n qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy (tng hm lng dip lc trong l, tng
chiu cao cy, din tch l, tng chiu cao cy, din tch l
v nng sut cng nh cht lng (nng sut tng t 13,8-20,2%,
protein v lipit tng so vi i chng). Bi Hng Vn, (1996)
[39], s dng ch phm qua l trong nc l phn Si Gn
Safer (HQ v VA) c chit xut t cc hp cht hu c, vi lng v Khuyn nng 301 trn v lc xun ging Trm Xuyn
ti HTX Sa La, th x H ng th phn qua l tc dng r
cy pht trin nhanh thn cy to, l dy mu xanh sng, t
su bnh so vi khng phun. S qa chc/cy chnh lch
khng ng k. S qu 2 nhn trn cy tng r. Phn qua
l trong nc sn xut bi thu t 15,8% n 18,9%.
C nhng bng chng rng cy trng hp thu 20 %
dinh dng t t v 80% qua l. Tuy nhin y cn phi
hp bn phn qua l v qua r t nng sut cao nht.
Khi phun phn qua l cht dinh dng c hp thu qua kh
khng (ch yu nm mt di l). Cc c quan khc, nh:

38

Thn, cnh chi hoa, qu cng u c kh nng hp thu

cht dinh dng, c ngha l c th cung cp cht dinh dng
cho cy trong qu trnh v pht trin ca cy. b sung
kp thi ngun dinh dng cho cy trng ngoi phng thc
bn phn khong kt hp phn hu c, xc l mc, phn
xanh..., cn p dng cc phng thc bn phn ngoi r
(phun phn qua l) to iu kin cho cy u tng hp thu
dinh dng d dng hn, b xung ngun dinh dng kp khi
cy trng b tr ngi trong vic s dng ngun dinh dng t
t hoc kt hp vi ngun dinh dng t t to iu kin
thun li cho cy u tng sinh trng, pht trin tt nht.
Bn phn qua l trnh c s cnh tranh v thc n vi
cc sinh vt khc trong t, s ra tri do ma bo v hn hn.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu cho thy hiu qu s dng
phn bn l trn cc loi cy trng kh tt. Theo V Cao Thi,
(1996) [26], sn lng tng trung bnh t 20 - 20% i vi cy
ly l, 10 - 20% i vi cy ly qu v 5 -10% i vi la,
iu ny kh r v l l c quan tng hp trc tip cht hu
c v cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng thng qua cc
qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho v quang hp. Khi bn phn qua l
tc hp thu dinh dng nhanh v hiu qu s dng cao,
khc phc c nhng hn ch t vic bn phn vo t do
s ra tri, bc hi hay gi cht trong t. Hiu sut s
dng phn bn vo t ch t 40 - 45% trong khi vi
phng thc bn qua l c th nng hiu sut s dng ca
cy ti 90 - 95 %, y l c s hp l a nhng nguyn

39

t vi lng qu him vo nhng dng phn bn l tng

hiu qu v tit kim. Mt khc bn phn qua l gip cho
cy trng trong nhng iu kin hn hn hoc ngp lt, thi
k khng hong ca cy trng, cy suy kit...Bng cch ny
s l con ng nhanh nht gip cho cy nhanh chng phc
hi.
Chitosan l mt hot cht hu c t nhin giu cacbon,
v nit c phi trn vi cc nguyn t khong khc dng ch
phm dinh dng qua l. Chitosan c vai tr nh mt cht kch
thch sinh trng ca cy, kh nng tng ra chi, mm hoa,
tng kh nng chng li mt s nm v vi sinh vt l hi.
Chitosan c mt cc b phn r, l, hoa v qu... ca cy
m nng thp, n c tc dng kch thch hot ng
ca cc b phn trong cy (Oua kfaoui S.E

and A.Asseliu,

1992) [45].
Theo nghin cu ca Hiroko C.B, (2002) [46] khi s dng
Chitosan cho cy la Thi Lan nng 20 ppm lm
tng sinh trng, tch lu cht kh; c bit tng s bng v
tng nng sut ca cy la. Chitosan cn tt cho cy u
; kch thch phn cnh v tng chiu cao cy, tng ch
s SPAD (tng mu sc l) nng 0,1- 0,5 %.
Nghin cu ca ca Vasconuelo.A, (2003) [47] cho thy:
Chitosan x l cho cy lm tng qu trnh lignin ho thnh
t bo cy v lm tng s tch lu axit jasmonic c tc dng
iu ho gen t v ca cy, do Chitosan lm tng tnh
khng ca thc vt, nht l i vi cc bnh nm (mc s-

40

ng, phn trng...) trn cy c chua, da chut. Theo

Punja.K, (1994) [48]. Chitosan nng thp ti cho cy lan
lm tng phn ho mm hoa v tng kh nng khng virus
gy bnh.
Khi nghin cu v cy la, cho bit K.L.Nge and
W.F.Stevens, (2006) [54] Chitosan nng 0,1% - 0,5%
phun cho cy la c tc dng lm tng kh nng chng chu
vi mi trng bt thun (Stress) lm tng s tch lu protein
t v

41

3. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu

3.1. Vt liu nghin cu

3.1.1. Ging u tng Gm cc ging: DT84 v DT12.
3.1.1.a. Ging: DT84:
Ging DT84 -9 (DT84): c chn to bng phng php x
l t bin dng 33-3 (t hp lai ca DT80 DT 76) tc
nhn t Gama-Co 60, 18Kv, ti Vin di truyn nng nghip.
Ging DT84 ang c kho nghim quc gia, l ging
c trin vng. Chiu cao cy trung bnh 40-45 cm, t phn
cnh, cy sinh trng kho. Thi gian sinh trng khong 90
ngy.
Ht to, khi lng 1000 ht t 155-161 g, ht trn, v ht
mu vng sng p. Nng sut trung bnh 13-15 t/ha. Kh
nng chng chu su bnh trung bnh.
Thi v gieo trng: ng bng v trung du Bc b c
th trng c c 3 v, nhng v h l thch hp nht. V xun
t 15/2-10/3, v h t 15/6-5/7 v v thu ng t 5-20/9.
3.1.1.b. Ging: DT12:
Ging DT12:

c chn ra trong tp on nhp ni

(1996) c ngun gc t Trung Quc v c cng nhn

ging quc gia (2002).
Ging DT12 c hoa trng, lng mu trng, ht vng,
rn nu, qu chn c mu xm. Cy cao 35-50 cm, phn

42

cnh trung bnh, s qu chc trung bnh (18-30), t l qu

3 ht cao (19-40 %) khi lng 1000 ht (155-177g).
Ging DT12 c kh nng chng tt, nhim bnh
mc nh n trung bnh i vi mt s bnh hi chnh.
Thi gian sinh trng t 73-80 ngy(trung bnh ln hn 75
ngy); nng sut t 14-23t/ha, tu thuc vo mi v v
iu kin thm canh. DT12 chu hn km nhng chu ng
kh.
Ging DT 12 c th trng dc 3 v/nm (xuan, h v
ng). DT12 l ging ngn ngy thch hp trong cng thc
lun canh cy trng v ang c trng ph bin hin nay.
3.1.2. Phn bn
- Phn chung, m ur, superln, kali clorua
- Cc ch phm dinh dng qua l (Chitosan, Kch thch
hot ho gen, PensiBao v Yogen).
+ Ch phm dinh dng qua l PensiBao, c ch s k
thut: cht hu c > 30%, Zn > 2,20%. Bo > 1%, N >1,10%,
P> 2,2 %, K> 2,3%.
+ Ch phm dinh dng qua l hot ho gen, c ch s k
thut: Axid Humc > 35%, N >35%, P205 > 1,50 %, K 20 >
1%.
+ Ch Yogen No.2, c ch s k thut: N =30%, P205 =
10 %, K 20 = 10%. Vi lng: MnO, MgO, B2O3, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo.
+ Ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, c ch s k
thut: Chitosan > 0,002%, Axit amin > 0,01%, Dextran >
0,002%, Axit amin > 0,01%, Zn > 0,06%, Bo > 0,03%, N

43

>7,00%, P205 > 5,00 %, K 20 > 3,00%, Mg > 0,02%, Mo >

0,0005%, Cu > 0,07%, Ca0 > 0,01%, Mn > 0,05%,
3.2. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu
3.2.1. Ni dung nghin cu
- iu tra thc trng sn xut u tng hng ho
huyn Chng M.
- Nghin cu nh hng ca cc ch phm dinh dng qua l
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut, cht lng ca u
tng ging DT84 v DT12 trng v thu ng v v
xun h.
3.2.2. Th nghim I
- Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng ca
u tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun
h 2007 ti H Ty.
- Cc ch phm qua l u c phun vo 3 thi k: thi
k phn cnh, thi k hoa r, thi k qu non.
- Cng thc th nghim.
Phn nn:

8 tn phn chung + 40 kg N

P2O5+ 60 kg K2O/ha.
+ Cng thc 1: Nn + nc l
+ Cng thc 2: Nn + PensiBao
+ Cng thc 3: Nn + Kch thch hot ho gen
+ Cng thc 4: Nn + Yogen

44

+ 100 kg

+ Cng thc 5: Nn +Chitosan

- Cch b tr th nghim: Th nghim c b tr theo
kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB), vi 3 ln nhc li.
- Din tch th nghim: 5 m2.
- Din tch khu th nghim: 5 8 3 = 120 m2.
3.2.3. Th nghim II
- Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng ca u tng ging DT 12 trng v thu ng

2006 v v xun h

2007 ti H Ty.
- Cc ch phm qua l u c phun vo 3 thi k: Thi
k phn cnh, thi k hoa r, thi k qu non.
- Cng thc th nghim:
Phn nn: 8 tn phn chung + 40 kg N

+ 100 kg

P2O5+ 60 kg K2O/ha.
+ Cng thc 1: Nn + nc l
+ Cng thc 2: Nn + PensiBao
+ Cng thc 3: Nn + Kch thch hot ho gen
+ Cng thc 4: Nn + Yogen
+ Cng thc 5: Nn +Chitosan
- Cch b tr th nghim: Th nghim c b tr theo
kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB), vi 3 ln nhc li.
- Din tch th nghim: 5 m2.

45

- Din tch khu th nghim: 5 8 3 = 120 m2

3.1.4. Thi gian v a im nghin cu
- Thi gian: T thng 9 nm 2006 n thng 6 nm
2007.
- a im nghin cu: Khu rau - Tri Thc hnh sn
xut trng Cao ng Cng ng H Tyc thnh phn ho
tnh nh bng sau:
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn ho tnh ca t
pHKCL

Mn(%)

4,2

2 -3%

Hm lng tng s (%)

N

P2O5

K2O

<1%

<0,6%

<0,06

(Ngun : Phng a chnh huyn Chong M, H Ty)

- Xc nh thc trng sn xut u tng n nng
sut theo phng php iu tra nng thn c s tham gia ca
nng dn v cn b khuyn nng 2 hp tc x nng nghip
theo hnh thc pht phiu theo mu.
- Thu thp s liu kh tng ti Trung tm d bo kh tng Thu vn H Ty.
- Tnh hnh sn xut u tng ti S Nng nghip &
PTNT, Cc Thng k H Ty v iu kin t ai ti phng
Ti nguyn Mi trng huyn Chng M - H Ty.
3.4. Quy trnh k thut
Thc hin theo quy trnh k thut 10 TCN 339-98 ca
B Nng nghip & PTNT.
3.4.1. Phn bn

46

Th nghim I v th nghim II: 8 tn phn chung + 40

kg N + 100 kg P2O5+ 60 kg K2O/ha.
3.4.2. Thi v
- Thi v p dng cho c hai ging DT12 v DT84:
+

Thi

gian

gieo

trng

thu

ng:

Gieo

ngy10/9/2006.
+ Thi gian gieo trng v xun h: Gieo ngy15/3/2007.
- Mt : 40 cy/m2 (p dng cho c 2 th nghim).
3.4.3. Xo xi
- Ln 1: Khi cy c 1 l tht, xi xo nh v ta nh
hnh s cy.
- Ln 2: Khi cy c 3 - 5 l tht, xi su kt hp vi bn
thc.
3.4.4. Ti nc
Ti nc trc khi gieo ht, trong giai on u v (thng 2,
thng 3), ti nc khi t b hn.
3.4.5. Phng tr su bnh hi
Theo quy trnh phng tr dch hi tng hp (IPM) trn
cy u tng.
3.4.6. Thu hoch
Thu hoch khi trn cy c khong 95% s qu chn kh.
Thu ring tng , khng qu b ri rng, phi p ly
ht ngay sau khi qu kh.
3.5. Cc ch tiu theo di

47

3.5.1 Cc ch tiu sinh trng

- ng thi tng trng chiu cao thn (cm/cy).
- ng thi tng trng s l (l /cy).
- Ch s din tch l (LAI) (m2 l /m2 t).
- Kh nng tch lu cht kh (g/cy).
- S nt sn 3 thi k: bt u ra hoa, hoa r v qu
my. m tng s nt sn, s nt sn hu hiu(nt
sn/cy).
3.5.2. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut
- S qu trn cy: m tng s qu ca 10 cy mu/.
Tnh trung bnh.
- S qu chc trn cy: m tng s qu chc ca 10
cy mu/. Tnh trung bnh.
-T l qu 1ht, 2ht, 3ht/cy.
- Tng s cnh cp 1/ cy: m s cnh mc t thn
chnh ca 10 cy mu/. Tnh trung bnh.
- S t hu hiu.
- Khi lng 1000 ht (g): Ly ngu nhin 3 mu, mi mu
1000 ht ( m khong 12%), cn khi lng. Tnh trung
bnh.
- Nng sut ht (kg/):

48

Nng sut th
Nng sut thc
thu (t/ha)

nghim

10.000

Din tch th

m2x

1
10

nghim (m2)

* Thu ring tng , p ly ht kh sch.

* Cn khi lng (gm c ht ca 10 cy mu).
- Nng sut c th (g/cy) = Khi lng ht 10 Cy/10.
- Nng sut l thuyt(t/ ha) = Nng sut c th (mt
) 10.000 m2.
- Cht lng ht: Xc nh hm lng lipit v protein.
- Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng phn qua l (triu
ng/ha):
Li thun = Tng sn lng

( Nng sut Gn gi) -

Tng chi ph (ging, phn bn, cng lao ng, thu...).

3.5.3. Cht lng ht u tng
- Hm lng protein c tnh theo hm lng Nit tng s.
Hm lng Nit c xc nh theo phng php Kjeldall.
- Hm lng lipid c xc nh theo phng php Soxhlet.

