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CHNG MT
NHP MN V KHOA HC BO H LAO NG V V SINH LAO NG

1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN V KHOA HC K THUT BO H LAO NG
1.1.1. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng (BHL) a. Mc ch, ngha ca cng tc BHL Mc ch ca BHL l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc, kinh t, x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut; to nn mt iu kin lao ng thun li v ngy cng c ci thin ngn nga tai nn lao ngv bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au, gim st sc kho cng nh nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, nhm bo m an ton, bo v sc kho v tnh mng ngi lao ng trc tip gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng. Bo h lao ng trc ht l phm tr sn xut, do yu cu ca sn xut v gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut nhm bo v yu t nng ng, quan trng nht ca lc lng sn xut l ngi lao ng. Mt khc, vic chm lo sc kho ca ngi lao ng mang li nim vui, hnh phc cho mi ngi.m cng tc BHL mang li cn c ngha nhn o. b. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng BHL C 3 tnh cht ch yu l: Php l, Khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng. - BHL mang tnh cht php l Nhng quy nh v ni dung v BHL c th ch ho chng thnh nhng lut l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun v c hng dn cho mi cp mi ngnh mi t chc v c nhn nghim chnh thc hin. Nhng chnh sch, ch , quy phm, tiu chun, c ban hnh trong cng tc bo h lao ng l lut php ca Nh nc. - BHL mang tnh KHKT Mi hot ng ca BHL nhm loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng v chng tai nn, cc bnh ngh nghip... u xut pht t nhng c s ca KHKT. Cc hot ng iu tra kho st phn tch iu kin lao ng, nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t c hi n con ngi ra cc gii php chng nhim, gii php m bo an ton u da trn cc c s khoa hc k thut.
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
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- BHL mang tnh qun chng BHL l hot ng hng v c s sn xut v con ngi v trc ht l ngi trc tip lao ng. N lin quan vi qun chng lao ng, bo v quyn li v hnh phc cho mi ngi, mi nh, cho ton x hi. V th BHL lun mang tnh qun chng Tm li: Ba tnh cht trn y ca cng tc bo h lao ng: tnh php l, tnh khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v h tr ln nhau. 1.1.2. iu kin lao ng v cc yu t lin quan a. iu kin lao ng. iu kin lao ng l tp hp tng th cc yu t t nhin, k thut, kinh t x hi c biu hin thng qua cc cng c v phng tin lao ng, i tng lao ng, trnh cng ngh, mi trng lao ng, v s sp xp b tr cng nh cc tc ng qua li ca chng trong mi quan h vi con ngi to nn nhng iu kin nht nh cho con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. iu kin lao ng c nh hng n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Nhng cng c v phng tin lao ng c tin nghi, thun li hay gy kh khn nguy him cho ngi lao ng, i tng lao ng cng nh hng n ngi lao ng rt a dng nh dng in, cht n, phng x, ... Nhng nh hng cn ph thuc quy trnh cng ngh, trnh sn xut (th s hay hin i, lc hu hay tin tin), mi trng lao ng rt a dng, c nhiu yu t tin nghi, thun li hay ngc li rt khc nghit, c hi, u tc ng ln n sc kho ca ngi lao ng. b. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi Trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin cc yu t vt cht c nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng, ta gi l cc yu t nguy him v c hi. C th l: Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c hi, bi. Cc yu t ho hc nh ho cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x. Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng, cn trng, rn. Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch lm vic, nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh. Cc yu t tm l khng thut li... u l nhng yu t nguy him v c hi.
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c. Tai nn lao ng Tai nn lao ng l tai nn khng may xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng, gn lin vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng lm tn thng cho bt k b phn, chc nng no ca ngi lao ng, hoc gy t vong. Nhim c t ngt cng l tai nn lao ng. Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l: S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi. S c t ngt. S c khng bnh thng. Hot ng an ton
d. Bnh ngh nghip: Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi i vi ngi lao ng c goil l bnh ngh nghip. Bnh ngh nghip lm suy yu sc kho mt cch dn dn v lu di. 1.1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng a) . Ni dung khoa hc k thut. Ni dung khoa hc k thut chim mt v tr rt quan trng, l phn ct li loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi, ci thin iu kin lao ng. Khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng l lnh vc khoa hc rt tng hp v lin ngnh, c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s kt hp v s dng thnh tu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau, t khoa hc t nhin (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ...) n khoa hc k thut chuyn ngnh v cn lin quan n cc ngnh kinh t, x hi, tm l hc ...Nhng ni dung nghin cu chnh ca Khoa hc bo h lao ng bao gm nhng vn : Khoa hc v sinh lao ng (VSL). VSL l mn khoa hc nghin cu nh hng ca nhng yu t c hi trong sn xut i vi sc kho ngi lao ng, tm cc bin php ci thin iu kin lao ng, phng nga cc bnh ngh nghip v nng cao kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao ng. Ni dung ca khoa hc VSL ch yu bao gm : Pht hin, o, nh gi cc iu kin lao ng xung quanh. Nghin cu, nh gi cc tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng n con ngi. xut cc bin php bo v cho ngi lao ng.
