Bi dng ton 6

N TP TP HP V NHNG DNG TON LIN QUAN

S phn t ca mt tp hp.Tp hp con

1.Mt tp hp c th c mt ,c nhiu phn t, c v s phn t,cng c th
khng c phn t no.
2.Tp hp khng c phn t no gi l tp rng.tp rng k hiu l : .
3.Nu mi phn t ca tp hp A u thuc tp hp B th tp hp A gi l tp
hp con ca tp hp B, k hiu l A B hay B A.
Nu A B v B A th ta ni hai tp hp bng nhau,k hiu A=B.

*.Dng 1: Rn k nng vit tp hp, vit tp hp con, s dng k hiu

Bi 1: Cho tp hp A l cc ch ci trong cm t Thnh ph H Ch Minh
a. Hy lit k cc phn t ca tp hp A.
b. in k hiu thch hp vo vung
b A

c A

h A

Bi 2: Cho tp hp cc ch ci X = {A, C, O}
a/ Tm chm ch to thnh t cc ch ca tp hp X.
b/ Vit tp hp X bng cch ch ra cc tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t
ca X.
Bi 3: Cho cc tp hp
A = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6} ; B = {1; 3; 5; 7; 9}
a/ Vit tp hp C cc phn t thuc A v khng thuc B.
b/ Vit tp hp D cc phn t thuc B v khng thuc A.
c/ Vit tp hp E cc phn t va thuc A va thuc B.
d/ Vit tp hp F cc phn t hoc thuc A hoc thuc B.
Bi 4: Cho tp hp A = {1; 2; a; b}
a/ Hy ch r cc tp hp con ca A c 1 phn t.
b/ Hy ch r cc tp hp con ca A c 2 phn t.
c/ Tp hp B = {a, b, c} c phi l tp hp con ca A khng?
Bi 5: Cho tp hp B = {x, y, z} . Hi tp hp B c tt c bao nhiu tp hp
con?
*Dng 2: Cc bi tp v xc nh s phn t ca mt tp hp
Bi 1: Gi A l tp hp cc s t nhin c 3 ch s. Hi tp hp A c bao
nhiu phn t?
Bi 2: Hy tnh s phn t ca cc tp hp sau:
Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai
1
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Bi dng ton 6
a/ Tp hp A cc s t nhin l c 3 ch s.
b/ Tp hp B cc s 2, 5, 8, 11, , 296.
c/ Tp hp C cc s 7, 11, 15, 19, , 283.
Bi 3: Cha mua cho em mt quyn s tay dy 256 trang. tin theo di em
nh s trang t 1 n 256. Hi em phi vit bao nhiu ch s nh
ht cun s tay?
C.HNG DN V NH:

Bi 1.Hy xc nh cc tp hp sau bng cch lit k cc phn t ca tp hp

a, A l tp hp cc ch s trong s 2002
b, B l tp hp cc ch ci trong cm t cch mng thng tm
c, C l tp hp cc s t nhin c mt ch s
d, D l tp hp cc s t nhin c hai ch khc nhau v v c ch s tn cng
bng 5
Bi 2. in k hiu thch hp vo vung
3
N
4

{1,2,3,4}

N*

N*

N*

N*

Bi 3. Hy xc nh cc tp hp sau bng cch ch ra tnh cht c trng

ca cc phn t thuc tp hp
a. A = {1;3;5;7;............;49}
b. B = {11;22;33;44;........;99}
c. C = { 3;6;9;12;...............;99}
d. D = { 0;5;10;15;..............;100}
Bi 4. Hy vit cc tp hp sau bng cch ch r tnh cht c trng ca cc
phn t thuc tp hp
a. A = {1;4;9;16;25;36;49}
b. B = {1;7;13;19;25;31;37}
A = { 1; 4;9;16; 25;36; 49;64;81;100}

B = { 2;6;12; 20;30; 42;56;72;90}

Bi ton 5: Cho

a) A = { x N xM2; x M3; x < 100}

A = x N x = ab; a = 3.b
C = { x N x = 11.n + 3; n N ; x 300}

b) B = { x N x M6; x < 100}

B = { x N 20Mx} c)

Hy vit cc tp hp A, B bng cch lit k cc phn t.

Bi 5. Tm s phn t ca cc tp hp sau y
a. A = { } b. B = { x N / x 2 ; 2 x 100} c. C = { x N / x + 1 = 0} d. D =

{ x N / x 3}

Bi 6. Vit cc tp hp sau ri tm s phn t ca cc tp hp

a. Tp hp A cc s t nhin x m 8 : x = 2
b. Tp hp B cc s t nhin x m x + 3 < 5
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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
c. Tp hp C cc s t nhin x m x 2 = x + 2
d. Tp hp D cc s t nhin x m x : 2 = x : 4
e. Tp hp E cc s t nhin x m x + 0 = x
Bi 7. Cho A = {1 ; 2 ;3}
Tm tt c cc tp hp con ca tp hp A
Bi 8. Ta gi A l tp hp con thc s ca B nu A B v A B
Hy vit cc tp hp con thc s ca tp hp B = {1;2;3;4}
Bi 9. Cho tp hp A = {a, b, c, d, e }
a.Vit cc tp con ca A c mt phn t
b. Vit cc tp con ca A c hai phn t
c.C bao nhiu tp hp con ca A c ba phn t
d. C bao nhiu tp hp con ca A c bn phn t
e.Tp hp A c bao nhiu tp hp con
Bi 11 . Gi A l tp hp cc s t nhin c bn ch s, B l tp hp cc s t
nhin c ba ch s , C l tp hp cc s t nhin l c ba ch s , D l tp hp
cc s t nhin c ba ch s tn cng bng 5 . Dng k hiu v s
biu th quan h gia cc tp hp trn
Bi 12 . Cho tp hp A = { 4;5;7} , hy lp tp hp B gm cc s t nhin c ba
ch s khc nhau t cc phn t ca tp hp A . Bo rng tp hp A l tp hp
con ca tp hp B ng hay sai? Tm tp hp con chung ca hai tp hp A v
B
Bi 13 . Tm cc tp hp bng nhau trong cc tp hp sau
a. A = { 9;5;3;1;7}
b. B l tp hp cc s t nhin x m 5 . x = 0
c. C l tp hp cc s l nh hn 10
d. D l tp hp cc s t nhin x m x : 3 = 0
Bi 17 . Trong mt lp hc , mi hc sinh u hc ting Anh hoc ting
Php. C 25 ngi hc ting Anh , 27 ngi hc ting Php, cn 18 ngi hc c
hai th ting . Hi lp hc c bao nhiu hc sinh
Bi 18 Kt qu iu tra mt lp hc cho thy : c 20 hc sinh thch bng
; 17 hc sinh thch bi; 36 hc sinh thch bng chuyn; 14 hc sinh
thch bng v bi;13 hc sinh thch bi v bng chuyn; 15 hc sinh
thch bng v bng chuyn; 10 hc sinh thch c ba mn ;12 hc sinh
khng thch mt mn no.Tm xem lp hc c bao nhiu hc sinh
Bi 19 . Trong s 100 hc sinh c 75 hc sinh thch ton , 60 hc sinh thch
vn.
a. Nu c 5 hc sinh khng thch c ton v vn th c bao nhiu hc sinh
thch c hai mn vn v ton
b. C nhiu nht bao nhiu hc sinh thch c hai mn vn v ton
c. C t nht bao nhiu hc sinh thch c hai mn vn v ton
Bi ton 1: Cho tp hp A = { a, b, c, d , e} .
a) Vit cc tp hp con ca A c mt phn t
b) Vit cc tp hp con ca A
c hai phn t.
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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
c) C bao nhiu tp hp con ca A c ba phn t ? c bn phn t ?.
d) Tp hp A c bao nhiu tp hp con ?
Bi ton 2: Xt xem tp hp A c l tp hp con ca tp hp B khng trong cc
trng hp sau.
a) A = { 1;3;5} ; B = { 1;3;7}
b) A = { x, y}
; B = { x, y , z }
c) A l tp hp cc s t nhin c tn cng bng 0, B l tp hp cc s t nhin
chn.
Bi ton 3: Ta gi A l tp con thc s ca B nu A B; A B. Hy vit cc tp
con thc s ca tp hp B = { 1; 2;3}
B = { 3; 4;5}
Bi ton 4: Cho cc tp hp A = { 1; 2;3; 4} ;
Vit cc tp hp va l tp hp con ca A, va l tp hp con ca B
Bi ton 5: Cho tp hp A = { 1; 2;3; 4} .
a) Vit cc tp hp con ca A m mi phn t ca n u l s chn.
b) Vit tt c cc tp hp con ca tp hp A.
Bi ton 6: Cho 2 tp hp A = { 1;3;6;8;9;12} v B = { x N * / 2 x 12}
a) Tm tp hp C ca cc phn t v thuc tp hp A va thuc tp hp B
Tm tp hp D ca cc phn t thuc t nht mt trong hai tp hp A
Hoc tp hp B
Bi ton 10: Cho tp hp M = { 30; 4; 2005; 2;9} . Hy nu tp hp con ca tp M gm
nhng s:
a) C mt ch s
b) c hai ch s
c) L s chn.
Bi ton 11: Cho A = { x N x M2; x M4; x < 100}
; B = { x N x M8; x < 100}
a) Hy lit k cc phn t ca tp hp A ; tp hp B.
b) Hai tp hp A, B c bng nahu khng ? V sao ?
Bi ton 13: Cho A l tp hp 5 s t nhin u tin, B l tp hp 3 s chn
u tin.
a) CMR: B A
b) Vit tp hp M sao cho B M , M A . C bao nhiu tp hp M
nh vy.
Bi ton 14: Cho A = { x N x = 7.q + 3; q N ; x 150} .
a) Xc nh A bng cch lit k cc phn t ?
b) Tnh tng cc phn t
ca tp hp A.
Bi ton 15: Cho M = { 1;13; 21; 29;52} . Tm x; y M bit 30 < x y < 40
B = { 1;3;5}
Bi ton 10: Cho
a) A = { 1; 2} ;
b) A = { x, y}
; B = { x, y , z , t }
Hy vit cc tp hp gm 2 phn t trong mt phn t thuc A, mt phn
t thuc B.

Cc php ton trong N

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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
1. Tnh cht giao hon ca php cng v php nhn.
a + b = b + a ; a.b = b.a
Khi i ch cc s hng trong mt tng th tng khng i
Khi i ch cc tha s trong mt tch th tch khng i.
2. Tnh cht kt hp ca php cng v php nhn:
(a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c); (a.b).c = a(b.c);
3. Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng.:
a(b+ c) = ab + ac

4. iu kin a chia ht cho b ( a,b N ; b 0) l c s t nhin p sao cho a= b.p.

5. Trong php chia c d
s b chia = s chia x thng + s d ( a = b.p + r)
s d bao gi cng khc 0 v nh hn s chia.
Nu a .b= 0 th a = 0 hoc b = 0.
II. Bi tp
*.Dng 1: Cc bi ton tnh nhanh
Bi 1: Tnh tng sau y mt cch

Bi 7: Thc hin php tnh bng

hp l nht.

cch hp l nht:

a/ 67 + 135 + 33 b/ 277 + 113 + 323

+ 137 + 22

+ 87

b) 189 + 424 +511 + 276 + 55

Bi 2: Tnh nhanh cc php tnh sau:

c) (321 +27)+ 79

a/ 8 . 17 . 125

d) 185 +434 + 515 + 266 + 155

b/ 4 . 37 .25

Bi 3: Tnh nhanh mt cch hp l:

a/ 997 + 86

a) 463 + 318

e) 652 + 327 + 148 + 15 + 73

b/ 37. 38 +

f) 347 + 418 + 123 + 12

62. 37
c/ 43. 11; 67. 101; 423. 1001

d/ 67.

Bi 8: Tnh bng cch hp l nht:

99;
, 998. 34

a) 5. 125. 2. 41. 8
c/ 43. 11

67. 101

b) 25. 7.

10. 4

Bi 4: Tnh nhanh cc php tnh:

c) 8. 12. 125. 2

d) 4. 36. 25.

a/ 37581 9999

c/ 485321 99999

50

b/ 7345 1998

d/ 7593 1997

Ch : Quy tc t tha s

Bi 5: Tnh nhanh:

chung : a. b+ a.c = a. (b+ c) hoc

a) 15. 18 b) 25. 24 c) 125. 72

d)

a. b + a. c + a. d = a.(b + c + d)

55. 14

e) 3. 25. 8 + 4. 37. 6 + 2. 38. 12

Bi 6 :Tnh nhanh:
a) 25. 12
15.302
-6

Bi 9: Tnh bng cch hp l nht:

b) 34. 11 c) 47. 101 d)

e) 125.18

Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

g)

6. 38. 63 + 37. 38

123. 1001

b) 12.53 + 53. 172 53. 84

5

Bi dng ton 6
c) 35.34 +35.38 + 65.75 + 65.45

e, 36.28 + 36.82 + 64.69 +

d, 39.8 + 60.2 + 21.8

64.41

*Ch : Mun nhn 1 s c 2 ch s vi 11 ta

s s hng l: (100-2):2+1 = 49

cng 2 ch s ri ghi kt qu vo gia 2 ch

B=(100 +2).49 :2 = 551 .49 = 2499

s . Nu tng ln hn 9 th ghi hng n v

c) C = 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + .. . + 301
d) D = 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + .. .+

vo gia ri cng 1 vo ch s hng chc.

vd : 34 .11 =374

69.11

201.