49

50

4. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun

4.1. iu tra hin trng sn xut u tng, hng ho
huyn Chng M
4.1.1. Khi qut c im v tr a l, kh hu ca
khu vc nghin cu
- V v tr a l v a hnh:
Chng m l mt huyn thuc vng bn sn a ca
tnh H Ty, c v tr a l kh thun li v nhiu mt, vi
trung tm huyn nm cnh ng quc l 6, cch trung tm
tnh (thnh ph H ng) khong 9 km v cch th H
Ni khong 20 km. y l iu kin thun li cho vic trao
i, giao lu, bun bn v tip thu khoa hc k thut cho s
pht trin sn xut ca huyn. a bn huyn Chng M kh
rng ln, tip gip vi cc huyn Quc Oai, Hoi c, Thanh
Oai, ng Ho, M c, chy vng t Bc xung pha Nam,
pha Ty tip gip huyn Lng sn tnh Ho Bnh.
Vi tng din tch t nhin l 229,78 km2 c chia lm 2
vng r rt:
* Vng ng bng, gm: Cc x ven sng y thun li
cho pht trin sn xut trng trt nh la, rau mu v chn
nui.
* Vng i g, gm: Cc x nm pha ty ca huyn
gip vi huyn Lng Sn, tnh Ho Bnh rt thun li pht
trin sn xut la, ng, sn, cy n qu....
- V kh hu thu vn:

51

Kh hu thi tit ca huyn Chng M mang nhng

c im chung ca vng kh hu ng bng Bc b. Tuy
nhin, l huyn nm trong vng chuyn tip gia min ni
v ng bng, Chng M chu nh hng ca kh hu vng
i g. Nhit trung bnh hng nm t 23 - 24,50. Lng ma trung bnh nm t 2.300 - 2.400 mm, lng ma tp trung
nhiu hn vng ng bng v phn b khng u vng
i g.
Kh hu, thi tit c chia thnh 2 ma r rt: ma nng
v ma lnh.
* Ma nng bt u t thng 5 n thng 10, u ma
thng c gi ty Nam nn kh hu kh v nng; Trong ma
ny thng c ma ma bo, tp trung ch yu t thng 6 n
thng 8.
* Ma lnh bt u t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau, lng bc x mt tri v lng ma thp, chu nh hng ca ch
gi ma ng Bc nn c nhng thng c nhit rt
thp (thng 1-2), nhiu t rt ko di nh hng khng nh
n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng.
- Nhit :

c nn nhit kh cao, tng tch n

hng nm dao ng t 8.500 - 9000 oC, bin nhit

gia cc thng chnh lch ln, t 10 - 120C. H thng cy
trng ca Chng M kh phong ph, bao gm nhng loi cy
trng c ngun gc nhit i v c nhng cy trng n i.
Cc loi cy trng ngn ngy nh la, ng, lc, u tng..., c
kh nng sinh trng pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao.
- m : m khng kh c nh hng n sinh trng,

52

pht trin tt v nng sut cy trng. Chng M, thng c

m khng kh thp nht l thng1 hoc thng 2, thi k
ny thng c nhiu t kh lnh ko di, tri nng quang
my. Sau ma ng (khong thng 1 - 3) nh c ma phn
nn kh m t, m trung bnh t 85 - 91%, thi k ny
tri m u thiu nh ng ko di nhiu ngy. Nhng thng
u ma h do nh hng ca gi ma Ty Nam nn m
khng kh gim r rt, gy ra hn hn nhiu ni
- Ch ma: Lng ma v s phn b ma l yu t kh
hu khng nhng nh hng n sinh trng, pht trin tt
v nng sut cy trng. Cng vi cc yu t ch nhit, s
gi nng, ch ma mang tnh quyt nh ng lc pht
trin ca cc loi cy trng. Ma ma Chng M bt u t
thng 5 (ma tiu mn) v kt thc vo thng 10. Ma Chng
m c s bin ng mnh m v lng ma, s ngy ma, cng
ma. Nhn chung, ma min ni nhiu hn vng ng
bng ven bin. Lng ma trung bnh nm vo khong 1.200 1.800, s ngy ma/ nm t 90 -160 ngy. Do lng ma phn b
phn b khng u nn H Ty thng b hn trong v xun
v b ngp ng vo v h thu v u v ng lm nh hng
ln n sn xut nng nghip ni chung v s sinh trng,
pht trin ca cy u tng ni ring.
- Lng bc hi: Trung bnh hng nm, lng bc hi cc
vng khong 600 - 900mm. Thng c lng bc hi cao nht
vo thng 5, 6, 7;
- S gi nng: S gi nng l s gi c nng trong
ngy, l yu t kh tng quan trng nh hng n sinh tr-

53

ng, pht trin, tch lu cht kh v nng sut ca cy

trng. Hng nm H Ty, tng s gi nng u trn
1.500 gi, s gi nng trong thng H Ty dao ng t
80 - 185 gi/ thng.
Tm li, vi cc iu kin kh hu, thi tit

nh trn,

huyn Chng M ni ring v tnh H Ty ni chung c

nhiu tim nng, th mnh pht trin nhiu loi cy
trng va m bo an ninh lng thc, va hnh thnh cc
vng chuyn canh cy lng thc, thc phm, cy cng
nghip theo hng sn xut hng ho, phc v xut khu.
4.1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi:
- V tp qun sn xut:
Trong iu kin hin nay, tin b khoa hc k thut
ang cng ngy pht trin mnh m c tc dng lm thay
t nhiu t tng, tp qun canh tc c, lc hu ca nng
dn ni chung v nng dn huyn Chng M ni ring. Vic
p dng cc tin b k thut vo sn xut bc u thot khi
tnh trng c canh, t cung, t cp. Tuy nhin sn xut
hng ho vn cn trnh thp, hiu qu kinh t cha cao,
nghnh ngh phi nng nghip mi bc u pht trin cn
mc hn ch. Ngnh trng trt, cy la nc vn chim v tr
trng yu, bc u c s chuyn bin trong vic thay
i c cu cy trng, tng quy m v p dng tin b k
thut tin tin.
- V t ai:
Hin trng tng din tch t t nhin ca ton huyn

54

l 22.978 ha, trong t nng nghip chim 14.439 ha

bng 62,8%. Vi 11.132 ha t canh tc ch yu c b tr
trng cy la nc (997 ha chim 89,6%). Bnh qun t
canh tc u ngi nm 2003 t 45,3m2

c xu hng

gim dn do p lc tng dn s v pht trin c s h tng.

y cng l vn c t ra cho lnh o huyn Chng
M trong vic chuyn i c cu kinh t nng nghip v
nng thn theo hng: Tng t trng GDP ton huyn, ngnh
nng nghip cn y mnh cc pht trin cc loi cy, con
c gi tr hng ho cao, tng thu nhp trn 1 ha canh tc phn
u nm 2006 t mc bnh qun 30 triu ng/ha.
- V dn s v lao ng:
Vi dn s nm 2006 l 273.379 ngi v c xu hng tng
qua cc nm vi t l bnh qun 1,6%/nm, Chng M l
mt huyn c mt dn s kh cao ca tnh H Ty:
1.180 ngi/km2 (bnh qun ton tnh l 1.083 ngi/km2).
Ngun lao ng trong nng thn huyn Chng M rt di
do vi 142.619 lao ng nm 2006 v hng nm c trn
3.000 ngi bc vo tui lao ng, to nn mt sc p rt
ln c nhu cu vic lm. Lao ng nng nghip chim t l
cao trong tng s v mi s dng ht 70% thi gian. c
im ny ang tr thnh vn bc xc trong gii quyt
vic lm v tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn. Thc t
nhng nm gn y, do c s a dng ho trong pht trin
kinh t nng nghip, nng thn nh y mnh ngnh truyn
thng, a dng ho cy trng vt nui... to thm vic

55

lm v tng thu nhp cho nng dn ang l vn quan

tm gii quyt.
- V c s h tng:
C s h tng ca a phng l mt yu t rt quan
trng nh hng
n ln n pht trin sn xut v i sng ca nng dn
trong huyn. Chng M c h thng giao thng ca ng b
vi tng chiu du ca hai tuyn quc l chy i qua a
phn ca huyn l 32 km. My nm gn y, tuyn ng
trc lin huyn v ng lin x ca mt s x ven th trn c nng cp ri nha, to iu kin thun li

cho vic lu

thng hng ho. Tuy nhin i vi mt x vng bn sn a

(pha ty v ty nam ca huyn), vic i li, lu thng hng
ho cn gp nhiu kh khn do h thng ng x yu km.
Mt khc, thu li l bin php hng u trong nng nghip
nn nhng nm qua huyn c s u t xy dng nng
cp nhiu trm bm ti, tiu phn b cc im trng yu
ca huyn vi 23 km knh mng ti, tiu c kin c ho,
hin i ho nng nghip nng thn ca huyn.
- V tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip huyn trong 3
nm 2004 - 2006.
Nng nghip l nghnh sn xut chim v tr quan
trng nn kinh t x hi ca huyn. Gi tr sn xut nng
nghip chim t l kh ln trong tng gi tr sn xut ca
ton huyn, trong trng trt c xc nh l mt trong
cc ngnh mi nhn.

56

* Kt qu sn xut kinh doanh ca huyn Chng M

2004-2006:
Nhng nm qua kt qu sn xut kinh doanh ca huyn
lin tc tng ln. Tng gi tr sn xut nm 2006 bnh qun
t 1.175 t ng. Qua 3 nm 2004-2006 tc tng bnh
qun 12,8%/ nm. Nm 2004 c cu kinh t ca huyn l
Nng-Lm-Thu sn: 34,4%; Cng nghip - tiu th cng
nghip v xy dng c bn: 42,7%; dch v-du lch:22,9%
v ang chuyn dn theo hng tch cc, tng dn t trng
cc ngnh Cng nghip - tiu th cng nghip v dch v-du
lch, gim dn ngnh Nng-Lm-Thu sn cn 31,8% nm
2004.
Trong nng nghip, trng trt vn chim mt v tr
quan trong, chim t trng trong gi tr sn xut cao ln lt
theo th t cc nm, nh: T 2004 - 2006 l 65,2%; 64,5%; v
62,5.%. Chng M l mt trong s t huyn ca tnh H
Ty t ch tiu Nng nghip trn 100.000 ngn tn, trong
ch yu thc chim trn 95% sn lng lng thc. y l
vn cn xem xt trong vic chuyn i c cu cy
trng a phng hin nay vi ch tiu bnh qun u ngi
v lng thc t mc cao.
Tm li huyn Chng M c nhng th mnh trong pht
trin kinh t l; V tr a l thun li v giao lu kinh t,
vn ho, x hi, c lc lng lao ng trong nng thn di do
v c xu hng ngy cng tng ln. Vi v tr gn th trng tiu
th sn phm ln l thnh ph H ng v thnh ph H Ni,

57

Chng M cn thay i c cu ging cy trng theo hng

sn xut hng ho c cht lng cao, p ng nhu cu tiu
dng ca cc th trng ln, giu tim nng tng hiu qu
kinh t v nng cao i sng cho nhn dn.
4.1.3. Hin trng sn xut u tng Chng M
Theo Cc thng k H Ty. H Ty c iu kin
ngoi cnh v t ai thun li cho cy u tng sinh trng, pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao. Tuy nhin, din
tch, nng sut v sn lng u tng thanh ho ang cn
thp khng n nh qua cc nm v ch tp trung mt s
huyn trng im nh: Ph Xuyn, Thng Tn, Chng M...
Bng 4.1 Dn tch, nng sut, sn lng u tng
ca huyn Chng M t nm 2003 n nm 2006
TT

Nm

2003

2
3
4

2004
2005
2006

a phng

Din

Nng sut

Sn lng

tch (ha)

(t/ha)

(tn)

1518

12,20

1.859

1788
2262
2742

14,00
15,40
15,90

2.511
3.743
4.373

Huyn Chng
M
"
"
"

(Ngun: Phng thng k huyn Chng M)

Din tch u tng t nm 2003 n nm 2006 lin
tc

tng, t

nm 2003 - 2004 din tch u tng ca

huyn t bin ng l hn 1.518 ha, nm 2004 - 2005 din

tch u tng ca huyn 1.1788-2.262 ha, nm 2005 - 2006
din tch u tng ca huyn tng 2.262 - 2.742 ha. Nng
sut 12,20 t/ha tng 1,8 t/ha so vi nm 2003, sn lng 4.373

58

tn tng.2514 tn so vi nm 2003.
Theo mc tiu sn xut nng nghip ca tnh H Ty
giai on 2005-2010 th din tch u tng ca ton tnh
H Ty s n nh trn 10.000 ha, bao gm: 2.000 ha u
tng xun, trn 5.000 ha u tng h thu v 3.000 ha u
tng ng, trong c 2.500 ha u tng ng gieo vi
trn t 2 la bng cc ging ngn ngy.
Chng M l mt trong nhng huyn trong im sn
xut u tng ca tnh, c s gia tng ng k v din
tch, nng sut v sn lng. Nm 2004 din tch u tng
202 ha, tng 111.9 ha so vi nm 2003, sn lng 217 tn tng
113 tn so vi nm 2000. Nm 2006, din tch u tng 322
ha, tng 120 ha so vi nm 2004 v sn lng 466 tn tn tng
249 tn so vi nm 2003. Tuy nhin, cng nh tnh hnh
chung ca tnh, nng sut u tng ca huyn Chng M
thng thp hn so vi bnh qun trong c nc v khng n
nh qua cc nm. Nm 2004, nng sut u tng ca
huyn l 10,7 t/ha, gim 1,8 t/ha so vi nm 2003 v bng
81,05% nng sut ca tnh; nm 2006 nng sut 14 t/ha,
tng 3,3 t/ha so vi nm 2004, tng ng vi nng sut bnh
qun ca tnh. Theo nh gi ca phng Nng nghip
huyn Chng M c nhiu nguyn nhn dn n nng sut
u tng ca huyn cn thp,

nguyn nhn ch yu l

nng dn s dng ging khng m bo cht lng, nng sut

thp, t u t thm canh v sn xut cha ng quy trnh
k thut.(Phng thng k, huyn Chng M)

59

Ging u tng c trng ch yu l ging DT12 v

DT84, y l nhng ging tt, c tim nng nng sut cao,
song do cng tc chn v bo qun ging khng tt nn cht
lng ging khng m bo, cch thc chn v ging ch
yu l c t chc ti nng h, do chnh ngi nng dn tin
hnh. Thi v sn xut u tng Chng M l v h thu v
v xun, trong nng sut u tng thng thp.
nh gi c hin trng sn xut u tng, chng
ti tin hnh iu tra tp qun canh tc ca cy u tng
huyn Chng M. Kt qu c trnh by bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2. Ging v k thut trng u tng ang c
p dng ph bin ti huyn Chng M
S

Bin

TT

php

M t

k
thut
1

Thi v Trng t 25/2-23/3 v xun h v trng t 10/9trng

2
3

15/10 v thu ng

Mt Mt hng cch hng 20*20cm v cy cch cy

trng

12-15cm theo phng php gieo gc r

Phn

- Phn hu c: Ch yu nhng h no nui gia sc

bn

th phn, tin
-Phn m: Hu ht din tch trng u tng
u c bn phn m t 3-4 kg/so, bn thc
ch yu vo giai on 3-4 l, vo gia on ra hoa. Phn ln hu nh khng s dng.
- Phn Kali: Khong 60 % din tch bn phn kali

60

vi lng t 2 - 3kg Kali/so, ch yu bn thc khi lm

c t I
4

Ti nc

Ch yu c ti vo 3 giai on chnh l ra l, hoa

r v giai on qu non.

