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PHN CU TO CHT

Trng THPT chuyn Thi Bnh

A- MT S VN CHUNG V L THUYT
I. cc c trng v cu to phn t:
Mt phn t hnh thnh c v tn ti bn nh kt qu ca tng tc gia cc ht nhn v electron dn n
mt nng lng h cc tiu (nng lng ny ca phn t phi thp hn nng lng ca h ban u). Trong
phn t c s phn b v tr tng i gia cc ht nhn nguyn t nn c c hnh dng khng gian ca
phn t vi di lin kt v gc xc nh.
1) Nng lng lin kt
Nng lng lin kt gia hai nguyn t A v B l nng lng cn thit va ph v lin kt hay
nng lng to ra khi hai nguyn t A v B trng thi c bn kt hp vi nhau. Tuy nhin nng lng lin
kt l su ca cc tiu nng lng trn c cong th nng
Th d: phn ng H
2
2 H cn nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol
-1
. Phn t H
2
bn vng nn khi cho hai
nguyn t H kt hp vi nhau: 2 H H
2
to ra mt nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol-1. Nh vy hai gi tr
nng lng bng nhau v gi tr v ngc nhau v du. Quy c rng nng lng lin kt c du dng
bin lun rng lin kt cng bn th nng lng lin kt cng ln??? nn E
H-H
= 436 kJ.mol
-1
.
Trong phn t c nhiu lin kt th nng lng lin kt c tnh trung bnh.
2) di lin kt
di ca mt lin kt trong phn t l khong cch trung bnh gia hai ht nhn nguyn t to ra lin kt
khi phn t trng thi nng lng thp nht. di lin kt thng c k hiu l d.
Phng php ph vi sng hay phng php nhiu x electron thng c dng xc nh di lin
kt. Tr s di lin kt trong khong t 0,74 (phn t H
2
) n 4,47 (phn t CS
2
); thng thng
trong khong 1,0 2,0 i vi lin kt gia hai nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 2, 3, 4.
di ca mt lin kt no thng gn ng l mt hng s trong cc phn t khc nhau. Chng hn
lin kt n C-C trong hu ht cc phn t hirocacbon khng lin hp vo khong 1,53-1,54. Trong C
6
H
6

(benzen) di lin kt gia hai nguyn t C cnh nhau bng 1,40 . Tr s ny nm trong khong di
mt lin kt C-C l 1,54 v di mt lin kt i C=C l 1,34. di lin kt cng nh, lin kt cng
bn.
Bn knh lin kt: T cc s liu c th thy rng di lin kt d
AB
xp x bng 1/2(d
AA
+ d
BB
) vi d
AA
,
d
BB
l di lin kt A-A, B-B tng ng. Chng hn, coi A l Cl, B l Cl; bit d
Cl-Cl
= 1,99A, vy d
C-Cl

= 1/2(d
C-C
+ d
Cl-Cl
) = 1/2(1,54 + 1,99) = 1,765. Tr s thc nghim cho bit d
C-Cl
= 1,766. Do ngi ta
coi 1/2d
AA
l bn knh lin kt hay bn knh cng ho tr r
A
ca nguyn t .
3) Gc lin kt :
Gc lin kt l gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t mt ht nhn nguyn t i qua hai ht nhn
ca hai nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t .
Cc trng hp in hnh v gc lin kt theo nh ngha trn l:
- Phn t thng, gc lin kt bng 180
o
(2t); chng hn C
2
H
2
, CO
2
,
- Phn t c gc, gc lin kt khc 180
o
, chng hn BF
3
hay C
2
H
4
c gc 120
o
, H
2
O c gc 104,5
o
,
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- Phn t t din, gc lin kt bng 109
o
28, chng hn CH
4
,
Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta ch n gc c to ra t 4 nguyn t hay 2 mt phng, l gc nh
din hay gc xon (hay gc vn). Di y l hnh nh mt s phn t cho thy chng c kch thc ring.

















4) Cc dng lin kt ho hc
Xt mt cch i cng, lin kt ho hc c bn dng:
- Lin kt cng ho tr (hay lin kt nguyn t)
- Lin kt ion (hay lin kt in ho tr)
- Lin kt kim loi
- Lin kt hiro, tng tc Van de Van; gi chung l tng tc yu.
Thc t khng c ranh gii r rt gia cc dng lin kt . Tuy nhin, thun li khi xem xt, ngi ta
vn cp ring tng dng , hai dng u thng c cp n nhiu hn.
II. Quy tc bt t (Octet):
T s phn tch kt qu thc nghim v cu to ho hc ca cc phn t, nm 1916 nh ho hc Cxen
(Kossel) v Liuyx (Lewis) a ra nhn xt m ngy nay gi l quy tc bt t (hay quy tc octet): Khi to
lin kt ho hc, cc nguyn t c xu hng t ti cu hnh lp ngoi cng bn vng ca nguyn t kh
tr vi 8e.
Cn lu l quy tc ch p dng c cho mt s gii hn cc nguyn t, ch yu l cc nguyn t
chu k 2. Quy tc bt t (octet) th hin trong tng dng lin kt c th. Thng thng trong lin kt ion,
sau khi cho nhn electron lp v ngoi cng c s electron nh cc nguyn t kh him. Thc t quy
lut y ch ng cho a s cc trng hp nguyn t nhm A. (Hc vin ly th d v nhng trng hp
khng tun theo quy tc bt t).
III. Thuyt liuytx (Lewis) (nm 1916):
1. Ni dung ca thuyt:
Trong phn t c to ra t nguyn t cc nguyn t phi kim, lin kt ho hc gia hai nguyn t c
thc hin bi cp (i) e dng chung, nh m mi nguyn t u c c cu hnh lp ngoi cng bn
vng ca nguyn t kh tr vi 8e.
Electron ca mi nguyn t c th tham gia c lin kt l e ho tr. i e to lin kt phi c spin i
song.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
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V d: Phn t Cl
2
c lin kt gia hai nguyn t Cl c thc hin nh cp e gp chung.
cp e ny l cp e lin kt, c k hiu || hay ||, cc e cn li c gi l e khng lin kt.
a) Phn loi lin kt cng ho tr
Cn c vo v tr cp e dng chung so vi ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt, ngi ta chia lin kt
cng ho tr thnh hai loi:
- Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc (hay khng c cc): i e dng chung gia khong cch hai
ht nhn nguyn t. l lin kt trong cc phn t n cht nh Cl
2
, Br
2
... (trng hp hiu m in
s 0,4).
- Lin kt cng ho tr c cc (hay phn cc): i e dng chung lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c
tnh phi kim mnh hn (hay c m in ln hn). l lin kt ho hc trong cc phn t hp cht nh
H
2
O, NH
3
, CH
4
,... (hiu m in trong khong 0,40 1,70).
b) Tnh nh hng khng gian ca lin kt cng ho tr
Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh nh hng khng gian. Trong lin kt cng ho tr, cp e dng chung (hay
cp e lin kt) c phn b khong khng gian gia hai ht nhn tham gia lin kt.
Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh cht bo ho. Chng hn trong hp cht gia Cl vi H, ch c 1 nguyn t
H lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Cl to thnh HCl; khng th c nhiu hn mt nguyn t H lin kt vi mt
nguyn t Cl. Do vy s nguyn t lin kt vi mt nguyn t cho trc b hn ch bi ho tr ca nguyn
t .
Bi tp: Cho cc nguyn t H, F, Cl, Br, I.
1) Hy vit CTPT ca cc cht c to ra t cc nguyn t cho.
2) Trong s cc cht nu cht no c lin kt khng c cc, c cc? Hy ch r v tr ca cp electron
lin kt trong mi cht.
2. Cng thc cu to Liuytx (Lewis):
Biu din lin kt v cu to phn t kh trc quan
1. Cng thc:
Mi du chm biu th mt electron. Hai chm hay mt vch ch mt cp electron trong nguyn t hay
phn t. Cc electron ny l cc electron ho tr. Cng thc ho hc ch r th t lin kt gia cc nguyn
t v cc k hiu ch s phn b electron ho tr c gi l cng thc Lewis (do Lewis xng). Thng
thng cc cp electron lin kt vit bng du vch, electron khng lin kt biu din bng chm. Cng
thc Lewis khng ch dng cho cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr m dng c cho cc hp cht c lin
kt ion.
Bi tp:
Vit cng thc Lewis cho cc phn t : a) nit, b) nc, c) Canxi clorua.
2. Cch vit cng thc Lewis:
a) Cc khi nim cn dng:
+ Nguyn t trung tm v phi t: Trong mt cng thc ho hc, c nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t
cn nhiu e nht to c cu hnh tm electron (octet) lp ngoi cng ca n (hay nguyn t c s
oxi ho cao nht); cc nguyn t khc v c cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm c gi
l phi t. V d: trong phn t NH
3
, nguyn t trung tm l N, phi t gm 3H v 1 cp e khng lin kt
ca N ( v ho tr). Trong phn t HCN, nguyn t trung tm l C, phi t gm 1H v 1N ( y khng
c cp e khng lin kt v ho tr).
+ Li ca nguyn t: Phn li ca mt nguyn t (khi nguyn t ny l thnh phn ca mt cng thc
ho hc c xt) gm ht nhn v cc electron cc lp bn trong. V d: Xt li nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t trong HCN ta c: li nguyn t N gm ht nhn v hai e phn lp 1s
2
; li nguyn t C gm
ht nhn v 2 electron phn lp 1s
2
; li nguyn t H ch gm ht nhn, thc t H thng c coi l
trng hp ngoi l.
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+ in tch:
- in tch li nguyn t: l s n v in tch ca nguyn t khi ta b cc electron lp ho tr i nn
l mt s nguyn dng, c tr s bng s e ho tr vn c ca nguyn t .
- in tch hnh thc ca mt nguyn t = (in tch ca li nguyn t - tng s e ring ca nguyn t
tng s e to lin kt c nguyn t tham gia/2).
V d: Xc nh in tch hnh thc ca N trong NH
3
, NH
4
+

- Trong NH
3
: T cu to Lewis, ta thy:
in tch li ca N l 5
S e khng lin kt ca N l 2
Tng s e to lin kt c N tham gia l 6 (hay c 3 lin kt)
Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 2 6/2 = 0
- Trong NH
4
+
: Xt tng t nh trn, ch N khng cn e khng lin kt v N tham gia 4 lin kt vi 4
H.
Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 0 8/2 = +1
y chnh l in tch ca c nhm NH
4
+
.
b) Cc bc vit cu to Lewis: HCN
Bc 1: Vit cng thc cu to s b ca cht da vo ho tr ca cc nguyn t v gi thit rng ch c
lin kt n c hnh thnh. Nu cha bit th t lin kt gia cc nguyn t, hy dng gi thit vit
th t .
y ta c: H : C : N (a) hay H : N : C (b)
Bc 2: gi n
1
l tng s e ho tr ca cc nguyn t.
- Thng thng da vo cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t
H: 1s
2
1e
C: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
4e
N: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
5e
Vy n
1
= (1 + 4 + 5) e = 10 e
Ch : Nu cng thc l:
+ Ion m: 1 n v in tch m do c cng thm 1e vo tng trn.
+ Ion dng: 1 n v in tch dng do tr i 1e t tng trn.
HCN l phn t trung ho nn khng p dng phn ny.
Bc 3: Tm cng thc Lewis (gn ng)
- gi n
2
l tng s e to lin kt trong cng thc a ra bc 1. S e cn li khng tham gia lin kt
n
3
= n
1
n
2

- S e cn ly to bt t cho nguyn t m in nht trong cng thc ban u bng n
4
.
Khi p dng ba bc trn cho HCN. n
2
= 4e, vy n
3
= n
1
n
2
= 6e.
Trong (a), N m in hn C nn phi to bt t cho N. Trong cng thc ban u N mi c 2e, n cn 6e
na mi thnh 8 e. Nh vy n
4
= 6e.
Bc 4: Tm cng thc Lewis ng
- Tm s e cn li, k hiu n
5
= n
3
n
4