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phng bnh ngh nghip cng nh to ra iu kin ti u cho sc kho v tnh trng lnh mnh cho ngi lao ng chnh l mc ch ca v sinh lao ng. . C s k thut an ton K thut an ton l h thng cc bin php, phng tin, t chc v k thut nhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. . Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng Ngnh khoa hc ny c nhim v nghin cu, thit k, ch to nhng phng tin bo v tp th hay c nhn ngi lao ng s dng trong sn xut nhm chng li nhng nh hng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi, khi cc bin php v mt k thut an ton khng th loi tr c chng. Ngy nay cc phng tin bo v c nhn nh mt n phng c, knh mu chng bc x, qun o chng nng, qun o khng p, cc loi bao tay, giy, ng cch in... l nhng phng tin thit yu trong lao ng. . Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng Ecgnmi l mn khoa hc lin ngnh nghin cu tng hp s thch ng gia cc phng tin k thut v mi trng lao ng vi kh nng ca con ngi v gii phu, tm l, sinh l nhm m bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, ng thi bo v sc kho, an ton cho con ngi. Ecgnmi tp trung vo s thch ng ca my mc, cng c vi ngi iu khin nh vo vic thit k, tuyn chn v hun luyn. Ecgnmi tp trung vo vic ti u ho mi trng xung quanh thch hp vi con ngi v s thch nghi ca con ngi vi iu kin mi trng. Ecgnmi coi c hai yu t bo v sc kho ngi lao ng v nng sut lao ng quan trng nh nhau. Trong Ecgnmi ngi ta thng nhn mnh ti khi nim nhn trc hc Ecgnmi tc l quan tm ti s khc bit v chng tc v nhn chng hc khi nhp khu hay chuyn giao cng ngh ca nc ngoi. b) Ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v bo h lao ng. 1.1.4. S pht trin bn vng Pht trin bn vng l cch pht trin tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng nh hng n kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca th h mai sau Pht trin bn vng c th c xem l mt tin trnh i hi s tin trin ng thi 4 lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut. 1.2. Lut php,ch chnh sch bo h lao ng 1.2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit nam ng v nh nc Vit Nam ta nht l trong cng cuc i mi lun lun
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quan tm n ngi lao ng ni chung v cng tc BHL ni ring. n nay chng ta c mt h thng vn bn php lut ch chnh sch BHL tng i y . H thng php lut BHL gm 3 phn: Phn I: B lut lao ng v cc lut khc c lin quan n ATVSL. Phn II: Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc lin quan n ATVSL. Phn III: Cc thng t, Ch th, Tiu chun qui phm ATVSL. a. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSL - Mt s iu ca B lut lao ng c lin quan n ATVSL Ngoi chng IX v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng cn mt s iu lin quan n ATVSL vi ni dung c bn sau: iu 29. Chng IV qui nh hp ng lao ng ngoi ni dung khc phi c ni dung iu kin v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. iu 23. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chp dt hp ng l: ngi s dng lao ng khng c n phng chm dt hp ng lao ng khi ngi lao ng b m au hay b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ang iu tr, iu dng theo quyt nh ca thy thuc. iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c tp th l ATL, v sinh lao ng. iu 68 Chng IIV qui nh vic rt ngn thi gian lm vic i vi nhng ngi lm cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him. iu 69 quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngy, mt nm. iu 284 Chng VIII qui nh cc hnh thc x l ngi vi phm k lut lao ng trong c vi phm ni dung ATVSL. b. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip Ni dung ny c quy nh trong b lut lao ng v c c th ho trong cc iu 9, 10, 11, 12 chng III Ngh nh 06/CP nh sau: Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng: S cu cp cu kp thi; tai nn lao ng nng, cht ngi phi gi nguyn hin trng v bo ngay cho c quan Lao ng, Y t, Cng on cp tnh v cng an gn nht. Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi mc bnh ngh nghip l phi iu tr theo chuyn khoa, khm sc kho nh k v lp h s sc kho ring bit. Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng bi thng cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao
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ng c s tham gia ca cc i din BCH Cng on, lp bin bn theo ng quy nh. 1.3. K thut v sinh lao ng (VSL). 1.3.1. i tng v nhim v v ni dung ca VSL V sinh lao ng l mn khoa hc d phng, nghin cu iu kin thin nhin, iu kin sn xut, sc kho con ngi, ngng sinh l cho php v nhng nh hng ca iu kin lao ng, qu trnh lao ng, gy nn tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip. Trong v sinh lao ng (VSL) ch yu i su nghin cu cc tc hi ngh nghip, t m c bin php phng nga cc tc nhn c hi mt cch c hiu qu. Ni dung ca VSL bao gm : - Nghin cu c im v sinh ca cc qu trnh sn xut. - Nghin cu cc bin I sinh l, sinh ho ca c th ngi. - Nghin cu vic t chc lao ng v ngh ngi hp l. - Nghin cu cc bin php phng tnh trng mt mI trong lao ng, hn ch nh hng ca cc yu t tc hI ngh nghip trong sn xut, nh gi hiu qu cc bin php . - Qui nh cc ch bo h lao ng, cc tiu chun v sinh, ch v sinh x nghip v c nhn. - T chc khm tuyn v sp xp hp l cng nhn vo lm vic cc b phn sn xut khc nhau trong x nghip. - Qun l, theo di tnh hnh sc kho cng nhn, t chc khm sc kho nh k, pht hin sm bnh ngh nghip.Gim nh kh nng lao ng cho cng nhn b tai nn lao ng, mc bnh ngh nghip v cc bnh mn tnh khc. - n c, kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php v sinh an ton lao ng trong sn xut. 1.3.2. Cc tc hi ngh nghip . Cc tc hi ngh nghip i vi ngi lao ng c th do cc yu t vi kh hu; ting n v rung ng; bi; phng x; in t trng; chiu sng gy ra. Cc tc hi ngh nghip c th phn ra cc loi sau: Tc hi lin quan n qu trnh sn xut nh cc yu t vt l, ho hc,sinh vt xut hin trong qu trnh sn xut. Tc hi lin quan n t chc lao ng nh ch lm vic, ngh ngi khng hp l,cng lm vic qu cao, thi gian lm vic qu di Tc hi lin quan n iu kin v sinh an ton nh thiu cc thit b thng gi, chng bi, chng nng, chng ting n, thiu trang b phng h lao
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ng, khng thc hin ng v trit cc qui tc v sinh v an ton lao ng a. Vi kh hu. Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp gm cc yu t nhit khng kh, m tng i ca khng kh, vn tc chuyn ng khng kh v bc x nhit. iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng. V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn. Lm vic lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp trn, vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh lm cho ri lon vn mch thm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm cho mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc bnh ngoi da. b. Ting n v rung ng. Ting n l nhng m thanh gy kh chu , quy ri s lm vic v ngh ngi ca con ngi. Rung ng l dao ng c hc ca vt th n hi sinh ra khi trng tm hoc trc i xng ca chng x xch (dch) trong khng gian hoc do s thay i c tnh chu k hnh dng m chng c trng thi tnh. Ting n tc ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng,sau n h thng tim mch v nhiu c quan khc. Tc hi ca ting n ch yu ph thuc vo mc n. Tuy nhin tn s lp li ca ting n, c im ca n cng nh hng ln n ngi.Ting n lin tc gy tc dng kh chu t hn ting n gin on. Ting n c cc thnh phn tn s cao kh chu hn ting n c tn s thp.Kh chu nht l ting n thay i c v tn s v cng . nh hng ca ting n i vi c th cn ph thuc vo hng ca nng lng m thanh ti, thi gian tc dng, vo nhy ring ca tng ngi cng nh vo la tui, gii tnh v trng thi c th ca ngi cng nhn. c. Bi Bi l tp hp nhiu ht c kch thc ln nh khc nhau tn ti lu trong khng kh di dng bi bay bay hay bi lng v cc h kh dung nhiu pha nh hi, khi, m . Bi pht sinh t nhin do gi bo, ng t, ni la nhng quan trng hn l trong sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi nh t cc qu trnh gia cng, ch bin, vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu rn. Bi gy nhiu tc hi cho con ngi m trc ht l cc bnh v ng h hp, bnh ngoi da, bnh tiu honh cc bnh v phi, bnh vim mi, hng, ph qun, bnh mn nht, l lot
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d. Chiu sng. Chiu sng hp l khng nhng gp phn lm tng nng sut lao ng m cn hn ch cc tai nn lao ng, gim cc bnh v mt. e. Phng x. Nguyn t phng x l nhng nguyn t c ht nhn nguyn t pht ra cc tia c kh nng ion ho vt cht, cc tia gi l tia phng x. Hin ti ngi ta bit c khong 50 nguyn t phng x v 1000 ng v phng x nhn to. Ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t phng x c th pht ra nhng tia phng x nh tia ,, tia Rnghen, tia ntron,nhng tia ny mt thng khng nhn thy c, pht ra do s bin i bn trong ht nhn nguyn t . Lm vic vi cc cht phng x c th b nhim x. Nhim x cp tnh thng xy ra sau vi gi hoc vi ngy khi ton than nhim x 1 liu lng nht nh (trn 200Rem).Khi b nhim x cp tnh thng c nhng triu chng nh : - Da b bng, ty ch tia phng x chiu vo. - Chc nng thn kinh trung ng b ri lon. - Gy, st cn, cht dn cht mn trong tnh trng suy nhc Trng hp nhim x cp tnh thng t gp trong sn xut v nghin cu m ch yu xy ra trong cc v n v kh ht nhn v tai nn cc l phn ng nguyn t. Nhim x mn tnh xy ra khi liu lng t hn (nh hn 200 Rem) nhng trong mt thi gian di v thng c cc triu chng sau : - Thn kinh b suy nhc. - Ri lon cc chc nng to mu. - C hin tng c nhn mt, ung th da, ung th xng. - Cn lu l cc c quan cm gic ca ngi khng th pht hin c cc tc ng ca phng x ln c th, ch khi no c hu qu mi bit c.