Ging

B ging ang s dng ph bin y l DT84,

DT12, VX 9-3....

Phng

Phn ln u tng b su cun l giai on ra l

tr su v bnh g st giai on ra hoa r cho n qu

bnh

non

Qua s liu bng 4.2 chng ta thy rng tnh trng sn

xut cy u tng, cc bin php k thut canh tc, cc bin
php k thut canh tc cha hp l nh trng mt tha, bn
phn khng y v ng k thut, phng tr su bnh
khng kp thi dn n lm gin nng sut so vi tim nng
ca ging.
nh gi c tnh hnh s dng cc loi phn bn l
cho cc loi cy trng ni chung v trn cy u tng ni
ring. Qua iu tra tnh hnh s dng b con phun ch
phm ch yu cho cy la, cy ng vo cc giai on la
nhnh kt hp khi phun thuc phng tr cn trong cy cng
nghip ch yu l cy lc, cy u tng cn c s dng
hn ch hn cc cy trng khc v cc loi ch phm dinh dng qua l c nng dn s dng ch yu l Dip lc t, NAB,
Antonik, Komic...
Bng 4.3. Tnh hnh s dng cc loi phn bn l cho

61

cc loi cy trng ni chung v trn cy u tng ni

ring
kin ca h nng dn
Thu Xun
TT

Cc loi cy trng

Tin
S h

T l
%

Tn Tin

S h

T l
%

Cy la

25

83,3

27

90,0

Cy ng

20

66,7

23

76,7

Cy rau

25

66,7

23

56,0

Cy n qu

18

50,0

16

53,0

Cy cng nghip

11

36,7

10

33,3

(Ngun: l do 02 Hp tc x: Thu Xun Tin v Tn Tin Chng M).

62

4.2. Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n s sinh trng pht trin, nng sut,
cht lng v hiu qu kinh t u tng ging DT84
trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007 ti Chng M tnh H Ty
4.2.1. Th nghim I. nh hng ca mt s ch phm
dinh dng qua l n sinh trng, pht trin, nng
sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t u tng ging
DT84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
4.2.1.1.nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
ng thi tng trng chiu cao thn chnh u tng
ging DT 84 trng v thu ng v v xun h
S tng trng

chiu

cao ca

cy

biu

hin qu

trnh sinh trng ca

cy. Chiu cao cy l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng
phn nh tnh trng sinh trng ca ging c trng trong
nhng iu kin ngoi cnh nht nh. Trong thn l
mt b phn rt quan trng ca cy trng ni chung v ca
u tng ni ring. Thn cy u tng khng ch quyt
nh chiu cao ca cy m cng nh hng n mt s
c im sinh hc khc, nh: S l, s cnh, s t trn r
cy,

s t hu hiu... Chiu cao thn chnh mt mt

ph thuc vo bn cht sinh trng v bn cht di truyn ca

ging, mt khc cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th ca
mi trng trng trt (t ai, kh hu thi tit, cc k thut
canh tc...) cng nh hng ln n chiu cao thn chnh ca

63

cy u tng. Vic xc nh cc bin php k thut

thn cy pht trin tt giai on u, to s cn i
giai on sau l rt quan trng, gp phn nng cao nng
sut u tng.

64

Bng 4.4. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n tc tng trng chiu cao thn chnh
u tng ging DT 84 trng
trong v thu ng v v xun h
n v: (cm)
NTD
Cng thc
V thu ng
I
II
III
IV
V
Cv(%)
LSD0.05
V xun h
I
II
III
IV
V
CV(%)
LSD0.05

10/10

20/10

30/10

10/11

30/11

10/12

10,45
15,60
15,83
17,10
17,20

19,40
21,12
22,00
23,20
24,30

25,8
27,3
28,50
30,20
31,00

32,70
34,20
36,30
37,20
38,00

33,60
34,90
36,70
37,90
39,20

6/4
17,80
19,01
18,29

16/4
26,41
27,98
28,89

26/4
35,50
37,86
38,32

31,00c
33,60ab
32,60b
34,60a
36,10a
6,21
0,35
6/5
45.31b
47,58ab
48,52a

16/5
49,40
53,58
55,03

27/5
49,40
54,20
55,03

18,99
19,37

27,00
8,95

35,10
36,91

47,37ab
48,55a
3,65
0,12

51,60
54,30

52,00
54,40

65

Ngy

V thu ng

xun h
th 4.1. Biu din tc tng trng chiu cao
ging u tng DT 84 trng v thu ng v v xun
h
Kt qu nghin cu v phn tch s liu trnh by
bng 4.4 cho thy tt c cc cng thc phun ch phm dinh
dng qua l u 3 thi k phn cnh, ra hoa v qu non
th u c chiu cao thn chnh tng hn hn so vi cng
thc i chng.
Tng ng k nht l chiu cao thn chnh cy u tng cng thc phun Chitosan l 39,20cm. Trong khi
cng thc i chng cao 33,60cm v thu ng. Trong v
xun h thn chnh cao nht cng thc phun cht Kch
thch hot ho gen 55,03 cm. Cn cng thc i chng
49,40 cm.
Kt qu cho thy cc ch phm dinh dng qua l, c nh
hng r rt n kh nng tng trng chiu cao ca u tng ging DT84 v th 1 cho thy cng mt ch phm
dinh dng qua l x l cho cy u tng trng v thu ng

66

c chiu cao cy thp hn v xun h.

Nh vy, qua bng 4.4 v th 4.1 rt ra kt lun: Trn
cng mt nn t, phn bn, ch chm sc v cng thi
im theo di, chiu cao cy u tng ca cc cng thc
phun ch phm trong 2 v lun c xu hng cao hn so vi
i chng.

67

4.2.1.2. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n

tc ra l u tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng
v v xun h
Mi loi cy trng ni chung v cy u tng ni ring
hon thnh chu k sng ca mnh u phi tri qua cc
thi k sinh trng v pht trin. Ngay t khi mi mc mm
cy u tng sng nh vo lng dinh dng d tr trong
hai l mm. Nhng ngy sau khi xut hin l tht, cy u
tng bt u chuyn dn sang thi k sng t dng.Trong
sut qu trnh sng, l u tng c chc nng v cng quan
trng quyt nh s tn ti ca cy, l c qua h hp,
quang hp ca cy, trong c ti 90 - 95% lng cht kh
tch lu c l do quang hp to ra. L l c quan lm nhim
v quang hp ca thc vt. Do b l c vai tr quan trng
trong qu trnh hnh thnh nng sut cho cy trng. Cc l
nm cnh chm hoa no thng c tc dng quan trng i vi
chm hoa trong vic pht trin thnh qu. Nu l pha di
b vng a sm do mt qu dy v km chm bn, th
chm qu pha di b rng hoc lp. S lng l nhiu, l to,
tng trng kho nht vo thi k hoa r. Cy sinh trng kho
mnh thng biu hin l pht trin to rng mng, phng
xanh ti.
Vic tc ng cc bin php k thut lm tng s l
trn cy u tng, to iu kin lm tng din tch b my
quang hp rt c ngha.

68

Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n tc ra l DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun
h.
Kt qu bng 4.5. cho thy: S l ca ging DT 84 v
thu ng dao ng t 8,10 - 8,65 l, trong v xun h t
9,25 - 10,10 l. Qua th nghim, cho thy cc cng thc
i chng c s l t hn so vi cng thc c phun ch
phm.

Bng 4.5. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n ng thi ra l u tng ging DT 84
trng v thu ng v v xun h.
n v: l/cy
NTD

10/10

20/10

30/10

10/11

30/11

10/12

3,10

3,86

5,10

6,00

7,60

8,10

II

3,20

4,24

5,10

6,20

7,60

8,83

III

3,40

4,04

5,36

6,54

7,75

8,57

IV

3,30

4,24

5,36

6,40

7,95

8,56

2,95

4,24

5,56

6,52

8,00

8,65

Cng thc
V thu
ng

Cv(%)

2,50

LSD0.05

0,34

V xun h

6/4

16/4

26/6

6/5

16/5

27/5

3,40

4,56

6,00

7,60b

9,12

9,25

II

3,20

4,72

6,20

7,90a

9,80

10,10

69

III

3,40

4,73

6,54

8,40a

9,95

10,10

IV

3,60

4,80

6,40

8,00ab

9,6

10,00

3,40

4,50

6,52

8,30a

9,27

9,67

Cv(%)

4,68

LSD0.05

0,31

Ngy

V thu ng

V xun

h
th 4.2. Biu din tc ra l ging u tng DT
84
trng v thu ng v v xun h
Sau ln x l tip theo (10/10 - thi k hoa r) v thu
ng v v xun h (20/4- thi k hoa r) tt c cc cng
thc c x l ch phm dinh dng qua l u c s l cao
hn hn so vi i chng.
v thu ng, sau ln x l th 3 bt u t ngy theo
di 1/11/2006 v v xun h t ngy theo di 28/4/2007, c
2 v chng ti thy, chiu cao thn chnh tng nhanh dn t
giai on phn cnh cho n giai on hoa r chm v dn
dn ngng tng trng giai on qu non. Sau ln phun ch

70

phm ny, chng ti thy s l cc cng thc x l ch phm

dinh dng cao hn hn so vi i chng trong 2 v. C v thu
ng, v xun h cao nht u cng thc phun Cgitosan
t ln lt l 36,10 cm, 48,55 cm. Thp nht u cng thc
i chng v thu ng t 31,00 cm v v xun h t
45,31 cm.
Nh vy ch phm dinh dng Chitosan c hiu qu lm
tng hiu qu chiu cao ca ging u tng
4.2.1.3.

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n kh nng hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging

DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h
c im quan trng nht ca b r cy u tng l
hnh thnh nt sn, vi s xm nhp ca vi khun
Rhizobium, Japonicum to nn b r c nh Nit v
phn t trong khng kh quyt nh n s thnh cng
hoc tht bi ca sn xut u tng. Nhiu nghin cu cho
thy rng s c nh nit khng kh ca nt sn c th
p ng c 40 - 70% nhu cu m ca cy u tng. Nh
th m chng ta tit kim c mt lng chi ph ng k
cho phn m, t gp phn nng cao hiu qu trong
sn xut u tng. S c nh nit c bt u t tun
th 3, th 4 sau khi cy mc, tng dn v t nh cao
hoa r, mi nt sn ring bit ch hot ng trong vng t 6
n 7 tun, do mu hnh c nh nit ca cy u tng l tng cc thi k hot ng ca hng lot nt sn pht
trin trong thi gian ra r. Vic thc y vic to thnh nt
sn sm v y to iu kin cho cy u tng sinh tr-

71

ng v pht trin tt l tin cho nng sut cao. S lng

NSTS v NSHH ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin ngoi cnh
trong c yu t dinh dng. V vy, chng ti tin hnh
nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n n kh nng hnh thnh nt sn ca ging u tng
DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h
Qua bng 4.6, chng ti thy: cc loi ch phm u
c s lng NSTS v NSHH cao hn so vi cng thc i chng.
* thi k phn cnh:
Trong v thu ng, nt sn tng s ca ging DT84
cc cng thc x l ch phm c s sai khc so vi i chng.
Cao nht cng thc II (20,60 nt / cy) v thp nht

cng thc I (10,40 nt/cy); t l hu hiu bin ng 78,40

- 82,30 %, trong cng thc: III x l ch phm Kch thch
hot ho gen c t l

hu hiu ln nht t 81,78%, tip

n l cng thc I phun nc l 80,60 % v cng thc IV phun

Yogen 78,40 %.
Trong v xun h, nt sn tng s cng thc IV,V
khng c s sai khc, cao nht cng thc V (14,70 nt /
cy) v thp nht cng thc I (11,30 nt/cy); t l hu
hiu bin ng 73,21 -83,99 %, trong cng thc: II x l
ch phm PSB c t l hu hiu ln nht t 83,99% v thp
nht l cng thc I phun nc l 73,21 %.
Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l
n s hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging DT 84
trng

72

v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007

Thi k phn

Thi k qu non

cnh

Cng
thc

Thi k hoa r

NSTS

NSHH

NSTS

NSHH

NSTS

NSHH

(nt/c

(%)

(nt/c

(%)

(nt/c

(%)

y)
V thu ng
I
10,40c

y)

y)

80,60

20,80b

81,35

27,60b

80,26

II

20,60a

81,78

26,00a

82,50

35,40a

91,78

III

20,20b

82,30

24,93a

87,79

33,50a

88,98

IV

12,86c

78,40

23,86a

82,79

31,16b

86,72

19,00b

81,30

24,83a

85,78

32,40a

85,10

Cv(%)
LSD0.05

5,80
3,43

V xun h
I
11,30b

4,05
4,02

4,18
4,82

73,21

25,56c

75,67

38,62c

82,11

II

12,95b

83,99

28,12b

79,22

43,12a

91,56

III

13,.01ab

79,98

26,78bc

85,23

42,13b

90,85

IV

13,80a

77,56

33,40a

81,33

42,54ab

85,65

14,70a

82,28

33,45a

80,13

45,56a

92,32

Cv(%)
LSD0.05

4,35
1,58

4,36
3,51

4,52
3,20

Ghi ch: nt sn tng s: (nt/cy), nt sn hu hiu (%).