+ Nu n
5
= 0: tnh in tch hnh thc mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit bc 3.
+ Nu n
5
= 0: chnh l s e cn dng to bt t cho nguyn t trung tm.
Ch : Vic ny ch c thc hin khi nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca nguyn t thuc chu k 3
tr i.
Sau tnh li in tch hnh thc cho mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit.
p dng: Vi HCN c n
3
= n
4
= 6e nn n
5
= 0.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
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Do tnh in tch hnh thc cho cc nguyn t trong phn t H : C : :
..
..
N (c)
H: 1 - 1 = 0
C: 4 2 = 2
N: 5 6 1 = -2
- Sau khi thc hin nh trn, nu nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca nguyn t chu k 2 cha t
c bt t, ta phi chuyn mt hay mt s cp e khng lin kt ( nguyn t m in hn) thnh cp e
lin kt, sao cho c c bt t i vi nguyn t trung tm .
T (c) ta thy nguyn t trung tm C cn thiu 4e mi c c bt t. Vy ta phi chuyn 4e (2 cp e)
khng lin kt ca N thnh 4e (2 cp) lin kt:
H : C : :
..
..
N H :
..
..
C N :
(f)
Tnh li in tch hnh thc ca cc nguyn t trong (f):
H: 1 1 = 0
C: 4 4 = 0
N: 5 2 3 = 0
Kt lun: (f) l cng thc Lewis cn tm cho HCN. (Hc vin t xc nh loi b cng thc (b).
Bi tp p dng: Tm cng thc Lewis ca PCl
3
.
c) Xc nh cng thc Lewis ca CO
3
2-
.
+ Cng thc gi nh l: (a)

+ Khi tnh s e ho tr, cn ch y l mt anion c in tch 2:
n
1
= (6 x 3 + 4 x 1 + 2) e = 24 e
T (a) c n
2
= 6e n
3
= n
1
n
2
= (24 6) e = 18e
+ S e cn to bt t cho 3 O l n
4
= 6e. 3 = 18e
Vy n
5
= n
3
n
4
= 0.
+ Tnh in tch hnh thc cho tng nguyn t trong : (b)
C: 4 3 = +1
O: 6 6 1 = -1;
Nh vy nguyn t cacbon cha t bt t.
+ T (b) c 3 kh nng chuyn 2 electron t mt trong ba nguyn t O cho nguyn t C C c 8
electron v thu c 3 cng thc cu to tng ng nhau vi 1 lin kt i C = O v mt in tch hnh
thc cho mi nguyn t oxi:



(I) (II)
(III)
Tnh in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t.
C: 4 4 = 0
O: 6 6 1 = -1 (c 2 O)
O: 6 4 2 = 0
Vy 3 cng thc Lewis u ng cho CO
3
2-
.
+ Thc nghim cho bit ion CO
3
2-
c cu to phng, 3 nguyn t O 3 nh ca tam gic u, gc OCO
~ 120
o
, 3 lin kt C-O c di u bng nhau, l 131 pm.
O : C : O
..
O

: O : : C : O :
..
O
..
: :
.. ..
..

O : C : O
..
O
: :
:
:
..
..
..
..
..

: O : C : :O
..
O
..
: :
.. ..
.. ..

: O : C :O :
O
:
.. .. ..
..
:

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gii thch kt qu ny, ngi ta gi thit rng c s cng hng gia 3 cu to (I), (II), (III) vi
nhau. Ba cng thc Lewis tng ng nhau; chng c gi l cc cng thc cng hng ca CO
3
2-
.
Gi thuyt v s cng hng cc cu to c th p dng cho cc trng hp ion v phn t khc nh
NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
, C
6
H
6
,...
+ p dng gi thuyt ny ta tnh c in tch trn mi nguyn t oxi trong CO
3
2-
theo cng thc:
in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t xc nh = in tch ton nhm/ S cu to cng hng.
C th: in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t oxi = - 2/3
Kt qu ny cho thy: in tch trong ion CO
3
2-
khng c nh trn mt nguyn t oxi no, in tch
c phn b cho cc nguyn t oxi trong nhm. Ngi ta ni: c s gii to in tch.
Thc cht s gii to in tch ny l gii to electron. Bng cch tm cu to Lewis cho cng thc ho
hc vi quan nim gii to electron gp phn khng nh vai tr ng ch ca cng thc cu to Lewis
trong nghin cu v ging dy ho hc.
+ Bc ca mt lin kt c xc nh bng tng s cc cp electron to ra lin kt .
T ta c: bc bng 1 i vi mt lin kt n C - C;
bc bng 2 i vi mt lin kt i C = C;
bc bng 3 i vi mt lin kt ba C C;
+ Khi c cu to cng hng th:
Bc ca mt lin kt bng tng cc bc lin kt thuc v hai nguyn t ang xt trong cc cu to cng
hng chia cho s cu to cng hng.
p dng cho CO
3
2-
: Chn bt c mt lin kt no trong ba lin kt gia C vi O, ta u thy tng bc ca
lin kt l: 2 + 1 + 1 = 4.
Ta c 3 cu to cng hng ((I), (II), (III)).
Vy bc ca lin kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
bng:
4/3 = 1
3
1
(*)
Kt qu ny cho thy lin kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
c bc trung gian gia lin kt i C = O (bng
2) vi lin kt n C - O (bng 1). Tr s v di lin kt ph hp vi kt qu :
Lin kt C = O trong H
2
C = O bng 121 pm.
Lin kt C - O trong H
3
C OH bng 143 pm. Nh trn bit, thc nghim xc nh c di lin
kt gia C vi O trong CO
3
2-
bng 131 pm.
Bi tp: Hy vit cu to Lewis cho NO
3
-
(ch trnh by r cc bc, cc cu to cng hng, xc
nh bc lin kt gia N vi C).
IV. Thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron:
1. M hnh s y gia cc cp electron v ho tr:
Mi lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t c to thnh nh cp electron lin kt hay cp electron
dng chung. i e lin kt phn b trong khong khng gian gia hai ht nhn nguyn t to ra lin kt
. Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c nh hng khng gian lm cho phn t c hnh dng nht nh c
trng cho phn t v cho cht cho.
Nhiu nguyn t sau khi gp chung e to lin kt cn c cc e khng lin kt. Chng hn trong N
NH
3
ngoi 3 cp electron lin kt vi 3 nguyn t H, cn c 1 cp e khng lin kt. Cc cp electron d
lin kt hay khng lin kt ny s y nhau do cng tch in m.
Trong phn t AX
n
, A l nguyn t trung tm, X l phi t; n l s phi t X c trong AX
n
. Nu A cn
c m cp e khng lin kt, mi cp c k hiu l E, ta c k hiu AX
n
E
m
. M hnh VSEPR xt s phn
b khng gian gia A vi X, vi E. Coi nguyn t trung tm A c dng cu. Tm ca hnh cu l ht nhn
nguyn t A v cc electron phi ho tr bn trong (li), v qu cu l cc e lp ngoi cng (e ho tr). Mi
cp e ho tr chim mt khong khng gian no ca qu cu.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
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Nh vy, mt mc nht nh, hnh dng ca phn t ph thuc vo khong khng gian chim bi
cc e ho tr ca nguyn t trung tm A. Hnh dng phn t ph thuc ch yu vo s phn b cc cp e
hay cc m my e ho tr ca nguyn t A.
2. Ni dung ca thuyt sc y gia cc cp e ho tr (VSEPR)
Vo nhng nm 1940, N. Sidgwick, H. Powell a ra thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron ho tr v sau
c cc nh bc hc khc, trong c R. Gillespie, b sung v hon chnh.
+ Cu hnh cc lin kt ca nguyn t (hay ion) ph thuc vo tng s cp electron ho tr lin kt hay
khng lin kt ca nguyn t.
+ Cc obitan c cc cp e ho tr c phn b u nhau v cch nhau xa nht c lc y nh nht
gia chng.
C s khng tng ng gia cp e lin kt v cp e khng lin kt. i e lin kt chu lc ht ng
thi ca hai ht nhn nguyn t A v X to ra lin kt nn chuyn ng ch yu vng khng gian
gia hai ht nhn. Trong khi , cp e khng lin kt ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn A nn c th chuyn
ng ra xa hn. Kt qu l cp e khng lin kt chim khong khng gian rng hn so vi khong khng
gian chim bi cp e lin kt.
+ Obitan c cp electron khng lin kt chim khng gian ln hn so vi obitan cha cp electron lin
kt v th sc y gia cc cp electron lin kt gim hn so vi cp khng lin kt. Th d gc lin kt
trong cc phn t CH
4
, NH
3
v H
2
O tng ng bng 109
o
28, 107
o
v 104,5
o
do cc phn t c s cp
electron khng lin kt bng 0, 1 v 2.
+ Khng gian ca cp electron lin kt s gim nu m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt ln. gc lin
kt trong NF
3
ch l 102
o
so vi 107
o
ca NH
3
. Tng t gc lin kt tgim trong dy: PI
3
(102
o
), PBr
3

