CHUN HO C S D LIU

D c nhiu kin tri ngc nhng chun ha CSDL l mt vic quan trng c c mt CSDL tt: khng cn cc d thng (update anomaly, insertion anomaly, deletion anomaly), khng c d tha d liu. Bi ny trnh by mc tiu ca chun ha, cc vn m chun ha gii quyt, ng thi trnh by mt s v d chun ha CSDL cho mt s ng dng trong thc t (Ha n hng, Ca hng thuc, Nhn s, ...). Qua , ngi c c th nm bt k thut chun ha d dng hn. Trong a s cc trng hp (c bit l trong nhng trng hp CSDL nh, ch vi chc bng) th dng chun 3NF hoc BCNF l t yu cu. Cc iu kin chun ha ln 4NF, 5NF, 6NF rt him khi xy ra. Do , nh mt cch nh vui v qui tc chun ha t 1NF n BCNF, hu nh bt k ai khi tm hiu v chun ha CSDL u bit n cu thn ch sau: "The key, the whole key, and nothing but the key, so help me Codd." ()

Mc tiu ca chun ha
Loi b d tha d liu
Xem bng d liu v nhn cng trong cc d n ca mt cng ty nh sau: Project number Project name Employee number Employee name Rate category Hourly rate 1023 Madagascar travel site 11 Vincent Radebe A $60 1023 Madagascar travel site 12 Pauline James B $50 1023 Madagascar travel site 16 Charles Ramoraz C $40 1056 Online estate agency 11 Vincent Radebe A $60 1056 Online estate agency 17 Monique Williams B $50

ct Project name, d liu v tn project lp li nhiu ln. Gy d tha d liu.

Loi b update anomaly

y l d thng xy ra khi cp nht CSDL. Vi bng CSDL ny, c mi khi mt nhn vin thay i a ch, tt c cc bn ghi c a ch ca nhn vin phi c cp nht. Nhng v l do no , trong trng hp ny, d liu v a ch khng c cp nht y , gy ra d thng.

Loi b insertion anomaly

Vi bng CSDL trn, khi c mt gio s mi v trng, cha kp ging dy kha no th thng tin v gio s ny khng th a vo CSDL c. D thng c gi l insert anomaly.

Loi b deletion anomaly

Trng hp ny, nu gio s thi khng dy mt mn no th thng tin v ng ta mt ht.

Phng php chun ha

Nguyn l c bn trong chun ha CSDL l trit tiu d tha d liu bng cch phn r cc quan h nhng khng c lm mt thng tin.

Tutorial v chun ha CSDL

Tutorial 1 - Dng phng php lm phng chun ha 1NF
y c mt tutorial rt hay v chun ha CSDL v v y l trang cng ngh thng tin chm ting Vit nn tutorial cng c bn ting Vit cho nhng bn khng thch ting Anh. Mi cc bn tho lun v chun ha CSDL topic ny.

Tutorial 2 - Dng phng php tch nhm lp chun ha 1NF

y l s 4 mn K thut phn mm k 7 kha 49 ca lp T12 khoa TVT trng H Bch Khoa HN. Khc vi tutorial 1 trn
dng phng php lm phng, ti dng phng php tch nhm lp a v dng 1NF trc. bit v phng php tch nhm lp, xin xem thm tutorial 3. Yu cu: thit k CSDL qun l ca hng thuc cn cc thng tin sau: DB(M ha n, Ngy bn, Tng tin Ha n, M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng, M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV, S T Nhn vin (M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD, S lng, Thnh tin)). Cc ph thuc hm:

M ha n, M khch hng, M nhn vin, M thuc, xc nh duy nht 1 ha n, 1 khch hng, 1 NV, 1 loi thuc. Mt ha n c th c nhiu thuc nhng ch do mt ngi mua v mt nhn vin bn. S CMT ca NV-> Tn NV, a ch NV.

1NF - Loi b nhm lp v loi b cc thuc tnh tnh ton. Cn loi 2 thuc tnh tnh ton sau: Tng tin ha n v thnh tin. V y chnh l d liu d tha. 1. Ha n(M ha n, Ngy bn, M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng, M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV, S T NV) 2. Ha n - Thuc(M ha n, M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD, S lng) 2NF - Loi b cc ph thuc hm khng hon ton vo kha chnh Quan h Ha n ch c kha n nn quan h ny 2NF. Xt quan h Ha n - Thuc : Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD ch ph thuc vo M thuc m khng ph thuc vo ton kha nn quan h ny c tch lm 2 quan h sau:

Ha n - Thuc(M ha n, M thuc, S lng) Thuc(M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD)

Nh vy, dng 2NF ta c 3 quan h: 1. Ha n(M ha n, Ngy bn, M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng, M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV, S T NV) 2. Ha n - Thuc(M ha n, M thuc, S lng) 3. Thuc(M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD) 3NF - Loi b cc ph thuc hm bc cu vo kha chnh quan h Ha n, ta thy Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng ch ph thuc M khch hng. S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV ch ph thuc m nhn vin. Do tch quan h ny thnh 3 quan h sau:

Ha n(M ha n, Ngy bn, M khch hng, M Nhn vin) Khch hng(M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng) Nhn vin(M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV, S T NV)

Nh vy, 3NF, chng ta c 5 quan h sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ha n(M ha n, Ngy bn, M khch hng, M Nhn vin) Khch hng(M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng) Nhn vin(M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV, S T NV) Ha n - Thuc(M ha n, M thuc, S lng) Thuc(M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD)

BCNF - Cc thuc tnh quyt nh phi l kha quan h Nhn vin, ta thy S CMT ca NV-> Tn NV, a ch NV nhng S CMT ca Nhn vin khng quyt nh S T NV (Nhn vin c th c nhiu s T nh s cm tay, s nh, s c quan, ...). Nh vy, v S CMT ca NV l mt thuc tnh quyt nh (determinant) nhng khng phi kha nn quan h Nhn vin cha t BCNF, cn phi tch thnh 2 quan h nh sau:

in thoi - Nhn vin(M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, S T NV) Nhn vin(S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV)

Vy, CSDL ca chng ta BCNF gm 6 quan h sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ha n(M ha n, Ngy bn, M khch hng, M Nhn vin) Khch hng(M khch hng, Tn Khch hng, S T Khch hng) in thoi - Nhn vin(M Nhn vin, S CMT ca NV, S T NV) Nhn vin(S CMT ca NV, Tn NV, a ch NV) Ha n - Thuc(M ha n, M thuc, S lng) Thuc(M thuc, Tn thuc, Cng dng, Ngy SX, Hn SD)

Tutorial 3 - Chun ha v BCNF

y c gio trnh CSDL cp v chun ha rt d hiu. Trnh by kh su v anomaly, cc dng chun gii quyt anomaly nh th no, ...

Link tham kho: http://cntt.tv/articles/299