1.4 Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng v bin php phng nga.

1.4.1 Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut. Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut ch yu do c cu, c trng qu trnh cng ngh ca cc dy chuyn sn xut gy ra nh : + C cc c cu chuyn ng, khp ni truyn ng. + Chi tit, vt liu gia cng vng bn ra (ct, mip, nghin) + in git. +Yu t v nhit : Kim loi nng chy,vt liu nung nng,nc nng ( luyn kim,sn xut vt liu xy dng). + Cht c cng nghip , cc cht lng hot tnh (a xt, kim..) + Bi (sn xut xi mng)
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+ Nguy him v n, chy, p sut cao (sn xut pho hoa, v kh,l hi ) + Lm vic trn cao, vt ri t trn cao xung (xy dng). 1.4.2 Nguyn nhn gy chn thng . a) Nhm cc nguyn nhn k thut. - Qu trnh cng ngh cha ng cc yu t nguy him, c hi: c cc b phn chuyn ng,bi, ting n - Thit k, kt cu khng m bo, khng thch hp vi c im sinh l ca ngi s dng; bn km; thiu cc tn hiu, c cu bo hiu, ngn nga qu ti nh van an ton, phanh hm, chiu sng khng thch hp; n, rung vt qu mc cho php , - Khng thc c kh ho, t ng ho nhng khu lao ng nng nhc, nguy him . - Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng cc qui tc k thut an ton nh cc thit b p lc khng c kim nghim trc khi a vo s dnh, thiu hoc s dng khng ng cc phng tin bo v c nhn. b) Nhm cc nguyn nhn v qun l, t chc. - T chc, sp xp ch lm vic khng hp l, t th thao tc kh khn. - T chc tuyn dng, phn cng, hun luyn, gio dc khng ng, khng t yu cu. 1.4.3 Cc bin php v phng tin k thut an ton c bn. a) Bin php an ton i vi bn thn ngi lao ng . Thc hin thao tc, t th lao ng ph hp, ng nguyn tc an ton, trnh cc t th ci gp ngi, cc t th c th gy chn thng ct sng, thot v a m Bo m khng gian vn ng, thao tc ti u, s thch nghi gia ngi v my m bo cc iu kin lao ng th gic, thnh gic, xc gic. m bo tm l ph hp, trnh qu ti, cng thng hay n iu.
b) Thc hin cc bin php che chn an ton. Mc ch ca thit b che chn an ton l cch li cc vng nguy him i vi ngi lao ng nh cc vng c in p cao, c cc chi tit chuyn ng, nhng ni ngi c th ri, ng . Yu cu i vi thit b che chn l : Ngn nga c cc tc ng xu, nguy him gy ra trong qu trnh sn xut.
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Khng gy tr ngi, kh chu cho ngi lao ng. Khng nh hng n nng sut lao ng, cng sut thit b. Che chn cc b phn, c cu chuyn ng. Che chn cc b phn dn in. Che chn cc ngun bc x c hi. Che chn ho, h, cc vng lm vic trn cao.. Che chn c dnh, che chn tm thi.