73

* thi k hoa r:
- Trong v thu ng, nt sn tng s cng thc II, III,
IV,V khng c s sai khc, t cao nht cng thc III l
24,93 (nt /cy) v c s sai khc so vi i chng, cng thc
I i chng c s lng nt sn tng s l 10,40 (nt/cy). T
l hu hiu bin ng 81,35 -85,79 %, trong cng thc:
III x l ch phm Kch thch hot ho gen c t l hu hiu
ln nht t 85,79 %, thp nht cng thc I phun nc l 81,35
%.
- Trong v xun h: nt sn tng s cng thc IV,V
khng c s sai khc, t cao nht cng thc V l 33,45
(nt /cy) v c s sai khc so vi cc cng thc cn li, cng
thc I i chng c s lng nt sn tng s l 10,40
(nt/cy). T l nt sn hu hiu trong v ny bin ng
81,35 - 85,79 %, trong cng thc III x l ch phm Kch
thch hot ho gen c t l hu hiu ln nht t 85,79 %,
thp nht cng thc I phun nc l 81,35 %.
* thi k qu non:
S lng nt sn tng s tng nhanh v t cc i tt
c cc cng thc trong c 2 v gieo trng.
- Trong v thu ng, nt sn tng s ca ging DT84
cng thc x l ch phm tng t II, III,V khng c s sai khc,
t cao nht cng thc II l 35,40 (nt /cy), t l hu
hiu 92,32 % v c s sai khc so vi i chng, cng thc I
i chng c s lng nt sn tng s l 27,60 (nt/cy). T
l hu hiu bin ng 82,11-92,32 %, trong cng thc II

74

x l ch phm PSB c t l hu hiu ln nht t 91,78 %,

thp nht cng thc I phun nc l 80,76 %.
- Trong v xun h: cng thc II, V c nt sn tng s
khng c s sai khc, t cao nht cng thc V l 45,56
(nt /cy) v c s sai khc so vi cc cng thc cn li, cng
thc I i chng c s lng nt sn tng s l 38,62
(nt/cy), t l hu hiu bin ng 81,35 -85,79 %, trong
cng thc: V x l ch phm Chitosan vn c t l hu
hiu ln nht t 85,79 %, thp nht cng thc I phun nc l
81,35 %.
Nh vy cc ch phm khc nhau nh hng n s to
thnh nt sn khc nhau trong 2 v. Nhn chung v thu
ng v v xun h th cng thc phun Chitosan (CT V) v
cng thc phun PensiBao (CTII) c s lng nt sn NSTS v
NSHH t cao nht.
4.2.1.5. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u tng ging
DT84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
Ch s din tch l l mt ch tiu sinh l rt quan trng
i vi cy trng ni chung v cy u tng ni ring. Cc
nghin cu cho rng ch s din tch l thch hp thi k ra
hoa v lm qu ca u tng l 3 6 m2l / m2t. Ch s
din tch l ln s gy hin tng che khut nh sng ca cc
tng l, dn n hiu sut quang hp gim, gy vng lp, t
hoa, t qu hn v cho nng sut thp. V th, ch s din
tch l rt c ngha trong vic nh gi kh nng quang

75

hp ca qun th cy u tng. Trong mt gii hn nht

nh ch s din tch l tng th nng sut cy trng tng.
Do , nng cao nng sut v cht lng ht u tng,
chng ta phi to iu kin cho cy sinh trng pht trin
tt, c ch s din tch l ph hp bng cch p dng tin b
k thut vo sn xut. Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt
s ch phm dinh dng qua l n ch s din tch l ca
ging u tng DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h c
ghi bng 4.7.
* i vi v thu ng
- Din tch l ca ging DT84 trong cc thi k phn
cnh cc cng thc x l ch phm c s sai khc so vi cng
thc i chng, trong cng thc x l ch phm Chitosan
c din tch l ln nht 5,75 dm2l/ cy, cng thc c din
tch l nh nht l cng thc i chng phun nc l 2,01
dm2l/ cy.
Bng 4.7. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u
tng ging DT 84 trng trong v thu ng nm 2006
v v xun h nm 2007
Thi k phn
cnh

Thi k hoa r

Thi k qu non

Cng

Din

(m2l/

Din

(m2l/

Din

(m2l/

Thc

tch l

m2

tch l

m2

tch l

m2

(dm2/c

t)

(dm2/c

t)

(dm2/c

t)

y)

LAI

y)

Lai

y)

Lai

76

V thu ng
I

5,02

II

5,55

III

2,01b

5,60

2,24b

9,62

3,85b

2,20a

7,32

2,93a

10,45

4,18a

5,32

2,13ab

6,35

2,54a

10,20

4,08a

IV

5,27

2,11ab

6,05

2,42ab

9,90

3,96ab

5,52

2,21

7,52

3,01a

10,15

4,06a

CV(%)

3,32

4,87

4,52

LSD0.05

0,35

0,36

0,35

V xun h
I

3,95

1,58c

7,55

3,02c

10,15

4,06c

II

4,35

1,74a

10,40

4,16a

11,55

4,62a

III

5,77

2,31a

11,05

4,42a

12,52

5,01a

IV

4,15

1,66b

9,12

3,65b

11,22

4,49ab

5,80

2,32a

10,87

4,35a

11,45

4,58a

CV(%)

5,87

4,86

4,36

LSD0.05

4,82

0,34

0,42

- thi k hoa r, din tch l tt c cc cng thc

u tng ln so vi thi k phn cnh, trong cc cng
thc x l ch phm u c din tch l cao hn so vi i
chng.
- thi qu non, trong thi k ny cng thc x l ch
phm u c ch s din tch l cao hn so vi i chng
trong t 0,23 - 0,33 m2l/ m2 t. Trong , cng thc: II
phun Chitosan c din tch l cao nht, cng thc: I phun (nc
l) c ch s din tch l nh nht.

77

Nh vy i vi v thu ng, phun cc loi ch phm

u c nh hng tt n din tch l v trong cc ch
phm th kh nng quang hp ca ging u tng DT84 tt
nht cng thc x l ch phm Chitosan.
* i vi v xun h:
- thi k phn cnh, din tch l trong khong 1,58 2,32 dm2l/ cy trong cng thc x l ch phm Pensibao
c din tch l ln nht, cng thc c ch s din tch l nh
nht l cng thc i chng phun nc l.
- Thi k hoa r din tch l tng ln tt c cc cng
thc u tng, bin ng trong khong 3,02 - 4,65
dm2l/cy trong cng thc x l ch phm u c din
tch l cao hn so vi i chng.
- khi qu non, din tch l cc cng thc t gi tr cao.
Trong t gi tr cao nht l cng thc II phun Chitosan
c din tch l cn CT I phun nc l c din tch l nh nht.
T kt qu bng 4.8. ta thy ch s din tch l
cng thc x l u cao hn so vi cng thc i chng c
2 v.
* i vi v thu ng
- Ch s din tch l ca ging DT84 trong cc thi k
phn cnh cc cng thc x l ch phm c s sai khc so
vi cng thc i chng. Trong cng thc x l ch phm
PSB c ch s din tch l ln nht 5,55 m2l/ m2 t, cng
thc c ch s din tch l nh nht l cng thc i chng
phun nc l 5,02 dm2l/ cy.

78

- thi k hoa r, din tch l tt c cc cng thc u

tng ln so vi thi k phn cnh trong cc cng thc x
l ch phm u c ch s din tch l cao hn so vi i
chng.
- thi qu non, ch s l li tip tc tng v t nh
cao nht so vi thi k phn cnh v thi k ra hoa. Trong
, cng thc: II phun Chitosan c din tch l cao nht,
cng thc I phun (nc l) c din tch l nh nht..
* i vi v xun h:
- thi k phn cnh, ch s din tch l trong
khong 1,58 - 2,32 m2l/ m2 t trong cng thc x l
ch phm Pensibao c ch s din tch l ln nht, cng thc
c ch s din tch l nh nht l cng thc i chng phun
nc l.
- Thi k hoa r ch s din tch l tng ln tt c cc
cng thc u tng, bin ng trong khong 3,02 4,65m2l/ m2 t trong cng thc x l ch phm u c
ch s din tch l cao hn so vi i chng.
- khi qu non, ch s l cc cng thc t gi tr cao.
Trong t gi tr cao nht l cng thc II phun Chitosan
c ch s din tch l cn CT I phun nc l c ch s din
tch l nh nht.
Trong v xun h cng thc x l ch phm ch phm
Chitosan th kh nng quang hp ca ging u tng DT84
t tt nht.
4.2.1.6. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n

79

kh nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng ging DT 84

trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
Trong qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin cy trng ni
chung v cy u tng ni ring cn phi tch lu c mt
lng cht kh nht nh thng qua qu trnh quang hp.
Chnh v vy thng qua lng cht kh m cy ng ho
chng ta c th bit c kh nng quang hp din ra trong
cy. Theo tc gi o Quang Vinh: Nng sut ht v s tch
lu cht kh c tng quan thun rt cht. Mun tng lng
cht kh tch lu m nhm tng nng sut ht cn tng cng
s pht trin ca b l giai don u, duy tr b l v kh
nng quang hp giai on sau.
Bng 4.8. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng l
n kh nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng ging
DT 84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
n v: (g/cy)
Cng
thc

Thi k phn

Thi k hoa r

cnh

Thi k qu
non

V thu
ng
I

3,03b

4,20b

11,31b

II

3,49a

4,48ab

12,43a

III

3,91a

4,41ab

12,06a

IV

3,85a

4,72a

11,98a

V
CV(%)
LSD0.05

4,08a
5,89
0,39

4,46ab
4,56
0,28

12,01a
5,18
0,62

80

V xun
h
I

3,24b

3,84b

11,68b

II

3,45b

4,52a

12,04ab

III

3,98a

4,58a

12,66a

IV

3,90a

V
CV(%)
LSD0.05

3,68ab
6,28
0,25

4,23ab
4,42a
4,60
0,28

12,15ab
12,32a
5,21
0,41

Qua bng 4.8 chng ti c nhn xt: Kh nng tch lu

cht kh tng dn qua tng thi k v t cao nht thi k
qu non. iu ny c li cho vic tch lu cht dinh dng v
ht, gp phn to nng sut u tng cao.
V thu ng kh nng tch lu cht kh ca ging DT84
cc cng thc phun ch phm mnh hn i chng. t t
3,49 - 4,08 g/cy thi k phn cnh, t 4,48 - 4,72g/cy
thi k hoa r v t 11.98 - 12.43 g/cy thi k qu non.
Trong khi cng thc i chng ch t 3,03 g/cy thi
k phn cnh; t 4,20 g/cy thi k hoa r v t 11,31
g/cy thi k qu non.
V xun h: cc thi k phn cnh, hoa r, qu non kh
nng tch ly cht kh cc cng thc phun ch phm dinh
dng cc gi tr tng ng l: 3,45 - 3,68 g/cy; 4,23 - 4,52
g/cy v t 12,04 - 12,66 g/cy. Trong kh nng tch lu
cht kh ca ging DT84 tt nht thi k phn cnh t
3,68 g/cy; thi k hoa r t 4,52 g/cy v thi k hoa r
t 12,66 g/cy u cng thc cng thc V phun ch

81

phm Chitosan. Nh vy tt c cc cng thc phun ch phm

c 2 v u c tch lu cht kh cao hn so vi i chng.
Kh nng ny l c s t c nng sut u tng cao.
4.2.1.7. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging DT84 trng v
thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
Trng lng kh cng nh hiu sut quang hp l 2 ch
tiu quan trng nh gi kh nng tch lu hp cht ca
cyv quyt nh ln n qu trnh hnh thnh nng sut
cy u tng. Cy u tng chu s chi phi ca cng
quang hp vi ch s din tch l. V vy, trong qu trnh th
nghim, chng ti tin hnh ly mu, cn khi lng cht
kh 2 thi k, tnh hiu sut quang hp. Kt qu
nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n n hiu sut quang hp ca ging u tng DT84
trng v thu ng v v xun.
Bng 4.9: nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n
hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging DT84 trng
v thu ng 2006 v v xun 2007
n v: (g/m2 l/ngy m)
Cng thc

Thi k phn cnh - ra

hoa

V thu
ng

82

Thi k ra hoa - qu non

2,95c

4,86c

II

4,15a

5,74a

III

3,28b

5,42b

IV

3,12b

5,43b

2,99bc

5,62a

Cv(%)

4,30

2,40

LSD0.05

0,15

0,18

3,26c

4,98b

II

3,56c

6,08a

III

4,09b

5,84a

IV

4,58a

5,52a

3,95b

5,06b

Cv(%)

4,85

3,20

LSD0.05

0,16

0,65

V xun
h

thi k phn cnh - ra hoa, hiu sut quang hp u

tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h cc cng
thc phun ch phm dinh dng qua l c s sai khc so vi i
chng v trong gia cc cng thc x l ch phm. Trong
cng thc II phun (PSB) l cao nht t 4,15 g/m2l/ngym
v thp nht l cng thc I (phun nc l) ch t 2.95
g/m2l/ngy m trong v thu ng. V xun h cng thc
phun Yogen t 4,58 g/m2 l/ngy m l cao nht, tip n
cng thc: II phun (PSB) t 4,09 g/m2l/ngy m v cng
thc V phun Chitosan 3,95 g/m2l/ngym. Cng thc i
chng phun nc l phun nc l t 3,26 g/m2l/ngym.

83

Thi k ra hoa - qu non, hiu sut quang hp thun dao

ng v thu ng l 4,86 - 5,74 g/m2 l/ngy m trong
t cao nht cc cng thc II, V; thp nht cng thc I.
V xun t 4,98 - 6,08 g/m2 l/ngym. Trong cng thc
II, III, IV c hiu sut quang hp cao nht v cng thc c hiu
sut quanh hp thp nht l cng thc: I (phun nc l).
i vi ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan th c tc
dng hiu qu trong vic tng hiu sut quang hp c 2 v
trng.
Trong hai v trng u tng, giai on ny hiu sut
quang hp thun tng ln cc cng thc c phun cc ch
phm dinh dng Nh vy ta thy hiu sut quang hp cng
thc x l u cao hn so vi cng thc i chng. Cc loi
ch phm u c nh hng tt n hiu sut quang hp
4.2.1.8. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca ging u tng
DT 84 trng trong v thu ng nm 2006 v v xun h
nm 2007
S t hu hiu trn thn chnh v s cnh cp 1 l
hai trong s nhng ch tiu cu thnh nn nng sut u tng. V y, l ch tiu c lin quan n vi nng sut
u tng. S t hu hiu cng nhiu s qu trn cy
cng ln v nng sut s cng cao. Kt qu c trnh by
bng 4.10.
S liu bng 4.10 cho thy:

84

Bng 4.10. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca u
tng ging DT 84 trng v thu ng v v xun h
S t hu hiu

S cnh cp I/ thn

(t/cy)

chnh (cnh)

ng
I

5,80b

1,50

II

6,40a

2,00

III

6,12b

1,98

IV

6,01b

1,54

V
Cv(%)
LSD0.05

6,30a
4,60
0,23

1,78

V xun h
I

7,01b

1,10

II

7,60a

1,20

III

7,35a

1,20

IV

7,23a

1,30

V
Cv(%)
LSD0.05

7,40a
4,12
0,41

1,10

Cng Thc
V thu

Theo di ch tiu ny l do kt qu th nghim thu c cho

thy:
* V thu ng: S t hu hiu trn thn chnh ca
cc cng thc th nghim phun ch phm bin ng t
5,80 - 6,4 t/ cy. Cng thc c s t hu hiu trn thn
chnh cao l phun PSB, Chitosan cn cng thc i

85

chng c s t hu hiu thp nht.

* V xun h: Cc cng thc tham gia th nghim c s
t hu hiu cao hn so vi v thu ng v cao hn so vi
cng thc i chng, bin ng t 7,01 (CT IV) t/cy
n 7,04 t/cy (CT II).
Trong cc cng thc phun ch phm, cng thc phun
PensiBao l cng thc c s t hu hiu trn thn cao hn
hn cc cng thc phun ch phm c 2 v thu ng v v
xun h
* S cnh cp I trn cy: Kh nng phn cnh nhiu
l tin to ra nng sut cao, ch tiu ny khng ch ph
thuc vo c tnh di truyn ca ging m cn chu nh hng nhiu ca bin php k thut tc ng. y l ch tiu
c lin quan mt thit ti nng sut. V n l c s to nn
dng cy v s xp xp l to iu kin cho l tip nhn
nh sng nhiu nht. Nhn chung cy u tng khng cn
nhiu cnh, tuy nhin cn phi to iu kin cy phn
cnh gn, tp trung, nhm to nn cy u tng c tn gn
tng mt trng. Trong iu kin v thu ng th s
cnh cp I bin ng 1,5 -2,0 cnh cp I/cy. Nhn chung l
c s sai khc t gia cc cng thc phun ch phm trong
cng thc c s cnh cp I cao nht l cng thc: II (phun
PSB) c 2,0 cnh/ cy, cng thc i chng t 1,30 cnh/
cy cn trong v xun h th s cnh cp I bin ng 1,02
- 1,30 cnh cp I/cy, thp nht l cng thc i chng phun
nc l c 1,02 cnh/ cy v cao nht l cng thc phun ch
phm Yogen t 1,30 cnh/ cy.