(101,5
o
), PCl
3
(100,3
o
) v PF
3
(97,8
o
).
a) M hnh s y gia cc cp electron lin kt: AX
n
vi n = 2 6
n=2: hai cp e c phn b trn ng thng. Phn t thng nh BeH
2
. Gc lin kt XAX bng
180
o
.
n=3: ba cp e c phn b trn ba nh ca tam gic u. Phn t c hnh tam gic u, phng. Gc
XAX bng 120
o
. V d: BF
3
, AlCl
3
,...
n=4: bn cp e c phn b bn nh t din u, tm l A. Phn t c hnh t din u. Gc XAX
bng 109
o
28. V d: CH
4
, NH
4
+
,...
n=5: c s phn b ng u 5 cp e trn mt cu. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X vi nhau ta c
hnh lng thp tam gic. V d minh ho: phn t PCl
5
c phn b lng chp tam gic nn trong phn t
c ba loi gc lin kt: trong mt phng c gc ClPCl bng 120
o
, trong khi cn c gc ClPCl bng 90
o
v
gc 180
o
. Theo m hnh VSEPR, nm cp e c phn b trn mt cu v ho tr nh sau: Ba cp cng
vi ht nhn A trong 1 mt phng, ba cp ny ba nh tam gic u tm A. Cc lin kt c to ra
trong mt phng ny c gi l lin kt ngang. Hai cp e cn li c phn b trn hai u ca on
thng vung gc vi mt phng tam gic u ti A. Hai cp e ny to ra hai lin kt trc. Do s phn b
nn di lin kt ngang ngn (2,02 nm) hn di lin kt trc (2,14 m). Kt qu s sp xp trn a ti
mt lng thp tam gic y chung l tam gic u tm A, hai nh l hai cp e to ra hai lin kt trc.
n = 6: AX
6
. vi s phn b 6 cp e trn mt cu v ho tr. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X vi
nhau ta c hnh bt din.V d minh ho: phn t SF
6
. Su cp e ca phn t ny c phn b trn v ho
tr ca nguyn t A su nh ca mt hnh bt din u. Trong trng hp ny khng c s phn bit
gia lin kt ngang vi lin kt trc v di. V d minh ho ca trng hp ny l phn t SF
6
. Trong
phn t ny, gc gia hai trc lin kt cnh nhau bng 90
o
.
b) M hnh s y gia cc cp e lin kt v khng lin kt: AX
n
E
m
n + m s 6
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Nguyn t trung tm A va c n cp e lin kt, va c m cp e khng lin kt (k hiu l E). Do khng
c s tng ng gia cp e lin kt vi cp e khng lin kt, hai trng hp AX
n
vi AX
n
E
m
c cng s
cp e nhng hnh dng hai phn t khng hon ton ging nhau. Xt mt s trng hp thng gp:
1) (n + m) 4
* AX
2
E:
Ba nguyn t A, X, X khng cn nm trn cng ng thng nh trong trng hp AX
2
. Lc ny phn
t c dng gp khc. V d: SnCl
2
, gc ClSnCl ~ 120
o
. C th dng phn t SO
2
lm th d vi s y ca
hai cp electron lin kt S = O vi 1 cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t S.
* AX
3
E:
Nguyn t trung tm A c tng cng 4 cp e nhng phn t khng c dng t din u nh AX
4
m c
hnh tam gic. V d in hnh l NH
3
, gc HNH ~ 107
o
.
* AX
2
E
2
:
Nguyn t trung tm A cng c 4 cp e nhng do c 2 cp e khng lin kt nn hnh dng phn t khc
vi AX
4
hay AX
3
E. Phn t ny c gc gn vi gc t din. V d: H
2
O c gc HOH ~ 104
o
.
Bi tp: Dng m hnh VSEPR hy d on hnh dng phn t AXE
3
.
2) (n + m) = 5 (nguyn t trung tm A c 5 cp e).
Nu AX
5
th phn t c hnh lng thp tam gic. Song s c mt ca cp e khng lin kt s lm bin
dng hnh .
*AX
4
E:
S phn b E v 4 cp e lin kt c m t nh hnh trn. Kt qu phn t c hnh ci bp bnh. V d:
phn t SF
4
.
*AX
3
E
2
:
Ba cp e lin kt to 3 lin kt A-X; s y tng h gia 3 cp e ny vi nhau v vi 2 cp e khng lin
kt (E), kt qu to ra phn t hnh ch T. V d: ClF
3
, HClO
2
.
3) (n + m) = 6 (nguyn t trung tm A c 6 cp e).
* AX
5
E:
Bn trong nm cp e lin kt c phn b trong mt phng; 1 cp e lin kt cn li c phn b trong
trc gn vung gc vi mt phng trn. Do 5 cp e lin kt (hay phn AX
5
) to ra hnh thp vung.
Trong cu to ny, lin kt ngang v lin kt trc khng tng ng hnh hc. Chng hn trong BF
5
, lin
kt trc c di 169 pm cn lin kt ngang c di ti 177 pm.
* AX
4
E
2
:
Theo m hnh VSEPR, 2 cp e khng lin kt (E) c phn b trans so vi 4 cp e lin kt; m 4 cp e
lin kt ny c phn b trong mt phng to ra hnh vung phng. V d: phn t XeF
4
.
Vic p dng m hnh VSEPR gii thch c hnh dng ca cc hp cht c lin kt bi (C
2
H
2
,
C
2
H
4
,...); m in ca cc nguyn t l phi t cng c nh hng n hnh dng phn t. Hnh dng
phn t cng gn lin vi tnh cht ho hc ca phn t.
Nhc im: kh khn khng th vt l cc halogenua kim loi kim th dng MX
2
ch c cu hnh
thng i vi hp cht ca Be cn i vi hp cht ca Ba u c cu to gp khc. Nguyn nhn l do
nh hng ca cc obitan khc trong nguyn t Bari.
V. Thuyt lin kt ho tr (VB):
1. Nhng lun im chnh ca thuyt lin kt ho tr
a) Lin kt ho hc c to nn bi cp electron c spin ngc chiu nhau ca hai nguyn t. Trong
c s che ph gia nhng obitan ca hai nguyn t to nn mt vng c mt in tch cao dn
n vic gim th nng ca h, ngha l lin kt c hnh thnh.
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b) Lin kt c hnh thnh theo phng trong khng gian m kh nng che ph gia cc obitan
nguyn t l cc i (thng gi gn l nguyn l che ph cc i).
c) Hai obitan nguyn t che ph nhau cng nhiu, lin kt c to nn cng bn.
+ Theo quan nim ca thuyt VB, lin kt ho hc gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh c l do s xen ph 2
AO ho tr, mi AO c 1 e c thn. C th hnh dung r hn khi xt mt s giai on trong s hnh thnh
phn t H
2
t 2 nguyn t H. Mc xen ph 2 AO hay 2 m my e ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt
c trng cho bn ca lin kt. Lin kt ho hc c to ra cng bn nu s xen ph 2 AO cng mnh.
+ Lin kt ho hc gia 2 nguyn t s c phn b theo phng no m c s xen ph ln nht
(cc i) ca 2 AO tham gia lin kt (2 my electron ca 2 AO tham gia lin kt). S nh hng ho tr
ca nguyn t tham gia lin kt th hin s c tr s xc nh ca gc lin kt (gc ho tr) trong phn t
nhiu nguyn t.
xc nh c s lin kt CHT ta cn xt n phn b electron trn cc lng t trng thi c bn
v kch thch. gii quyt vn hnh dng phn t cn dng n hnh dng obitan nguyn bn ca
nguyn t hay cc obitan lai ho ca n.
a) Mt s p dng
Gc lin kt (gc ho tr) l mt trong s cc tnh cht phn t c thc nghim pht hin. Da vo
thuyt ho tr nh hng (VB), ta c th gii thch c kt qu .
- Phn t H
2
S
+ Thc nghim cho bit, trong H
2
S c gc HSH ~ 92
o
.
+ Ta bit S c cu hnh e l [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4
. Nh vy S c 6e ho tr phn b trong 4 AO: 4p
x
, 4p
y
v 4p
z
. H
c mt electron duy nht trn obitan 1s
1
. Theo thuyt VB, 2e c thn ca S to 2 lin kt S-H vi 2e
ca 2 nguyn t H. 2 AO c 2 e c thn ny (chng hn l AO-3p
x
, AO-3p
y
) c trc vung gc vi
nhau, tc l gc gia hai trc ca 2 AO l 90
o
. V AO-s c i xng cu nn vng c s xen ph ca 1
AO-s vi 1 AO-3p s phn b trn trc ca AO-3p tng ng. iu ny c ngha l thng thng gc ca
phn t H
2
S, tc HSH bng 90
o
. Tuy nhin hai vng c mt e cao cnh nhau s c s y nhau. S
y ny lm cho gc HSH m rng ra. Kt qu l gc bng 92
o
nh kt qu thc nghim.
+ Cng phn nhm chnh th 6 vi S cn c Se, Te u to hp cht vi H
2
c gc tng t nh trn,
c th l H
2
Se c gc HSeH ~ 91
o
, H
2
Te c gc HTeH ~ 90
o
.
- H
2
O
Thc nghim thu c gc HOH ~ 104,5
o

+ O cng nhm chnh th 6 vi S. Cc e ho tr v cc AO tng
ng:
R rng y khng th cho rng O dng 2 AO-p nguyn cht
xen ph vi 2 AO-1s ca 2 H nh trong H
2
S c. Mun c s che
ph cc i gia cc obitan 1s ca H v 2p
y
, 2p
z
ca O th cc
nguyn t H phi tin li nguyn t O theo phng ca trc y v trc
z. Nh vy th gc ho tr HOH phi l 90
o
. Gc thc nghim thu
c 104,5
o
ln hn gc l thuyt 90
o
rt nhiu.
+ Theo s liu trn, gc t din l 109
o
29 rt gn vi tr s 104,5
o
. Do ngi ta gi nh rng O
trong H
2
O trng thi lai ho sp
3
. Trong 4 AO-sp
3
c 2 AO m mi AO c 2e (1 cp) c gi l cp e
khng lin kt ca O, 2 AO-sp
3
cn li th mi AO ch c 1e. Theo thuyt VB, to 2 lin kt O-H cn
c s xen ph 2 AO-1s ca H vi 2 AO-sp
3
m mi AO mi c 1e. Vy th gc lin kt (gc ho tr) HOH
phi ng bng gc t din 109
o
29. Ngi ta cho cho rng 2 AO-sp
3
c 2 cp e khng lin kt to ra 2
vng c mt e cao, s y nhau. S y ny lm hp gc to bi 2 trc ca 2 AO-sp
3
cn li, kt qu ta
quan st c gc l 104,5
o
.
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Nh vy mc d cn rt nh tnh, thuyt ho tr nh hng gii thch c kt qu thc nghim v
gc lin kt ca H
2
O.Theo thuyt lin kt ho tr, lin kt cng ho tr c hnh dung l s ghp i
electron ca hai nguyn t lin kt v lin kt s nm theo phng m cc obitan nguyn t che ph nhau
nhiu nht. Vy c th xc nh phng ca lin kt da vo ch tiu che ph cc i gia cc obitan
nguyn t, ngha l theo gi tr cc i ca cc obitan nguyn t. Xc nh c phng ca lin kt l c
th xc nh c hnh dng ca phn t. y l mt trong nhng thnh tu ln nht ca c hc lng t
p dng vo l thuyt v cu to phn t.
b) Lp lun tng t nh trn c th gii thch hnh dng ca cc phn t XH
3
:
NH
3
PH
3
AsH
3
SbH
3

<HXH = 107
o
3 93
o
3 91
o
8 91
o
3
Vy da vo s che ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t s v p, c th gii thch c hnh dng ca
nhiu phn t nhng cch gii thch hon ton khng th p dng cho nhng hp cht ca cc nguyn
t C, Si, B, Be, Hg...
2. Khi nim lai ho ca thuyt lin kt ho tr:
Mt trong cc cn c xy dng thuyt VB l kt qu gii bi ton H
2
ca Heitle -London. H
2
l
trng hp n gin nht v nguyn t H ch c AO ho tr 1s. c c s l gii ph hp thc nghim
cho cc phn t phc tp, bt buc phi m rng ti cc AO ho tr ns, np,... m n > 2. Thuyt lai ho
nhm gii quyt vn .
Lai ho l s t hp cc AO ho tr c s lng t l khc nhau ca cng mt nguyn t to ra cc AO
mi c cng nng lng.
- iu kin cc AO ho tr tham gia lai ho c l phi c nng lng gn nhau.
- S AO tham gia t hp bng tng s cc lai ho thu c.
- Cc AO lai ho l cc AO suy bin, ngha l cc AO c nng lng v kch thc hon ton nh nhau
nhng khc vi nhau v s nh hng (phng) trong khng gian..
- c im hnh hc ca AO lai ho l c mt u (hay mt phn) n rng cn u kia b thu hp.
- S nh hng cc AO lai ho trong khng gian th hin s phn b mt electron trong khng gian.
Lai ho l khi nim thun tu ton hc. V nguyn tc, cc AO tham gia t hp l cc nghim ca
phng trnh Schrodinger, l hm ring ca ton t Hamilton ca h H, vy theo nguyn l chng cht
trng thi, t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm cng l nghim ca phng trnh Schrodinger. Lai ho c th
coi l mt khi nim gi nh c dng gii thch cc kt qu thc nghim.
Xt phn t CH
4
: Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron trng thi c bn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
1
2p
y
1
v trng thi
kch thch 1s
2
2s
1
2p
x
1
2p
y
1
2p
z
1
... Theo cch lp lun nh trn, phn t CH
4
c hnh dng nh sau: che
ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t 1s ca H vi cc obitan 2s v 2p ca C th ba nguyn t H tin li
nguyn t C theo phng ca cc trc x, y, z cn nguyn t H th t tin li che ph vi obitan 2s ca C
lm vi ba lin kt C- H trn nhng gc nh nhau v bng 125
o
(v chu lc y nh nhau ca ba cp
electron lin kt ). Nhng trn thc t phn t CH
4
l phn t t din u, ngha l c 4 lin kt C-H u
nh nhau v lm vi nhau nhng gc nh nhau bng 109
o
28.
Pauling cho rng trong phn t CH
4
, mt obitan 2s v 3 obitan 2p ca C trn ln vi nhau, hay ni theo
ngn ng ton hc, chng t hp vi nhau to nn nhng t hp mi tng ng nhau v c gi l cc
obitan lai ho. Bn obitan lai ho mi, mi obitan mang 1/4 tnh cht ca obitan 2s v 3/4 tnh cht ca
obitan 2p ca nguyn t C hng v 4 nh ca 1 t din u. y l nh hng tt nht cho s xen ph
vi 4 obitan 1s ca 4 nguyn t H c th to thnh 4 lin kt C H bn vng v to ra phn t CH
4
t
din.
3. Kiu lai ho v hnh dng ca phn t
Thc t thng xt hp cht ca cc nguyn t chu k 2. Cc AO ho tr ca mi nguyn t ca nguyn
t chu k 2 l 2s, 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
. Ta s xt cc dng lai ho c cc AO ho tr ny tham gia.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
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b) Lai ho sp
- Lai ho sp l lai ho trong AO 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 1 AO 2p
z
(thng dng AO z) to ra 2
AO lai ho sp.
- C th hnh dung qu trnh lai ho xy ra nh sau:




Lai ho sp: 1AO-s+1 AO-p
Z
= 2AO-sp
2AO-sp l: d
1
=
2
1
(s+p
Z
)
d
2
=
2
1
(s-p
Z
)
+ AO 2p
z
c i xng i vi trc z. AO - 2s c i xng cu. T hp tuyn tnh 2 AO to ra 2 AO
mi cng nm trn trc z; mi AO mi ny c phn m rng, phn b thu hp. C 2 AO lai ho sp u
nm trn cng mt ng thng: trc z. Do ngi ta gi lai ho sp l lai ha thng, k hiu l h
i
. Vy ta
c 2 AO lai ha sp l h
i1
, h
i2
. Gc gia 2 trc 2 AO - sp l 180
o
.
- Biu thc ca 2 AO lai ho sp l:
h
i1
= (2s + 2p
z
)/ 2
h
i2
= (2s - 2p
z
)/ 2
- Lai ho sp c dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong phn t BeH
2
, C
2
H
2
(ankin) . Cc phn
t u c dng thng.
Lai ho sp
2
: 1AO-s+2 AO-p = 3AO-sp
2
3AO-sp
2
l: t
1
=
3
1
(s+ 2 p
x
)
t
2
=
6
1
( 2 s-p
x
+ 3 p
y
)
t
3
=
6
1
( 2 s-p
x
- 3 p
y
)
c) Lai ho sp
2