Phn loi cc thit b che chn :
c) S dng thit b v c cu phng nga. Mc ch s dng thit b v c cu phng nga l ngn chn cc tc ng xu do s c ca qu trnh sn xut gy ra, ngn chn, hn ch s c lan rng.S c gy ra c th do s qu ti (v p sut, nhit , in p) hoc do cc h hng ngu nhin ca cc chi tit, phn t ca thit b. Nhim v ca thit b v c cu phng nga l phi t ng loi tr nguy c s c hoc tai nn khi i tng phng nga vt qu gii hn qui nh. Thit b phng nga ch lm vic tt khi tnh ton ng khu thit k, ch to v nht l khi s dng phi tun th cc qui nh v k thut an ton. Phn loi thit b v c cu phng nga : H thng c th t phc hi li kh nng lm vic khi i tng phng nga tr li dI gii hn qui nh nh van an ton kiu ti trng, r le nhit H thng phc hi li kh nng lm vic bng cch thay th ci mi nh cu ch, cht cm
d) S dng cc tn hiu, du hiu an ton. Tn hiu an ton nhm mc ch: Bo trc cho ngI lao ng nhng nguy him c th xy ra. Hng dn cc thao tc cn thit . Nhn bit qui nh v k thut v an ton qua cc du hiu qui c v mu sc, hnh v (bin bo ch ng). nh sng, mu sc. m thanh : ci chung Mu sn, hnh v, ch.
Tn hiu an ton c th dung : -
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ng h, dng c o lng. D nhn bit. tin cy cao, t nhm ln. D thc hin, ph hp vi tp qun, c s khoa hc k thut v yu cu ca tiu chun ho.
Yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton :
e) m bo khong cch v kch thc an ton. Khong cch an ton l l khong khng gian ti thiu gia ngi lao ng v cc phng tin, thit b, hoc khong cch nh nht gia chng vi nhau khng b tc ng xu ca cc yu t sn xut nh khong cch gia ng dy dn in n ngi, khong cch an ton khi n mn, khong cch gia cc my mc, khong cch trong cht cy, ko g, khong cch an ton v phng x Tu thuc vo qu trnh cng ngh, c im ca tng loi thit b m qui nh cc khong cch an ton khc nhau.. f) Thc hin c kh ho, t ng ho v iu khin t xa.. l bin php nhm gii phng ngi lao ng khi khu vc nguy him , c hi. Cc trang thit b c kh ho, t ng ho v iu khin t xa thay th con ngi thc hin cc thao tc t xa, trong iu kin kh khn, nguy him , ng thi nng cao c nng sut lao ng. g) Trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn. Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn l bin php bo v b sung, h tr nhng c vai tr rt quan trng khi cc bin php bo v khc vn khng m bo an ton cho ngi lao ng, nht l trong iu kin thit b, cng ngh lc hu. Cc trang b , phng tin bo v c nhn c th bao gm : Trang b bo v mt :cc loi knh bo v khc nhau. Trang b bo v c quan h hp :mt n, khu trang, bnh th Trang b bo v c quan thnh gic nhm ngn nga ting n.nh nt bt tai, bao p tai.. Trang b bo v u, chn tay : cc loi m, giy, bao tay.. Qun o bo h lao ng : bo v ngi lao ng khi cc tc ng v nhit, v ho cht, v phng x, p sut
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Trang b phng tin c nhn phi c sn xut theo tiu chun cht lng nh nc, vic cp pht, s dng phi theo qui nh ca php lut. Ngi s dng lao ng phi tin hnh kim tra cht lng phng tin bo v c nhn trc khi cp pht v kim tra nh k theo tiu chun khi a vo s dng. h) Thc hin kim nghim d phng thit b. Kim nghim bn, tin cy ca my mc, thit b, cng trnh, cc b phn ca chng l bin php an ton nht thit trc khi a chng vo s dng.Mc ch ca kim nghim d phng l nh gi cht lng ca thit b v cc mt tnh nng , bn, tin cy quyt nh c a thit b vo s dng hay khng. Kim nghim d phng c tin hnh nh k, hoc sau nhng k sa cha, bo dng.