=759

Bi 2: Tnh cc tng:

*Ch : mun nhn mt s c 2 ch s vi

a) A = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + .. . + 302

101 th kt qu chnh l 1 s c c bng

b) B = 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + .. .+

cch vit ch s 2 ln kht nhau

203.

vd: 84 .101 =8484

c) C = 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + .. . +

=6363

; 63 .101

301

d) D =8 + 15 + 22 + 29

*Ch : mun nhn mt s c 3 ch s vi

+ .. . + 351.

1001 th kt qu chnh l 1 s c c bng

Bi 3: Cho tng S = 5 + 8 + 11 +

cch vit ch s 2 ln kht nhau

14 + .. .

V d:123.1001 = 123123

a)Tm s hng th100 ca tng.

*.Dng 2: Cc bi ton c lin quan

b) Tnh tng 100 s hng u

n dy s, tp hp

tin.

1:Dy s cch u:

Gii: lu : s cui = (s s hng - 1) .

VD: Tnh tng: S = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...

khong cch - s u

+ 49

a. vy s th 100 = (100-1) .3 5 = 292

Ta tnh tng S nh sau:

b. S= (292 + 5) .100:2 = 23000

Bi 1:Tnh tng sau:

Bi 4: Cho tng S = 7 + 12 + 17

a) A = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .. . + 100

+ 22 + .. .
a)Tm s hng t50 ca tng.

S s hng c dy l: (100-1):1+1 = 100

A= (100 + 1) .100 : 2 = 5050

b) Tnh tng ca 50 s hng u

b) B = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .. . + 100

tin.

Bi 5:Tnh tng ca tt c cc s t nhin x, bit x l s c hai ch s v 12

< x < 91
Bi 6: Tnh tng ca cc s t nhin a , bit a c ba ch s v 119 < a <
501.
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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
Tnh tng cc ch s ca a.
Bi 7: Tnh 1 + 2 + 3 + .. . + 1998 + 1999
Bi 8: Tnh tng ca:
a/ Tt c cc s t nhin c 3 ch s. b/ Tt c cc s l c 3 ch s.
b/ S2 = 101+ 103+ .. . + 997+ 999
Bi 9Tnh tng a/ Tt c cc s: 2, 5, 8, 11, .. ., 296 b/ Tt c cc s: 7, 11,
15, 19, .. ., 283
Bi 10: Cho dy s:
a/ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19. b/ 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29. c/ 1, 5, 9, 13, 17,
21, .. .
Hy tm cng thc biu din cc dy s trn.
Ghi ch: Cc s t nhin l l nhng s khng chia ht cho 2, biu din l
2k + 1 , k N

Cc s t nhin chn l nhng s chia ht cho 2, cng thc biu din l 2k ,

k N)
*Dng 3: Tm x
Bi 1:Tm x N bit
a) (x 15) .15 = 0

c) 315+(125-x)= 435
Bi 3:Tm x N bit :

b) 32 (x 10 )

= 32

a) x 105 :21 =15

Bi 2:Tm x N bit :

b) (x- 105) :21 =15

a ) (x 15 ) 75 = 0 b)575- (6x
+70) =445
Bi 4: Tm s t nhin x bit
a( x 5)(x 7) = 0

b/ 541 + (218 x) = 735

c/ 96 3(x + 1)

= 42 d/ ( x 47) 115 = 0 e/ (x 36):18 = 12

BTNC a) Tnh tng ca cc sng t nhin t 1 n 999;
b) Vit lin tip cc s t nhin t 1 n 999 thnh mt hang ngang ,ta c s 123.999.
tnh tng cc ch s ca s .
1.Tm s c hai ch s,bi rng nu vit ch s 0 xen gia hai ch ca s th c s c ba ch
s gp 9 ln s c hai ch s ban u.
2.a)Hy vit lin tip 20 ch s 5 thnh mt hng ngang,ri t du + xen gia cc ch s
c tng bng 1000.
b) Hy vit lin tip tm ch s 8 thnh mt hng ngang,ri t du + xen gia cc ch s
c tng bng 1000.

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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
3.Chia cc s t nhin t 1 n 100 thnh hai lp : lp s chn v lp s l.hi lp no c tng cc
ch s ln hn v ln hn bao nhiu?
4. in cc ch s thch hp vo cc ch c php tnh ng : a) 1ab + 36 = ab1 ;
b) abc + acc + dbc = bcc
5. Cho ba ch s a,b,c vi 0 < a < b < c ;
a) Vit tp hp A cc s c ba ch s ,mi s gm c ba ch s a, b ,c:
b) Bit rng tng hai s nh nht trong tp hp A bng 488.tm tng cc ch
a + b + c.
5. Cho 1 bng vung gm 9 vung nh hnh v.
hy in vo cc ca bng cc s t nhin t 1 n 10

4
1
0

8
(mi s ch c vit mt ln) sao cho tng cc s
mi hang ,mi ct ,mi ng cho bng nhau.
6. K hiu n! l tch ca cc s t nhin t 1 n n : n! = 1.2.3n.
Tnh : S = 1.1! + 2.2! + 3.3! + 4.4! + 5.5!
7. Trong mt t giy k vung kch thc 50.50 vung .trong mi ngi ta vit mt s t
nhin . bit rng bn to thnh mt hnh nh hnh v th tng cc s trong bn u bng
4 .hy chng t rng mi s u bng 1.
8.Mt s c by ch s ,cng vi s c viets by ch s nhng theo th t ngc li th
c tng l s c by ch s.hy chng t rng tng tm c c t nht mt ch s chn.
9.Cho bng gm 16 vung nh hnh v .hy in vo cc
bng ca bng cc s t nhin l t 1 n 31 (mi s ch
1
29
vit mt ln.) sao cho tng cc s trong cng mt hng,
5
cng mt ct , cng mt ng cho u bng nhau
5
10.Cho dy s 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,.( dy s phi b na xi) trong mi s (bt 2
u t s th ba) bng tng hai s ng lin trc n.chn trong dy s 8 3
3
17
s lin tip ty .chng minh rng tng ca 8 s ny khng phi l mt s ca
2
9
dy cho.
11. Mt s chn c bn ch s, trong ch s hng trm v ch s hang chc 7
lp thnh mt s gp ba ln ch s hng nghn v gp hai ln ch s hang n v.tm s .
12.Tm cc s a,b,c,d trong php tnh sau:
abcd + abc + ab + a = 4321 .
13.Hai ngi chi mt tr chi ln lt bc nhng vin bi t hai hp ra ngoi.mi ngi n lt
mnh bc mt s vin bi ty .ngi bc vin bi cui cng i vi cacr hai hp l ngi thng
cuc.bit rng hp th nht c 190 vin bi ,hp th hai c 201 vin bi.hy tm thut chi m
bo ngi bc bi u tin l ngi thng cuc.
Bi tp cng c
1. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc mt cch hp l:
A = 100 + 98 + 96 + .+ 2 - 97 95 - - 1 ;
B = 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 + 6 7 8 + 9 + 10 11 12 + - 299 330 + 301 + 302;
2. Tnh nhanh
a) 53.39 +47.39 53.21 47.21. b)2.53.12 + 4.6.87 3.8.40; c) 5.7.77 7.60 + 49.25 15.42.
3.Tm x bit:
a) x : [( 1800+600) : 30] = 560 : (315 - 35); ab) [ (250 25) : 15] : x = (450 - 60): 130.
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Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
4. Tng ca hai s bng 78293.s ln trong hai s co ch s hng dn v l 5 ,ch hng chc
1,ch s trm l 2.nu ta gch b cc ch s i th ta c mt s bng s nh nht .tm hai s
.
5.Mt php chia c thng l 6 d 3 .tng ca s b chia ,s chia v s d l 195.tm s b chia v
s chia.
6.Tng ca hai s c a ch s l 836.ch s hng trm ca s th nht l 5 ,ca s th hai l 3 .nu
gch b cc ch s 5 v 3 th s c hai s c hai ch s m s ny gp 2 ln s kia.tm hai s .
7.Mt hc sinh khi gii bi ton ng l phi chia 1 s cho 2 v cng thng tm c vi 3 .nhng
do nhm ln em nhn s vi 2 v sau ly tch tm c tr i 3 .mc d vy kt qu vn
ng .hi s cn phi chia cho 2 l s no?
8. Tm s c ba ch s .bit rng ch s hng trm bng hiu ca ch s hng chc vi ch s
hng n v.chia ch s hng chc cho ch s hng n v th c thng l 2 v d 2.tch ca s
phi tm vi 7 l 1 s c ch s tn cng l 1.
9. Tm s t nhin a 200 .bit rng khi chia a cho s t nhin b th c thng l 4 v d 35 .
10. Vit s A bt k c 3 ch s ,vit tip 3 ch s 1 ln na ta c s B c 6 ch s.chia s B
cho 13 ta c s C. chia C cho 11 ta c s D.li chia s D cho 7.tm thng ca php chia ny.
11. Khi chia s M gm 6 ch s ging nhau cho s N gm 4 ch s ging nhau th c thng
l 233 v s d l 1 s r no .sau khi b 1 ch s ca s M v 1 ch s ca s N th thng
khng i v s d gim i 1000.tm 2 s M v N?
* Cc bi ton v dy s vit theo quy lut.
Bi ton 1: Tnh cc tng sau.
a) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...... + n
b) 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .... + 2.n
c) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2.n + 1)
d) 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ...... + 2005
e) 2+5+8++2006
g) 1+5+9+.+2001
Gii; a)

(n +)n
2

b)s s hng (2n 2) : 2 + 1= n Tng =

Bi ton 2: Tnh nhanh tng sau: A = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + .... + 8192

Bi ton 3: a) Tnh tng cc s l c hai ch s
b) Tnh tng cc s chn c hai ch s.
Bi ton 4: a) Tng 1+2+3+.+n c bao nhiu s hng kt qu ca
tng bng 190.
b) C hay khng s t nhin n sao cho 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = 2004
c) Chng minh rng: [ (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n) 7 ] khng chia ht cho 10 n N
Bi ton 5: a) Tnh nhanh 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + .... + 1999.2000
b) p dng kt qu phn a) tnh nhanh B = 1.1 + 2.2 + 3.3 + ... + 1999.1999
c) Tnh nhanh : C = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ... + 48.49.50.
Hy xy dng cng thc tnh tng a) v c) trong trng hp tng qut.
Bi ton 6: Tm s hng th 100, s hng th n ca cc dy s sau:
a) 3;8;15; 24;35;.....
b) 3; 24;63;120;195;.....
c) 1;3;6;10;15;......
d) 2;5;10;17; 26;.....
e) 6;14; 24;36;50;.....
g) 4; 28;;70;130;....
Bi ton 7: Cho dy s 1;1 + 2;1 + 2 + 3;1 + 2 + 3 + 4;.....
Hi trong dy s trn c s no c ch s tn cng l 2 khng ? Ti sao ?.
Bi ton 8: Cho S1 = 1 + 2; S2 = 3 + 4 + 5; S3 = 6 + 7 + 8 + 9; S4 = 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14;.. . Tnh S100 .
Bi ton 9: Tnh bng cch hp l.
-6

Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

Bi dng ton 6
a) A =

41.66 + 34.41
3 + 7 + 11 + ... + 79

b) B =

1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 200
6 + 8 + 10 + .. + 34

c) C =

1..5.6 + 2.10.12 + 4.20.24 + 9.45.54

1.3.5 + 2.6.10 + 4.12.20 + 9.27.45

Bi 21. Hy chng t rng hiu sau c th vit thnh mt tch ca hai

tha s ging nhau :
11111111 2222
Bi 22. Tm kt qu ca php nhn sau
{
{
a) A = 33....3.99...9
2005 c. s 2005 c . s

{ {
b) B = 33...3.33...3
2005 c . s 2005c . s

Bi 23. Chng t rng cc s sau c th vit c thnh tch ca hai s t

nhin lin tip
a. 111222

b. 444222

{ 123
c. A= 11....122....2
n c.s1
n c.s2

Gii : Do 111222 : 111 = 1002 nn 111222 = 111.1002 = 111. 3 . 334 =

333.334
Bi ton 1: Cho ba ch s a, b, c. Gi A l tp hp cc s t nhin gm c
ba ch s trn.
a) Vit tp hp A.
b) Tnh tng cc phn t ca tp hp A.
Bi ton 2: Cho ba ch s a, b, c sao cho 0 < a < b < c.
a) Vit tp A cc s t nhin c ba ch s gm c ba ch s trn.
b) Bit tng ca hai s nh nht trong tp A bng 448. Tm ba ch s a, b,
c ni trn.
Bi ton 11: Ngi ta vit lin nhau dy s t nhin bt u t 1: 1,2,3,4,5,
Hi ch s th 659 l ch s no ?
Bi ton 12: Cho S = 7 + 10 + 13 + ...... + 100
a) Tnh s s hng ca tng trn. b) Tm s hng th 22 ca tng. c) Tnh
tng S
{ 123 l tch ca hai s t nhin lin
Bi ton 14: Chng t rng s A= 11....122....2
n c.s1
n c.s2

tip.
Bi ton 15: Trong h thp phn s A c vit bng 100 ch s 3, s B
c vit bng 100 ch s 6. Hy tnh tch A.B
Cc bi ton v s v ch s
Bi1. Mt s c 3 ch s, tn cng bng ch s 7. Nu chuyn ch s 7
ln u th ta c mt s mi m khi chia cho s c th c thng l 2
d 21. Tm s
Bi 2. Tm s t nhin c 5 ch s, bit rng nu vit thm ch s 7 vo
ng trc s th c mt s ln gp 4 ln so vi s c c bng cch vit
thm ch s 7 vo sau s
Bi 3 . Tm s t nhin c hai ch s, bit rng nu vit thm mt ch s
2 vo bn phi v mt ch s 2 vo bn tri ca n th s y tng gp 36
ln
Bi 4 . Nu ta vit thm ch s 0 vo gia cc ch s ca mt s c hai
ch s ta c mt s mi c 3 ch s ln hn s u tin 7 ln . Tm s