- Lai ho sp
2
l lai ho trong AO - 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 2 AO - 2p (thng chn l AO 2p
z
, AO
2p
y
) to ra 3 AO mi c cng nng lng. Tng t nh AO lai ho sp, AO-sp
2
cng b bin dng so vi
AO c bn, c phn m rng v phn b thu hp.
- Hnh dung qu trnh lai ho v s nh hng cc AO trong khng gian c m t nh sau:










1AOs + 1AOp

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Ba AO-sp
2
cng nm trong mt mt phng, gc to bi hai trc ca hai AO cnh nhau l 120
o
. Do lai
ho sp
2
c gi l lai ha tam gic. K hiu AO-sp
2
l t, km theo s th t: t
1
, t
2
, t
3
.
Lai ho sp
3
: 1AO-s+3 AO-p = 4AO-sp
3
4AO-sp
3
l: te
1
=
2
1
(s+p
x
+p
y
+p
Z
) te
2
=
2
1
(s + p
x
- p
y
- p
Z
)
te
3
=
2
1
(s - p
x
+ p
y
- p
Z
) te
4
=
2
1
(s - p
x
- p
y
+ p
Z
)
s =
t 4
1
; p
x
=
t 4
3
cos u cos m ; p
y
=
t 4
3
cos u sin m ; p
Z
=
t 4
3
cos u
- Lai ho sp
2
c p dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong cc anken C
n
H
2n
(n>2), benzen, ... Cc
phn t c gc lin kt bng 120
o
.
d) Lai ho sp
3

- Lai ho trong AO - 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 3 AO - 2p to ra 4 AO mi c cng nng lng c
gi l lai ho sp
3
.
- C th hnh dung qu trnh lai ho sp
3
nh sau:








- Hnh dng ca mi AO lai ho sp
3
cng tng t nh hnh dng AO lai ho sp, sp
2
va xt. 4 AO-sp
3

hng ra 4 nh ca t din u m tm ca t din l nguyn t (chnh xc l ht nhn nguyn t) c cc
AO lai ho. Do lai ho sp
3
c gi l lai ha t din. AO-sp
3
c k hiu l t
e
. Vy ta c 4 AO-sp
3
l
te
1
, te
2
, te
3
, te
4
.
- Lai ho sp
3
c p dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong cc ankan C
n
H
2n+2
(n>1), in hnh l
trong CH
4
. Ngoi ra n cng c p dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau H
2
O, NH
4
+
,... cc phn t c
gc lin kt gn bng 109
o
28
Ngoi ra cn c cc kiu lai ho sp
3
d
2
hay sp
2
d vi s tham gia ca cc obitan d.
S dng quan nim lai ho c th gii thch v hnh dng cc phn t kh ng.
Kiu lai ho Gc gia cc obitan lai ho Dng phn t V d
sp
sp
2

sp
3

dsp
2

sp
3
d
2

180
o

120
o

109
o
28
90
o

90
o

ng thng
Tam gic u
T din u
Hnh vung
Bt din u
BeH
2
, BeCl
2
, ZnCl
2
, CO
2

BF
3
, NO
3
-
, CO
3
2-

CH
4
, CCl
4
, NH
4
+
, ClO
4
-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-

PtCl
4
, CuCl
4
2-
, Ni(CN)
4
2-

SF
6
, AlF
6
3-
, SiF
6
2-

Kiu lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cho thy s obitan lai ho c to nn ng thi l s phi tr ti
a ca nguyn t . Bng di y h thng li kh nng lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
v s phi tr ti a m nguyn t c:
Nguyn t chu k Kiu lai ho v s phi tr (vit trong du ngoc)
II
III
IV
V v VI
sp(2), sp
2
(3), sp
3
(4)
sp
3
(4), dsp
3
(5), d
2
sp
3
(6), sp
3
d
2
(6)
sp
3
(4), dsp
3
(5), d
2
sp
3
(6), sp
3
d
2
(6)
d
2
sp
3
(6), d
2
sp
3
(7)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
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Da vo bng , c th hiu c cng thc cc dy hp cht v anion sau y ca cac nguyn t thuc
cng nhm trong bng tun hon:
Nhm IVA CH
4
SiF
6
2-
GeF
6
2-
SnF
8
4-
PbF
8
4-
CO
3
2-
SiO
4
4-
GeO
4
4-
SnO
6
8-
PbO
6
8-

Nhm VIA H
2
SO
4
H
6
TeO
6

Nhm VIIA HClO
4
H
5
IO
6

Tuy nhin, gii thch hnh dng ca phn t, ngoi s lai ho, cn vn dng thm mt s gi thit
khc na. V d nh i vi nhng phn t sau y, cc nguyn t trung tm u cng mt kiu lai ho
sp
3
ca cc obitan, s bin i ca gc ho tr c gii thch nh sau:
Gc ho tr gim xung v vai tr ca s trong s lai ho sp
3
gim xung
Gc lin kt trong cc phn t H
2
O (105
o
)
NH
3
(107
o
)
CH
4
(108
o
28)
H
2
S (92
o
)
PH
3
(94
o
)
H
2
Se (91
o
)
AsH
3
(92
o
)
H
2
Te (90
o
)
SbH
3
(90
o
)
B. Cu to cc phn t n gin
1. Phn t O
2
: Nguyn t O c cu hnh electron: 2s
2
2p
4

Hai nguyn t O lin kt vi nhau bng hai cp electron chung:

Cng thc cu to phn t vi lin kt cp gia hai nguyn t O ph hp nng lng ca lin kt l 494
kJ/mol v di ca lin kt l 1,21A v gii thch c hu ht tnh cht ca oxi tr t tnh.
Oxi trng thi kh, lng hay rn u c tnh thun t. T tnh o c cho thy s c mt ca hai
electron c thn trong phn t O
2
. Bi vy gii thch tnh cht ngi ta buc phi gi thit thm
rng lin kt cng ho tr cng c th c to nn nh 3 electron gi l lin kt ba electron, ngha l phn
t O
2
c cu to:

Trong ngoi lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng c to nn bng cp electron (vch lin) cn c hai
lin kt c to nn nh ba electron (vch ri). Lin kt ba electron cn c gi l lin kt mt electron
v thc t trong ba electron ch c mt electron c dng chung gia hai nguyn t:

Tuy nhin s lin kt gia hai nguyn t O cng ch l hai. (Thuyt obitan p.t gii thch mt cch n
gin tnh thun t ca O
2
bng s tn ti ca hai electron c thn trn hai obitan phn t phn lin kt)
2. Phn t N
2
: Nguyn t N c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

Hai nguyn t N lin kt vi nhau bng ba cp electron chung:

Hai obitan 2p
x
ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau to thnh lin kt o.

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Cp obitan 2p
y
v cp obitan 2p
z
ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau, theo tng cp mt, to thnh hai
lin kt t.

Nh vy, lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ba. Lin kt ba ny c nng lng rt ln (942 kJ/mol) nn
phn t N
2
rt bn. Nit kh tham gia phn ng nhit thng.
3. Phn t NO
Trc y ngi ta cho rng phn t NO c cu to:

Ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i.
Nhng thc nghim cho thy rng phn t ny c mmen lng cc rt b (u = 0,15D) v di ca
lin kt N-O l 1,44A, ngha l trung gian gia di lin kt i trong ion NO
-
(1,18A) v ca lin kt ba
trong ion NO
+
(1,06A). Vy bc ca lin kt trong NO khng th bng 2 m bng 2,5, ngha l phn t c
cu to:

Trong ngoi hai lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng (c to nn nh cp electron chung) cn c mt
lin kt ba electron na (ion NO
+
c mt trong cc hp cht NOCl, NOClO
4
, ion NO
-
c mt trong
NaNO).
4. Phn t CO
Trc y ngi ta cho rng phn t CO c cu to:

ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i.
Nhng thc nghim cho thy rng phn t c mmen lng cc rt b (u = 0,1118D), mt phn t gn
nh khng c cc, v nng lng ca lin kt rt ln (1070 kJ/mol), ln hn c nng lng ca lin kt
ba trong N
2
.
Bi vy, ngy nay ngi ta cho rng nguyn nhn lm gim mnh phn cc ca CO l nguyn t O
a ra mt cp electron ca mnh dng chung vi nguyn t C, ngha l to thnh mt lin kt cho -
nhn ngoi hai lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng:

Nh vy, lin kt C-O l l.kt ba. Tht vy, lin kt ny c nng lng rt ln so vi cc l.kt ho hc.
Qua cu to ca cc phn t xt trn y, ta thy i vi phn t ch c hai nguyn t, hnh dng ca
phn t lun lun l ng thng ni lin hai ht nhn nguyn t. Nhng i vi nhng phn t gm ba
nguyn t hay hn na, gii thch hnh dng ca chng, cn vn dng s lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn
t trung tm.
5. Than ch
Nh bit, tinh th than ch c cu to lp. Cc lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van de Van, lc ny rt
yu hn lc ca lin kt ho hc cho nn cc lp d tch ri nhau v than ch mm trong khi kim cng l
cht cng nht.
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Trong lp than ch, mi nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp
2
lin kt cng ho tr vi ba nguyn t C bao
quanh cng nm trong mt mt phng to thnh vng 6 cnh. Nhng vng ny lin kt vi nhau to thnh
mt lp v tn. Sau khi to thnh nhng lin kt nh vy, mi nguyn t C cn c mt electron c thn
trn obitan 2p c trc vung gc vi mt phng ca lp.
Nhng obitan khng lai ho che ph nhau to nn lin kt t vi mt trong ba nguyn t C bao quanh:

di ca lin kt C-C trong cc lp l 1,415A, hi ln hn di ca lin kt C-C trong vng benzen
(1,39A) c bi l 1,5, ngha l bi ca lin kt C-C trong lp than ch ~ 1,33. Nhng khc vi
benzen, lin kt t trong lp tinh th than ch l khng nh ch trong ton lp. Bi vy khc hn vi kim
cng, than ch c mu xm, c nh kim, dn in v dn nhit.
6. Phn t O
3

Phn t O
3
c dng ng gy vi gc <OOO l 117
o
:

Nguyn t O trung tm (nguyn t O gia) trng thi lai ho sp
2
:

Mt obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn cn hai obitan lai ho na, mi mt c mt cp electron:

Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron che ph vi mt obitan 2p ca nguyn t O ( bn tri ca hnh
v) to thnh lin kt cho nhn, mt obitan lai ho khc c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p ca
nguyn t O khc ( bn phi ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh lin kt cng ho tr o:
hay
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Mt obitan 2p cn li khng lai ho ca nguyn t O trung tm c electron c thn che ph vi obitan
2p khc ca nguyn t O (bn phi) cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt t:

( n gin, trong hnh khng biu din s che ph ca cc obitan to thnh lin kt t) Vy cng thc
cu to ca phn t O
3
l:

Ngy nay n gin, ngi ta hay dng mt cng thc linh hot hn, trong lin kt t c chia i
cho c hai lin kt ( hai bn), ngha l mt lin kt t khng nh ch c k hiu bng vch ri:

7. Phn t SO
2

Phn t SO
2
c dng ng gy ging nh O
3
vi gc <OSO l 120
o
:

Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO
2
ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S tham
gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh cc lin kt s tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
, ngha l
phn t SO
2
c cng thc cu to:

hay cng thc linh hot hn vi mt lin kt t khng nh ch:

bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,5
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Nhng vic rt ngn mnh di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO
2
so vi di ca lin kt n
(1,55A) ni ln rng lin kt l lin kt i v phn t SO
2
c cu to:

c ho tr bn, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp
2
v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch
thch, ngha l mt electron 3p chuyn sang obitan 3d:

Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron t do v mi mt obitan lai ho cn li c mt electron c thn
che ph vi obitan 2p ca hai nguyn t O cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt o:

Obitan 3p khng lai ho ca S c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc ca nguyn t O (gi s
bn tri ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh mt lin kt t v mt obitan 3d khng lai ho ca S
c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc ca O (gi s bn phi hnh v) c electron c thn to
thnh mt lin kt t na.