Gio trnh An Ton in Trang
13
CHNG 2
CC KHI NIM V AN TON IN

2.1. TC DNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI
Ngi b in git l do tip xc vi mch in c in p hay ni mt cch khc l do c dng in chy qua c th ngi. Dng in chy qua c th ngi s gy ra cc tc dng sau y: - Tc dng nhit: lm chy bng thn th, thn kinh, tim no v cc c quan ni tng khc gy ra cc ri lon nghim trng v chc nng. - Tc dng in phn: biu hin vic phn ly mu v cc cht lng hu c dn n ph hu thnh phn ho l ca mu v cc t bo. - Tc dng sinh l: gy ra s hng phn v kch thch cc t chc sng dn n co rt cc bp tht trong c tim v phi. Kt qu c th a n ph hoi, thm ch lm ngng hn hot ng h hp v tun hon. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy cht ngi bi dng in thng l tim phi ngng lm vic v sc in: Tim ngng p l trng hp nguy him nht v thng cu sng nn nhn hn l ngng th v sc in. Tc dng dng in n c tim c th gy ra ngng tim hoc rung tim. Rung tim l hin tng co rt nhanh v ln xn cc si c tim lm cho cc mch mu trong c th b ngng hot ng dn n tim ngng p hon ton. Ngng th thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi ngng tim, ngi ta thy bt u kh th do s co rt do c dng in 20-25mA tn s 50Hz chy qua c th. Nu dng in tc dng lu th s co rt cc c lng ngc mnh thm dn n ngt th, dn dn nn nhn mt thc, mt cm gic ri ngt th cui cng tim ngng p v cht lm sng. Sc in l phn ng phn x thn kinh c bit ca c th do s hng phn mnh bi tc dng ca dng in dn n ri lon nghim trng tun hon, h hp v qu trnh trao i cht. Tnh trng sc in ko di vi chc pht cho n mt ngy m, nu nn nhn c cu cha kp thi th c th bnh phc. Hin nay cn nhiu kin khc nhau trong vic xc nh nguyn nhn u tin v quan trng nht dn n cht ngi. kin th nht cho rng l do tim ngng p song loi kin th hai li cho rng l do phi ngng th v theo h trong nhiu trng hp tai nn in git th nn nhn c cu sng ch n thun bng bin php h hp nhn to thi. Loi kin th ba cho rng khi c dng in qua ngi th u tin n ph hoi h thng h hp sau n lm ngng tr hot ng tun hon.
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Do c nhiu quan im khc nhau nh vy nn hin nay trong vic cu cha nn nhn b in git ngi ta khuyn nn p dng tt c cc bin php va phc hi h thng h hp (thc hin h hp nhn to) va phc hi h thng tun hon (xoa bp tim ) 2.2. IN TR C TH NGI: Thn th ngi ta gm c da tht xng mu...to thnh v c mt tng tr no i vi dng in chy qua ngi. Lp da c in tr ln nht m in tr ca da l do in tr ca lp sng trn da quyt nh. in tr ca ngi l mt i lng rt khng n nh v khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th ngi tng lc m cn ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng... Qua nghin cu rt ra mt s kt lun c bn v gi tr in tr c th ngi nh sau: in tr c th ngi l mt i lng khng thun nht. Th nghim cho thy dng in i qua ngi v in p t vo c s lch pha. S thay ca in tr ngi c th biu din bng hnh v sau:
C1 Ing R1 C2 R2
Trong : R1: in tr tc dng ca da R2: in tr ca tng cc b phn bn trong c th ngi C: in dung ca da v lp tht di da V thnh phn in dung rt b nn trong tnh ton thng b qua. in tr ca ngi lun lun thay i trong mt phm vi rt ln t vi chc ngn n 600. Trong tnh ton thng ly Rng(1011) 14 gi tr trung bnh l 1000. Khi da b m hoc khi tip xc vi nc hoc do m hi u lm 12 cho in tr ngi gim xung.
10 8 6 1 2 kG/cm
in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo p lc v din tch tip xc. p lc v din tch tip xc cng tng th in tr ngi cng gim. S thay i ny rt d nhn thy trong vng p lc nh hn 1kG/cm2 (hnh 2.1).
Hnh 2.1: S ph thuc ca in tr ngi vo p lc tip xc
in tr ngi gim i khi c dng in i qua ngi, gim t l vi thi gian tc dng ca dng in. iu ny c th gii thch v da b t nng v c s thay i v in phn
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1.103 35 30 25 20 3s 3s 0,015s 0,015s
in tr ngi ph thuc in p t vo v ngoi hin tng in phn cn c hin tng chc thng. Khi in p t vo 250V lc ny lp da ngoi cng mt ht tc dng nn in tr ngi gim xung rt thp.