-6

Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

10

Bi dng ton 6
Bi 5. Nu xen vo gia cc ch s ca mt s c hai ch s ca chnh
s , ta c mt s mi c bn ch s v bng 99 ln s u tin. Tm s

Bi 6 . Nu xen vo gia cc ch s ca mt s c hai ch s mt s c

hai ch s km s 1 n v th s c mt s c bn ch s ln gp 91
ln so vi s u tin. Hy tm s
Bi 7 . Tm s t nhin c hai ch s, bit rng s mi vit theo th t
ngc li nhn vi s phi tm th c 3154; s nh trong hai s th ln hn
tng cc ch s ca n l 27
Bi 8 . Cho s c hai ch s . Nu ly s chia cho hiu ca ch s
hng chc v hng n v ca n th c thng l 18 v d 4 . Tm s
cho
Bi 9 . Cho hai s c 4 ch s v 2 ch s m tng ca hai s bng
2750. Nu c hai s c vit theo th t ngc li th tng ca hai s ny
bng 8888 . Tm hai s cho
Bi 10 . Tm s c bn ch s khc nhau, bit rng nu vit thm mt
ch s 0 vo gia hng nghn v hng trm th c s mi gp 9 ln s
phi tm
Bi 11 . Tm s t nhin c bn ch s, sao cho khi nhn s vi 4 ta
c s gm bn ch s y vit theo th t ngc li
Bi 12 . Tm s t nhin c bn ch s, sao cho khi nhn s vi 9 ta
c s gm bn ch s y vit theo th t ngc li
Bi 13 . Tm s t nhin c nm ch s, sao cho khi nhn s vi 9 ta
c s gm nm ch s y vit theo th t ngc li
Bi 14 . Tm s t nhin c ba ch s, bit rng nu xo ch s hng
trm th s y gim 9 ln
Bi 15 . Tm s t nhin c bn ch s, bit rng nu xo ch s hng
nghn th s y gim 9 ln
Bi 16 . Tm s t nhin c bn ch s, bit rng ch s hng trm bng
0 v nu xo ch s 0 th s y gim 9 ln
Bi 17 . Mt s t nhin tng gp 9 ln nu vit thm mt ch s 0 vo
gia cc ch s hng chc v hng n v ca n . Tm s y
Bi 18 . Tm s t nhin c ba ch s, bit rng s va chia ht cho 5
v chia ht cho 9 , hiu gia s vi s vit theo th t ngc li bng 297

-6

Hoc, Hoc na, Hoc mai

11

Bi 1. Tnh nhanh
a. 417 + 235 + 583 + 765
5 +8 +11 +14 + ......+ 38 + 41
b. 4 . 7 . 16 . 25
13 . 8
. 250
c. ( 1999 + 313) 1999 ( 1435
+ 213) 13
d. 2023 - ( 34 + 1560)
1972 (
368 + 972)
e. 364 ( 364 111)
249 ( 75 51)
Bi 2. Tnh nhanh cc tng sau
a. 1+2+3+4+5+....+n
e.
2+5+11+....+47+65
b. 1+3+5+7+....+ ( 2n 1) g.
3+12+48+...+3072+12288
c. 2+4+6+8+.....+2n
h.
2+5+7+12+.....+81+131
d. 1+6+11+16+....+46+51
i. 49-51+53-55+57-59+6163+65
Bi 3. a. Tnh nhm 204. 36
499.12 601.42 199.41
b. . Tnh nhm bng cch nhn
tha s ny, chia tha s kia cho
cng mt s
66.50 72.125 38.5
15.16.125
c. . Tnh nhm bng cch nhn
c s b chia v s chia vi cng
mt s khc khng
2000 : 25 7300 : 50 4970 : 5
81000 : 125
d. Tnh nhm bng cch p dng
tnh cht ( a b ) : c = a : c
b:c
169 : 13 660 : 15 119 : 7
204 : 12
Bi 4 . Tm x
a. (158 - x) :7 = 20
b. 2x 138 = 23 . 32
c. 231 - (x 6 ) =1339 :13
d. 10 + 2x = 45 : 43
a. 70 - 5.(2x - 3) = 45
b. 156 (x + 61) = 82
c. 6.(5x + 35) = 330
d. 936 - (4x + 24) = 72

a. 5.(3 x + 34) = 515

b. (158 - x) : 7 = 20
c. (7x - 28) .13 = 0
d. 218 + (97 - x) = 313
(2x 39) . 7 + 3 = 80
b)[(3x + 1)3 ]5 = 150
c) 2436 . (5x + 103) = 12
d) 294 - (7x - 217) = 38 . 311 : 316 +
62
a) x : [( 1800+600) : 30] = 560 :
(315 - 35);
b) [ (250 25) : 15] : x = (450 - 60):
130.
a. 420 + 65 . 4 = ( x + 175) : 5 +
30
b. [ ( x + 32) 17] . 2 = 42
c. ( 32 . 15 ) : 2 = ( x + 70 ) : 14
40
d. [ 61 + (53 x)] .17 = 1785
e. x 4867 = ( 175 . 2050 . 70 ) :
25 + 23
15.x + 364
= 17
x
x + 350
g. 92.4 27 =
+ 315
x

f.697 :

Bi 5. Tnh nhanh

168.168 168.58
(456.11 + 912).37
110
13.74
864.48 432.96
45.16 17
b.
864.48.432
28 + 45.15
7256.4375 725
c.
3650 + 4375 .7255
(315 + 372).3 + (372 + 315).7
26.13 + 74.14
1978 .1979 + 1980.21 + 1958
d.
1980.1979 1978.1979
27.45 + 27.55
2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 14 + 16 + 18
26.108 26.12
1. e.
127 . 36
32 28 + 24 20 + 16 12 + 8 4

a.

+ 64. 127 27. 100

12 : {390 : [500 (125 + 35 .
7)]}
2. 57 : 55 - 7 . 70
2.125.18 + 36.252 + 4.223.9
3. 50 + 51 + 52 +...+ 99 + 100
B = 12 . 62 . 32 + 32 + 72 + 20

4. 24:{300 : [375 (150 + 15. 5]}

1449 : {[216 + 184 : 8).9]}
5. 56 : 53 + 3 . 32
2195.1952 - 952. 427 - 1952.
1768
6. 20 + 22 + 24 +....96 + 98
H = 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + 30 . 31 .
32.33
7. 35 + 38 + 41 +... + 92 + 95
A = { 46 [( 16 + 71.4) : 15 ] }
2
8. B = 24 . 5 [ 131 ( 13 4 )2 ]
222 + 224 + 226 + . . . . + 444
9. 33 . 35 : 34 + 22 . 2. 20
(5346 2808) : 54 + 51
10. 187 . (38 + 62) 87 .(62 +
38)
23 .16 - 23 .
14
11. 25.{32 : [12 4 + 4. (16 : 8)]}
25.{32 : [12 4 + 4. (16 : 8)]}

Lu tha vi s m t nhin
I/ Kin thc c bn.
1. nh ngha: a n = a.a.a
n tha so
1
0
2. Quy c: a = a ;
a = 1 ( a 0)
3. Nhan, chia hai luy tha cung c so:
a m .a n = a m + n
a m : a n = am n

( n N*)

(m, n N *)
(m, n N *, m n, a 0)

4.Luy tha cua mot tch: (a.b)n = an. bn

5. Luy tha cua mot luy tha: ( am )n = am.n
6. Luy tha tang: a m = a (m )
7. So chnh phng la so ma bang bnh phng cua mot so t
nhien.
V du: cac so 0; 1; 4; 9; 16; 25;. la cac so chnh phng
. Bi tp:
1. Vit cc s sau di dng ly tha:
a) 10 ; 100 ; 1000; 10000; 100..0; (n s 0 );
b) 5 ; 25; 625; 3125;
2.So snh cc s sau:
a) 3200 vi 23000 ; b) 1255 vi 257 ; c)920 vi 2713 d)354 vi 281;
3.Vit cc tch sau dng ly tha:
a) 5.125.625 ; b) 10.100.1000 ; c) 84.165.32; d) 274.8110 ;
4.So snh:
a) 1030 vi 2100 ; b) 540 vi 62010 ;
5.Mt hnh lp phng c cnh l 5 m.
a) tnh th tch ca hnh lp phng;
b) nu cnh ca hnh lp phng tng ln 2 ln , 3 ln th th tch ca hnh lp phng tng ln
bao nhiu ln.
6. Trong cch vit h thp phn s 2100 c bao nhiu ch s?
SO SANH HAI LUY THA
A) KIEN THC C BAN:
1) e so sanh hai luy tha, ta thng a chung ve dang hai
luy tha
co cung c so (ln hn 1) hoac cung so mu (ln hn 0) roi
mi so sanh.
Neu am = an th m = n, hoac neu an = b n th a
=b
Neu m > n th am > an (a> 1)
Neu a > b th an > b n (n > 0)
2) Tnh chat n ieu cua phep nhan: Neu a < b th a.c <
b.c
(vi c > 0)
II/. Bi tp
Bi tp 1: Vit gn cc biu thc sau bng cch dng lu tha.
n

a, 3 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 4 =

k.
c)
a)
c)
a)
b)

b) 925.274.813
410.230
d) 643.48.164
2550.1255
5 x.5 x.5 x
b) x1.x 2 .....x 2006
d) x 2 .x5 .x8 .....x 2003
x.x 4 .x 7 .....x100
38 : 36 ; ; 197 :193 210 : 83 ; 127 : 67 ; 275 : 813
106 :10 ; 58 : 252 ; 49 : 642 ; 225 : 324 ;
183 : 93 ; 1253 : 254
a) 166 : 42 b) 278 : 94 c) 1255 : 253 d) 414.528
e) 12n : 22 n
g) 644.165 : 420

b, a . a . a + b . b . b . b =
c, 166 : 42 d, 178: 94e, 1254 : 253f,
414 . 528 = (g, 12n: 22n = h. 84. 165b.
540 . 1252 . . 6253
i. 274 . 8110 d. 103 . 1005 . 10004
Bi tp 2: Tnh gi tr biu thc.
a, 38 : 34 + 22 . 23 b, 3 . 42 2 . 32 c,
3

e.

72 x 54
108
4

10

g.

10

.11 + 3 .5
9

3 .2

10

h.

46.34.95
212.14.125
453.204.182
213 + 25
d,
e,
g,
612
3536
1805
210 + 22

10

.13 + 2 .65
8

2 .104

y. ( 1253 . 75 1755 : 5 ) : 20012002

k. 16 .64 .82 : ( 43. 25. 16)

Bi 4. Cho A = 5. 415. 99 4. 320. 89 B = 5.29.619- 7.229.276 Tnh A : B
C = 2181.729 + 243.81.27 D = 32.92.243 + 18.243.324 + 723. 729 Tnh C :
D
a) (217 + 172 ).(915 315 ).(24 42 )
b) (71997 71995 ) : (71994.7)
c) (12 + 23 + 34 + 45 ).(13 + 23 + 33 + 43 ).(38 812 )

d) (28 + 83 ) : (25.23 ) a)

210.13 + 210.65
2 8.104

b) (1 + 2 ++ 100)(12 + 22 + + 102)(65 . 111 13 . 15 . 37)

310.11 + 310.5
210.13 + 210.65
B
=
b)
39.24
28.104
723.542
46.34.95
D=
E
=
e)
1084
612
11.322.37 915
453.204.182
H=
i) I =
(2.314 ) 2
1805

a) A =

c) C =
f) F =

213 + 25
210 + 22

49.36 + 644
164.100

g) G =

d)
212.14.125
h)
355.6

Bi tp 5: Tm x N bit
a, 2x . 4 = 128 b, x15 = x 1
c, (2x + 1)3 = 125
d, (x 5)4 = (x - 5)6
d/
x10 = x e/ (2x -15)5 = (2x
-15)3
Bi 1: Tm cc s m n sao
cho lu tha 3n tho mn iu
kin: 25 < 3n < 250
Bi 2. Tm s t nhin n bit

a. 5n = 125 34. 3n = 37 27. 3n =

243 49.7n = 2401
b. 9 < 3n < 81 25 5n 125
Bi 3. Tm x l s t nhin, bit
rng :
a. 2x . 4 = 128
b. x15 = x
c. ( 2x + 1 )3 = 125
d. ( x 5 )4 = ( x 5 )6
e. x2006 = x2

Bi 4 : Tm x N bit
a) 3x.3 = 243
b) x 20 = x
c) 2 x.162 = 1024
d) 64.4 x = 168
Bi 5 Tm x N bit
g) 2 x 15 = 17
h) (7 x 11)3 = 25.52 + 200
i) 3x + 25 = 26.22 + 2.30
l) 49.7 x = 2041
m) 64.4 x = 45
n) 3x = 243
p) 34.3n = 37
Bi 6: Tm n N bit:
a) 9 < 3n < 81

b)

Bi 8: Tm n N * bit
a) 32 < 2n < 128

b) 2.16 2n > 4

d) (22 : 4).2n = 4

e)

1 4 n
.3 .3 = 37
9
1
h) .27 n = 3n
9
k) 27.3n = 243

1 n
.2 + 4.2n = 9.25
2
i) 64.4n = 45
Bi 9: Tm x N bit
a) 16 x < 128
x x +1 x + 2
18
{ :2
b) 5 .5 .5 100...0

g)

25 5 125
n

a) 50 < 2n < 100

a) ( x 1)3 = 125
b) 2 x + 2 2 x = 96
c) (2 x + 1)3 = 343
3
d) 720 : [ 41 (2 x 5)] = 2 .5
a) 2x . 7 = 224
b) (3x + 5)2
= 289
c) x. (x2)3 = x5 d) 32x+1 . 11 = 2673

b) 50<7n <

2500
Bi 7 Tm x bit

18 c / s 0

chuyn : Cc bi ton so snh hai lu tha

1. so snh hai lu tha, ta thng a v so snh hai lu tha cng c s
hoc cng s m.
+ Nu hai lu tha c cng c s (ln hn 1) th lu tha no c s m ln
hn s ln hn.
Nu m>n th am>an
(a>1).
+ Nu hai lu tha c cng s m (>0) th lu tha no c c s ln hn s
ln hn.
Nu a>b th an>bn ( n>0).
2. Ngoi hai cch trn, so snh hai lu tha ta cn dng tnh cht bc
cu, tnh cht n iu ca php nhn.
(a<b th a.c<b.c vi c>0).
V d: So snh 3210 v 1615, s no ln hn.
Hng dn:
Cc c s 32 v 16 tuy khc nhau nhng u l lu tha ca 2 ln ta tm
cch a 3210 v 1615 v lu tha cng c s 2.
3210 = (25)10 = 250
1615 = (24)15 = 260
V 250 < 260 suy ra 3210 < 1615.
Bi tp 1: So snh:
Bi 1: So snh cc s sau?

