Algebra

Vuong

Ex. 3.1 the multiplication dened by composition is a on G. We rst G, then they are two mappings from . Indeed, let f, g be two arbitrary Hence, the composition of them is also a from . Therefore, f g is a on G. is a member of G. This implies that the . Let f, g, h be three elements of G, we We next prove that the operation is will prove that f (g h) = (f g) h. Take any x Z, then by denition of the composition of , we have that f (g h)(x) = f (g h(x)) = f (g(h(x))) and (f g) h(x) = (f g)h(x)) = f (g(h(x))). Hence, f (g h)(x) = (f g) h(x) for any x Z. This implies that f (g h) = (f g) h. It is easy to check that IZ is the G. Indeed, for any f G we have f (IZ (x)) = f (x) = IZ (f (x)) for all x Z. It remains to prove that for any f G, g G such that f g = g f = IZ . , it is clear that g is the of f . Since f is a Hence, (G, ) is a group. . Therefore Since f g = gf , it follows immediately that the multiplication is not (G, ) is not an . Ex. 3.2 the . Indeed, it is obvious that . We begin by Hence (f + g)(t) R. Therefore f + g G. This implies that . is that . Let f, g, h be three elements of G, we Our next . Take any x [0, 1], then by denition of the addition we have will prove that (f + (g + h))(x) = f (x) + (g + h)(x)) = f (x) + g(x) + h(x) and ((f + g) + h)(x) = (f + g)(x) + h(x) = f (x) + g(x) + h(x). Hence, (f + (g + h))(x) = ((f + g) + h)(x) for any x Z. This implies that f + (g + h) = (f + g) + h. The task is now to nd . We claim that the mapping (x) = is the . Indeed, for any f G we have (f + )(x) = f (x) + (x) = ( + f )(x) = f (x) . for all What is left is to show that for any f G, there exists . Take any x [0, 1], then we have f (x) + g(x) = g(x) + f (x) = (x) = 0, this implies that g(x) = f (x) x [0, 1]. It can be seen that the addition is commutative, hence (G, +) is an abelian group. Ex. 3.3 , 2Z is not a ring. Hence it is not a eld. a. Since the multiplication , 2Z + 1 it is neither a ring nor a eld. b. Since the addition

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