Hnh 2.2: S ph thuc in tr ngi vo in p ng vi cc thi gian tip xc khc nhau (0,015s v 3s). ng i ca dng in tay tay ng i ca dng in tay - chn
15 10 5
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 V
2.3. NH HNG CA TR S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN Dng in l nhn t vt l trc tip gy tn thng khi b in git. Cho ti nay vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau v gi tr dng in c th gy nguy him cht ngi.Trng hp chung th dng in 100mA xoay chiu gy nguy him cht ngi. Tuy vy cng c trng hp dng in ch khong 5- 10mA lm cht ngi bi v cn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na nh iu kin ni xy ra tai nn, sc kho trng thi thn kinh ca tng nn nhn, ng i ca dng in .. Trong tnh ton thng ly tr s dng in an ton l 10mA i vi dng in xoay chiu v 50mA vi dng in mt chiu. Bng 2.1 cho php nh gi tc dng ca dng in i vi c th ngi: Bng 2-1
Tr s dng in (mA) 0.6-1.5 2-3 3-7 Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu Bt u thy ngn tay t Ngn tay t rt mnh Bp tht co li v rung Tc dng ca dng in mt chiu Khng c cm gic g Khng c cm gic g au nh kim chm cm thy nng
8 - 10 20 - 25 50 - 80 90 - 100
Tay kh ri khi vt c in nhng vn ri c. Nng tng ln Ngn tay, khp tay, lng bn tay cm thy au Tay khng ri khi vt c in, au kh th Nng cng tng ln tht co qup li nhng cha mnh C quan h hp b t lit. Tim bt u p Cm gic nng mnh. Bp mnh tht tay co rt, kh th. C quan h hp b t lit. Ko di 3 giy hoc C quan h hp b t lit di hn tim b t lit n ngng p
Qua bng 2-1 ta thy dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu v:
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- Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tr s dng in tc dng ln ngi khng phi l tr s hiu dng m l tr s bin ca n. - i vi dng xoay chiu trn c th ngi tn ti nhiu vng nhy nguy him. 2.4. NH HNG CA DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN GIT V ng i ca dng in qua ngi c th c rt nhiu trng hp khc nhau, tuy vy c nhng ng i c bn thng gp l: dng qua tay - chn, tay - tay, chn - chn. Mt vn cn tranh ci l ng i no l nguy him nht. a s cc nh nghin cu cho rng ng i nguy him nht ph thuc vo s phn trm dng in tng qua tim v phi. Theo quan im ny th dng in i t tay phi qua chn, u qua chn, u qua tay l nhng ng i nguy him nht v: Dng i t tay qua tay c 3.3% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t tay tri qua chn c 3.7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t tay phi qua chn c 6.7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t chn qua chn c 0.4% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t u qua tay c 7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t u qua chn c 6.8% dng in tng qua tim. 2.5. NH HNG CA THI GIAN DNG IN QUA NGI N TAI NN IN GIT Yu t thi gian tc ng ca dng in vo c th ngi rt quan trng v biu hin di nhiu hnh thi khc nhau. u tin chng ta thy thi gian tc dng ca dng in nh hng n in tr ca ngi. Thi gian tc dng cng lu, in tr ca ngi cng b gim xung v lp da b nng dn v lp sng trn da b chc thng cng nhiu. Th hai l thi gian tc dng ca dng in cng lu th xc sut trng hp vi thi im chy qua tim vi pha T (l pha d thng tn nht ca chu trnh tim) tng ln. Hay ni mt cch khc R R trong mi chu k ca tim ko di mt giy c T P 0,4s tim ngh lm vic (gia trng thi co v gin) 0,2s thi im ny tim rt nhy cm vi dng in i qua n.
0,95-1s
Hnh 2.3: S nguy him khi thi im dng in chy qua tim trng vi pha T ca chu trnh tim. a. in tm ca ngi kho b. c tnh ph thuc gia xc sut xy ra tai nn v thi im dng in chy qua tim
a. 100 60 20 b. t(s)
2.6. NH HNG CA TN S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN

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GIT: Ta xt xem khi tn s thay i th tai nn xy ra nng hay nh Theo l lun thng thng th khi tn s f tng ln th tng tr c th ngi gim xung v in khng ca da ngi do in dung to ra: ... dn n dng in tng cng nguy him. Tuy nhin qua thc t v nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tn s nguy him nht l t (50 - 60)Hz. Nu tn s ln hn tn s ny th mc nguy him gim cn nu tn s b hn th mc nguy him cng gim. C th gii thch nh sau: Lc t dng in mt chiu vo t bo, cc phn t trong t bo b phn thnh nhng ion khc du v b ht ra mng t bo. Nh vy phn t b phn cc ho, cc chc nng sinh vt ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi n mc nht nh. By gi nu t ngun in xoay chiu vo th ion cng chy theo hai chiu khc nhau ra pha ngoi ca mng t bo. Nhng khi dng in i chiu th chuyn ng ca ion cng ngc li. Vi tn s no ca dng in, tc ca ion ln trong mt chu k chy c hai ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp ny mc kch thch ln nht, chc nng sinh vt - ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi nhiu nht. Nu dng in c tn s cao th khi dng in i chiu th ion cha kp p vo mng t bo. Khi nghin cu tc hi ca dng in mt chiu i vi ngi thy rng trng hp mt chiu in tr ca ngi ln hn xoay chiu. iu ny c th gii thch l mt chiu c in dung v s phn cc tng ln. Nghin cu thy rng khi dng in mt chiu ln hn 80mA mi nh hng n tim v c quan h hp ca con ngi. 2.7. HIN TNG DNG IN I TRONG T Khi cch in ca thit b in b chc thng s c dng in chm t, dng in ny i vo t trc tip hay qua mt cu trc no . V phng din an ton m ni th dng in chm t thay i c bn trng thi ca mng in (in p gia dy dn v t thay i xut hin cc th hiu khc nhau gia cc im trn mt t gn ch chm t). Dng in i vo t s to nn im chm t mt vng dng in r trong t v in p trong vng ny phn b theo mt quy lut nht nh. n gin nghin cu hin tng ny ta gii thch dng in chm t i vo t qua mt cc kim loi hnh bn cu. t th thun nht v c in tr sut l (tnh bng Ohm.cm). Nh th c th xem nh dng in i t tm hnh bn knh cu ta ra theo ng bn knh. Trn c s l thuyt tng t ta c th xem trng ca dng in i trong t ging dng trng trong tnh in, ngha l tp hp ca nhng ng sc v ng ng th ca chng ging nhau. i lng c bn trong in trng ca mi trng dn in l mt dng in J. Vect ny hng theo hng ca vecto cng in trng.