2300

a) 2711 v 818.

b) 6255 v 1257

c) 536 v 1124

d) 32n v 23n (n N*

)
Hng dn:
a) a v cng c s 3.
b) a v cng c s 5.
c) a v cng s m 12.
d) a v cng s m n
23
22
13
16
Bi 2: a) 5 v 6.5
b) 7.2 v 2 c) 2115 v 275.498
Hng dn:
a) a hai s v dng mt tch trong c tha s ging nhau 522.
b) a hai s v dng mt tch trong c tha s ging nhau l 213.
c) a hai s v dng mt tch 2 lu tha c s l 7 v 3.
Bi 3: a) 19920 v 200315.
V 243100 < 343100 => 3500 < 7300
b) 339 v 1121.
d, 85 v 3 . 47 . 85 = (23)+5 = 215
Hng dn :
a) 19920 < 20020 = (23 .52)20 = 260.
<3.214 = 3.47
540.
=> 85 < 3 . 47
15
15
3 15
4
2003 > 2000 = (2.10 ) = (2 .
53)15 = 260.545
e, 202303 v 303202
b) 339 <340 = (32)20 = 920<1121.
202303 =(2023)201 ; 303202 = (3032)101
Bi 4: So snh 2 hiu,hiu no
ln hn?
Ta so snh 2023 v 3032
72 45-7244v 72 44-7243.
2023 = 23. 101 . 1013 v 3032 =>
Hng dn:
7245-7244=7245(723032 < 2023
1)=7245.71.
3032 = 33. 1012 = 9.1012
44
44
44
72 -72 =72 (721)=7244.71.
vy 303202 < 2002303
Bi 5: 27 v 72
f, 321 v 231
7
2
Ta c: 2 = 128 ; 7 = 49
V 128 > 49 nn 27 > 72
321 = 3 . 3 20 = 3. 910 ; 231 = 2 . 230 = 2
Bi 6 a) 95 v 273 b) 3200 v
. 810
a) Ta c: 95 = (32)5 = 310
273 = (33 )3 = 39
V 310 > 39nn 95 > 273
b) Ta c: 3200 = (32)100 = 9100
2300 = (23) 100 = 8100
V 9100 > 8100 ; nn 3200 > 2300
c, 3500 v 7300

3 . 910> 2 . 810 => 321 > 231

3500 = 35.100 = (35)100 = 243100

111979

7300 = 73.100 . (73 )100 = (343)100

Bi 7: So sch cc cp s sau:

g, 111979 < 111980 = (113)660 =

1331660
371320 = (372)660 = 1369660
V 1369660 > 1331660 => 371320 >

a/ A = 275 v B = 2433 Ta c A = 275 = (33)5 = 315

v B = (35)3 = 315
b/ A = 2
A=2

300

300

Vy A = B

v B = 3200

= 33.100 = 8100

v B = 3200 = 32.100 = 9100

V 8 < 9 nn 8100 < 9100 v A < B.

Bi 8: So snh hai lu tha sau:
3111 v 1714
Ta thy 3111 < 3211 = (25)11 = 255 (1)
1714 > 1614 = (24 )14 = 256 (2)
T (1) v (2) 311 < 255 < 256 < 1714
nn
3111 < 1714
Bi 1: So snh cc s sau, s no ln hn
a) 1030 v 2100
b) 333444 v 444333
c) 1340 v 2161
d) 5300 v 3453
Bi 2: So snh cc s sau
a) 5217 v 11972
b) 2100 v 10249
c) 912 v 277
d) 12580 v 25118
e) 540 v 62010
f) 2711 v 818
Bi 3: So snh cc s sau
a) 536 v 1124
b) 6255 v 1257
c) 32 n v 23n (n N * )
d) 523 v 6.522
Bi 4: So snh cc s sau
a) 7.213 v 216
b) 2115 v 275.498
c) 19920 v 200315
d) 339 v 1121
Bi 5: So snh cc s sau
a) 7245 7244 v 7244 7243
b) 2500 v 5200
c) 3111 v 1714
d) 324680 v 237020
e) 21050 v 5450
g) 52 n v 25n ;(n N )
Bi 6: So snh cc s sau
a) 3500 v 7300
b) 85 v 3.47
c) 9920 v 999910
d) 202303 v 303202
e) 321 v 231
g) 111979 v 371320
h) 1010 v 48.505
i) 199010 + 19909 v 199110
Bi 7: So snh cc s sau
a) 10750 v 7375
b) 291 v 535
c) 544 v 2112

Bi 8: Tm xem 2100 c bao nhiu ch s trong cch vit h thp phn

Bi gii:
100
Mun bit 2 c bao nhiu ch s trong cch vit h thp phn ta so
snh 2100 vi 1030
v 1031.
* So snh 2100 vi 1030
Ta c: 2100 = (210)10 = 1024 10

1030 = (103)10 = 100010

V 102410 > 100010
nn 2100 > 1030 (*)
* So snh 2100 vi 1031
Ta c: 2100 = 231 . 269 = 231 . 263 . 26
= 231 . (29)7 . (22)3 = 231 .5127 . 43 (1)
1031 = 231 . 531 = 231 . 528. 53 = 231 (54 )7 . 53
= 231 . 6257. 53 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
231 . 5127 . 43 < 231 . 5127 . 53
Hay 2100 < 1031 ( **)
T (*),( **) ta c:
1031 < 2100 < 1031
S c 31 ch s nh nht
S c 32 ch s nh nht
100
Nn 2
c 31 ch s trong cch vit h thp phn.
Bi 10: So snh A v B bit.
19 30 + 5
19 31 + 5
a) A = 31
;
B = 32
19 + 5
19 + 5
18
20
2 3
2 3
b) 20
;
B = 22
2 3
2 3
2
9
1 + 5 + 5 + ... + 5
1 + 3 + 3 2 + ... + 3 9
c) A =
;
B =
1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 8
1 + 3 + 3 2 + ... + 3 8

Bi gii:
90
19.(19 + 5)
19 + 5
19 31 + 95
Nn
19A
=
=
= 1 + 31
31
31
31
19 + 5
19 + 5
19 + 5
19 + 5
31
31
32
90
19.(19 + 5)
19 + 5
19 + 95
B = 32
nn 19B =
=
= 1 + 32
32
32
19 + 5
19 + 5
19 + 5
19 + 5
90
90
V 31
> 32
19 + 5
19 + 5
90
90
Suy ra 1 + 31
> 1 + 32
Hay 19A > 19B Nn A > B
19 + 5
19 + 5
9
2 2 .( 218 3)
218 3
2 20 12
b) A = 20
nn 22 . A =
=
= 1 - 20
20
22
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2
20
20
22
9
2 .( 2 3)
2 3
2 12
B = 22
nn 22.B =
= 22
= 1- 22
22
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
9
9
9
9
V 20
> 22
Suy ra
1 - 20
< 1- 22
Hay 22 A < 22 B
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3

A=

30

30

Nn A < B
c) Ta c:

1 + (5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 9 ) 1 + 5(1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 8 )

1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 9
1
=
=
+ 5 > 5 (1)
A=
=
2
8
1 + 5 + 5 + ... + 5
1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 8
1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 8
1 + 5 + 5 2 + ... + 5 8

Tng t B =
A=

1
+ 3 < 4 (2)
1 + 3 + 3 + ... + 3 8

1
1 + 5 + 5 + ... + 5
2

T (1) v (2) Ta c

+5>5>4>

1
+ 3 =B
1 + 3 + 3 + .... + 3 8
2

Bi tp 10: Cho A = 1 + 2 + 22 + .. +230

Vit A + 1 di dng mt ly tha
Bi 4: Tm x N bit
a) 13 + 23 + 33 + ...+ 103 = ( x +1)2
b) 1 + 3 + 5 + ...+ 99 = (x -2)2
Bi gii:
3
3
3
3
a) 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ 10 = (x +1)2
( 1+ 2 + 3+...+ 10)2 = ( x +1)2
552 = ( x +1) 2
55 = x +1
x = 55- 1
x = 54
b) 1 + 3 + 5 +...+ 99 = ( x -2)2
2

99 1
+ 1 = ( x - 2)2

502 = ( x -2 )2
50 = x -2
x = 50 + 2
x = 52
( Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5+ ...+ ( 2n+1) = n2)
Bi 5: Tm 1 cp x ; y N tho mn
3
7 = x2 - y2
Ta thy: 73 = x2 - y2
( 13 + 23 + 33 +...+73) - (13+ 23+ 33+...+ 63) = x2 - y2
(1+ 2 + 3 + ...+ 7)2 - (1 + 2 + 3 +...+ 6)2 = x2 - y2
282 - 212 = x2 - y2
Vy 1 cp x; y tho mn l:
x = 28; y = 21
Bi 2: Tm x N* bit.
A =
111....1
- 777 ...7
2 x ch s 1
x ch s 7

l s chnh phng
Bi gii:

+ Nu x = 1
Ta c: A = 11 - 7 = 4 = 22 (TM)
+ Nu x > 1

nn A > B

Ta c A = 111...1 - 777...7 = ......34 2

2x ch s 1
x ch s 7 m ...34 4
Suy ra A khng phi l s chnh phng ( loi)
Vy x = 1
c) Dng tnh cht chia ht
Bi 1: Tm x; y N bit:
35x + 9 = 2. 5y
*)Nu x = 0 ta c:
350 + 9 = 2.5y
10 = 2.5y
5y = 5
y =1
*) Nu x >0
+ Nu y = 0 ta c: 35x + 9 = 2.50
35x + 9 = 2 ( v l)
+ Nu y > 0 ta thy:
35x + 9 5 v ( 35x 5 ; 9 5 )
M 2. 5y 5 ( v l v 35x + 9 = 2.5y)
Vy x = 0 v y = 1
Bi 1: Tnh tng.
A = 1 + 2 + 22+...+ 2100
B = 3 - 32 + 33 - ... - 3100
Bi gii:
2
100
A = 1 + 2 + 2 + ...+ 2
=> 2A = 2 + 22 + 23 + ...+ 2101
=> 2A - A = (2 + 22 + 23 + ...+ 2101 ) (1 +2 + 22+ ...+2100)
Vy A = 2101 - 1
B = 3 - 32 - 33 - ...- 3100
=> 3B = 32 - 33 + 34 - ...- 3101
B + 3B = (3 - 33 + 33) - ...- 3100) + ( 32 - 23 +34 - ... - 3101)
4B = 3 - 3101
Vy B = ( 3- 3101) : 4
Bi 2: a) Vit cc tng sau thnh mt tch: 2 + 22 ; 2 + 22 + 23 ; 2 + 22 + 23 + 24
b) Chng minh rng: A = 2 + 22 + 23 + ..... + 22004 chia ht cho 3; 7 v 15.
Bi 3: a) Vit tng sau thnh mt tch 34 + 35 + 36 + 37
b) Chng minh rng: B = 1 + 3 + 32 + .... + 399 M40
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
a) S1 = 5 + 52 + 53 + ... + 52004 M6;31;156
b) S2 = 2 + 22 + 23 + .... + 2100 M31
c) s3 = 165 + 215 M33
Bi 5 Tnh cc tng sau bng cch hp l.
a) A = 20 + 21 + 22 + .... + 22006
b) B = 1 + 3 + 32 + .... + 3100

c) C = 4 + 42 + 43 + .... + 4n
d) D = 1 + 5 + 52 + .... + 52000
Bi 6 Cho A = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + .... + 2200 . Hy vit A+1 di dng mt lu tha.
Bi 7 Cho B = 3 + 32 + 33 + ..... + 32005 . CMR: 2B+3 l lu tha ca 3.
Bi 8 Cho C = 4 + 22 + 23 + .... + 22005 . CMR: C l mt lu tha ca 2.
Bi 9: Chng minh rng:
a) 55 54 + 53 M7
b) 76 + 75 7 4 M11
c) 109 + 108 + 107 M222
e) 106 57 M59
g) 3n + 2 2n+ 2 + 3n 2n M10n N *
h) 817 279 913 M45
i) 810 89 88 M55
k) 109 + 108 + 107 M555
Bi 10 Tnh nhanh
a. S = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 +........+ 262 + 263
b. S = 1 + 3 +32+ 33+............+ 320
c. S = 1 + 4 + 42 + 43+ ...........+ 449
Bi 11 Tnh tng
a) A = 1 + 52 + 54 + 56 + ...+ 5200
b) B = 7 - 74 + 74 -...+ 7301
Bi gii:
2
4
6
200
a) A = 1 + 5 + 5 + 5 + ...+ 5
25 A = 52 + 54+ ...+ 5202
25 A - A = 5202 - 1
Vy A = ( 5202 -1) : 24
b) Tng t B =
Bi 3: Tnh