8. Phn t NO
2

Phn t NO
2
c dng gp khc gn ging nh O
3
v SO
2


S to thnh cc lin kt trong phn t c m t tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
v SO
2
, ngha l
NO
2
c cng thc cu to:

hay cng thc vi lin kt t khng nh ch

9. Phn t SO
3

Phn t SO
3
c dng hnh tam gic u, nguyn t S nm trng tm ca tam gic v ba nguyn t O
nm nh:
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Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO
3
ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S tham
gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh lin kt gn tng t nh i vi phn t O
3
.

hay mt cng thc lin kt t khng nh ch:

bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,33 v S c ho tr 4.
Nhng vic rt ngn di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO
3
cng ging nh trong SO
2
l lin kt i
v phn t SO
3
c cu to:

c ho tr su, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp
2
v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch
thch, ngha l mt electron 3s v mt electron 3p chuyn sang cc obitan 3d:

Ba obitan lai ho ca S, mi obitan c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p electron c thn ca
ba nguyn t O to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr. Ngoi ra mt obitan 3p v hai obitan 3d khng lai ho
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ca S, mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p cn li c electron c thn ca ba nguyn
t O to thnh ba lin kt t. Nh vy trong phn t SO
3
, nguyn t S c ho tr su.
10. Phn t NH
3

Phn t NH
3
c dng hnh chp tam gic, nguyn t N nh v ba ng.t H nh ca tam gic u:

Trong phn t NH
3
, nguyn t N trng thi lai ho sp
3
:

Mt obitan lai ho c cp electron khng lin kt, cn ba obitan lai ho khc, mi obitan c mt electron
c thn che ph vi obitan 1s c electron c thn ca ba nguyn t H to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr:

Vy phn t NH
3
c cng thc cu to:

11. Ion NH
4
+

Ion NH
4
+
c dng hnh t din u, ng.t N nm trung tm v bn ng.t H nm nh ca t din:

Trong ion NH
4
+
, s to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr bi ba cp electron chung gia N v H xy ra
tng t nh trong phn t NH
3
. Ch khc y l obitan lai ho c cp electron che ph vi obitan 1s
trng electron ca H
+
to thnh lin kt cho nhn. Tuy nhin c bn lin kt N - H u ging nhau v u
l lin kt cng ho tr to nn bi cp electron:

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12. Phn t H
2
S
Phn t H
2
S c dng gp khc ging cc phn t O
3
, SO
2
:

Trong phn t H
2
S, nguyn t S trng thi lai ho sp
3
. Hai obitan lai ho, mi obitan c mt cp
electron khng lin kt cn hai obitan lai ho cn li, mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan
1s c electron c thn ca hai nguyn t H to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr :

13. Phn t CO
2

Phn t CO
2
c dng ng thng, nguyn t C gia hai nguyn t O:

trong phn t CO
2
, nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp v c cu hnh electron trng thi kch thch:

Hai obitan lai ho sp, mi mt c mt electron c thn, che ph vi obitan 2p c electron c thn ca
hai nguyn t O hai nm to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr:

Hai obitan khng lai ha ca C, mi mt c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc c electron c
thn ca hai nguyn t O to thnh lin kt t:

v phn t c cng thc cu to:

trong C c ho tr 4.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
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C- BI TP P DNG
I- BI TP C HNG DN GII
Cu 1:
1. So snh, c gii thch.
a. ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t:
- CH
4
; NH
3
; H
2
O.
- H
2
O; H
2
S.
b. Nhit nng chy ca cc cht : NaCl; KCl; MgO
c. Nhit si ca cc cht : C
2
H
5
Cl; C
2
H
5
OH; CH
3
COOH
2. i vi cc phn t c cng thc tng qut AX
n
(n 2 > ), lm th no xc nh phn t phn cc hay
khng phn cc ?
3.Hy gii thch ti sao PbI
2
( cht rn mu vng) tan d dng trong nc nng, v khi ngui li kt ta
di dng kim tuyn ng nh ?
Cu 2 : Xt cc phn t BF
3
, NF
3
v IF
3
. Tr li cc cu hi sau :
1. Vit cng thc chm electron Lewis ca cc cht trn
2. Da vo thuyt lai ha obitan nguyn t hy cho bit tr ng th i lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm v dng
hnh hc ca mi phn t
3. Xc nh xem phn t no l phn cc v khng phn cc. Gii thch kt qu chn
Cu 3: Cho hai nguyn t A v B c tng s ht l 65 trong hiu s ht mang in v khng mang in
l 19. Tng s ht mang in ca B nhiu hn ca A l 26.
a) Xc nh A, B; vit cu hnh electron ca A, B v cho bit b 4 s lng t ng vi electron sau cng
trong nguyn t A, B.
b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong HTTH.
c) Vit cng thc Lewis ca phn t AB
2
, cho bit dng hnh hc ca phn t, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn
t trung tm?
d) Hy gii thch ti sao phn t AB
2
c khuynh hng polime ho?
CU 4
1. Vit cng thc cu to Lewis, nu trng thi lai ha v v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau:
(a) B
2
H
6
(b) XeO
3
(c) Al
2
Cl
6

Gii thch v sao c Al
2
Cl
6
m khng c phn t B
2
F
6
?
2. Trnh by cu to ca cc ion sau: O
+
2
, O
2
2
theo thuyt MO (cu hnh electron, cng thc cu to).
Nhn xt v t tnh ca mi ion trn.
3. So snh v gii thch ngn gn phn cc (momen lng cc) ca cc cht sau: NH
3
, NF
3
, BF
3
.
4. Ha tan 2,00 gam mui CrCl
3
.6H
2
0 vo nc, sau thm lng d dung dch AgNO
3
v lc nhanh kt
ta AgCl cn c 2,1525 gam. Cho bit mui crom ni trn tn ti di dng phc cht.
4.1. Hy xc nh cng thc ca phc cht .
4.2. Hy xc nh cu trc (trng thi lai ha, dng hnh hc) v nu t tnh ca phc cht trn.
CU 5: Cho bit trng thi lai ho ca ngt trung tm v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau :
H
2
O , H
2
S , H
2
Se , H
2
Te .
- Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn ln gc lin kt v gii thch s sp xp .
- Ti sao iu kin thng H
2
O th lng,cn H
2
S , H
2
Se , H
2
Te th kh?
- Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh kh ca cc cht trn.Gii thch.
Cu 6
1. X, Y l hai phi kim. Trong nguyn t X, Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in ln lt l 14 v 16.
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Hp cht A c cng thc XY
n,
c c im:
- X chim 15,0486% v khi lng
- Tng s proton l 100
- Tng s ntron l 106
a. Xc nh s khi v tn nguyn t X, Y. Cho bit b bn s lng t ca e cui cng trn X, Y
b. Bit X, Y to vi nhau hai hp cht l A, B. Vit cu trc hnh hc v cho bit trng thi lai ho
ca nguyn t trung tm ca A, B.
c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia A vi P
2
O
5
v vi H
2
O
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia B vi O
2
v vi H
2
O
2. Cho bit tr s nng lng ion ho th nht I
1
(eV) ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k II nh sau:
Chu k II Li Be B C N O F Ne
I
1
(eV) 5,39 9,30 8,29 11,26 14,54 13,61 17,41 21,55
Nhn xt s bin thin nng lng ion ho th nht ca cc nguyn t trn. Gii thch.
Cu 7: Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi 4 s lng t:
n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, m
s
= -1/2
Hai nguyn t A, B vi Z
A
< Z
B
< Z
C
( Z l in tch ht nhn ).
Bit rng: - tch s Z
A
. Z
B
. Z
C
= 952
-t s ( Z
A
+ Z
C
) / Z
B
= 3.
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca C, xc nh v tr ca C trong bng H thng tun hon, t suy ra nguyn
t C?
2. Tnh Z
A
, Z
B
. Suy ra nguyn t A, B?
3. Hp cht X to bi 3 nguyn t A, B, C c cng thc ABC. Vit cng thc cu to ca X. trng thi
lng, X c tnh dn in.Vy X c hnh thnh bng cc lin kt ha hc g?
Cu 8
1) Cho X, Y l 2 phi kim trong nguyn t X v Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in
ln lt l 14 v 16. bit trong hp cht XYn
. X chim 15,0486 % v khI lng
. Tng s proton l 100
. Tng s ntron l 106
a. Xc nh s khi v tn X, Y
b. Xc nh CTCT XYn v cho bit kiu lai ha ca nguyn t X dng hnh hc ca XYn.
c. Vit phng trnh phn ng gia XYn vi P
2
O
5
v vi H
2
O
2) a. Ti sao SiO
2
l mt cht rn nhit phng nng chy 1973K trong khi CO
2
li l cht kh
nhit phng nng chy 217K
b. Cht dicloetilen (C
2
H
2
Cl
2
) c ba ng phn k hiu X,Y,Z
- Cht X khng phn cc cn cht Z phn cc
- Cht X v cht Z kt hp vi Hidro cho cng sn phm
X (hc Z) + H
2
Cl - CH
2
- CH
2
Cl
. Vit cng thc cu to X, Y, Z
. Cht Y c momen lng cc khng ?
Cu 9:
1. Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534 nm.Tnh bn knh nguyn t cng
ha tr ca Silic v khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca n. Cho bit M
Si
= 28,086 g.mol
-1
. Kim cng c cu
trc lp phng tm din, ngai ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc t din ca mng c s.
2. C cc phn t XH
3

2.1. Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t PH
3
v AsH
3
.
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103
o
15
2.2. So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch.
2.3. Nhng phn t no sau y c moment lng cc ln hn 0 ? BF
3
, NH
3
, SiF
4
, SiHCl
3
, SF
2
, O
3
.
Cho bit Zp = 15, Z
As
= 33, Z
O
= 16, Z
F
= 9, Z
Cl
= 17, Z
B
= 5, Z
N
= 7, Z
Si
= 14, Z
S
= 16.
Cu 10: Cho b bn s lng t ca electron cht cng trn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, X, Z nh sau:
A: n = 3, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2
X: n = 2, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2
Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2
1 Xc nh A, X, Z.
2 Cho bit trng thi lai ho v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau: ZA
2
, AX
2
, AX
3
2-
, AX
4
2-
.
3 Bng thuyt lai ho gii thch s to thnh phn t ZX. Gii thch v sao ZX c moment lng cc b. Gii
thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)
5
bng thuyt VB.
4 Gii thch v sao AX
3
2-
li c kh nng ho tan A to thnh A
2
X
3
2-
.
CU 11
(1) Cho bit s bin i trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t Al trong phn ng sau v cu to hnh
hc ca AlCl
3
, AlCl
O
4
.
AlCl
3
+ Cl
O
AlCl
O
4

(2) Biu din s hnh thnh lin kt phi tr trong cc trng hp sau:
(o): Sn phm tng tc gia NH
3
v BF
3
.
(b): Sn phm tng tc gia AgCl vi dung dch NH
3
.
(3): Gii thch s khc nhau v gc lin kt trong tng cp phn t sau:
(a)
S O
Cl Cl Cl Cl
(b)
O O
F F Cl Cl
Cu 12
1. Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t X l 5p
5
. T s ntron v in tch ht nhn bng
1,3962. S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca nguyn t thuc nguyn t Y. Khi cho 4,29
gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu c 18,26 gam sn phm c cng thc l XY. Hy xc
nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y v vit cu hnh electron ca Y tm c.
2. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca hp cht XCl
3
.
3. Bn knh nguyn t Cobalt l 1,25. Tnh th tch ca n v ca tinh th Co nu trong 1 trt t
gn xem Co kt tinh dng lp phng tm mt.
Cu 13
A, B l 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon trong B c tng s lng t (
n + l ) ln hn tng s lng t ( n + l ) ca A l 1. Tng s i s ca b 4 s lng t ca electron cui
cng ca cation A
+ a
l 3,5.
a)Xc nh b 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng trn A, B.
b)Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh tn ca A, B.
Cu 14: 1) Cho cc cht sau y:
CO
2
, SO
2
, C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
COOH, HI
Hy cho bit cht no c nhit si cao nht? Gii thch?
2) Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v trng thi lai
ha ca nguyn t trung tm ca cc phn t v ion sau:
H
2
SO
4
, [Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
, ICl
3
, XeF
4

111
o
103
o

v
111
o

v
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Cu 15:
a. Hy cho bit cu trc hnh hc , kiu lai ha ca cc phn t : SF
6
, XeF
2
, OF
2

b. Da vo cu hnh electron ca uran [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
. Hy cho bit hai hp cht X,Y ca uran vi flo , cho
bit ti sao c c 2 hp cht ny . Hon thnh phn ng sau
ClF
3
+ A B + Cl
2

c. Ti sao ozon tan nhiu trong nc , nhng oxi t tan trong nc
Cu 16:
Nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim A c electron cui cng c b 4 s lng t tha mn m + l = 0 v n + m
s