86

4.2.1.9. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n

cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging
DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h
Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut l nhng hp phn rt
quan trng to thnh nng sut v gi tr ca chng, n
ph thuc vo bn cht di truyn ca tng ging v iu
kin ngoi cnh cng nh k thut canh tc.
Nghin cu v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v cc
ch tiu lin quan n nng sut kt qu thu c trnh by
trong bng 4.11.
Bng 4.11. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging DT 84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun
h 2007
Tng
Cng thc

qu
/cy

T l

Ty l

Ty l

Ty l

qu

qu 1

qu 2

qu 3

chc

ht

ht

ht

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

P1000
ht
(g)

V thu
ng
I

30,08c

92,59c

19,81

59,19

21,00b

160,0

II

39,52a

95,55a

10,50

60,50

29,00a

III

36,95b

9,87a

10,15

61,39

28,46ab

169,5

IV

36,87a 93,90ab

13,03

62,76

24,21b

37,43a

1275

62,75

24,50ab

94,42a

87

0
164,2
0

168,0
0
167,5
0
Cv(%)

4,66

6,32

5,12

LSD0.05

2,10

1,20

2,36

31,53c

89,45b

13,45

65,70

20,78c

160,0

II

39,66a

96,30a

7,85

65,59

26,12ab

III

37,82a

95,45a

7,85

66,59

25,56ab

165,8

IV

36,95b 92,59ab

8,19

65,31

26,50a

41,12a

6,45

63,40

30,15a

V xun
h

97,00a

0
165,6
0
170,2
0
173,2
0

Cv(%)

4,35

5,12

3,36

LSD0.05

1,86

1,82

1,35

*Tng qu/cy:
Tng qu/cy l mt trong nhng ch tiu rt quan
trng v c tng quan thun vi nng sut. y l ch tiu
phn nh kh nng u qu ca ging.

88

- v thu ng: Cc cng thc th nghim c s qu

trn cy cao m khng c s sai khc l cng thc phun V
(PSB) c 39,52qu/ cy, cng thc IV (Yogen) c 36,87
qu/cy, V(Chitosan) 37,87 qu/cy. Thp nht l cng thc:
I (30,08 qu/cy).
- v xun h, s qu /cy ca cc cng thc tham gia
th nghim bin ng t 31,53 - 41,12 qu/cy. Trong
ln nht t

41,12 qu (CT V) cao hn hn (CT I) i

chng 31,53 qu.

Nh vy phun ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, PSB
u c tc dng lm tng s qu trn cy c 2 v trng.
*S qu chc/cy:
y l mt ch tiu lin quan n nng sut, nu s qu
chc cao th nng sut u tng cng cao. S qu chc
ph thuc vo kh nng u hoa, u qu, qu trnh vn
chuyn vn chuyn v tch lu vt cht v qu v ht. Kt
qu nghin cu bng 4.12 cho thy t l qu chc bin
ng t 92,59 - 94,87% trong v thu ng v t 89,45 97,00% trong v xun h.
Cc cng thc c t l qu chc cao trong v thu ng v
v xun h l cc cng thc II, III v V. T l qu chc thp
nht 2 v l cng thc i chng.
* Theo di t l qu 1 ht, 2 ht v 3 ht cc cng thc
th nghim, kt qu cho thy:
V thu ng t l qu 1 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch

89

phm bin ng t (10,5 - 13,03%) v cng thc i chng

19.81%; qu 2 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin
ng (60,50 - 62,75%) v cng thc i chng 54,00% v
qu 3 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin ng (2,5 25,3%) v cng thc i chng 2%.
V xun h t l qu 1 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch
phm bin ng t (8,9 - 24,5%) v cng thc i chng
26,5%; qu 2 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin
ng (55,0 - 78,5%) v cng thc i chng 59,19%, qu 3
ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin ng (24,21 29,00%) v cng thc i chng 21,00%. Trong 5 cng thc
th nghim, t l qu 3 ht cc cng thc II, III, IV, V c s sai
khc v tng hn hn so vi i chng cng thc I.
Nh vy: Cc cng thc khc nhau phun cc ch phm
khc nhau th t l qu chc, qu 1 ht, qu 2 ht v qu 3
ht cng khc nhau.
*Khi lng 1000 ht: c s sai khc gia cc cng thc
phun ch phm.
V thu ng P1000 ht bin ng 160,00 -169,50g/ P 1000
ht. Cc cng thc c P1000 ht ln c xp th t gim dn l
cng thc: II (169,50g/P 1000 ht), cng thc : IV (168,00g/ P 1000
ht), cng thc: V (167,50g/ P 1000 ht). Thp nht l cng thc
i chng: V (160,00g/P 1000 ht).
V xun h P1000 ht bin ng 160,00 173,20g/ P 1000
ht. Cng thc c P1000 ht t cao nht l cng thc: V
(173,20g/P

1000

ht) tip n l cng thc: IV (170,20g/P

90

1000

ht), cng thc II(165,80g/ P

1000

ht). Thp nht l cng thc

i chng: V(160,00g/ P 1000 ht).

4.2.1.10. nh hng ca mt s ch phm phn bn l n
nng sut ca u tng ging DT 84 trng v thu ng
v v xun h
Theo di cc ch tiu ny kt qu thu c trnh by ti
4.12

91

Bng 4.12. nh hng ca mt s ch phm phn bn l

n nng sut ca ging DT 84 trng v thu ng v
v xun h
Nng sut c

Nng sut L

Nng sut thc

th (g/cy)

thuyt (t/ha)

thu(t/ha)

ng
I

10,18b

40,72

14,13b

II

11,19a

44,76

17,33a

III

11,02a

44,08

16,81a

IV

10,94a

43,76

16,63a

V
CV(%)

11,15a
3,69

44,60

17,75a
4,80

Cng Thc
V thu

LSD0.05
V xun
h

0,60

1,45

10,38b

41,52

15,54b

II

11,32a

45,28

18,39a

III

11,17a

44,68

17,92a

IV

11,01a

44,04

17,44a

V
CV(%)

11,32a
1,67

45,28

18,63a
5,41

LSD0.05

0,64

2,01

S liu bng 4.12 cho thy:

* Nng sut c th: Nng sut c th l ch tiu ni ln
tim nng sut ca ging: Theo di cc ch tiu ny kt qu
cho thy nng sut c th di tc ng ca cc ch phm
dinh dng qua l tc ng ln ging DT84 trong cc cng thc
th nghim v thu ng nm 2006 bin ng 10,18 -11,19
g/cy. Cng thc phun ch phm PSB cho nng sut c th
cao nht t 11,19 g/ cy, tip n cng thc phun
Chitosan t 11,15 g/cy, cng thc phun kch thch hot

92

ho gen t 11,02g/cy v cng thc i chng t

10,18g/cy. n v xun h 2007 nng sut ca ging DT84
qua cc cng thc th nghim bin ng 10,38 -11,32g/cy.
Cc cng thc th nghim hu ht c nng sut c th trng
trong v thu ng 2006 thp hn so vi v xun h 2007.
Theo chng ti nhn thy c s chnh lch l do iu
kin ngoi cnh v thu ng nm 2006 khng thun li cho
sinh trng v pht trin. Thi gian ra hoa, to qu non gp
hn cui v, do cy u tng sinh trng, pht trin km
nng sut thp.
* Nng sut l thuyt: Nng sut l thuyt l cho bit
nng sut ca cc cng thc th nghim i vi ging DT84.
Theo di ch tiu ny kt qu cho thy nng sut l thuyt
v thu ng nm 2006 c nng sut l thuyt bin ng t
40,72 44,76 (t/ha). Cc cng thc tham gia trong th
nghim c nng sut l thuyt t cao l cng thc: II (44,76
t/ha), cc cng thc cn li ln lt l cng thc:

V(44,60

t/ha), cng thc: IV 43,76 (t /ha) v cng thc: i chng

ch t (40,72 t/ha).Theo di nng sut l thuyt v xun
h 2007 chng ti nhn thy nng sut ca cc cng thc th
nghim bin ng t: 41,52 - 45,28 t/ha. Trong cng
thc i chng phun nc l cho nng sut thp nht t 41,52
t/ha cn cng thc phun ch phm u cho nng sut cao
hn t t 43,76 - 45,28 t/ha.
* Nng sut thc thu: y l ch tiu quan trng nht
nh gi vai tr ca cc bin php k thut tc ng.
Kt qu trong bng 4.12 cho thy: phun cc ch phm dinh
dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen, PensiBao v cht Kch thch

93

hot ho gen lm tng nng sut thc thu ca u tng ging

DT84 so vi cng thc i chng (phun nc l) c hai v
trng. Nng sut thc thu u tng ging DT84 tng t 2,40
-3,62 t/ha v thu ng v v xun h tng t 1,90 3,09
t/ha.
Cc cng thc th nghim cho nng sut cao hn i
chng v n nh qua 2 v l cng thc: V (15,21t/ha) v
thu ng nm 2006 v 15,56 t/ha v xun h 2007).
4.2.1.11. nh hng ca mt s ch phm phn bn l n
cht lng ca

ht u tng ging DT 84 trng v thu

ng v v xun h
Cng vi cc bin php chm sc khc th mt s lai
phn bn qua l khng nhng lm tng nng sut lc m cn
gp phn ci thin ng k n cht lng ht u tng.
Tm hiu nh hng ca mt s loi phn bn l khc nhau
n cht lng ht, kt qu phn tch c trnh by bng
4.13.
Bng 4.13. nh hng ca ch phm qua l n cht lng ht u tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng v v
xun h.
CT
Nit tng s (%)
V thu ng
I
40,10

Hm lng lipit (%)

19,35

II

41,28

20.50

III

41,56

20,25

IV

42,18

21,00

41,15

20,05

94

V xun h
I

40,21

24,05

II

42,35

23,50

III

43,84

23,15

IV

42,18

21,18

42,15

20,65

Tm hiu nh hng ca mt s lai phn bn l khc

nhau n cht lng ht, kt qu phn tch c trnh by
bng 4.13. Qua phn tch s liu bng 4.13, chng ti
thy: Hm lng N tng s trong ht u tng ging DT84
cc cng thc c phun ch phm dinh dng qua l u t
cao hn i chng (phun nc l).
V thu ng v v xun h cng thc c phun ch
phm dinh dng qua l u t cao hn i chng (phun nc
l) tng t 1,05% - 1,46% (v thu ng) v tng t 1,11% 1,80% (v xun h). Hm lng lipid trong ht u tng trng
v thu ng cc cng thc khng c s sai khc r rng. V
xun h hm lng lipid trong ht cc cng thc phun ch
phm dinh dng qua l li thp hn cng thc phun nc nc
( i chng) t 0,55 -3,40%.
4.2.1.12.

Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng cc ch phm

dinh dng qua l i vi u tng ging DT84 trng v

thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca cc ch phm dinh dng qua l trn ging u tng DT84 v thu ng nm 2006
v v xun h 2007, qua tnh ton cn i thu chi. kt qu

95

 c th hin bng 4.14.

Bng 4.14. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng cc ch
phm dinh dng qua l i vi cy u tng ging
DT84 trng v thu ng 2006
v v xun h 2007
n v: 1.000 /ha
V thu

Gin

Ph

Ch

Thu

cn

Chi

ng

ph

DT:

bn

84

(n

qua

n)

ph

Thu

lao

kh

chi

li

Tn Tng
thu

Li
thun

ng

ph
V thu ng
I

607

908

200

300 650 2.66 10.00

5

II

607

908

676

200

III

607

908

582

200

607

908

676

200

607

908

676

200

8.300

300 650 3.34 12.13

1

8.490

300 650 3.34 11.64

1

9.150

300 650 3.27 11.76

4

IV

300 650 3.34 12.50

1

7.335

8.790

V xun h
I

607

908

200

300 650 2.66 12.42

5

II

607

908

676

200

96

300 650 3.34 14.33

.

9.759

10.99
0

III

607

908

582

200

300 650 3.27 14.71

.

IV

607

908

676

200

607

908

676

200

300 650 3.34 13.95

.

4
1

300 650 3.34 14.40

.

11.43
0
10.61
0
11.06
0

Phun ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen,

PensiBao v cht Kch thch hot ho gen ca ging u tng DT84 cng kh cao cho hiu qu kinh t cao hn so vi
phun nc (cng thc i chng). i vi ging DT84 cho li
thun bin ng t 8.30 -9.15 triu ng/ ha v thu ng
v t 10.61 -11.06 triu ng/ ha v xun h. Cng thc
phun ch phm (Chitosan) cho gi tr kinh t ln nht t
9.15 triu/ ha v thu ng 2006 v v xun h t 11.06
triu ng/ ha v xun h 2007.
4.2.2. Th nghim II. nh hng ca mt s ch phm
dinh dng qua l n sinh trng pht trin, nng
sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
4.2.2.1. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n tc tng trng chiu cao ca u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h
Chiu cao cy l mt trong nhng ch tiu nh gi kh
nng sinh trng pht trin, kh nng chng cng nh cc
ch tiu lin quan n

nng sut ca ging. S tng trng

chiu cao cy ng thi nh hng ti tc ra l, kh nng

97

hnh thnh cnh, t hu hiu, hoa hu hiu trn cy. Kt

qu theo di s tng trng chiu cao ca ging u tng DT12
trong v thu ng nm 2006 v v xun h 2007 c th hin
trong bng 4.15 v th 4.3.
Kt qu nghin cu v phn tch s liu trnh by
bng 4.14 cho thy tt c cc cng thc x l ch phm
dinh dng qua l th chiu cao thn chnh
Kt qu cho thy ch phm dinh dng qua l, c nh hng r rt n kh nng tng trng chiu cao ca u tng
ging DT84 v th cho thy cng mt ch phm dinh dng
qua l x l cho cy u tng trng v thu ng c chiu
cao cy thp hn v xun h
Bng 4.15. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n tc tng trng chiu cao thn chnh
u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h
NTD
Cng thc

10/10

20/10

30/10

10/11

30/1
1

10/12

V thu
ng
41,2
I

15,20ab

23,54b

30,21

40,50b

24,74a
II

15,80

41,24

42,2
32,30

41,21ab

42,50

47,4
III

16,90a

25,60a

38,00

98

46,10a

48,10

47,3
IV

18,53a

25,40a

37,00

44,00a

47,60

45,6
V

18,50a

26,00a

35,20

44,00a

CV(%)

5,60

7,52

4,50

LSD0.05

1,02

1,45

2,26

6/4

16/4

45,80

16/5

27/5

V xun
h

26/4

6/5

26,41a
I

18,00b

49,4
35,45

45,31b

49,40

53,5
II

19.01a

27,98a

37,86

47,58a

54,20

55,0
III

19,29a

28,89a

38,32

48,52a

55,03

51,6
IV

18,99a

27,00a

35,10

47,37a

52,00

54,3
V

19,37a

28,95a

36,91

CV(%)

4,75

4,56

4,60

LSD0.05

1,20

2,30

2,06

99

48,55a

54,40

v thu ng

xun h
th 4.3. Biu din tc tng trng chiu cao u
tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun
h 2007
Nh vy, qua bng 4.4. v th 3 rt ra kt lun: Trn
cng mt nn t, phn bn, ch chm sc v cng thi
im theo di, chiu cao cy u tng ca cc cng thc
phun ch phm trong 2 v lun c xu hng cao hn so vi
i chng.
4.2.2.2.