7 304 + 1
73 +1

1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 3 + ... + 100
7
7
7
7
4
4
4
4
B = + 2 - 3 + ...+ 200
5
5
5
5

A=

Bi gii:
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 3 + ... + 100
7
7
7
7
1
1
1
7A = 1 +
+ 2 + ... + 99
7
7
7
1
1

=> 7A - A = 1 - 100
A = 1 100
7
7
4
4
4
4
B = + 2 - 3 + ...+ 200
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
5B = -4 +
+ 3 +...+ 201
5
5
5
4
B+5B = -4 + 200
5
4

B = 4 + 200 : 6
5

A=

Bi 3: Tnh

: 6

25 28 + 25 24 + 25 20 + ... + 25 4 + 1
A = 30
25 + 25 28 + 25 26 + ... + 25 2 + 1

Bi gii:

Bin i mu s ta c:
2530 + 2528 + 2526 +...+252 + 1
= (2528 + 2524 + 2520 + ...+1)+ ( 2530 + 2526 +2522+...+252)
= (2528 + 2524+ 2520+...1) +252. (2528+ 2526+ 2522+ ...+ 1)
= (2528+ 2524 + 2520+ ...+1) . (1 + 252)
Vy A =

1
1 + 25 2

1
626

Bi tp 11: Vit 2100 l mt s c bao nhiu ch s khi tnh gi tr ca n.

Bi tp 13: Tm s t nhin abc bit (a + b + c)3 = abc (a b c)
Bi tp 14: C hay khng s t nhin abcd
(a + b + c + d)4 = abcd

Cc du hiu chia ht
A/. Mc tiu:
- Hc sinh nm vng cc tnh cht chia ht v cc tdu hiu chia ht
vo trong gii bi tp.
- Vn dng thnh tho cc php bin i vo trong cc bi tp s hc.
- Rn luyn cho hc sinh thi quen t c sch, t duy l gic c phn tch
tng hp.
B/. Chun b:
Ni dung chuyn , kin thc cn bn cn s dng v cc bi tp t
luyn.
C/. Ni dung chuyn .
I/ Kin thc c bn.
1) nh ngha: Cho hai so t nhien a va b (b 0 ).
a = b.q a Mb a la boi cua b b la c cua a.
2) Tnh chat:
1/ Bat c so nao khac 0 cung chia het cho chnh no.
2/ Neu a Mb vabMc a Mc
3/ So 0 chia het cho moi so b khac 0.
4/ Bat c so nao cung chia het cho 1.
5/ Neu a Mm va b Mm th a + bMm vaa bMm
6/ Neu tong cua hai so chia het cho m va mot trong hai so
ay chia het cho m
th so con lai cung chia het cho
m.
7/ Neu mot trong hai so a va b chia het cho m, so kia khong
chia het cho m
th a +b khong chia het cho m va a - b khong
chia het cho m.
8/ Neu mot tha so cua tch chia het cho m th tch chia het
cho m.
9/ Neu a Mm, bMn ab Mmn
He Qua: Neu a Mb a n Mbn
Neu a Mm, a Mn , (m, n) = 1 a Mmn
A/ LY THUYET:

Goi A=a

an 1aaa
...
Ta
o
2c
1
0

AM
2
a M
2,0A
M
5 a M
50
AM
4
aa M
A
M
25 aa M
5
14,
0
120
AM
8
aaa 2M
8,A
M
125 aaa 2M
12
1
0
1
05
AM
3
a+
an+++
a
+
a a
3
n ...
1
2 M
1
AM
9
a+
an+++
a
+
a a
9
n...
1
2 M
1

0
0

BAI TAP:
1) Thay cac ch x, y bang ch so thch hp e cho:
a/ So 275x chia het cho 5; cho 25; cho125.
b/ So 9 xy 4 chia het cho 2, cho4, cho 8.
Giai:
a/ 275x M5 x { 0;5} ; 275x M25 x { 0} ; 275x M125 x { 0}
b/ 9 xy 4M2 x, y { 0;1; 2;...;9} ; 9 xy 4M4 x { 0;1; 2;...;9} , y { 0, 2, 4, 6,8}
9 xy 4M
8 x { 0; 2; 4;6;8} ; y { 2;6} hoa
c x { 1;3; 5;7;9} ; y { 0; 4;8} :
LUYEN TAP

1) Cho n N, chng minh rang:

a/ 5n 1M4
b/ n2 + n + 1 khong chia het cho 4.
c/ 10n - 1 M9
d/ 10n + 8 M9
Giai: a/
+ Vi n = 0, ta co: 50 1 = 1 1 = 0 M4
+ Vi n = 1, ta co: 51 -1 = 5 1 = 4 M4.
+ Vi n > 1, ta co: 5n = 5 nen 5n 1 = 5 1 = 4 M4
Vay vi n N, 5n 1M4 .
b/ Ta co n2 + n = n( n + 1) ay la tch cua hai so t nhien lien
tiep nen tch chan, do o n2 + n + 1 la so le nen khong chia het
cho 4.
c/ Ta co 10n - 1 = 1000 1 =
99..9 M9
n ch so 0
n
ch so 9
d/ Ta co: 10n + 8 = 1000 + 8 = 10008 M9
n ch so 0 n-1 ch so 0
2) Chng minh rang:
a/ 1028 + 8 M72
b/ 88 + 220 M17
Giai: a/ Ta co: 1028 + 8 = 1000 + 8 = 10008 M9
28 ch so 0 27 ch so 0
28
So 10 + 8 co tan cung bang 008 nen chia het cho 8

(1)
(2)

Mat khac (8;9) = 1. Vay 1028 + 8 chia het cho 72.

b/ 88 + 220 = (23)8 + 220 = 2 24 + 2 20 = 220(24 + 1) = 220. 17 M17
vay 88 + 220 chia het cho 17.
3/ CMR vi moi so t nhien n th n 2 + n + 6 khong chia het cho 5.
Giai:
Vi moi so t nhien n th n 2 + n = n(n + 1) ay la tch cua hai
so t nhien lien tiep nen tan cung bang 0; 2; 6. Do o n 2
+ n + 6 tan cung bang 6; 8; 2 nen khong chia het cho 5.
4) CMR: a/ 94260 35137chia het cho 5.
b/ 995 - 984 + 973 - 962 chia het cho 2 va 5.
Giai: a/ 94260 35137= 9424.15 35137= .615 - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5 M5
b/ 995 - 984 + 973 - 962 = 9 - 6 + .3 - ..6 =.0
So nay co ch so tan cung bang 0 nen chia het cho ca 2
va 5.
Bi 1:Chng minh rang:
a) ab + ba chia het cho 11.
b) ab ba Chia het cho 9 vi a > b.
a) Ta co ab + ba = (10a +b) + (10b + a) = 11a + 11b = 11(a + b) M11 Vay
ab + ba M11.
b) Ta co : ab ba = (10a + b) (10b + a) = 9a 9b = 9 (a b) M9
Chu y :
Neu ab + cd M11 abcd M11
Bi 2 Cho abc deg M7. Cmr abc deg M7
2) CMR Neu viet them vao ang sau mot so t nhien co hai
ch so so gom chnh hai ch so ay viet theo th t ngc lai th
c mot so chia het cho 11.
3) Cho so abcM27 Chng minh rang so bca M27
Giai:
1)Taco: abc deg = 1000abc + deg = 1001abc (abc deg )
= 7.143abc (abc deg )

Ma : 7.143 abcM7 va abc deg M7. Vay abc deg M7

2) Goi so t nhien co hai ch so la: ab .( 0 < a 9, 0 b 9, a,b
N)
Khi viet them so co hai ch so ay viet theo th t ngc lai
ta c so: abba
abba = 1000a + 100b + 10b + a
= 1001a + 110b = 7.11.13a + 11.10b M
11
Va
y : abba M
11

3)

abcM27

 abc0M27
1000a + bc 0M27
999a + a + bc0M27
27.37a + bca M27
bca M27 ( Do 27.37a M27)

LUYEN TAP
1) CMR tong cua ba so t nhien lien tiep th chia het cho 3, con
tong cua bon so t nhien lien tiep th khong chia het cho 4.
2) CMR Tong cua 5 so chan lien tiep th chia het cho 10, con tong
cua 5 so le lien tiep th khong chia het cho 10.
3) Tm n N e:
a) 27 5n Mn
b) n + 6 Mn + 2
c) 2n + 3 Mn 2
d) 3n + 1 M11
2n
4) Cmr neu ab + cd + eg M11 th abc deg M11
5) Cho abc + deg M37. Cmr abc deg M37
6) Cho 10 k 1 M19 vi k > 1 CMR: 102k 1 M19
7) Cho n la so t nhien. CMR:
a/ (n + 10 ) (n + 15 ) chia het cho 2.
b/ n(n + 1) (n + 2) chia het cho ca 2 va 3.
8) Chng minh rang neu ab = 2cd abcd M67
Giai:
1) Goi ba so t nhien lien tiep o la: n, n + 1, n + 2 .
Ta phai chng minh: n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) M3
That vay ta co: n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) = 3n + 3 M3
Goi bon so t nhien lien tiep o la: n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3.
Ta co: n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) = 4n + 7 khong chia het cho 4 v
4n chia het cho 4 con 7 khong chia het cho 4.
Vay tong cua ba so t nhien lien tiep th chia het cho 3, con
tong cua bon so t nhien lien tiep th khong chia het cho 4.
2) Goi 5 so chan lien tiep la: 2n; 2n + 2; 2n + 4; 2n + 6; 2n + 8 vi n
la so t nhien.
Ta co: 2n + 2n + 2 + 2n + 4 + 2n + 6 + 2n + 8 = 10n + 20 = 10(n + 2) M
10
Goi 5 so le lien tiep la: 2n + 1; 2n + 3; 2n + 5; 2n + 7; 2n + 9 vi n
la so t nhien.
Ta co: 2n + 1 + 2n + 3 + 2n + 5 + 2n + 7 + 2n + 9 = 10n + 25 = 10(n +
2) + 5 M 10.
3) a) 27 5n Mn ; 5n Mn => 27 Mn => n (27) = { 1;3;9; 27} nhng 5n < 27
nen n < 6
Vay n { 1;3}

b) n + 6 Mn + 2 => n + 2 + 4 Mn + 2, ma n +2 Mn + 2 => 4 Mn + 2
=> n + 2 { 1; 2; 4} => n { 0; 2}
c) 2n + 3 Mn 2 => 2(n 2) + 7 Mn -2 => 7 Mn - 2 => n 2 { 1;7} => n
{ 3;9 }
d*) 3n + 1 M11 2n (n < 6) => 2(3n + 1) + 3(11 2n) M11 2n => 35 M
11 2n
=> 11 2n { 1;5;7;35} nhng v n < 6 nen n { 5;3; 2}
4)Ta co:abc deg
= 10000ab + 100cd +eg =9999ab 99
+ cd
Do 9999M11; 99M11; ( ab
+

cd+

(ab
+

cd+

eg +)

eg)M11

Vay : abc deg M11

5)Taco:abc deg= 1000abc + deg = 999abc +(abc
= 27.37abc
Do 27.37 abcM37; ( abc
+
2k

+(abc

+deg)

deg)M 37 Va
; y
2k

+deg)

: abc degM37
k

6) Ta co: 10 1 = 10 10 + 10k -1 = 10k(10k 1) + (10k 1)

Do 10k - 1M19 nen 10k(10k 1) + (10k 1) M19
Vay 102k 1 M19
7) a/ (n + 10 ) (n + 15 )
Khi n chan => n = 2k (k N).
Ta co: (n + 10 ) (n + 15 ) = (2k + 10)( 2k + 15) = 2(k + 5)(2k + 15) Chia
het cho 2.Khi n le => n = 2k + 1 (k N).
Ta co: :(n + 10 ) (n + 15 ) = (2k + 1 + 10)(2k +1 + 15) = (2k + 11)(2k +
16)
= 2(2k + 11 )(k + 8) chia het cho 2.
Vay (n + 10 ) (n + 15 ) Chia het cho 2.
b/ at. A = n (n + 1)(n + 2)
+ Trong hai so t nhien lien tiep co mot so chan va mot so le,
so chan chia het cho 2 nen A chia het cho 2.
+ Trng hp: n = 3k (k N) th n chia het cho 3 nen A chia het cho 3.
(1)
Trng hp: n khong chia het cho 3 th n = 3k + 1 hoac n = 3k + 2
Khi n = 3k + 1 => A = (3k + 1)( 3k + 2)(3k + 3) = 3(3k + 1)( 3k + 2)(k +
1) chia het cho 3 nen A chia het cho 3.
(2)
Khi n = 3k + 2 => A = (3k + 2)( 3k + 3)(3k + 4) = 3(3k + 2)( k + 1)(3k +
4) chia het cho 3 nen A chia het cho 3.
(3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra: A chia het cho 3.
Vay A chia het cho ca 2 va 3.
8) Ta co abcd = 100ab + cd
ab = 2cd
Ma:
Suy ra: abcd = 2cdcd = 200cd + cd = 201cd = 3.67cd M67
abcd M67
Vay:

Bi 3. Dng ba ch s 9, 0 ,5 ghp thnh cc s co ba ch s tha mn mt trong cc iu kin

sau:
a) S chia ht cho 5;
b) S chia ht cho 2 v cho 5.
Gii. a) Mt s chia ht cho 5 th s tn cng bng 0 hoc 5 . vy c ba s c ch s chia ht cho
5 l: 950 ; 590 ; 905.
b)Mt s chia ht cho 2 v cho 5 th s tn cng bng 0 . vy c hai s c ch s chia ht cho 2
v cho 5 l: 950 ; 590 ;
Bi 4. Cho s 123 x43 y . hy thay x,y bi cc ch s s cho chia ht cho 3 v 5.
Gii. S 123 x43 y 5 nn y = 0 hoc y = 5.
Vi y = 0 , ta c s 123x 430 . s ny phi chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 + 2 + 3 + x + 4+ +3 3
hay 12 + (x+ 1) 3 , nhng 1 x + 1 10 ,nn x + 1 = 3 ; 6 ; 9.
- Nu x + 1 = 3 th x = 2 ,ta c 1232430
- Nu x + 1 = 6 th x = 5 ,ta c 1235430
- Nu x + 1 = 3 th x = ,ta c 1238430
Vi y = 5 , ta c s 123x 435 . s ny phi chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 + 2 + 3 + x + 4+ +3 + 5 3
hay 18 + x 3 ,nn x = 0 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9. ta c cc s sau : 1230435; 1233435; 1236435 v 1239435
Bi 5:
1. in ch s vo du * c s :
a) Chia ht cho 2 : 3 * 46 ; 199 * ; 20 *1 ;
b) Chia ht cho 5 : 16 * 5 ; 174 * ; 53 * 6 ;
2. Dng c ba s 5,6,9 ghp thnh cc s t nhin c ba ch s:
a) Ln nht v chia ht cho 5;
b) Nh nht v chia ht cho 2;
3. Tm tp hp cc s t nhin n va chia ht cho 2 va chia ht cho 5 v
1995 n 2001 .
4. Chng t rng trong nm s t nhin lin tip lun c mt s chia ht cho 5.
5. Chng t rng:
a) Trong ba s t nhin bt k bao gi cng chn c hai s c hiu chia ht cho 2;
b) Trong su s t nhin bt k bao gi cng chn c hai s c hiu chia ht cho 5;
6. Chng t rng:
a) (5n + 7 )(4n + 6) 2 vi mi s t nhin n;
b) (8n + 1 )(6n + 5) .. . 2 vi mi s t nhin n;
7. Ngi ta vit cc s t nhin ty sao cho s cc s l gp i s cc s chn. tng cc s vit
c chia ht cho 2 hay khng? V sao?
8. C 5 t giy .ngi ta x t giy thnh 6 mnh . li ly mt trong s mnh giy no , x mi
mnh thnh 6 mnh.c nh vy sau mt s ln , ngi ta m c 2001 mnh giy.hi ngi ta
m ng hay sai?
9. Cho su ch s : 2 , 3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,9.
a) c bao nhiu s c ba ch s ,cc ch s trong mi s u khhacs nhau, c lp thnh t cc
ch s trn?
b) Trong cc s c lp thnh c bao nhiu s nh hn 400? Bao nhiu s l s l ? bao nhiu s
chia ht cho 5?
Bi tp cng c:

1.in ch s vo du * :
a) 2001 + 2 * 3 chia ht cho 3;
b) 5 * 793 * 4 chia ht cho 9;
2. in ch s vo du * c s chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht cho 9 :
51 * v 745 *
3.Dng ba trong 4 ch s 3,6,9,0 hy ghp thnh s t nhin c ba ch s sao cho s :
a) Chia ht cho 9;
b) Chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht cho 9.
4. Phi thay cc ch s x, y bi ch s no s 123 x44 y 3
5. Tng (hiu) sau c chia ht cho 3 , cho 9 khng?
102001 + 2 ; 102001 1 .
6. Tm cc ch s x,y bit rng s 56 x3 y chia ht cho 2 v 9.
7. Tm cc ch s x,y bit rng s 71x1 y chia ht cho 445.
8. Tm tt c cc s c dng 6a14b , bit rng s chai ht cho 3 , cho 4 v cho 5.
9. Tm hai s t nhin lin tip , trong c mt ch s chia ht cho 9 , bit rng tng ca hai
s tha mn cc iu kin sau:
a) L s c ba ch s;
b) L s chia ht cho 5;
c) Tng ca ch s hng trm v ch s hng n v l s chia ht cho 9;
d) Tng ca ch s hng trm v ch s hng chc l s chia ht cho 4;
Cc phng php chng minh chia ht
Phng php 1: chng minh AMb ( b 0 ). Ta biu din A = b.k trong
k N
Bi 1: Cho n N . Chng minh rng: (5n)100 M125
Bi 2: Cho A = 2 + 22 + ..... + 22004 . Chng minh rng: a) AM6
b) AM7
c) AM30
2
1998
Bi 3: Cho S = 3 + 3 + ... + 3 . Chng minh rng :a) S M12
b) sM39
2
100
Bi 4: Cho B = 3 + 3 + ... + 3 Chng minh rng: BM120
Bi 5: Chng minh rng
a) 3636 910 M45
b) 810 89 88 M55
c) 55 54 + 53 M7
d) 76 + 7 5 7 4 M11
e) 2454.5424.210 M7263
g) 817 279 913 M45
h) 3n +3 + 3n+1 + 2n+3 + 2n+ 2 M6n N
i) (210 + 211 + 212 ) : 7 l mt s t nhin.
Phng php 2: S dng h qu tnh cht chia ht ca mt tng
Nu a bMm v a Mm bMm
Phng php 3: chng minh mt biu thc ch ch (Gi s cha
n) chia ht cho b ( b 0 )Ta c th xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia
n cho b
Bi 6: a) Chng minh rng: Tch ca hai s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 2
b) Chng minh rng: Tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 6.
c) Chng minh rng: Tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 24
d) Chng minh rng: Tch ca 5 s t nhin lin lip chia ht cho 120
(Ch : Cc bi ton trn y c s dng trong chng minh chia
ht, khng cn CM li)
Bi 7: Chng minh rng: a) (5n + 7)(4n + 6)M2n N

Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi

b) (8n + 1)(6n + 5) khng chia ht cho 2 N

8: Chng minh rng: A = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)M6n N
9: a) Cho n N . Chng minh rng: n 2 M3 hoc n 2 chia 3 d 1
b) CMR: Khng tn ti n N n 2 + 1 = 300...0
10: Chng minh rng: m, n N ta lun c m.n(m 2 n 2 )M3
11: Chng minh rng: (n + 20052006 )(n + 20062005 )M2n N

2
1 4 44 2 4 4 43
Bi 12: CMR khng tn ti n N n + 1 = 20042004.....2004
15 so 2004

Phng php 4: chng minh AMb . Ta biu din b di dng b = m.n . Khi
+ Nu (m, n)=1 th tm cch chng minh AMm v AMn AMm.n hay AMb
+ Nu (m; n) 1 ta biu din A = a1.a2 ri tm cch chng minh a1 Mm; a2 Mn th
tch a1.a2 Mm.n tc AMb
Bi 13: a) Chng minh rng: Tch ca hai s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho
2
b) Chng minh rng: Tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 6.
c) Tch ca bn s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 24.
d) Tch ca 5 s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 120
Bi 14 : Chng minh rng: nu a l mt s l khng chia ht cho 3 th
a 2 1M6

Bi 15: a) Chng minh rng: Tch ca hai s chn lin tip th chia ht
cho 8
b) Chng minh rng: Tch ca ba s chn lin tip th chia ht cho
48
c) Chng minh rng: Tch ca bn s chn lin tip th chia ht cho
384
Bi 16 : Chng minh rng: B = 10n + 18n 1M27
Bi 16: Chng minh rng:
a) 10n 36n 1M27n N ; n 2
{ M27
b) s 11...1
27 c / s1

Phng php 5: Dng du hiu chia ht

Bi 17:
Chng minh rng:
1020006 + 8M72
{
Bi 18: Chng minh rng: a) S 55...5
khng chia ht cho 125 (
nc / s 5

b) 10n + 23 M9
c) 3737 2323 M10
Bi 19: Chng minh rng:
a) 1033 + 8M2;9

b)

10 + 14M3; 2
10

c) 1050 + 5M3;5
d) 1025 + 26M2;9
Bi 20: Tm hai s t nhin lin tip c ba ch s bit rng mt s chia
ht cho 125, s kia chia ht cho 8.
Bi 21: Chng minh rng n N th
a) 24 n+1 + 3M5
b) 24 n+ 2 + 1M5
c) 92 n+1 + 1M10
d) 7 4 n 1M5
e) 34 n+1 + 2M5

Bi 22 : Chng minh rng (210 + 1)10 M25

Bi 23: Cho s t nhin ab bng ba ln tch cc ch s ca n.
a) Chng minh rng: bMa
b) Gi s b=k.a. Chng minh rng k l c ca 10.
c) Tm cc s ab ni trn
Phng php 6: chng minh AMb ta biu din A = A1 + A2 + .... + An v
chng minh cc Ai (i = 1, n)Mb
Bi 1:

CMR:

{ M3
a) n N th A = 2.n + 11...1
nc / s1

n
{ n).bM9
b) a, b, n N th B = (10 1).a + (11...1
nc / s1

{ 9 + nM9
c) 88...8
nc / s 8

Bi 24: Hai s t nhin a v 2a u c tng cc ch s bng k. Chng

minh rng aM9
Bi 25: Tm cc ch s x, y 1994 xyM72
Cc bi ton tng hp:
Bi 1: Tm n N
a) n + 6Mn
b) 4.n + 5Mn
c) 38 3nMn
d) n + 5Mn + 1
e) 3n + 4Mn 1
g) 2n + 1M16 3n
Bi 2: Tm n N :
a) 3n + 2Mn 1
b) n 2 + 2n + 7Mn + 2
c) n 2 + 1Mn 1
d) n + 8Mn + 3
e) n + 6Mn 1
g) 4n 5M2n 1
h) 12 nM8 n
i) 20Mn
k) 28Mn 1
l) 113 + nM7
m) 113 + nM13
Bi 3: Tm n N . cc phn s sau c gi tr l s t nhin
a)

n+2
3

b)

7
n 1

c)

n +1
n 1

d)

2n + 8 n

5
5

Bi 4: Tm n N
a) 4n 5M13
b) 5n + 1M7
c) 25n + 3M53
d) 18n + 3M7
Bi 5: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc phn s sau c gi tr l s t nhin
3n + 5
n +1
2n + 13
d)
n 1

a)

n + 13
n +1
3n + 5
e)
n2

b)

3n + 15
n +1
6n + 5
g)
2n + 1

c)

Bi 6: Tm cc s t nhin n sao cho

a) n + 11Mn 1
b) 7nMn 3
2
c) n + 2n + 6Mn + 4
d) n 2 + n + 1Mn + 1
Bi 4: Chng minh rng: 88 + 220 M17
Bi 5: Chng minh rng: m + 4nM13 10m + nM13 m, n N
Bi 6: C hay khng hai s t nhin x, y sao cho ( x + y )( x y ) = 2002
Bi 8 :Chng minh rng nu ab + cd M11 th abcd M11

Bi 9 : Cho hai s t nhin abc v deg u chia 11 d 5. Chng minh rng s

abc deg M
11

Bi 10 : Cho abc deg M13 . Chng minh rng: abc deg M13
Bi 11:Cho bit s abcM7. Chng minh rng: 2a + 3b + c M7
Bi 12 : Cho s abcM4 trong a, b l cc ch s chn. Chng minh rng:
a) cM4
b) bacM4
Bi 13: Tm cc ch s a, b sao cho a b = 4;7a5b1M3
Bi 14: Cho 3a + 2bM17(a, b N ) . Chng minh rng: 10a + bM17
Bi 15:Cho a 5bM17(a, b N ) . Chng minh rng: 10a + bM17
Bi 16: Chng minh rng: 9.10n + 18M27 n N
Bi 17: Chng minh rng: nu abcd M99 th ab + cd M99 v ngc li
Bi 3: Bit a + bM7. Chng minh rng: abaM7
Bi 4: Bit a + b + c M7. Chng minh rng: nu abcM7 th b=c
Bi 5: Tm s t nhin ab sao cho 567a9bM45
Bi 6: Tm cc cp s t nhin (a,b) sao cho
a)

1 1 b
= +
a 6 3

b)

a 1 3
=
4 b 4

Bi 7: Cho s N = dcba . Chng minh rng:

a) N M4 a + 2bM4
b) N M8 a + 2b + 4c M8
c) N M16 a + 2b + 4c + 8d M16 vi b chn
Bi 8: Chng minh rng:
a) 2 x + 3 y M17 9 x + 5 y M17
b) a + 4bM13 10a + bM13
c) 3 a + 2bM17 10a + bM17
Bi 9: Chng minh rng:
a) 10n + 72n 1M81n N
{ M81
b) 11...1
81c / s1

Bi 11: Chng minh rng mt s c hai ch s chia ht cho 7 khi v ch

khi tng ca ch s hng chc v 5 ln ch s hng n v chia ht cho
7.
Bi 12: Vi a, b l cc ch s khc 0. Chng minh rng:
a) abbaM11
b) aaabbbM37
c) abababM7
d) abab baba M9 v 101 vi a>b
Bi 13:
Cho s t nhin A, Ngi ta i ch cc ch s ca s A c s B gp
ba ln s A. Chng minh rng B chia ht cho 27.