= 3/2 ( quy c cc gi tr m t thp n cao )
1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, gi tn nguyn t A. Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca phn t
A
2
. Kim chng s lin kt v tnh cht thun t ca A2 bng cu hnh electron ca phn t.
2. Ion A
3
B
2-
v A
3
C
2-
ln lt c 42 v 32 electron
2.1. Tm 2 nguyn t B v C ( s hiu nguyn t, tn, k hiu )
2.2. Dung dch mui ca A
3
B
2-
v A
3
C
2-
khi tc dng vi axit clohidric cho kh D v F tng ng.
- M t dng hnh hc ca phn t D v E.
- Nu phng php ha hc phn bit D v E.
- Kh no trong 2 kh c th kt hp vi O
2
? Ti sao?
Cu 17
1. So snh bn knh ca cc ht sau: Al, Al
3+
, Na, Na
+
, Mg, Mg
2+
, F
-
, O
2-
.
2. Trong s cc cu trc c th c sau y:
a) Ca ICl
4
(-)
:
I
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
. .
. .
I
Cl Cl
. .
Cl
Cl
(a) (b)
.
.

b) Ca TeCl
4
:
Te
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
.
.
(c)
Te Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(d)
. .

c) Ca ClF
3
:
Cl
F
F
F
.
.
.
.
()
Cl F
F
F
.
.
(g)
. .
Cl
(e)
F
F
F
. .
. .

nhng cu trc no c kh nng tn ti u tin hn? V sao?
3. Ti sao nc nh hn nc lng? (c v hnh minh ha)
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Cu 18.
1. Hy cho bit dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm i vi phn t H
2
O v
H
2
S. So snh gc lin kt trong 2 phn t v gii thch.
2. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 3 nh sau, hy nhn xt v gii thch:
Nguyn
t
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Bn knh (
o
A)
1,86 1,60 1,43 1,17 1,10 1,04 0,99
3. Kh N
2
v kh CO c mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau nh sau:

Nng lng phn ly
phn t (kJ/mol)
Khong cch gia cc
ht nhn (
o
A)
Nhit nng chy
(
o
C)
N
2
945 1,10 210
CO 1076 1,13 205
Da vo cu hnh MO ca phn t N
2
v phn t CO gii thch s ging nhau .
4. Gii thch bn phn t v tnh kh ca cc hp cht hydrohalogenua.

HNG DN GII
Cu 1.
1. a. CH
4
> NH
3
> H
2
O Gii thch:
H
|
C N H O
H | H H H H H
H
S cp e cha tham gia lin kt cng nhiu cng y nhau, gc lin kt cng nh.
b. H
2
O > H
2
S
Gii thch: V m in ca O > S, m in ca nguyn t trung tm cng ln s ko my ca i e
-

lin kt v pha n nhiu hn lm tng ln gc lin kt.
c. So snh nhit nng chy ca cc cht:
MgO > NaCl > KCl
Gii thch: bn knh ion K
+
> Na
+

in tch ion Mg
2+
> Na
+
v O
2-
> Cl
-

(Nng lng phn li t l thun vi in tch ion v t l nghch vi bn knh ion)

3.So snh nhit si ca cc cht: C
2
H
5
Cl < C
2
H
5
OH < CH
3
COOH
Gii thch:
-C
2
H
5
Cl khng c lin kt hiro
-Lin kt hidro gia cc phn t axit bn hn lin kt hidro gia cc phn t ru.
C
2
H
5
O H O
H C
2
H
5

O H O
CH
3
C C CH
3

O H O
2. Mun xc nh mt phn t c cc hay khng, trc ht cn phi bit s sp xp ca cc nguyn t trong
phn t(dng hnh hc ca phn t)
Momen lng cc (o phn cc) l mt i lng c ln v c chiu.
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Trong phn t, nu cc lin kt phn cc c sp xp i xng nhau, momen lng cc c cng
ln v ngc chiu.Chng s trit tiu nhau v phn t khng phn cc.
Ngc li nu cc lc khng cn bng, phn t s c cc.
3. PbI
2
d tan trong nc nng v qu trnh ha tan PbI
2
thu nhit ln:
PbI
2
Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
AH > 0
Cn khi ngui th xy ra qu trnh ngc li, ta nhit ( AH < 0).
V qu trnh ngui t t, s mm kt tinh t, nn tinh th c to thnh d dng.
Nu lm ngui nhanh s thu c dng bt vng PbI
2
.
Cu 2 :
S
F F
F

N
F F
F

I F F
F

Lai ha sp
2
Lai ha sp
3
Lai ha sp
3
d
Tam gic phng Thp y tam gic Hnh ch T
Khng cc v momen lng cc
lin kt b trit tiu
C cc v lng cc lin kt
khng trit tiu
C cc v lng cc lin kt
khng trit tiu
Cu 3
a) Gi Z
A
, Z
B
ln lt l s proton trong nguyn t A, B.
Gi N
A
, N
B
ln lt l s notron trong nguyn t A, B.
Vi s proton = s electron
Ta c h :

=
=

=
= +

=
= + +
= + + +
17 Z
4 Z
13 Z Z
21 Z Z
26 2Z 2Z
19 ) N (N ) 2Z (2Z
65 ) N (2Z ) N (2Z
B
A
A B
B A
A B
B A B A
B B A A
(0,5)
Z
A
= 4 A l Be Cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2

B 4 s lng t: n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, m
s
=
2
1

Z
B
= 17 B l Cl Cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

B 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, m
s
=
2
1

b) Ta c Z = 4 Be th 4, c 2 lp e Be chu k 2.
Nguyn t s, c 2e ngoi cng phn nhm chnh nhm II.
Tng t cho Cl: th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VII.
c) :
Cl
..
..
: Be :
Cl
..
..
:
Hnh dng hnh hc ca phn t: ng thng
Trng thi lai ho : sp


Cl
Cl
Be
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d) Khi to thnh phn t BeCl
2
th nguyn t Be cn 2 obitan trng; Cl t trng thi bn vng v cn
c cc obitan cha 2 electron cha lin kt do nguyn t clo trong phn t BeCl
2
ny s a ra cp
electron cha lin kt cho nguyn t Be ca phn t BeCl
2
kia to lin kt cho-nhn. Vy BeCl
2
c
khuynh hng polime ho:



Cu 4
1.

Xe
O
O
O
Xe lai ha sp
3
phn t
dng thp tam gic

B B
H
H
H
H
H
H
B lai ha sp
3
, phn t B
2
H
6
gm
2 t din lch c 1 cnh chung,
lin kt BHB l lin kt 3 tm v
ch c 2 electron, 1 electron ca
H v 1 electron ca B.


Al
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al lai ha sp
3
, phn t Al
2
Cl
6
gm 2 t din lch
c 1 cnh chung, c 2 lin kt cho nhn c
to thnh do cp e khng lin kt ca Cl v
obitan trng ca Al.Trong Al
2
Cl
6
nguyn t Al
t c cu trc bt t vng bn.

2. O
+
2
: (o )
lk
s
2
(
*
s
)
2
) (
lk
z

2
) (
lk
x

2
= ) (
lk
y

2
) (
*
x

1
= ) (
*
y

O O

O
2
2
: (o )
lk
s
2
(
*
s
)
2
) (
lk
z

2
) (
lk
x

2
= ) (
lk
y

2
) (
*
x

2
= ) (
*
y

2

O O
2

O
+
2
c electron c thn nn thun t. O
2
2
khng c electron c thn nn ngch t.
3.
N
H
H
H
Cc vect momen lng cc
ca cc lin kt v cp
electron khng lin kt cng
chiu nn momen lng cc
ca phn t ln nht.

N
F
F
F
Cc vect momen lng cc
ca cc lin kt v cp
electron khng lin kt ngc
chiu nn momen lng cc
ca phn tb hn NH
3
.

B
F
F
F
Phn t dng tam gic u
Cc vect momen lng cc
ca cc lin kt trit tiu ln
nhau(tng bng khng) phn
t khng phn cc.

....
....
Cl
Be
Cl
Cl
Be
Cl
Cl
Be
Cl
Cl
Be
Cl
Cl
Be
Cl
C phn t Al
2
Cl
6
v nguyn t Al t cu
trc bt t vng bn.
Khng c phn t B
2
F
6
v: phn t BF
3
bn
do c lin kt pi khng nh ch c to
thnh gia obitan trng ca B vi cp
electron khng lin kt ca F v kch thc
ca nguyn t B b so vi nguyn t F nn
tng tc y gia 6 nguyn t F ln lm
cho phn t B
2
F
6
tr nn km bn.
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4.
n(AgCl) = (2,1525:143,5) = 0,015; n(CrCl
3
. 6H
2
O) = (2:266,5) = 7,5.10
-3

n(Cl
-
to phc) = 3(7,5.10
-3
) - 0,015 = 7,5.10
-3
Trong phn t phc cht t l mol Cl

: Cr
3+
= (7,5.10
-3
) : (7,5.10
-3
) = 1:1
Cng thc ca phc: |Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl|
2+

24
Cr
3+
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3
)
24
Cr
3+
: [Ar] 3d
3


3d
3
4s 4p
Cr lai ha sp
3
d
2
Ar
Phc thun t
A
H
2
O
Cl
90
0
90
0
H
2
O H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
Bt din u


Cu 5. - Trong cc phn t H
2
O , H
2
S, H
2
Se, H
2
Te; O, S, Se, Te (R) trng thi lai to sp
3
, phn t c cu
to dng gc :
R
H H
- V m in ca O ln nht nn cc cp e lin kt b ht v pha O mnh khong cch gia 2 cp e
lin kt trong phn t H
2
O l nh nht nn lc y tnh in mnh nht gc lin kt ln nht .
Th t tng dn gc lin kt l : H
2
Te , H
2
Se, H
2
S, H
2
O .
- iu kin thng nc th lng l do cc phn t nc c kh nng to lin kt H lin phn t :
... O H ... O H ...

H H
- Trong cc phn t H
2
R , R u c s oxi ho -2, tuy nhin t O n Te bn knh R li tng ln kh nng
cho e tng t O n Te, tc l tnh kh tng theo th t H
2
O, H
2
S, H
2
Se, H
2
Te .

Cu 6
1. a. Gi P
X,
N
X
ln lt l s proton v ntron ca X
P
Y,
N
Y
ln lt l s proton v ntron ca Y
Ta c: P
X
+ nP
Y
= 100 (1)
N
X
+ nN
Y
= 106 (2)
T (1) v (2): (P
X
+N
X
) + n(P
Y
+N
Y
) = 206 A
X
+nA
Y
= 206 (3)
Mt khc: A
X
/ (A
X
+nA
Y
) = 15,0486/100 (4)
T (3), (4): A
X
= P
X
+N
X
= 31 (5)
Trong X c: 2P
X
- N
X
= 14 (6)
T (5), (6): P
X
= 15; N
X
= 16 A
X
= 31
X l photpho
15
P c cu hnh e l : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l:
n =3, l=1, m = +1, s = +1/2
Thay P
X
= 15; N
X
= 16 vo (1), (2) ta c nP
Y
= 85; nN
Y
= 90
nn: 18P
Y
17N
Y
= 0 (7)
Mt khc trong Y c: 2P
Y
N
Y
= 16 (8)
T (7), (8): P
Y
= 17; N
Y
= 18 A
Y
= 35 v n = 5
Vy: Y l Clo
17
Cl c cu hnh e l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
,
nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l: n = 3; l =1; m = 0, s = -1/2
* Xc nh ng mi cht 0,5 , ng mt b bn s lng t 0,25 .
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b. Cl
A: PCl
5
; B: PCl
3
Cl

Cu to ca A: (0,5) Cl P
- PCl
5
c cu trc lng thp tam gic
- Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp
3
d
Cl Cl
Cu to ca B: ..
- PCl
3
c cu trc thp tam gic P
- Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp
3

Cl Cl Cl
c. ng mi pt:
3 PCl
5
+ P
2
O
5
= POCl
3

PCl
5
+ 4H
2
O = H
3
PO
4
+ 5 HCl
2PCl
3
+ O
2
= POCl
3

PCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = H
3
PO
3
+ 3 HCl
2. Nhn xt:
a. Nhn chung nng lng ion ho tng dn
Gii thch: T tri sang phi trong mt chu k, in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t tng dn v s e ngoi
cng cng tng thm c in vo lp n ang xy dng d. Kt qu cc e b ht v ht nhn mnh hn lm
bn knh nguyn t gim, dn n lc ht ca nhn vi e ngoi cng tng lm e cng kh b tch ra khi
nguyn t lm nng lng ion ho tng
b.Be v N c nng lng ion ho cao bt thng
Gii thch: Be c cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
c phn lp s bo ho. y l cu hnh bn nn cn cung cp nng
lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny
N c cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
phn lp p bn bo ho, y cng l mt cu hnh bn nn cng cn cung cp
nng lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny
Cu 7
1. Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron cui cng :3p
5