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n tc ra l u tng ging DT 12 trng trong v

thu ng v v xun h
Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n tc ra l DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun
h.
Kt qu bng 4.16 cho thy: S l ca ging DT12 v
thu ng dao ng t 9,20 - 9,30 l/cy, trong v xun h
t 9,10-9,57 l/cy. Qua th nghim, cho thy cc cng
thc i chng c s l t hn so vi cng thc c phun ch
phm.

100

Bng 4.16. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n tc ra l u tng ging DT 12 trng
trong v thu ng v v xun h.
NTD
Cng thc

10/10

20/10

30/10

10/11

30/11

10/1
2

V thu ng
I

3,30ab

4,50ab

6,12

7,33ab

9,15

9,20

II

3,45a

4,69a

6,20

7,42a

9,20

9,25

III

3,40a

4,58ab

6,20

7,47a

9,12

9,30

IV

3,45a

4,80a

6,27

7,42a

9,24

9,23

3,40a

4,56a

6,00

7,43a

9,00

9,25

16/5

27/5

CV(%)

4,50

3,85

3,63

LSD0.05

0.10

0,00

0,09

V xun h

6/4

16/4

26/4

3,00ab

4,01ab

5,56

7,00b

8.27

9.10

II

3,20a

4,05ab

5,60

7.34ab

8.33

9.53

III

3,40a

4,03ab

5,28

7,34ab

8.47

9.33

IV

3,24a

4,12a

5,35

7.40a

8.33

9.53

3,05a

4,35a

5,60

7.50a

8.53

9.57

Cv(%)

3.45

2.56

2.90

LSD0.05

0.28

0.23

0.35

101

6/5

v thu ng

xun h
th 4.4. Biu din tc ra l u tng ging DT12
trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007.
Qua bng 4.15, ta thy tc ra l din ra kh ng
u. Trong v thu ng theo di vo ngy 10/10, s chnh
lch gia cc cng thc phun dinh dng l khng ng k,
dao ng t 3,20 - 3,40 l/cy. Trong cng thc: V v
cng thc III t cao nht: 3,40 l/ cy, thp nht cng thc
i chng (phun nc l) t 3,20 l/cy. n tun theo di
vo ngy 30/10/2006 khi u tng ra hoa r tng ng
vi s tng vt v chiu cao th s l c s tng ln v cao
hn hn so vi cc ln theo di trc dao ng t 6,12 - 6,27
l/cy. Trong cng thc : IV (phun Yogen) t cao nht :
6,27 l/cy, thp nht cng th i chng (phun nc l) t
6,12 l/cy. Trong sut qu trnh ra l cc cng thc c
phun dinh dng c khc nhau, nhng nhn vo tc ra l
chnh lch nhau khng nhiu lm, khong 8,01 - 8,97 l/
cy; Cao nht l cng thc: II t 8,97 l trn cy, tip n
l cng thc: III, cng thc: IV v cng thc: I ln lt l 8,67,
8,35 v 8,02 l/ cy, thp nht vn l cng thc i chng

102

8,01 l/ cy.
Trong v xun h tun theo di 18/4/2007, s chnh
lch gia cc cng thc phun dinh dng l khng ng k,
dao ng t 4,09 - 4,58 l/cy. Trong cng thc: I phun
(PSB) t cao nht: 4,58 l/ cy, tip n l cng thc: II
(Phun Chitosan) t 4,01 l/ cy, cng thc: III (phun Yogen)
t 4,1 l/cy v thp nht cng thc i chng (phun nc l)
t 4,2 l/cy. n ngy 3/11/2006, khi u tng ra hoa
tng ng vi thi k tng vt v chiu cao th s l c s
tng ln v cao hn hn so vi cc ln theo di trc. Cng
thc: 2 phun (Chitosan) c tc ra l mnh nht t 6,79
l/cy, tip n l cng thc: IV phun (kch thch hot ho
gen) t 6,13 l/ cy, cng thc: V phun (i chng) Chng
t s l trn cy l c im ca ging u tng, vic p
dng cc ch dinh dng khc nhau u khng nh hng
n s l trn cy, nh hng t n tc ra l.
Xt nh hng ca cc ch phm n kh nng ra l cho
thy: Trong c 2 v lm th nghim phn bn l cho thy
v thu ng v v xun h cc cng thc phun cc ch phm
dinh dng th c tc ra l nhanh v t c s lng l
nhiu hn so vi cc cng thc i chng. Kt qu th
nghim phn nh giai on bt u phn cnh - ra hoa,
tc ra l nhanh v bc sang giai on qu non tc ra l
gim dn.
4.2.2.3. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
kh nng hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging DT12

103

trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2006

S lng nt sn v hot ng c nh m chu nh
ca cc ch phm dinh dng qua l. Kt qu theo di

th

nghim bng cho thy:

*V thu ng.
thi

k phn cnh, cc cng thc th nghim c

phun ch phm dinh dng u lm tng s lng nt sn tng

s cho u tng ging DT12. cc cng thc ny, nt sn
tng s t t 8,90 nt/cy tr nn. Trong khi cng thc
i chng c s lng nt sn tng s thp hn ch t 8,45
nt/cy. V t l nt sn hu hiu cng c tng tt c cc
cng thc c phun ch phm dinh dng so vi i chng trong
t l nt sn hu hiu cao nht cng thc III t
83,00% cn thp nht l cng thc I t 74,65%
Bng 4.17. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n s hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging
DT 12 trng v thu ng 2006
v xun h 2007
Thi k phn
cnh
Cng thc

Thi k hoa r

Thi k qu non

Tng

Hu

Tng

Hu

Tng

Hu

hiu(%

hiu(%

hiu(%

(nt/c

(nt/c

(nt/c

y)

y)
V thu ng

104

y)

8,45

74,65b

15,60

80,21c

19,85

85,78b

II

11,02

78,99ab

18,33

82,74b

25,23

90,12ab

III

9,70

83,00a

19,25

84,38a

25,00

90,15ab

IV

8,90

78,78ab

17,80

80,43a

24,50

89,12ab

18,60

80,11a
4,80
5,68

24,50

85,42a
5,12
5,02

30,10

91,65a
6,70
5,34

V xun h
78,67b
18,11
81,28b

30,11

80,41b

Cv(%)
LSD0.05
I

9,10

II

17,56

79,03ab

19,00

82,78a

34,56

85,31ab

III

11,12

84,38

20,78

88,44a

36,28

89,97a

IV

9,89

19,12

84,53a

33,33

85,23b

12,36

80,87ab

25,30

87,11a

52,17

92,13a

Cv(%)
LSD0.05

83,67a
3,21
5,42

4,32
6,20

4,12
6,81

Thi k hoa r s lng nt sn bin ng t 15,60 24,50 nt/cy trong t cao nht l cng thc: V (phun
Chitosan) l 24,50 nt/cy v thp nht cng thc i
chng (phun nc l) t 15,60 nt/cy. T l nt sn hu
hiu cng thc i chng (phun nc l) t 80,21%, trong
khi cc cng thc phun ch phm qua l t t 80,43 85,42%. Cng thc: V (phun Chitosan): 85,42% l cao nht.
Thi k qu non s lng nt sn tng ln 19,85 -30,10
nt/cy v t gi tr ln nht r rt so vi thi k phn
cnh,. Trong t cao nht l cng thc: V (phun PSB) l
40,00 nt/cyv thp nht cng thc i chng (phun nc
l) t 9,10 nt/cy. V t l hu hiu c s sai khc gia

105

cc cng thc phun ch phm so vi cng thc i chng.

Cng thc V t 91,65%

cao nht trong cc cng thc v

thp nht cng thc i chng (phun nc l) t 85,78%.

* v xun h:
Thi k phn cnh s lng nt sn v t l nt sn hu
hiu cc cng thc x l ch phm cao hn so vi i
chng. Cao nht l cng thc: V (phun Chitosan) l 12,36
nt/cy trong t l nt sn hu hiu l 83,67% v thp
nht cng thc i chng (phun nc l) t 9,1 nt/cy
trong t l nt sn hu hiu l 79,03%.
thi k hoa r s lng nt sn v t l nt sn hu
hiu cc cng thc x l ch phm vn cao hn so vi i
chng, s lng nt sn tng s dao ng t 18,11 - 25,30
nt/cy, thp nht cng thc i chng (phun nc l) t
18,11 nt/cy trong t l hu hiu t 81,28% v cao
nht l cng thc V (phun Chitosan) l 25,30 nt/cy trong
t l hu hiu t 87,11%.
thi k qu non s lng nt sn tng ln 30,11 -52,17
nt/cy, cao nht l cng thc V (phun Chitosan): 52,17
nt/cy, s lng thp nht cng thc i chng (phun nc l)
t 30,11 nt/cy v t l nt sn hu hiu cc cng thc
x l ch phm dao ng t 85,31 -92,13% cao hn so vi
i chng 80,41%. Nhn chung thi k qu non c t gi
tr ln v nt sn tng s v t l hu hiu so vi thi k
phn cnh, thi k hoa r.
Ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan th ph hp u t-

106

ng ging DT12 c tc dng lm tng nt sn tng s v nt

sn hu hiu trong c 2 v trng.
4.2.2.4. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
Trong qu trnh sinh trng ca cy u tng din tch
l cng nh ch s din tch l tng dn t giai on cy con
n giai

on qu my v n tng ng vi s sinh trng

chiu cao ca cy. V vy, c th nng cao din tch l

thng qua cc bin php k tht, to iu kin cho l pht
trin mnh, kt cu b l tt, tn dng c kh nng quang hp
ca cy. Bng 4.18 cho thy:
* Din tch l.
Thi k bt u ra hoa din tch l ca v thu ng
bin ng t 4,62 - 5,25 dm2 l/ cy cn v xun h t t
3,12 - 3,64 dm2 l/cy. Song n thi k hoa r v thu
ng din tch l ca cc cng thc th nghim tng dn
t cao nht l cng thc V (812 dm2 l/ cy), thp nht l
cng thc I (7,42 dm2 l/ cy) cn v xun h t thp
nht vn l cng thc I t 7,37 dm2 l/ cy v cng thc
phun ch phm PSB c gi tr 8,08 t cao nht.
Thi k qu non din tch l ca v thu ng bin
ng t 10,10 - 11,32 dm2 l/ cy. Giai on ny din tch
l quyt inh n nng sut u tng. Cng thc c din
tch l cao nht l cng thc V (11,32 dm 2 l/ cy), cc cng
thc x l cn li u c din tch l cao hn so vi cng

107

thc i chng
Bng 4.18. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u
tng ging DT 12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun
h 2007
Thi k phn

Thi k hoa r

Thi k qu non

cnh
Cng

Din

(m2l/

Din

(m2l/

Din

(m2l/

Thc

tch l

m2

tch l

m2

tch l

m2

(dm2/c

t)

(dm2/c

t)

(dm2/c

t)

y)

LAI

y)

LAI

y)

LAI

V thu ng
I

4,62

1,52b

7,37

2,91b

10,10

3,95b

II

4,95

1,98a

7,75

3,12a

10,85

4,34a

III

5,25

2,09a

7,32

3,15a

11,07

4,28a

IV

4,87

1,95a

8,05

3,0

10,30

4,12ab

5,02

2,13a

8,12

11,32

4,42a

1a
3,25a

CV(%)

5,60

5,47

426

LSD0.05

0,24

0,28

0,26

V xun h
I

3,12

1,24a

7,42

2,95b

9,87

4,04c

II

3,64

1,35ab

8,32

3,28a

11,15

4,46a

III

325

1,38a

7,95

3,18ab

11,02

4,43a

IV

3,37

1,34ab

8,17

3,22a

1030

4,27b

3,50

1,45a

8,80

3,32a

10,36

4,54a

108

CV(%)

4.50

4,60

4,52

LSD0.05

0,24

0,32

0,35

* Ch s din tch l
Kt qu nghin cu v phn tch s liu bng 4.18
cho thy, giai on bt u phn cnh trong c v thu
ng v v xun h ch s din tch l tng hu ht cc
cng thc x l. cng thc i chng phun nc l ch s
din tch l l 1.95m2l/ m2 t v thu ng v 1,24 m2l/
m2 t v xun h. Tng t cng thc phun Yogen c
ch s din tch l thp nht trong 4 cng thc phun ch
phm qua l cng t 2,13 m2l/m2 t v thu ng v
2,41 m2l/m2 t v xun h, t cao nht l cng thc
phun ch phm Yogen l 2,13 m2l/m2 t v thu ng v
1,34 m2l/m2 t v xun h.
thi k ra hoa r v thu ng ch s din tch l bin
ng t 3,10 -3,28 m2l/m2 t; v xun h bin ng t
2,95 - 3,32 m2l/m2 t. Cng thc khng x l ch phm c
ch s din tch l thp nht v thu ng l 3,1 m2l/m2
t cn v xun h ch t 2,95 m2l/m2 t. Cng thc x
l ch phm Yogen c ch s din tch l cao nht, v thu
ng t 4,29 m2l/m2 t, v xun h t 4,46 m2l/m2
t.
thi k qu non: ch s din tch l t gi tr ln

109

nht tt c cc cng thc th nghim c x l ch phm

dinh dng qua l. V thu ng, ch s din tch l thi k
qu non thp nht cng thc khng x l ch phm, c th
l: cng thc i chng 4,04 m2l/m2 t; ch tiu ny t
c cng thc: V x l ch phm PSB l 11,32 m2l/m2 t,
cng thc x l ch phm Yogen l 19,88 m2l/m2 t; cng
thc x l ch phm kch thch hot ho gen l 20,12 m2l/m2
t v cng thc l 19,88 m2l/m2 t. V xun h, ch s
din tch l thi k qu non thp nht cng thc khng
x l ch phm, c th l: cng thc i chng 4,53
m2l/m2 t; ch tiu ny t c cng thc: Chitosal l
4,86 m2l/m2 t; cng thc x l ch phm Yogen l
10.32m2l/m2 t; cng thc x l ch phm kch thch hot
ho gen l11,02 m2l/m2 t v cng thc x l ch phm
lPSB 10,85 m2l/m2 t.
T kt qu th nghim c th nhn xt: Trong c 2 v
u tng, cc cng thc phun nc l c din tch l thp
nht, ng thi ch s din tch l tng tt c cc cng
thc c x l ch phm dinh dng qua l. Nh vy, cc ch
phm dinh dng qua l c nh hng r rt n ch s ca
ging u tng DT12
4.2.2.5.