SO NGUYEN TO HP SO.
PHAN TCH MOT SO RA THA SO NGUYEN TO
A/ LY THUYET:
+ So nguyen to la so t nhien ln hn 1 va ch co hai c la 1
va chnh no.
+ Hp so la so t nhien ln hn 1 co nhieu hn hai c.
+ e chng to so t nhien a > 1 la hp so, ch can ch ra mot
c khac 1 va a.
Chu y: 10n = 10.0 = 2n.5n
n ch so 0
+ Cach xac nh so lng c cua mot so: Khi phan tch M ra
tha so nguyen to, ta co
M = ax.by.cz th cac c cua M la (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1).
+ Neu ab MP vi P la so nguyen to th hoac a MP hoac b MP .
ac biet: Neu an MP th a MP
B/ V DU:
Dng 1:
Bi 1: Tng (hiu) sau l s nguyn t hay hp s:
a/ 3150 + 2125
b/ 5163 + 2532
c/ 19. 21. 23 + 21. 25 .27
d/ 15. 19. 37 225
Bi 2: Chng t rng cc s sau y l hp s:
a/ 297; 39743; 987624
b/ 1111 c 2001 ch s 1 hoc 2007 ch s 1
c/ 8765 397 639 763
Hng dn
a/ Cc s trn u chia ht cho 11
Dng du hiu chia ht cho 11 nhn bit: Nu mt s t nhin c tng
cc ch s ng v tr hng chn bng tng cc ch s hng l ( s
th t c tnh t tri qua phi, s u tin l s l) th s chia ht cho
11. Chng hn 561, 2574,
b/ Nu s c 2001 ch s 1 th tng cc ch s ca n bng 2001 chia
ht cho 3. Vy s chia ht cho 3. Tng t nu s c 2007 ch s 1
th s cng chia ht cho 9.
c/ 8765 397 639 763 = 87654.100001 l hp s.

Bi 3: Chng minh rng cc tng sau y l hp s

a/ abcabc + 7
b/ abcabc + 22
c/ abcabc + 39
Hng dn
a/ abcabc + 7 = a.105 + b.104 + c.103 + a. 102 + b.10 + c + 7
= 100100a + 10010b + 1001c + 7
= 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 7
V 1001 M7 1001(100a + 101b + c) M7 v 7 M7
Do abcabc + 7 M7, vy abcabc + 7 l hp s
b/ abcabc + 22 = 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 22
1001 M11 1001(100a + 101b + c) M11 v 22M11
Suy ra abcabc + 22 = 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 22 chia ht cho 11 v abcabc + 22
>11 nn abcabc + 22 l hp s
c/ Tng t abcabc + 39 chia ht cho 13 v abcabc + 39 >13 nn abcabc + 39 l hp s
Bi 4: a/ Tm s t nhin k s 23.k l s nguyn t
b/ Ti sao 2 l s nguyn t chn duy nht?
Hng dn
a/ Vi k = 0 th 23.k = 0 khng l s nguyn t
vi k = 1 th 23.k = 23 l s nguyn t.
Vi k>1 th 23.k M23 v 23.k > 23 nn 23.k l hp s.
b/ 2 l s nguyn t chn duy nht, v nu c mt s chn ln hn 2 th
s chia ht cho 2, nn c s ca n ngoi 1 v chnh n cn c c l 2
nn s ny l hp s.
Bi 5: Tm mt s nguyn t, bit rng s lin sau ca n cng l mt s
nguyn t
Hng dn
Ta bit hai s t nhin lin tip bao gi cng c mt s chn v mt s l,
mun c hai l s nguyn t th phi c mt s nguyn t chn l s 2. Vy
s nguyn t phi tm l 2.
Dng 2: Du hiu nhn bit mt s nguyn t

Ta c th dng du hiu sau nhn bit mt s no c l s nguyn

t hay khng: S t nhin a khng chia ht cho mi s nguyn t p m p2 <
a th a l s nguyn t.
VD1: Ta bit 29 l s nguyn t.
Ta c th nhn bit theo du hiu trn nh sau:
- Tm cc s nguyn t p m p2 < 29: l cc s nguyn t 2, 3, 5 (72 =
49 19 nn ta dng li s nguyn t 5).
- Th cc php chia 29 cho cc s nguyn t trn. R rng 29 khng chia ht
cho s nguyn t no trong cc s 2, 3, 5. Vy 29 l s nguyn t.
VD2: Hy xt xem cc s t nhin t 1991 n 2005 s no l s nguyn
t?
Hng dn
- Trc ht ta loi b cc s chn: 1992, 1994, .. ., 2004
- Loi b tip cc s chia ht cho 3: 1995, 2001
- Ta cn phi xt cc s 1991, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003 nguyn t p m p2
< 2005 l 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43.
- S 1991 chia ht cho 11 nn ta loi.
- Cc s cn li 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003 u khng chia ht cho cc s
nguyn t tn.
Vy t 1991 n 2005 ch c 4 s nguyn t l 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003
C.HDVN: xem li nhng bi cha,nm vng du hiu nhn bit s nguyn t,hp s
Bi tp
V du 1: Cho A = 5 + 52 + 53 ++5100
a) So A la so nguyen to hay hp so?
b) So A co phai la so chnh phng khong?
Giai: a) Co A > 5; A M5 ( V moi so hang eu chia het cho 5) nen
A la hp so.
b) Co 52 M25, 53 M25;..;5100M25, nhng 5 M25 nen A M25
So A M5 nhng A M25 nen A khong la so chnh phng.
V du 2: So 54 co bao nhieu c.
Giai: Co: 54 = 2 .33. So c cua 54 la: (1 + 1)(3 + 1) = 2.4 = 8 c.
Tap hp cac c cua 54 la: (54) = { 1; 2;3;6;9;18; 27;54}
V du 3: Tm so nguyen to p sao cho p + 2 , p + 4 cung la so
nguyen to.

Giai: V p la so nguyen to nen p co mot trong ba dang sau: 3k; 3k

+ 1; 3k + 2 vi k la so t nhien.
Neu p = 3k th p = 3 (V p la so nguyen to) => p + 2 = 5; p + 4 = 7
eu la so nguyen to.
Neu p = 3k + 1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen p +
2 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Neu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen p +
4 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Vay p = 3 la so nguyen to can tm.
C/ BAI TAP:
1) Tong cua 3 so nguyen to bang 1012. Tm so nho nhat trong
ba so o?
2) Tong cua hai so nguyen to co the bang 2003 hay khong?
3) Tm so nguyen to p, sao cho cac so sau cung la so nguyen
to.
a) p + 2 va p + 10.
b) P + 10 va p + 20.
4) Cho p la so nguyen to ln hn 3. Biet p + 2 cung la so
nguyen to. Chng minh p + 1chia het cho 6.
5) Cho p va p + 4 la cac so nguyen to (p > 3).Chng minh p +
8 la hp so.
6) Cho a, n N*, biet anM5. Chng minh: a2 + 150 M25.
Giai:
1) Tong cua 3 so nguyen to bang 1012 la so chan nen mot
trong ba so nguyen to o phai co mot so chan
o la so 2. so 2 la so nho nhat trong ba so nguyen to a
cho.
2) Tong cua hai so nguyen to co the bang 2003 la so le nen
mot trong hai so nguyen to o phai la so 2 khi o so th hai
la: 2003 2 = 2001 chia het cho 3 nen la hp so.
Vay khong ton tai hai so nguyen to co tong bang 2003.
3) a/ V p la so nguyen to nen p co mot trong ba dang sau: 3k; 3k +
1; 3k + 2 vi k la so t nhien.
Neu p = 3k th p = 3 (V p la so nguyen to) => p + 2 = 5; p + 10 = 13
eu la so nguyen to.
Neu p = 3k + 1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen p +
2 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Neu p = 3k + 2 th p + 10 = 3k + 12 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen
p + 10 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Vay p = 3 la so nguyen to can tm.
b/ V p la so nguyen to nen p co mot trong ba dang sau: 3k; 3k +
1; 3k + 2 vi k la so t nhien.

Neu p = 3k th p = 3 (V p la so nguyen to) => p + 10 = 13; p + 20 =

23 eu la so nguyen to.
Neu p = 3k + 1 th p + 20 = 3k + 21 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen
p + 20 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Neu p = 3k + 2 th p + 10 = 3k + 12 chia het cho 3 va ln hn 3 nen
p + 10 la hp so, trai vi e bai.
Vay p = 3 la so nguyen to can tm.
4) Do p la so nguyen to ln hn 3 nen p le, => p + 1 la so chan
nen p + 1M2
(1)
p la so nguyen to ln hn 3 nen co dang 3k + 1 hoac 3k + 2. (k
N)
Dang p = 3k + 1 khong xay ra.
Dang p = 3k + 2 cho ta p + 1 = 3k + 3M3
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra p + 1 M6
5) p la so nguyen to ln hn 3 nen p co dang 3k + 1 hoac 3k + 2.
(k N)
Neu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 chia het cho 3 nen la hp so, trai
vi e bai.
Vay p co dang 3k + 1 khi o p + 8 = 3k + 9 chia het cho 3 nen p + 8
la hp so.
6) Co anM5 ma 5 la so nguyen to nen a M5 => a2 M25.
Mat khac 150 M25 nen a2 + 150 M25.
Bi 1: Tm hai s nguyn t bit tng ca chng bng 2005.
Bi 2: Tm cc s nguyn t p 4 p + 11 l s nguyn t nh hn 30.
Bi 3: Cho A = 5 + 52 + .... + 5100
a) S A l s nguyn t hay hp s.
b) S A c l s chnh phng
khng ?
Bi 4: Tng hiu sau l s nguyn t hay hp s
a) A = 13.15.17 + 91 .
b) B = 2.3.5.7.11+ 13.17.19.21 .
c) C = 12.3 + 3.41+ 240
d) D = 45 + 36 + 72 + 81
e) E = 91.13 29.13 + 12.13
g) G = 4.19 5.4
2
3
h) H = 3 + 3.17 + 34.3
i) I = 7 + 7 2 + 73 + 7 4 + 75
k) A = 1.3.5.7...13 + 20
l) B = 147.247.347 13

{
{
Bi 5: Cho n N * . Chng minh rng s A = 11...1211...1
l hp s.
nc / s1
nc / s1
Bi 6: a) Cho n l mt s khng chia ht cho 3. Chng minh rng: n 2 chia 3
d 1.
b) Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Hi p 2 + 2003 l s nguyn t hay hp s ?

Bi 7: Cho n N ; n > 2 v n khng chia ht cho 3. Chng minh rng: n 2 1 v

n 2 + 1 khng th ng thi l s nguyn t.
Bi 8: Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 3.
a) Chng t rng: p c dng 6k + 1 hoc 6k + 5 vi k N *
b) Bit 8 p + 1 cng l s nguyn t. Chng minh rng: 4 p + 1 l hp s.
Bi 9: Cho p v p + 8 u l s nguyn t (p>3). Hi p+100 l s nguyn t
hay hp s
Bi 10: Cho n = 29k vi k N . Vi gi tr no ca k th n:
a) L s nguyn t
b) L hp s
c) Khng l s nguyn t cng khng l hp s.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng: nu 8p-1 v p l s nguyn t th 8p+1 l hp
s.
Bi 12: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p, q sao cho 7 p + q v pq + 11 u l s
nguyn t.
Bi 13: Tm ba s t nhin l lin tip u l s nguyn t.
Bi 14: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho a) 3 p + 5 l s nguyn t.
b) p+8 v p+10 u l s nguyn t.
Bi 16: Cho n = 2.3.4.5.6.7 . CMR: 6 s t nhin lin tip sau u l hp s: n+2;
n+3; n+4; n+5; n+6; n+7
Bi 17: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho p + 6; p + 8; p + 12; p + 14 u l s nguyn t
Bi 18:Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Chng minh rng: ( p 1)( p + 1) chia
ht cho 24.
Bi 19:Cho p v 2p+1 l hai s nguyn t (p>3). Chng minh rng: 4p+1 l
hp s.
Bi 20:Cho p v 10p+1 l hai s nguyn t (p>3). Chng minh rng: 5p+1
l hp s.
Bi 21:Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn t p >3, ba s p, p+2, p+4
khng th ng thi l nhng s nguyn t.
Bi 22: Hai s 2n 1 v 2n + 1 vi n >2 c th ng thi l s nguyn t hay
ng thi l hp s c khng ?
Bi 23: Tm s nguyn t p c
a) p+10 v p+14 u l s nguyn t.
b) p+2; p+6 v p+8 u l s nguyn t.
c) p+6;p+12; p+24; p+38 u l s nguyn t.
d) p+2; p+4 cng l s nguyn t.
Bi 24: Tm cc s nguyn t a, b, c sao cho 2a + 3b + 6c = 78
Bi 25: CMR: 2001.2002.2003.2004 +1 l hp s.
Bi 26: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho p 2 + 44 l s nguyn t.
Bi 27: CMR: Hai s 1994100 1 v 1994100 + 1 khng th ng thi l s nguyn
t
Bi 28: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho p + 94 v p+1994 cng l s nguyn t
Bi 29: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p 2 p + p 2 cng l s nguyn t.

c chung v bi chung, CLN, BCNN

A/. Mc tiu:
- Hc sinh nm vng nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca c chung, CLN,
bi chung, BCNN vo trong gii bi tp.
- Vn dng thnh tho cc tnh cht v chia ht vo trong cc bi tp.
- Rn luyn cho hc sinh thi quen t c sch, t duy l gic c phn tch
tng hp.
B/. Chun b:
Ni dung chuyn , kin thc cn bn cn s dng v cc bi tp t
luyn.
C/. Ni dung chuyn .
I/ Kin thc c bn.
1- Tnh cht chia ht lin quan
a

a n

=> a m.n

(m,n)=1
a.b m => b m
(a, m) =1
Bi 1: Tm CLN ca

Vy CLN (144, 120, 135) = 3.

a/ 12, 80 v 56

c/ CLN(150,50) = 50 v 150 chia ht

b/ 144, 120 v 135

cho 50.

c/ 150 v 50

d/ CLN(1800,90) = 90 v 1800 chia

d/ 1800 v 90

ht cho 90.