+1 0 -1
Cu hnh electron ca C:1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

V tr ca C: STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VII A. C l Clo.
2. Z
C
= 17 Z
B
. Z
A
= 56 Z
A
= 7 , A l Nit
Z
A
+ 17 = 3Z
B
Z
B
= 8 , B l Oxi
3. CTCT X Cl - N = O
NOCl trng thi lng c tnh dn in vy trong cht lng phi c cc ion NO
+
v Cl
-
. Do trong
phn t NOCl c lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr.
Cu 8
I.1) a. Gi Px, PY l s proton X, Y n
x
, n
y
l s ntron X, Y
P
x
+ nP
y
= 100 (1)
N
x
+ nN
y
= 106 (2)
P
x
+ N
x
+ n(P
Y
+ N
y
) = 206
A
x
+ nA
y
= 206 (3)
A
x

A
x
+ nA
y

=> Ax = 31
| | | | |
=
15, 0486
100
(4)
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Trong nguyn t X : 2Px Nx = 14
Px = 15
Nx = 16
Thay Px, Nx vo (1) , (2)
n (Ny Py) = 5 ( 5)
2Py ny = 16 (6) => Ny = 2Py - 16
n(Py 16) = 5
Py =
5 16n
n
+

n 1 2 3 4 5
Py 21 18,8 17,67 17,25 17
Py = 17, n =5 , Ay = 35 => Y l clo
b. PCl5 : nguyn t P lai ha sp
3
d dng lng thp tam gic.
Cl
Cl P Cl
Cl Cl

c. P
2
O
5
+ PCl
5
= 5POCl
3

PCl
5
+ H
2
O = H
3
PO
4
+ 5HCl
I.2)
- C v Si u c bn electron ha tr tuy nhin khc vi CO
2
(O = C = O) SiO
2
khng phi l mt
phn t n gin vi lin kt Si =O. nng lng ca 2 lin kt i Si=O km xa nng lng ca bn lin kt
n Si-O v vy tinh th SiO
2
gm nhng t din chung nh nhau.
O
O Si O
O

a. SiO
2
l tinh th nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr bn
trong khi CO
2
rn l tinh th phn t, lin kt vi nhau bng lc Vanderwall yu.
b. X khng phn cc vy X tn ti dng trans Z phn cc.Vy Z tn ti dng Cis
H Cl
H C C H
Cl H


CTCT
H Cl
C C
Cl H
= (X)
Cl Cl
C C
H H
=

(X) (Z)

CTCT Y s l
Cl H
C C
Cl H
=
C-H C-Cl
AX= 2,5 2,1 = 0,4 AX = 0,5 Vy Y phn cc
=> X l photpho

hoc Z + H
2

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Cu 9
1. r
Si
= (a. 3 )/8 = (0,534. 3 )/8= 0,118
S nguyn t Si c trong mt mng c s: 8.(1/8) + 6.(1/2) + 4 = 8
Khi lng ring ca Si = 2,33 g.cm
-1
.
2.
2.1. P : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
; As : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
3

P v As u c 5 electron ha tr v c 3 electron c thn trong XH
3

X
H
H H
X trang thai lai hoa sp
3
.

2.2. XH
3
hnh thp tam gic, gc HPH > gc AsH, v m in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn so
vi As nn lc y mnh hn.
2.3.
N F
F
F
Si
Cl H
Cl
Cl
sp
3
S
F F
O
O
O
sp
3
sp
3
sp
2
B
F
F
F
Si
F
F
F
F
sp
2
sp
3

4 cht u tin c cu to bt i xng nn c moment lng cc > 0.
Cu 10
1. Nguyn t A: n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2 3p
4
A l S
Nguyn t X: n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2 2p
4
X l O
Nguyn t Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2 2p
2
Z l C
2.
Phn t, ion Trng thi lai ho cu nguyn t trung tm Cu trc hnh hc
CS
2
sp ng thng
SO
2
sp
2
Gc
SO
2
3


sp
3
Chp y tam gic u
SO
2
4


sp
3
T din u
3
C: [He] 2s
2
2p
2


O: [He] 2s
2
2p
4


Cacbon dng 1 obitan 2s t hp vi 1 obitan 2p to ra 2 obitan lai ho sp hng ra hai pha khc nhau, trong
c mt obitan bo ho v 1 obitan cha bo ha.
Cacbon dng 1 obitan lai ho cha bo ho xen ph xichma vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cu oxi v dng 1
obitan p thun chng cha bo ho xen ph pi vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cn li cu oxi. Oxi dng 1
obitan p bo ho xen ph v obitan p trng ca cacbon to lin kt pi kiu pp.
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Cng thc cu to: :C O:
+ CO c moment lng cc b v trong phn t c lin kt phi tr ngc cp electron ca nguyn t oxi
cho sang obitan trng cu nguyn t cacbon lm gim phn cc ca lin kt nn lm gim moment lng
cc.
+ S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t Fe(CO)
5

Fe (Z = 26) [Ar] 3d
6
4s
2
4p
0



Fe* [Ar] 3d
8
4s
0
4p
0



trng thi kch thch, nguyn t Fe dng 1 obitan 3d trng t hp vi 1obitan 4s v 3 obitan 4p to thnh 5
obitan lai ho dsp
3
trng hng ra 5 nh ca hnh lng chp y tam gic u tm l nguyn t Fe.
CO dng cp electron t do cha lin kt trn nguyn t cacbon to lin kt phi tr vi cc obitan lai ho
trng ca st to ra phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)
5
Fe* [Ar] 3d
8
4s
0
4p
0


| | | | |
:CO :CO :CO : CO :CO


4. S [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4



S
*
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
4


SO
3
2-
c kh nng kt hp thm 1 nguyn t S to S
2
O
3
2-
v trn nguyn t S trong SO
3
2-
cn c mt cp
electron t do cha lin kt c kh nng cho vo obiatn 3p trng ca nguyn t S to lin kt cho nhn.
2-
S O
S
O
O
2-
S O
O
O
S

Cu 11
AlCl
3
+ Cl
O
AlCl
O
4

(1) - Trc phn ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp
2

- Sau phn ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp
3

- Cu to hnh hc
Cl Cl O

Al Al

Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Tam gic phng T din
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(2)
H F

H N
+
B
-
F NH
3
Ag
+
NH
3
Cl
O


H F
* Nit cn 1 cp electron t do * Ag+ cn obital/ho tr trng
* B cn obital ho tr trng
(3) Trong cc phn t, nguyn t trung tm u c trng thi lai ho sp
3
v c cu to gc.
(a). S sai bit gc ho tr trong phn t SCl
2
v OCl
2
l do s khc bit v m in ca oxi
v lu hunh. ca nguyn t trung tm cng nh th cc cp electron lin kt b y nhiu v
pha cc nguyn t lin kt, nn chng chim vng khng gian nh xung quanh nguyn t trung gian.
ca oxi ln hn S nn gc ho tr Cl O Cl ln hn Cl S Cl.
(b). S sai bit gc ha tr trong phn t OF
2
v OCl
2
cng do s khc bit v ca cc nguyn t lin
kt. Nguyn t lin kt c cng ln th gc ha tr cng nh. Flor c ln hn Clor nn gc ha tr
F O F nh hn Cl O Cl.
Cu 12
1. Cu hnh y ca n.t X l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
5s
2
5p
5
. Vy Z
X
= 53 = s proton X
3962 , 1 =
X
X
Z
N
N
X
= 74 A
X
= Z
X
+ N
X
= 53 + 74 = 127
Ta c : 7 , 3 =
Y
X
N
N
N
Y
= 20
Y + X XY
M
Y
M
XY

4,29 18,26
39
26 , 18
127
29 , 4 26 , 18
29 , 4
=
+
= =
Y
Y Y
XY
Y
M
M M
M
M
(g/mol)
Vy : Z
Y
+ N
Y
= 39 Z
Y
= 19. Cu hnh electron ca Y : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

2. X c 7 electron lp ngoi cng, cn obitan d trng nn trong hp cht XCl
3
X lai ha sp
3
d, dng
hnh hc l ch T
Cl X
Cl
Cl

3.
1,25
1,25
5
A
B
C D
A
B
C D

AD = 1,25 . 4 = 5 ()
AB =
54 , 3
2
5
2
=
( ) Vy th tch ca mng n v ca Co : V = (3,54)
3
= 44,36 ()
3
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Cu 13
a)V 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k nn 2 nguyn t c cng s lp electron
( cng n ). M tng ( n + l ) ca B ln hn tng ( n + l ) ca A l 1 nn:
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca A, B l:
A: ns
2
. B: np
1

Mt khc A c 2e lp ngoi cng cation A c dng A
2+
.
Vy tng i s ca 4 s lng t ca A
2+
l:
(n 1 ) + 1 + 1 -
2
1
= 3,5
Vy 4 s lng t ca :
A: n = 3 l = 0 m = 0 s = -
2
1

B: n = 3 l = 1 m = - 1 s = +
2
1

b)Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
( Mg ).
B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
( Al ).
Cu 14.1) C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
COOH to c lin kt hidr gia cc phn t nn c nhit si cao hn cc
cht kia.
t
0
si ca CH
3
COOH > t
0
si ca C
2
H
5
OH v c
OH H C COOH CH
M M
5 2 3
> v cho lin kt hidr trong CH
3
COOH bn hn trong C
2
H
5
OH (trong CH
3
COOH,
nhm C = O ht in t lm tng in tch dng trn H ca nhm OH, nn lc ht tnh in gia H ny
vi O ca phn t CH
3
COOH th nh mnh hn). V vy CH
3
COOH c nhit si cao nht.
2) H
2
SO
4
: S trng thi lai ha sp
3
, c cu t in lch
[Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
Ni
2+
trng thi lai ha sp
2
d c cu hnh vung

2
NC NC
Ni
NC NC

ICl
3
: I trng thi lai ha sp
3
d, c cu lng thp tam gic
XeF
4
: Xe trng thi lai ha sp
3
d
2
, c cu bt din u
Cu 15 :
b.-T cu hnh e ca U [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
nguyn t U c 4e c thn , to phn t UF
4
:
Ngoi ra, U U
6+
+ 6e
[Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
[Rn]
Nn to phn t UF
6

Phn ng : 2 ClF
3
+ 3UF
4
3UF
6
+ Cl
2

Cu 16 :
1.








Trng hp 1: m
s
= +1/2 => n=1 => l=0 =>m=0
Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t A : 1s
1
=> Hydr
Trng hp 2: m
s
= -1/2 => n=2 => l=0 => m=0
hoc l=1 => m= -1
* Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=0; m=0 => Cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
: B-ri
* Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=1; m= -1 => Cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
: -xy
V A l phi kim nn hoc A l Hydro (H) hoc A l O-xi (O)
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2.
2.1










2.2.
Vi A l Hydro
- CTPT : H
2

- CT electron : H:H
- CTCT: H - H ( 1 lin kt)
- Cu hnh e ca phn t o
1s
2

- S lin kt : N= 2/2 =1
- Khng c electron c thn nn l cht nghch t.
Vi A l -xi
- CTPT: O
2

- CT electron:
- CTCT: O = O
Gia 2 nguyn t oxy c 1 lin kt cng ha tr bnh thng v 2 lin kt c bit 3e (3lectron
ny do 1 nguyn t a ra 1, nguyn t kia a ra 2 gp chung), trong ch c 1 electron
c dng chung. Vy s electron chung gia 2 nguyn t l 4, v trong phn t c 2e c thn.
Cu hnh electron ca phn t :
o
2s
2
o
2s
*2
o
z
2
t
x
2
t
y
2
t
x
*1
t
y
*1

S lin kt : N = (8-4)/2 = 2
C 2 electron c thn nn O2 l cht thun t

Ion A
3
B
2-
c 42 electron.
* Nu A l Hidr, ta c: 3.1 + Z
B
= 42 -2 ; Z
B
= 37
Loi v khng tn ti ion RbH
3
2-

* Vy A l oxi.
Lc 3.8 +Z
B
= 42 - 2 ; Z
B
= 16 ( B l lu hunh ) Chn

Ion A
3
C
2-
:
Ta c : 3.8 + Z
C
= 32 -2 => Z
C
= 6 ( C l cc-bon) Chn
Vy A
3
B
2-
l SO
3
2-

A
3
C
2-
l CO
3
2-

SO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
SO
2
| + H
2
O
CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
CO
2
| + H
2
O
D l SO
2
; E l CO
2

- Dng hnh hc phn t :
SO
2
: nguyn t S trng thi lai ha sp
2
nn phn t c cu to gc

CO
2
: nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp nn phn t c cu to ng thng O=C=O
- Phn bit SO
2
v CO
2

Dng dung dch brm nhn ra SO
2
qua hin tng mu nu ca dung dch brm nht dn
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr
- Kh SO
2
c th kt hp vi O
2
to SO
3
do lu hunh trong SO
2
cn cp electron t do. CO
2

khng c kh nng ny do cc-bon trong phn t khng cn electron c thn.





