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Phm Vn Tn

TN S TC THI.
Xem mt sng mang cha b bin iu sC(t) = A cos(2fCt + ) (5.1) Nu fC b thay i ty theo thng tin m ta mun truyn, sng mang c ni l c bin iu tn s. Cn nu b lm thay i, sng mang b bin iu pha. Nhng nu khi fC hay b thay i theo thi gian, th sC(t) khng cn l Sinusoide na. Vy nh ngha v tn s m ta dng trc y cn c ci bin cho ph hp. Xem 3 hm thi gian: s1(t) = A cos 6t (5.2a) s2(t) = A cos (6t +5) (5.2b) -t (5.2c) s3(t) = A cos (2t e ) Tn s ca s1(t) v s2(t) r rng l 3Hz. Tn s ca s3(t) hin ti cha xc nh. nh ngha truyn thng ca ta v tn s khng p dng c cho loi sng ny. Vy cn m rng khi nim v tn s p dng cho nhng trng hp m tn s khng l hng. Ta nh ngha tn s tc thi theo cch c th p dng c cho cc sng tng qut. Tn s tc thi c nh ngha nh l nhp thay i ca pha. d t s(t) = A cos (t) 2f i ( t ) = (5.3) dt fi : tn s tc thi, Hz. Nh l c 2 v ca phng trnh (5.3) c n v l rad/sec. Nh vy trong th d trn, tn s tc thi ca cc tn hiu cho ln lt l 3Hz; 3Hz v e-t (1 - t) Hz. Th d 1: Tm tn s tc thi ca cc sng sau: cos2t , t < 1 s( t ) = cos 4t ,1 < t < 2 cos 6t , 2 < t Gii: Sng c dng: s(t) = cos[2t g(t)] (5.4) Trong g(t) c biu th nh hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.1 Tn s tc thi cho bi:

f i (t) = d [t.g( t )] = g( t ) + t dg dt dt

fi (t) c v hnh 5.2. Trang V.2

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Phm Vn Tn

Hnh 5.2 Th d 2. Tm tn s tc thi ca hm sau y: s(t) = 10 cos2[1000t + sin 10t ] Gii: Ap dng nh ngha tm: 1 d f i (t) = = 1000 + 10 cos 10t 2 dt fi c v hnh 5.3.

Hnh 5.3

BIN IU TN S (FREQUENCY MODULATION).

Bin iu FM c pht minh bi Edwin Armstrong nm 1933 [cng l ngi pht minh my thu kiu i tn (superheterodyne - siu phch)]. Trong bin iu FM, ta bin iu tn s tc thi fi (t) bi tn hiu s(t). V cng v c th tch bit cc i vi nhau, ta phi di tn s(t) ln n tn s sng mang fC. Ta nh ngha bin iu FM nh l mt sng vi tn s tc thi nh sau: fi (t) = fC + Kf s(t) (5.5) Trong : fC l tn s sng mang (hng s) v Kf l hng s t l, thay i theo bin ca s(t). Nu s(t) tnh bng volt, Kf c n v l Hz/v hoc 1/v.sec . V tn s l o hm ca pha, nn t t (t) = 2 fi ()d = 2 [fCt + Kf s()d] (5.6) o o Gi s iu kin u bng zero, sng bin iu c dng: fm(t) = A cos (t).

t f m ( t ) = A cos 2f c t + K f s()d 0

(5.7)

Nh l, nu t s(t) = 0, phng (5.7) s thnh mt sng mang thun ty. Td . V sng AMSC v FM cho cc tn hiu thng tin nh hnh 5.4. Gii: Trang V.3

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s1(t)

sm1(t)

m1(t)

Hnh 5.4 s2(t)

sm2(t)

m2(t)

Hnh 5.4 Tn s ca fm(t) thay i t fC + Kf[min . s(t)] n fC + Kf[max . s(t)]. Trang V.4

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Bng cch lm cho Kf nh mt cch ty , th tn s ca fm(t) c th c gi mt cch ty xung quanh fC. iu lm tit gim c kh bng. Nh l s bin iu th khng tuyn tnh cho s(t). Nu thay s(t) trong phng trnh (5.7) bng mt tng gm nhiu tn hiu th sng FM kt qu khng l tng ca cc sng FM thnh phn. iu ng, v: Cos (A + B) cosA + cosB. Ta chia bin iu FM lm 2 nhm; ty thuc vo c ca Kf. Vi Kf rt nh ta c FM bng hp; v Kf ln ta c FM bng rng.

BIN IU PHA.
Khng c s khc bit c bn gia bin iu pha v bin iu tn s. Hai t y thng c dng thay i cho nhau. Bin iu mt pha bng mt sng th cng nh bin iu o hm ca n (tn s) vi sng y. Sng bin iu pha cng c dng: pm(t) = A cos (t). Trong (t) c bin iu bi s(t). Vy: (5.8) (t) =2 [fCt + Kp s(t)] -1 Hng s t l Kp c n v V . Sng PM c dng: pm(t) = A cos 2 [fCt + Kp s(t)] (5.9)

Khi s(t) = 0, sng PM tr thnh sng mang thun ty. Ta c th lin h PM vi FM bng cch dng nh ngha ca tn s tc thi: ds fi (t) = fC + Kp (5.10) dt Trng rt ging vi (5.5), trng hp ca FM. Thc vy, khng c s khc bit gia vic bin iu tn s mt sng mang bng s(t) v vic bin iu pha ca cng sng mang bng tch phn ca s(t). Ngc li khng c g khc nhau gia vic bin iu pha ca mt sng mang bng s(t) v bin iu tn s cng sng mang y bng o hm ca s(t). V vy, tt c cc kt qu sau y th chuyn d dng gia 2 loi bin iu.