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n kh nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng ging

DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v xun h 2007.
Lng cht kh cy u tng tch lu c cc cng thc

110

phun ch phm phn qua l th hin bng 4.19.

Theo s liu bng 4.19 ta thy thi k phn cnh.
V thu ng trong tt c cng thc phun ch phm dinh dng
qua l u c kh nng tch lu cht kh bin ng t (3,18
- 4,08g/cy) cao hn so vi i chng 2,83g/cy, cn v
xun h cc cng thc phun ch phm (2,22 - 3,64g/cy)
c th do iu kin kh hu giai on phn cnh v thu
ng thch hp hn so vi v xun h giai on phn
cnh. Sang giai on hoa r v thu ng th tch lu cht
kh thp hn v xun h cng c th gii thch bi yu t
kh hu. thi k qu non, khi lng cht kh tch lu cao
nht trong cc ln theo di. Gia cc cng thc x l ch
phm khc nhau th kh nng tch lu cht kh 2 v cng
khc nhau, trong cng thc II (phun PSB) v thu ng
v cng thc V (phun Chitosan) v xun h c khi lng cht
kh cao nht trong tt c cc cng thc x l ch phm dinh
dng qua l.

111

Bng 4.19: nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n kh nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng
ging DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h
2007
n v: (g/cy)
Cng

Thi k

Thc

phn cnh

Thi k hoa r

Thi k qu non

V thu ng
I

2,83c

3,48c

9,53c

II

3,75a

3,98b

11,01a

III

3,18b

4,02a

10,86a

IV

3,49a

3,86ab

10,30ab

4,08a

4,25a

10,98a

Cv(%)

5,64

4,28

3,15

LSD0.05

0,28

0,28

0,78

1,13b

4,98b

11,10b

II

2,87a

5,28a

12,38ab

III

3,64a

5,18a

11,15b

IV

2,22ab

5,02ab

11,20a

3,01a

5,32a

12,45a

Cv(%)

4,58

3,12

3,17

LSD0.05

0,35

0,34

0,46

V xun h

112

4.2.2.6. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging DT12
trng v thu ng v v xun h
Hiu sut quang hp thun: L lng cht kh c tch lu
c ca mt n v din tch l trong mt n v thi
gian, qua ch tiu ny s nh gi c kh nng quang hp
ca cy u tng. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 4.20.
Bng 4.20. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
n v: (g/m2 l/
ngy, m)
Cng thc

Thi k phn cnh -

Thi k ra hoa - Qu non

Ra hoa
V thu ng
I

3,12b

4,35b

II

3,89a

5,01a

III

3,56ab

4,58a

IV

4,02a

4,45a

V
CV(%)
LSD0.05
V xun h
I

3,56ab
6,78
0,52

4,89a
6,52
0,45

3,90b

4,62b

II

4,05ab

5,08a

III

4,01ab

5,03a

IV

4,15a

4,84b

5,01a

5,12a

113

CV(%)

3,25

4.01

thi k phn cnh - ra hoa, hiu sut quang hp u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h cc cng
thc phun ch phm dinh dng qua l c s sai khc so vi i
chng v trong gia cc cng thc x l ch phm. Trong
cng thc II phun (PSB) l cao nht t 4,02 g/m 2l/ngym
v thp nht l cng thc: I ch t 3,12 g/m2l/ngym
trong v thu ng. V xun h cng thc phun Yogen c
hiu sut quang hp thun t 4,15 g/m2 l/ngy m l cao
nht. Thp nht cng thc i chng phun nc l t 3,90
g/m2l/ngym.
Thi k ra hoa - qu non, hiu sut quang hp thun dao
ng v thu ng l 4,35 - 5,01 g/m2 l/ngy m. V xun
t 4,62 - 5,08 g/m2 l/ngy m. i vi ch phm dinh dng
qua l Chitosan th c tc dng hiu qu trong vic tng
hiu sut quang hp c 2 v trng.
Trong hai v trng u tng, giai on ny hiu sut
quang hp thun tng ln cc cng thc c phun cc ch
phm dinh dng. Nh vy ta thy hiu sut quang hp cng
thc x l u cao hn so vi cng thc i chng. Cc loi
ch phm u c nh hng tt n hiu sut quang hp.
4.2.2. 7. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca ging u
tng DT12 trng trong v thu ng nm 2006 v v
xun h nm 2007.
i vi u tng, qu c gn trc tip vi thn chnh

114

hoc trn cnh v tr cc t. Do vy, cy mang c

nhiu qu th s t hu hiu phi nhiu. Kt qu thu c
trnh by bng 4.21
S liu bng 4.21 cho thy:
* V thu ng: S t hu hiu trn thn chnh ca
ging u tng DT84 trong cc cng thc th nghim phun
ch phm c s sai khc so vi i chng v tng hn so vi
i chng, bin ng t 6,12 - 6,54 t/ cy. Cng thc c
s t hu hiu trn thn chnh cao l phun PSB (6,54
t/cy), cn cng thc i chng l (5,94 t/cy).
Bng 4.21. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l
n s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca u tng
ging DT 12
trng v thu ng v v xun h
Cng thc

S t hu hiu

S cnh cp I/ thn

(t/cy)

chnh
(cnh)

V thu
ng
I

5,94b

2,00

II

6,30a

2,12

III

6,12a

2,38

IV

6,21a

2,54

V
Cv(%)
LSD0.05

6,54a
5,89
0,18

2,38

115

V xun h
I

6,93b

II

2,12
7,12a

2,76

III

7,08ab

2,89

IV

7,25a

2,55

V
Cv(%)
LSD0.05

7,35a
5,67
0,26

2,80

* V xun h: Cc cng thc tham gia th nghim c s

t hu hiu cao hn, bin ng t 6,93 t/cy (cng
thc i chng) n 7,35 t/cy (cng thc phun
Chitosan). Trong cc cng thc phun ch phm, cng thc
phun Chitosan l cng thc c s t hu hiu trn thn cao
hn hn cc cng thc phun ch phm c 2 v thu ng
v v xun h
* S cnh cp I trn cy:. Trong iu kin v thu
ng th s cnh cp I bin ng 2,00 -2,54 cnh cp
I/cy. Trong cng thc c s cnh cp I cao nht l cng
thc IV (phun Yogen) c 2,54 cnh/cy, cng thc i chng
t 2,00 cnh/ cy cn trong v xun h th s cnh cp I
bin ng 2,12 -2,89 cnh cp I/cy, thp nht l cng thc
i chng phun nc l c 2,12 cnh/ cy v cao nht l cng
thc phun ch phm Kch thch hot ho gen t 2,89 cnh/
cy.
4.2.2.8. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h

116

Nng sut u tng ph thuc vo cc ch tiu: Tng s

qu/cy; t l qu chc; t l qu 1 ht; t l qu 2 ht; t l
qu 3 ht v khi lng 1000 ht.
*Tng s qu/cy v t l qu chc.
Tng s qu/cy v t l qu chc l hai trong nhng
ch tiu rt quan trng v c tng quan thun vi nng sut.
Kt qu nghin cu v nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh
dng qua l n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h
Qua bng s liu cho thy cc ch tiu theo di (tng
qu, t l qu chc) trong v thu ng cc cng thc th
nghim x l ch phm dinh dng qua l t c s sai khc
trong cc ch phm phun khc nhau. Ch phm Chitosan cho
tng qu/cy cao nht 26,93 qu/cy trong c 92,53%
qu chc. Tng s qu v t l qu chc cng thc phun
nc l thp nht 23,45 (qu/cy) v 89,75% qu chc.
Bng 4.22. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l
n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng
ging DT12
trng v thu ng v v xun h
Cng
thc

Tng
qu/c
y

T l

T l

T l

T l

qu

qu 1

qu 2

qu 3

chc

ht

ht

ht

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

V thu ng

117

P1000
ht
(g)

23,45c

89,75

8,55

60,08

21,19b

II

25,98ab

93,00

6,89

60,10

21,53b

III

26,01a

93,05

7,50

59,06

22,81a

IV

24,58

91,13

7,37

60,44

21,67

26,93a

92,53

6,31

55,90

23,78a

ab

ab

170,0
0
170,3
7
171,5
7
155,6
0
178,5
0

Cv(%)

2,41

3,03

LSD0.05

1,58

1,24
V xun h

22,15b

8065

12,0

59,00

24,5b

II

26,83a

94,44

8,10

63,19

25,80a

III

25,18a

92,37

9,50

60,02

24,65ab

IV

25,58

88,28

10,02

61,48

25,01

28,91a

95,34

6,32

63,86

25,82a

180,0
0.
182,0
0
182,0
0
184,3
0
185,5
5

Cv(%)

4,45

3.,5

LSD0.05

2,10

1,01

118

V xun h, s qu /cy tt c cc cng thc x l

ch phm u cao hn i chng mc c ngha. Cng
thc phun ch phm Chitosan cho s qu/cy cao nht t
28,91 qu/ cy trong t l qu chc t ti 95,34% cao
hn hn cng thc: I i chng 22,15 qu/cy vi t l qu
chc l 80,65%.
* T l qu 1 ht, 2 ht, 3 ht
Qua theo di t l qu 1 ht, 2 ht, 3 ht cc cng thc
th nghim kt qu cho thy:
- V thu ng t l qu 1 ht ca cc cng thc phun
ch phm bin ng 6,31% (cng thc phun Chitosan) n
7,50% (cng thc phun Kch thch hot ho gen) v qu 2 ht
ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin ng 55,90% (cng
thc phun Chitosan) n 60,44% (cng thc phun Yogen)
cn qu 3 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin ng
(21,53 23,78%) v cng thc i chng 21,19%.
- V xun h t l qu 1 ht ca tt c cc cng thc
phun ch phm bin ng (6,32 - 10,02%) v cng thc i
chng 12,5%, qu 2 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm
bin ng (60,02 - 63,86%) v cng thc i chng 59,00%
cn qu 3 ht ca cc cng thc phun ch phm bin ng
(24,65 - 25,82%) v cng thc i chng 28,50%.
*Khi lng 1000 ht:
V thu ng P1000 ht bin ng 160.00 -173.20 g/P 1000

119

ht. Cc cng thc c P1000 ht ln c xp th t gim dn l

cng thc: V (173.200 g/P 1000
1000

ht), cng thc: IV (170.20g/ P

ht), cng thc: III v II (182,00 g/P 1000 ht). Thp nht l

cng thc i chng: I (160.00g/P 1000 ht).

V xun h P1000 ht bin ng 180,00 - 185,55g/ P
ht. Cng thc c P1000 ht
(185,55g/ P

1000

t cao nht

1000

l cng thc:

ht) tip n l cng thc: IV (118,43g/ P

1000

ht), cng thc: II (182,00g/ P

1000

ht) v thp nht l cng

thc i chng V (180.00g/ P 1000 ht).

Ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan lm tng cao
nht ch tiu v tng qu/cy, t l qu chc, t l qu 3
ht trn ging u tng DT12 trong c 2 v trng mc c
ngha.
4.2.2.9.

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n nng sut ca u tng ging DT12 trng trong

v xun h v v thu ng
Mc ch ca vic phun cc ch phm dinh dng qua
l trong sn xut cy u tng l t c nng sut cao.
Theo di cc ch tiu ny kt qu thu c trnh by ti bng
4.23.
S liu bng 4.23. cho thy:
* Nng sut c th: Nng sut c th l ch tiu ni ln
tim nng sut ca ging: Theo di cc ch tiu ny kt qu
cho thy nh hng ca cc ch phm qua l n nng sut
c th cc cng thc phun ch phm dinh dng qua l c s

120

sai khc so vi i chng c 2 v trng tham gia th nghim

v thu ng nm 2006 bin ng 10,24 - 11,25 g/cy v v
xun h 2007 nng sut c th ca ging DT12 qua cc cng
thc th nghim bin ng 10,53 -11,42g/cy. Cng thc
phun ch phm (PSB) cho nng sut c th cao nht

11,25 g/ cy, tip n cng thc phun kch thch hot ho

gen

11,08

g/cy,

cng

thc

phun

Chitosan

10,99g/cy v cng thc i chng t 10,24 g/cy. Cc

cng thc th nghim hu ht c nng sut c th v thu
ng thp hn so vi v xun, theo chng ti nhn thy c
s chnh lch l do iu kin ngoi cnh v thu ng
nm 2006 khng thun li cho sinh trng v pht trin. Thi
gian gieo trng gp iu kin thi tit kh hn ko di, cui
v gp hn, nhit khng cao, do cy u tng sinh
trng, pht trin km nn nng sut thp.
Bng 4.23. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n nng sut ca u tng ging DT 12 trng
v thu ng v v xun h

Cng thc

Nng sut c
th (g/cy)

V thu ng

121

Nng sut l

Nng sut

thuyt

thc

(t/ha)

thu(t/ha)

10,24b

40,96

13,14b

II

10,54ab

43,96

12,53b

III

10,96a

44,04

14,00ab

IV

10,99a

43,12

14,33a

11,25a

45,00

15,11a

CV(%)

5,61

4,72

LSD0.05

0,78

1,12

V xun h
I

10,53b

42,12

12,66b

II

11,38a

45,52

14,74a

III

11,01ab

44,04

14,48ab

IV

10,78ab

43,12

13,96ab

11,42a

4568

15,56a

CV(%)

5,23

4,52

LSD0.05

0,82

2,01

* Nng sut l thuyt: Nng sut l thuyt l cho bit

nng sut ca cc cng thc th nghim i vi ging DT12.
Theo di ch tiu ny kt qu cho thy nng sut l thuyt
v thu ng nm 2006 th nghim c nng sut l thuyt
bin ng t 40,96 - 45,00 t/ha. Cc cng thc tham gia
trong th nghim c nng sut l thuyt t cao l cng
thc: V (45.00 t/ha) v cng thc i chng ch t (40,96
t/ha).

122

Theo di nng sut l thuyt v xun h 2007 chng ti

nhn thy nng sut ca cc cng thc th nghim bin
ng t: 42,12 - 45,68 (t/ha). Cc cng thc tham gia th
nghim hu ht c nng sut l thuyt cao hn thu ng
nm 2006. iu ny theo chng ti do thi tit v thu ng
khng ph hp cho sinh trng v pht trin ca cy u tng.
* Nng sut thc thu: y l ch tiu quan trng nht
nh gi vai tr ca cc bin php k thut tc ng.
Kt qu trong bng 4.22 cho thy. Phun cc ch phm dinh
dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen, PensiBao v cht Hot ho gen
lm tng nng sut thc thu ca u tng ging DT12 so vi
cng thc i chng (phun nc l) c hai v trng. Nng sut
thc thu u tng ging DT12 tng t 0,91 t/ha-2,58 t/ha
v thu ng v v xun h tng t 1,30 t/ha - 2,90 t/ha.
Cc cng thc th nghim cho nng sut cao hn i
chng v n nh qua 2 v l cng thc: V (15,21t/ha) v
thu ng nm 2006 v 15,56 (t/ha )v xun h 2007.
4.2.2.10. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n cht lng ca u tng ging DT12 trng v xun
h v v thu ng
Tm hiu nh hng ca mt s lai phn bn l khc
nhau n cht lng ht, kt qu phn tch c trnh by
bng 4.24. Trong ht u tng ging DT12 trng v thu

123

ng v v xun h cc cng thc phun ch phm dinh dng qua l u cao hn cng thc i chng (phun nc). (V
thu ng tng t 1,11% - 1,80%; v xun h tng t 0,61%
-1,77%).
Bng 4.24. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng
qua l n cht lng ht u tng ging DT 12 trng
v thu ng v v xun h
CT
V thu ng
I

Nit tng s (%)

Hm lng lipit (%)

43,21

22,41

II

44,56

23,41

III

45,01

22,35

IV

44,32

21,81

V
V xun h
I

44,65

21,12

43,41

22,56

II

44,02

23, 85

III

45,18

23,01

IV

44,56

22,78

44,82

21,98

4.2.2.11. Hiu qu kinh t khi s dng cc ch phm dinh dng qual i vi cy u tng ging DT12 v thu
ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca cc ch phm dinh dng qua l trn ging u tng DT12 v thu ng nm 2006
v v xun h 2007, qua tnh ton cn i thu chi. Kt qu
c th hin bng 4.25.