Hng dn

Bi 2: Tm

a/ 12 = 22.3 80 = 24. 5 56 = 33.7

a/ BCNN (24, 10)

Vy CLN(12, 80, 56) = 22 = 4.

b/ BCNN( 8, 12, 15)

b/ 144 = 24. 32 120 = 23. 3. 5

Hng dn

135 = 33. 5

a/ 24 = 23. 3 ; 10 = 2. 5

BCNN (24, 10) = 23. 3. 5 = 120

BCNN( 8, 12, 15) = 23. 3. 5 = 120

b/ 8 = 23 ; 12 = 22. 3 ; 15 = 3.5
5/ Tm s t nhin a l ln nht bit rng 480 a 600 a
Hng dn : v 480 a 600 a v a l ln nht
Nn a C LN (480,600)
Ta c 480= 25.3.5
600 = 23.3.52 => CLN ca (480,600) =23.3.5= 120
Vy a =120
6/ Tm s t nhin x bit rng 126 x 210 x v 15 < x < 30
Hng dn: V 126 x 210 x v 15 < x < 30 nn x C (126,210) v 15 < x <30
Ta c 126= 2.32..7
210 = 2.3.5.7
=> C (126,210) = 2.3.7 = 42 Do C (126,210) =C (42) = {1,2,3,6,7,.14,21,42}
V 15 < x < 30 nn x =21
7/ Tm s t nhin a nh nht khc 0 bit rng a 15 a 18
Hng dn : V a 15 a 18 a nh nht khc 0 nn a BCNN(15,18)
Ta c 15 =3.5 18 = 2.32 => BCNN(15,18) = 2.32.5 = 90
Vy a = 90
8/ Tm cc bi chung ca 15 v 25 m nh hn 400
Hng dn: Ta c : 15=3.5. 25= 52 => BCNN(15,25) = 3.52 =75
Nn BCNN(15,25) = B(75) = { 0,75,150,225,300,375,450,..........}
Cc bi chung ca 15 v 25 m nh hn 400 l 0, 75, 150, 225,300, 375
V d1. Tm s t nhin a bit rng khi chia 39 cho a th d 4, cn khi chia 48 cho a th d 6.
Gii. Chia 39 cho a th d 4 , nn a l c ca 39 4 = 35 v a > 4 .chia 48 cho a th d 6
nn a l c ca 48 6 = 42 v a > 6 . do a l c chung ca 35 v 42 dng thng a > 6.
(35) = { 1, 5, 7, 35} ; (42) = {1,2,3,6,7,14,21,42}.
C(35,42) = { 1,7}. Vy a = 7 .
V d 2Tm s t nhin a, bit rng khi chia 264 cho a th d 24 , cn khi chia363 cho a th d
43.
Dng 3: Cc bi ton thc t
Bi 1: Mt lp hc c 24 HS nam v 18 HS n. C bao nhiu cch chia t
sao cho s nam v s n c chia u vo cc t?
Bi 2: Mt n v b i khi xp hng, mi hng c 20 ngi, hoc 25 ngi, hoc 30 ngi u tha 15 ngi. Nu xp mi hng 41 ngi th va
(khng c hng no thiu, khng c ai ngoi hng). Hi n v c bao
nhiu ngi, bit rng s ngi ca n v cha n 1000?
Hng dnGi s ngi ca n v b i l x (x N)
x : 20 d 15 x 15 M20
x : 25 d 15 x 15 M25
x : 30 d 15 x 15 M30

Suy ra x 15 l BC(20, 25, 35)

Ta c 20 = 22. 5; 25 = 52 ; 30 = 2. 3. 5; BCNN(20, 25, 30) = 22. 52. 3 = 300
BC(20, 25, 35) = 300k (k N)
x 15 = 300k x = 300k + 15 m x < 1000 nn
300k + 15 < 1000 300k < 985 k < 3

17
(k N)
60

Suy ra k = 1; 2; 3
Ch c k = 2 th x = 300k + 15 = 615 M41
Vy n v b i c 615 ngi
Bi 3: 3 khi 6 7 8 theo th t c 300 hc sinh- 276 hc sinh 252 hc
sinh xp hng dc iu hnh sao cho hng dc mi khi nh nhau. C
th xp nhiu nht thnh my hng dc mi khi khng l ? kho
mi khi c bao nhiu hng ngang?
Bi 4: C 100 quyn v v 90 bt ch c thng u cho mt s hc sinh
cn li 4 quyn v v 18 bt ch khng chia u. Tnh s hc sinh.
Gii: Gi s hc sinh l a: => 100 4 a ; 90 18 a
Bi 5: Tm s t nhin nh hn 500 sao cho chia n cho 15, cho 35 c cc
s d l 8 v 13.

Gii Gi s phi tm l a

=> a- 8 15

=> a 8 + 30 15

a 13 35

a 13 + 35 35

=> a + 22 35
a + 22 15

Bi 6: Tm dng chung ca s t nhin a sao cho chia 4; 5; 6 ln lt c s d

l 3; 4; 5 v chia ht cho 13
Gii ; a + 1 BC (4; 5; 6)

=> a + 1 60 =>
v a 13

a + 1 300 60 =>

a 299 60

a 13 . 23 13 a 299 13

=> a 299 BCNN (60; 13)

a 299 780
=> a = 780b + 299 (b N)
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin nh nht chia cho 5; cho 7; 9 d l 3; 4; 5

Gii ; Gi s phi tm l A

=> 2a chia cho 5; 7; 9 u d 1

2a 1 = BCNN (5; 7; 9) = 315
2a 1 = 315 => a = 158
Bi 8: S HS ca mt trng trong khong t 2500 n 2600. Nu ton th
HS ca trng xp hng 3 th tha mt bn, xp hng 4 th tha 2 bn, xp
hng 5 th tha 3 bn, xp hng 7 th tha 5 bn. Tnh s HS ca trng ?
Lp gii: Gi s HS ca trng l x (x N, 2500 < x < 2600)
T gi thit suy ra a + 2 l s chia ht cho c 3, 4, 5 v 7.
M BCNN(3,4,5,7) = 420 nn a + 2 chia ht cho 420, v 2503 chia cho 420
bng 5 d 403 v 2601 chia 420 bng 6 d 81 nn a + 2 = 420.6 tc l a =
2518
Vy s HS ca trng l 2518 em.
Bi 9: Mt thit b in t 605 pht ting bp; chiu th 2 625 bp lc
10h sng c 2 cng ku hi lc my gi c 2 cng ku (10h 31p)
Bi 10: S HS ca mt trng THCS l s t nhin nh nht c 4 ch s m
khi chia s cho 5 hoc cho 6, hoc cho 7 u d 1.
Gi s HS ca trng l x (x N)
x : 5 d 1 x 1 M5
x : 6 d 1 x 1 M6
x : 7 d 1 x 1 M7
Suy ra x 1 l BC(5, 6, 7)
Ta c BCNN(5, 6, 7) = 210
BC(5, 6, 7) = 210k (k N)
x 1 = 210k x = 210k + 1 m x s t nhin nh nht c 4 ch s nn x
1000
suy ra 210k + 1 1000 k 4

53
(k N) nn k nh nht l k = 5.
70

Vy s HS trng l x = 210k + 1 = 210. 5 + 1 = 1051 (hc sinh)

Bi 11. C 100 quyn v v 90 bt bi. C gio ch nhim mun chia s v v bt thnh mt
s phn thng nh nhau gm c v v bt pht phn thuopwngr cho hc sinh. Nh vy th
cn li 4 quyn v 18 bt bi khng th chia u cho cc hc sinh.tnh s hc sinh c thng?.
Bi 12 C mt s sch gio khoa. Nu xp thnh tng chng 10 cun th va ht ,thng tng
chng 12 cun th tha 2 cun, thnh tng chng 18 cun th tha 8 cun .bit rng s sch
trong khong t 715 n 1000 cun.tm s sch .

Bi 13 Mt lp hc c 28 nam v 24 n.c bao nhiu cch chia s hc sinh ca lp thnh cc

t sao cho s nam v n c chia u cho cc t.
Bi 14 Ngi ta mun chia 240 bt bi , 210 bt ch v 180 tp giy thnh 1 s phn thng
nh nhau. Hi c th chia c nhiu nht l bao nhiu phn thng,mi phn thng C bao
nhiu bt bi , bt ch, tp giy?.
Bi 15: Mt s t nhin chia cho 2, cho 3 , cho 4 , cho 5 , cho 6 u d 1 , nhng khi chia cho
7 th khng cn d.
a) Tm s nh nht c tnh cht trn.
b) Tm dng chung ca cc s c tnh cht trn.
Gii.
a) Gi x l s phi tm th x 1 ( 2 ,3 ,4, 5 , 6) nn x 1 l bi chung ca 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
BCNN ( 2,3,4,5,6) = 60
Vy x 1 nhn cc gi tr: 60 ,120,180,240,300, do x nhn cc gi tr: 61 ,121 ,
181,241,301,
Trong cc s trn, s nh nht chia ht cho 7 l s 301.
b) V x 1 l bi ca 60 nn x- 1 = 60n hay x = 60n + 1 (n N*) v x 7 .ta c : x = 60n +
1 = 7.8n 7 + 4 (n + 2). V 7.8n 7 ,do x 7 th phi c 4(n + 2) 7 hay n + 2 7 .
dt n + 2 = 7k th n = 7k 2 (k N*).
x = 60n + 1 = 60 (7k - 2) + 1 = 420k 119 . tm x ta ch vic cho k cc gi tr : k = 1, 2, 3,

Bi 17 Ba em An , Bo , Ngc cng hc mt trng nhng 3 lp khc nhau .An c 5 ngy

trc nht mt ln , Bo 10 ngy trc nht mt ln, cn Ngc 8 ny trc nht mt ln.ln u ba
em cng trc nht mt ngy .hi my ngy sau ba em li cng trc nht vo cng mt ngy?
n ngy mi em trc nht my ln?
Bi 18 Bn Nam ngh mt s c ba ch s. nu bt s i 8 th c s chia ht cho 7 .nu
bt i 9 th c s chia ht cho 8 ,nu bt i 10 th c s chia ht cho 9. hi bn Nam ngh
s no?
Bi 19 Mt vn hnh ch nht c chiu di 105 m chiu rng 60 m ngi ta mun trng
xung quanh vn sao cho mi gc vn c mt cy v khong cch gia hai cy lin tip bng
nhau . Tnh khong cch ln nht gia hai cy lin tip (Khong cch gia 2 cy l mt s t
nhin vi n v l mt ) Khi tng s cy l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn :Gi khong cch gia 2 cy lin tip l a (mt) v mi gc vn c mt cy v
khong cch gia 2 cy lin tip bng nhau v ln nht nn
105 a
60 a v a ln nht

=> a CLN(105,60)
Ta c 105 = 3.5.7
60 = 22.3.5
CLN (105,60) = 3.5.=15
Vy khong cch ln nht gia 2 cy lin tip l 15 m
Chu vi mnh vn (105+60).2 =330 m
Tng s cy 330 : 15 = 22 cy
9/ Mt khi hc sinh khi xp hng 2 hng 3 hng 4 hng 5 hng 6 u tha 1 em nhng xp
hng 7 th va . Bit s hc sinh cha n 300 . Tnh s hc sinh
Hng dn: Gi s hs cn tm l a (0<a<300)

Theo ta c a+1 BC(2,3,4,5,6) v 1<a+1<301

M BCNN ca (2,3,4,5,6) = 23.3.5 = 60
BC (2,3,4,5,6) = B(60) = { 0,60,120,180,240,300,360,.....}
V 1<a+1<301nn a+1 { 0,60,120,180,240,300,.....}
Do a 7 nn a+1 = 120 => a = 119
Vy s HS l 119