FM BNG HP (NARROW BAND FM).

Nu Kf rt b, ta c th dng php tnh xp x n gin phng trnh ca sng FM. t (5.11) f m ( t ) = A cos 2f c t + K f s( )d 0 trnh vic lp li nhiu ln, ta t g(t) l tch phn ca tn hiu cha tin.
g ( t ) = s ( ) d
0 t

(5.12)

Phng trnh (5.11) tr nn: fm(t) = A cos 2 [ fc t + K f g(t)] Dng lng gic, khai trin hm cosine: (5.13)

Trang V.5

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fm(t) = Acos2fCt . cos2Kf g(t) - A sin2fCt . sin2Kf g(t) Cosine ca mt gc b 1. Trong khi sin ca n gn bng chnh n.

(5.14)

Vy, nu Kf nh sao cho 2Kf g(t) biu din cho mt gc rt nh, ta c th tnh xp x phng trnh (5.14): fm(t) Acos2fCt - 2A g(t) Kf sin2fCt ca n (vi mt t kh khn) nh sau: Bin i F ca g(t) lin h vi s(t) bi: G(f) =
S(f) j2 f

(5.15)

Php tnh ny tuyn tnh vi g(t) v nh vy tuyn tnh vi s(t). Ta c th tnh bin i F

Ly bin i F ca (5.15):

fm(f) =

A [(f f c ) + (f + f c )] + 2AK f S (f f c ) S (f + f c ) 4j f fc f + fc 2

(5.16)

Hnh 5.5: Bin i F ca sng FM. FM bng hp c 3 vn : - Tn s c th tng cao n mc cn thit truyn i c hiu qa, bng cch iu chnh fC n tr mong mun. - Nu tn s sng mang ca ngun tin ln cn cch n t nht 2fm, th cc tn hiu cha nhng ngun tin khc nhau c th truyn cng lc trn cng mt knh. - s(t) c th hi phc t sng bin iu. V phn sau ta s thy, cng mt khi hon iu c th tch sng cho FM trong c 2 trng hp Kf nh v Kf ln. Kh bng ca sng FM l 2fm, ng nh trng hp AM hai cnh. Th d dng ting hut so (ti a 5000Hz) bin iu mt sng mang. Gi s s di tn ti a l 1Hz. Nh vy, tn s tc thi thay i t (fC - 1)Hz n (fC + 1)Hz. Bin i F ca sng FM chim mt bng gia (fC - 5000)Hz v (fC + 5000)Hz. R rng, tn s tc thi v cch thc m n thay i gp phn (c 2) vo kh bng ca FM. Gi l Bng hp khi Kf nh, l v khi Kf tng, kh bng s tng t tr ti thiu 2fm.

PM BNG HP.
Bin iu pha bng s(t) th ging nh bin iu tn s bng o hm ca s(t). V o hm ca s(t) cha cng khong tn s nh s(t), nn kh bng ca PM bng hp cng chim vng tn s t gia fC - fm v fC + fm. Tc l kh bng rng 2fm. Vi FM bng hp, tr max ca 2kf g(t) l mt gc rt nh (Trong g(t) l tch phn ca s(t)).

Trang V.6

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Vi PM bng hp, 2Kp s(t) phi l mt gc rt nh. iu ny cho php tnh xp x cosine v sine (s hng th nht trong chui khai trin).

FM BNG RNG (WIDE BAND FM).

Nu Kf nh khng cho php tnh xp x nh phn trn, ta c FM bng rng. Tn hiu c truyn fm(t) = A cos 2 [ f c t + K f g(t)] (5.17) Trong g(t) l tch phn ca tn hiu cha tin s(t). Nu g(t) l mt hm bit, bin i F ca sng FM s tnh c. Nhng trong nhng trng hp tng qut, khng th tm bin i F cho sng FM, v s lin h phi tuyn gia s(t) v sng bin iu. Nhng phn gii thc hin trong phm vi thi gian. Ta gii hn trong mt trng hp ring, dng tn hiu mang tin l mt Sinusoide thun ty. iu ny cho php dng lng gic trong phn gii. S(t) = a cos 2fmt a: hng s bin . Tn s tc thi ca sng FM c cho bi: fi (t) = fC + aKf cos 2fmt (5.18) Sng FM c dng: aK f fm(t) = A cos 2 fc t + (5.19) sin2 f m t fm Ta nh ngha ch s bin iu : aK f , : khng n v (5.20) f m fm(t) = A cos (2fCt + sin2fmt) fm(t) = Re {A exp (j2fCt +j sin 2fmt)} (5.21) Hm expo trong (5.21) phn thnh mt tch, trong tha s th 2 c cha tin. l: expo (j sin 2fmt). l mt hm tun hon, chu k 1/fm. Khai trin chui F phc, tn s fm.

e j sin 2 f m t =
H s F cho bi:
1

n =

C e
n

jn 2 f m t

(5.22)

Cn = fm

e
fm

fm

j sin 2 f m t

e jn 2 f m t dt

(5.23)

Tch phn ca (5.23) khng tnh c, n hi t ti mt tr gi thc. Tr gi thc l mt hm ca n v . N khng phi l mt hm ca fm. Tch phn c gi l hm Bessel loi mt, k hiu Jn().

HM BESSEL.
Hm Bessel loi 1 l gii p 2ca phng trnh vi phn: d y dy +x 2 2 2 2 x dx dx + ( x - n ) y( x ) = 0

Trang V.7