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Cu 17
1.
- Khi i t tri sang phai trong mt chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn nn: Na > Mg > Al.
- V cc ion Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
, O
2
u c cu hnh electron ging Ne : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
, nn bn knh ca chng
gim xung khi in tch ht nhn tng:
8
O
2
>
9
F

>
11
Na
+
>
12
Mg
2+
>
13
Al
3+
.
- V cu hnh electron ca Al l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
rt ln hn so vi O
2
.
- Do bn knh gim dn nh sau:
Na > Mg > Al > O
2-
> F

> Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Al
3+

2.a) Cu trc (a) c kh nng tn ti thc t v n m bo cho lc y gia cc cp elctron khng lin kt l
nh nht.
b) Cu trc (C) c kh nng tn ti trong thc t v tng tc y cu trc ny b nht.
c) Cu trc c s gim nhiu lc y gia cc electron khng lin kt v cp electron lin kt.
3. Do c lin kt hidro nn nc c cu trc c bit. Cc nguyn t Oxi nm tm v bn nh ca mt
t din u. Mi nguyn t hidro lin kt chnh vi mt nguyn t oxi v lin kt hidro vi mt nguyn t
oxi khc. Cu trc ny tng i xp nn c t khi nh. Khi tan thnh nc lng cu trc ny b ph v
nn th tch gim v do t khi tng. Kt qu l nc nh hn nc.

O
H
H
H
H
O
O
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
H
Ca u tru c t die n cua tinh the n c a

Cu 18
1. Phn t H
2
O v H
2
S u l phn t c gc v chng thuc dng AX
2
E
2
.
Trng thi lai ha ca oxi v lu hunh u l sp
3
.
Oxi c m in ln hn lu hunh, my electron lin kt b ht mnh v pha nguyn t trung
tm s y nhau nhiu hn, lm tng gc lin kt. V vy gc lin kt trong phn t H
2
O ln hn gc
lin kt trong phn t H
2
S.
2. Nhn xt: T u n cui chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn.
Gii thch: Trong chu k, s lp electron nh nhau nhng do in tch ht nhn tng dn, s electron
lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm cho lc ht gia ht nhn vi lp ngoi cng mnh dn dn n bn
knh nguyn t gim.
3. Cu hnh MO ca phn t N
2
: (o
2s
)
2
(o
2s
*
)
2
(t
x
)
2
= (t
y
)
2
(o
z
)
2
bc lin kt = 3
Cu hnh MO ca phn t CO: (o
2s
)
2
(o
2s
*
)
2
(t
x
)
2
= (t
y
)
2
(o
z
)
2
bc lin kt = 3
Lin kt trong phn t N
2
v CO rt ging nhau dn n mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau.
4. Cc hp cht hydrohalogenua: HF HCl HBr HI
bn phn t gim t HF n HI v m in gim v bn knh nguyn t tng t F n I.
Tnh kh tng t HF n HI v m in gim t F n I lm cho kh nng nhng electron tng
t F
1
n Cl
1
.
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II- BI TP T GII
Cu 1. Xc nh hnh dng ca cc phn t sau: COS , ClNO , COCl
2
, SeF
4
, BF
4
-
, BF
3
, H
3
S
+
, XeF
4
, HCN
, SbF
3
, CH
3
+
, CH
3
-
, SeF
6
, ICl
3
, SbF
5
, NO
2
F , O
2
XeF
2
.
Cu 2. .Cho bit : Sn ( Z = 50)
a/ Hy vit cu hnh v s phn b electron trong cc obitan ha tr ca Sn
b/ Hy v cu trc hnh hc ca SnCl
4
.Trn c s hy gii thch ti sao SnCl
4
l mt axit Lewis.
c/ Vit cc phn ng ca SnCl
4
vi Br
-
( tl mol 1:1 v 1:2 ) v vi etilen iamin .Hy s dng thuyt s
y cc cp electron ha tr(VSEPR) v cu trc khng gian ca cc sn phm ca cc phn ng .
d/ Trn c s cu trc hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca Sn(IV) trong cc tiu phn .
Cu 3. Cho cc phn t XeF
2
, XeF
4
, XeOF
4
, XeO
2
F
2
.
a/ Vit cng thc cu to Li - uyt (Lewis) cho tng phn t.
b/ p dng quy tc y gia cc cp electron ho tr, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t .
c/ Hy cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong mi phn t trn.
Cu 4. a/ Xc nh trng thi lai ha v cu trc phn t ca NH
3
v NF
3
. So snh gc lin kt HNH v
FNF. Gii thch?
b/ Da vo cu trc phn t trn hy gii thch ti sao trong iu kin thng NH
3
l cht kh khng
mu v ha lng ti -33,35
0
C v ha rn ti -77,75
0
C cn NF
3
l cht kh khng mu ha lng
-129
0
C v ha rn ti -209
0
C.
c/ So snh tnh baz v tnh kh ca NH
3
v NF
3
v So snh tnh bn nhit ca NH
3
v NF
3
.
Cu 5. Cho bit hnh dng ca NH
3

v H
3
O
+
. Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha hy gii thch hnh dng ( cu
trc) ca NH
3
v ca H
3
O
+
. So snh gc to bi gia HNH v HOH.
Cu 6. Cho Xe (Z=54) ; P ( Z = 15) ; F ( Z = 9) v O ( Z = 8 ).
a/ Vit cu hnh electron ca Xe v xc dnh v tr ca Xe trong bng HTTH.
b/ Xc nh cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau :XeF
2
; XeF
4
; XeO
4
, [XeF
4
]
2+
; PF
-
6
v PBr
+
4
.
Gii thch cu trc va xc nh.
Cu 7. Hy cho bit cu to Lewis, dng lai ha( nu c ) , hnh dng theo m hnh VSEPR. Momen lng
cc ( u = 0 hay u = 0 ) ca mi phn t sau: SF
4
, HClO
2
, HClO , ICl
-
4
, IF
7
, BrF
5
, HNO
3
v C
2
H
6
.
Cu 8. Thc nghim cho bit phn t amoniac c cu trc hnh chp trong gc lin kt HNH = 107
0
.
Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca N = 7 v ca H = 1.
1/ Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha hy gii thch kt qu thc nghim trn.
2/ Khi NH
3
kt hp proton chuyn thnh ion NH
+
4
. Xc nh cu trc ca NH
+
4
v so snh gc lin
kt ca HNH trong phn t NH
3
vi trong ion NH
+
4
. Gii thch.
3/ Xt phn ng : N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k) (1)
Ti iu kin chun i vi cc cht c: S
0
, 298 pu K
= -197,9 J/K v H
0
, 298 pu K
= -91,8 kJ
Da vo cu trc v c im lin kt trong cc phn t N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
hy gii thch ti sao phn
ng (1) li ta nhit.
Cu 9. Cc hp cht halogen - halogen.
Tt c cc hp cht gia cc halogen cc cng thc chung l XX
n
trong X c m in ln
hn v n l cc s phi tr bng 1, 3, 5 v 7.
1/ Gii thch ti sao ch s n l l cc s l.
2/ Clo v brom u to c vi Flo hp cht l ClF
3
v BrF
3
. C hai phn t ny u cu trc hnh
ch T. Trong gc lin kt FBrF = 86
0
12,6 cn gc lin kt FClF l 87
0
29
Gii thch gc lin kt v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca clo v brom trong cc phn t .
3/ ICl
3
iu kin thng l cht rn mu vng gm nhng phn t ime ( ICl
3
)
2
do 2 phn t ICl
3

cng c cu trc hnh ch T trng hp m thnh. Xc nh bn cht lin kt ca cc nguyn t trong cc
phn t .
4/ Gii thch ti sao Iot c th to vi flo hp cht IF
7
song li khng to c vi clo hp cht ICl
7
.
Trn c s ca l thuyt v sc y ca cc cp electron ha tr ( VSEPR). Hy xc nh cu trc khng gian
ca phn t IF
7
.
5/ Ti nhit khong 350
0
C, IF
7
phn hy thnh IF
5
v F
2
. Trn c s ca thuyt VB hy xc nh
trng thi lai ha ca Iot trong phn t IF
5
v cu trc phn t ca IF
5
.
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Cu 10. Hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong cc phn t sau theo thuyt lai ha, dng m hnh VSEPR
a/ NH
3
; b/ H
2
O; c/ CH
4
; d/ C
2
H
2
; e/ C
2
H
4
f/ C
6
H
6
.
Cu 11. PF
3
l cht kh khng mu, phn hy chm, c to ra khi nung PF
5
nhit trn 400
0
C.
1/ S dng m hnh VSEPR, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca PF
3
v PF
5
. Trn c s cho bit
trng thi lai ha ca P trong cc phn t .
2/ Khi cho PF
3
tc dng vi O
2
to ra cht kh X duy nht. Xc nh cng thc ca kh X v cu trc
khng gian ca phn t X. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t v m t cc lin kt
to thnh trong phn t .
3/ Cho PF
3
tc dng vi Cl
2
thu c PCl
2
F
3
(Y).
a/ S dng m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy xc nh cu trc khng gian ca Y v trng thi lai
ha ca P trong phn t PCl
2
F
3
.
b/ Trn thc t. trong khong nhit t 0
0
C n 140
0
C, PCl
2
F
3
tn ti dng hp cht ion l
[PCl
+
4
][PF
-
6
] . Xc nh cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t PCl
2
F
3
v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca P trong
cc ion .
Cu 12. Hp cht photpho petahalogenua c nhng c im cu to khc vi d on thng thng.
trng thi lng, chng tn ti dng hp cht ion to nn t 1 cation in tch 1+ v 1 anion in tch 1-.
1/ Photphopentaclorua

l cht rn mu trng, km bn nhit. ti trng thi rn c thnh phn l P
2
Cl
10
.

Hy
xc nh cc ion trong phn t P
2
Cl
10
. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong cc hp cht .
2/ Hp cht ion A c cng thc n gin l PBr
2
F
3
.
a/ Xc nh cc ng phn c th c ca phn t A.
b/ Hy cho bit cng thc ng vi ng phn no bn nht? km bn nht? Gii thch?
3/ Photphopentabromua l hp cht ion c cng thc phn t l PBr
5
. Xc nh cu trc ca phn t ny v
cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t ny?
Hy cho bit ti sao photphopentabromua khng th c cng thc phn t l P
2
Br
10
.
Cu 13. Khi cho AsF
3
tc dng vi Cl
2
nhit 50
0
C - 60
0
C sau lm lnh n -40
0
C, ngi ta thu
c hp cht ion X c cng thc l As
2
Cl
4
F
6
.
a/ Xc nh cc ng phn c th c ca X.
b/ Xc nh ng phn bn nht ? ng phn km bn nht ? Gii thch ?
Cu 14. i lu hunh i florua l kh khng mu tn ti 2 dng ng phn l (-SF)
2
v S(S)F
2
.
1/ Xc nh cu trc ca 2 dng ng phn . Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong cc
ng phn .
2/ So snh bn ca 2 dng ng phn . Gii thch?
3/ So snh nhit si v nhit nng chy ca 2 ng phn . Gii thch?
3/ Khi un nng nhit >180
0
C, S
2
F
2
phn hy thnh SF
4
v S.
a/ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra .
b/ Da vo m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF
4
. Trn c s
hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t .
c/ So snh di cc lin kt ca lu hunh v flo trong phn t . Gii thch?
4/ Khi cho SF
4
tc dng vi BF
3
v vi CsF, ngi ta thu c cc hp cht ion A v B theo s
sau : SF
4
(l) + BF
3
[SF
3
][BF
4
] (1)
(A)
SF
4
(l) + CsF Cs[SF
5
] (2)
(B)
SF
4
+ Cl
2
+ CsF Cs[SClF
5
] (3)
(E)
Xc nh cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t A v ca anion tron phn t B, E. Trong cc phn t, lu
hunh trng thi lai ha g?
5/ Tin hnh in phn SF
4
trong HF lng ngi ta thu c kh H
2
v SF
6
. Vit cc phng trnh
phn ng xy ra ti cc in cc v phn ng chung trong bnh in phn.
6/ Xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF
6
. Trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong cc hp cht .

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