124

Phun ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen,

PensiBao v cht Kch thch hot ho gen ca ging u tng DT12 cng kh cao cho hiu qu kinh t cao hn so vi
phun nc (cng thc i chng). i vi ging DT12 cho li
thun bin ng t 6,445 - 7,306 triu ng / ha v thu
ng v t 7,827 - 9,107 triu ng/ ha v xun h. Cng
thc phun ch phm (Chitosan) cho gi tr kinh t ln nht
t 7,306 triu/ ha v thu ng 2006 v v xun h t
9,107 triu ng / ha v xun h 2007.

125

Bng 4.25. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng ch

phm dinh dng
qua l i vi cy u tng ging DT12 trng v thu
ng nm 2006
v v xun h 2007

n v: 1.000 /ha
V thu Gin

Ph

Ch

Thu

cn

Chi

Tn

ng

ph

ph

DT

thu

lao

khc

chi

12

qua

li

ph

200

300

650

2.66

8.86

6.19

650.

5
3.34

2
9.80

7
6.46

650.

1
3.27

8
10.3

0
7.03

650.

4
3.34

10
9.78

6
6.44

650.

1
3.34

6
10.6

5
7.30

47

650

2.66

10.0

7.55

650.

5
3.34

24
11.4

9
8.51

650.

1
3.27

40
11.7

8
8.51

V thu ng
I
607 908
II
III
IV
V

607
607
607
607

V xun h
I
607
II
III

607
607

908
908
908
908

908
908
908

676
582
676
676

0
676
582

200
200
200
200

200
200
200

300
300
300
300

300
300
300

126

Tn

Li

g thu thu
n

IV
V

607
607

908
908

676
676

200
200

300
300

127

650.

4
3.34

92
11.1

8
7.82

650.

1
3.34

68
12.4

7
9.10

48

5. Kt lun v ngh

5.1. Kt lun
T nhng kt qu nghin cu khi s dng cc ch phm
dinh dng phun qua l: Chitosan, Yogen, PensiBao v cht
Kch thch hot ho gen cho u tng ging DT 84, DT12
trng v ng v xun h ti Trng Cao ng Cng ng
H Ty, chng ti rt ra nhng kt lun sau:
1. Cc ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen,
Pensibao v cht Kch thch hot ho gen u c nh hng
tt n cc ch tiu v sinh trng, pht trin ca cy u tng ging DT 84 v DT 12, lm tng chiu cao thn chnh,
tng s l/ cy, tng ch s din tch l, kh nng hnh
thnh nt sn, tng kh nng tch lu cht kh, tng hiu
sut quang hp, tng t l qu chc, tng khi lng 1000 ht
so vi cng thc i chng (phun nc l).
2. Phun cc ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen,
PensiBao v cht Hot ho gen lm tng nng sut thc thu
ca u tng so vi cng thc i chng (phun nc l) c
hai v trng. Ging DT 84 tng t 2,50 -3,62 t/ha v thu
ng v v xun h tng t 1,90 3,09 t/ha. Ging DT12
tng t 0,61 t/ha-2,58 t/ha v thu ng v v xun h tng
t 1,30 t/ha -2,90 t/ha.
3. Phun ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan cho cy
u tng ging DT84 v DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v

128

xun h 2007 cho nng sut thc thu cao hn cc cng thc
khc: i vi ging DT84 v thu ng tng 3,62 t/ha v v
xun h tng 3,09 t/ha, i vi ging DT12 v thu ng tng
2,58t/ha v v xun h tng 2,90 t/ha so vi cng thc i
chng (phun nc l).
4. Cc ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen No2,
PenshiBao v cht kch thch hot ho gen phun cho cy
u tng ging DT84 v DT12 lm tng hm lng Protein
tng s trong ht. Hm lng lipit trong ht khng c s sai
khc r gia cc cng thc di tc ng ca cc ch phm
dinh dng qua l.
5. Phun ch phm dinh dng qua l Chitosan, Yogen,
PensiBao v cht Kch thch hot ho gen cho hiu qu kinh
t cao hn so vi phun nc (cng thc i chng). Li thun t
8.30 -9.15 triu ng/ ha v thu ng v t 10.61 -11.06
triu ng/ ha v xun h i vi ging DT84. i vi ging
DT12 cho li thun t 6,460 - 7,306 triu ng/ ha v thu
ng v t 7,827 - 9,107 triu ng/ ha v xun h.
5.2. ngh
1. Th nghim cn c tin hnh cc thi v khc
nhau, nhng vng sinh thi khc nhau, trn cc loi t khc
nhau khng nh vai tr ca cc ch phm i vi cy
u tng.
2. Kt qu nghin cu t c ca ti c th ng
dng vo sn xut cho cy u tng trng v thu ng v
v xun h cc ch phm dinh dng qua l l (PSB) v

129

(Chitosan).

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(JIRCASS) - Tsukuba, Japan.
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nhit i.( ng nh Du dch), NXB Gio dc, H Ni.

135

51. Hymowitz.T.And Nelwell C.A.(1981). Jaxmony of the genus

glycine, domestication and usess of soy bean. Econ.

Bot.
52. K.L.Nge and W.F.Stevens, 2006. Chitosan as a growth

stimulator in orchid tissure culture. Plant science 170,

pp 1185 -1190.

136

Ph lc
Mt s hnh nh v cc phun ch phm dinh dng qua
l n u tng DT84, DT12 trng v thu ng v v
xun h ti huyn Chng M,
tnh H Ty.

137

138

139

B gio dc v o to
trng i hc nng nghip I
------------------

nGUYN ANH TUN

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n

sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut v cht lng ca u tng ging DT84, DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun
h trn t Chng M - H Ty

Lun vn thc s nng nghip

Chuyn ngnh: trng trt
M s: 60.62.01

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: pgs.ts. V QUANG SNG

H Ni, 2007

Li cam oan
Ti xin cam oan s liu v kt qu nghin cu
trong lun vn ny l trung thc v cha h c s
dng bo v mt hc v no.
Ti xin cam oan mi s gip cho vic thc
hin lun vn c cm n v cc thng tin trch
dn c ch r ngun gc.
Tc gi lun vn

Nguyn Anh Tun

Li cm n
hon thnh bn lun vn ny, ti lun nhn c s
gip v nhiu mt ca cc cp Lnh o, cc tp th
v c nhn.
Trc tin ti xin chn thnh by t lng bit n su
sc v knh trng ti PGS.TS. V Quang Sng, ngi tn
tnh ch bo, hng dn ti hon thnh lun vn ny.
Ti xin gi li cm n Lnh o Trng Cao ng
cng ng H Ty to mi iu kin v gip ti
v kin thc v chuyn mn trong sut 2 nm hc tp v
lm lun vn.
Cui cng ti xin by t lng bit n n cha, m,
cc anh, cc ch to iu kin thun li, gip ti
trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.
Mt ln na, ti xin trn trng cm n!

Tc gi lun vn

Nguyn Anh Tun

ii

Mc lc
Li cam oan

Li cm n

ii

Mc lc

iii

Danh mc cc ch vit tt

Danh mc cc bng

vi

Danh mc cc th

vii

1. M u.............................................................1
1.1. t vn ................................................................1
1.2. Mc ch v yu cu ca ti...............................4
1.2.1. Mc ch.................................................................................4
1.2.2 Yu cu ca ti....................................................................4

1.3. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti................5

1.3.1. ngha khoa hc ca ti...................................................5
1.3.2. ngha thc tin ca ti...................................................5

2. Tng quan ti liu............................................6

2.1. Yu cu sinh thi ca cy u tng.........................6

2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.

Nhit ..................................................................................6
nh sng...................................................................................7
m........................................................................................7
t v cc cht dinh dng..........................................................8

2.2. Vai tr ca cc yu t dinh dng i vi s sinh trng

v pht trin ca cy u tng.............................8

2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.2.5.

m...........................................................................................8
Ln..........................................................................................9
Kali.........................................................................................10
Nhu cu cc yu t dinh dng khc.........................................10
Cht hu c...........................................................................11

2.3. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng trn th gii v Vit

Nam........................................................................11
2.3.1. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng trn th gii...........................11
2.3.2. Tnh hnh sn xut u tng Vit Nam...........................18

2.4. Vic s dng phn bn l i vi cy trng...........26

iii

3. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu................42

3.1. Vt liu nghin cu...................................................42
3.1.2. Phn bn...............................................................................43

3.2. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu........................44

3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.1.4.

Ni dung nghin cu...............................................................44

Th nghim I..........................................................................44
Th nghim II........................................................................45
Thi gian v a im nghin cu
................................46

3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.3.
3.4.4.
3.4.5.
3.4.6.

Phn bn...............................................................................46
Thi v...................................................................................47
Xo xi.....................................................................................47
Ti nc......................................................................................47
Phng tr su bnh hi..........................................................47
Thu hoch...............................................................................47

3.4. Quy trnh k thut...................................................46

3.5. Cc ch tiu theo di................................................47

3.5.1 Cc ch tiu sinh trng............................................................48
3.5.2. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut.........................48
3.5.3. Cht lng ht u tng..........................................................49

4. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun......................51

4.1. iu tra hin trng sn xut u tng, hng ho
huyn Chng M...................................................51

4.1.1. Khi qut c im v tr a l, kh hu ca khu vc

nghin cu........................................................................................51
4.1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi:.......................................................54
4.1.3. Hin trng sn xut u tng Chng M............................58

4.2. Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng

qua l n s sinh trng pht trin, nng sut, cht
lng v hiu qu kinh t u tng ging DT84
trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007 ti Chng M tnh H Ty............................................63
4.2.1. Th nghim I. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n sinh trng, pht trin, nng sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t
u tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007
.........................................................................................................63
4.2.2. Th nghim II. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n sinh trng pht trin, nng sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

iv

u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007

.........................................................................................................97

5. Kt lun v ngh.....................................128
5.1. Kt lun..................................................................128
5.2. ngh...................................................................129
Ti liu tham kho............................................130
Ph lc..............................................................137

Danh mc bng
STT

Tn bng

Trang

Bng 2.1. Din tch, nng sut sn lng u tng trn th gii
(1996 - 2006).......................................................................12
Bng 2.2. nh hng ca phn bn l phc hu c Pomior n
mt s ch tiu phm cht ca da Cayen..........................35
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn ho tnh ca t ......................................46
Bng

4.1

Dn

tch,

nng

sut,

sn

lng

tng

ca huyn Chng M t nm 2003 n nm 2006............58

Bng 4.2. Ging v k thut trng u tng ang c p dng
ph bin ti huyn Chng M............................................60
Bng 4.3. Tnh hnh s dng cc loi phn bn l cho cc loi cy
trng ni chung v trn cy u tng ni ring.................61
Bng 4.4. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
tc tng trng chiu cao thn chnh u tng ging
DT

84

trng

trong v thu ng v v xun h........................................65

Bng 4.5. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
ng thi ra l u tng ging DT 84 trng v thu ng v
v xun h...........................................................................69
Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n s hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging DT 84
trng
v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007.............................72
Bng 4.7. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u tng ging DT
84 trng trong v thu ng nm 2006 v v xun h nm
2007....................................................................................76

vi

Bng 4.8. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng l n kh

nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng ging DT 84 trng v
thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007...................................80
Bng 4.9: nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging DT84 trng v thu
ng 2006 v v xun 2007.............................................82
Bng 4.10. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca u tng ging DT
84 trng v thu ng v v xun h..................................85
Bng 4.11. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging DT 84
trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007......................87
Bng 4.12. nh hng ca mt s ch phm phn bn l n nng
sut ca ging DT 84 trng v thu ng v v xun h......92
Bng 4.13. nh hng ca ch phm qua l n cht lng ht u
tng ging DT84 trng v thu ng v v xun h............94
Bng 4.14. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng cc ch phm dinh
dng qua l i vi cy u tng ging DT84 trng v thu
ng

2006

v v xun h 2007.............................................................96
Bng 4.15. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
tc tng trng chiu cao thn chnh u tng ging
DT12 trng v thu ng v v xun h..............................98
Bng 4.16. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
tc ra l u tng ging DT 12 trng trong v thu ng
v v xun h....................................................................101
Bng 4.17. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
s hnh thnh nt sn ca u tng ging DT 12 trng v
thu

ng

2006

v xun h 2007................................................................104

vii

Bng 4.18. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n

din tch l v ch s din tch l ca u tng ging DT
12 trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h

2007

..........................................................................................108
Bng 4.19: nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
kh nng tch lu cht kh ca u tng ging DT12 trng
v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007 ............................112
Bng 4.20. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
hiu sut quang hp ca u tng ging DT12 trng v thu
ng 2006 v v xun h 2007 .......................................113
Bng 4.21.

nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l

n s t hu hiu v s cnh cp I ca u tng ging

DT

12

trng v thu ng v v xun h.....................................115

Bng 4.22. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l
n cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca u tng ging
DT12
trng v thu ng v v xun h......................................117
Bng 4.23. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
nng sut ca u tng ging DT 12 trng v thu ng v
v xun h.........................................................................121
Bng 4.24. nh hng ca mt s ch phm dinh dng qua l n
cht lng ht u tng ging DT 12 trng v thu ng v v
xun h.............................................................................124
Bng 4.25. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng ch phm dinh dng
qua l i vi cy u tng ging DT12 trng v thu ng
nm
v

2006
v

xun

2007

..........................................................................................126

viii

Danh mc th
STT

Tn th

Trang

th 4.1. Biu din tc tng trng chiu cao ging u tng DT 84

trng v thu ng v v xun h...........................................66
th 4.2. Biu din tc ra l ging u tng DT 84
trng v thu ng v v xun h...........................................70
th 4.3. Biu din tc tng trng chiu cao u tng ging DT12
trng v thu ng 2006 v v xun h 2007.......................100
th 4.4. Biu din tc ra l u tng ging DT12 trng v thu
ng 2006 v v xun h 2007............................................102

ix