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Phng trnh kho st in trng trong t l phng trnh theo nh lut Ohm di dng vi phn : E= J. Trong : l in tr sut. E l in p trn n v chiu di dc theo ng i ca dng in . Mt dng in ti im cch tm bn cu 1 khong X bng : Id J= 2 .X 2 y I l dng in chm t. in p trn mt on v cng b dX (Xem hnh 2.4) dc trn ng i ca .dX 2 X 2 in p ti mt im A no y cng tc l hiu s in th gia im A v im v cng xa ( th ca im v cng xa c th xem nh bng 0) bng : dng in l :
I d dx Id U A = dU = 2 = 2 X A 2 xA x XA
dU = E.dX = J. .dX =
Id
Nu dch chuyn im A n gn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p cao nht i vi t U : U Ud = Umax I d . Ud = 2 .X d

Id Trong X l bn knh ca U 68%Ud vt ni t hnh bn cu. y ta xem bn thn vt x dx ni t c bn knh X nh vt m r0 cc im ca n c in p nh nhau. Gi thit ny da trn c s vt ni t c in dn rt ln (V d : in dn ca thp gn nh bng 109 ln in dn ca t) Ta c th vit : Hnh 2.4: Dng chm t i vo t qua bn cc bn cu UA Xd = Ud XA
Hay :
UA = Ud .
Xd XA
Thay tch U . X= K (l mt hng s ng vi nhng iu kin nht nh) ta c phng trnh hyperbol sau : UA = K XA
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+ Nh vy, s phn b in p trong vng dng in r trong t i vi im v cc ngoi vng dng in r c dng hyperbol. + Ti im chm t trn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p i vi t l cc i. + Khng ring g vt ni t c dng hnh bn cu m ngay i vi cc dng khc ca vt ni t nh hnh ng, thanh, ch nht... cng u c s phn b in p gn ging hnh hyperbol. Dng cch o trc tip in p 100% tng im trn mt t quanh ch chm t ta cng v c ng cong phn b in p i vi t trong vng dng in 1 32 U = K. r trong t c dng hyperbol. x + Khi x = r0 Id 8 = U d : gi l Ta c U r = 1 10 20 2 .r0
0
in th t (in th ti b mt in cc) t R d = : gi l in tr 2 .r0
Hnh 2.5: ng cong ch s phn b in p ca cc im trn mt t lc c chm t.
ni t ca in cc kim loi bn cu. R ch ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t khng ph thuc vo in tr kim loi. R cn gi l in tr tn. Trong thc t in tr sut ca kim loi rt nh so vi in tr sut ca t v th c th xem in cc l ng th. Lc ny in th trn b mt kim loi l: Umax = U = I. R + Khi x > 20m th c th xem nh ngoi vng dng in r hay cn c gi l nhng im c in p bng khng + Trong vng gn 1m cch vt ni t chim 68% in p ri Nhng nhn xt trn y cng ng vi cc loi in cc khc, ch c hm phn b in th l khc (cng thc khc) 2.8. IN P TIP XC V IN P BC 2.8.1. in p tip xc Trong qu trnh tip xc vi thit b in, nu c mch in khp kn qua ngi th in p ging ln ngi ln hay nh l tu thuc vo in tr khc mc ni tip vi ngi. in p t vo ngi (tay-chn) khi ngi chm phi vt c mang in p gi l in p tip xc. Hay ni cch khc in p gia tay ngi khi chm vo vt c mang in p v t ni ngi ng gi l in p tip xc.
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V chng ta nghin cu an ton trong iu kin chm vo mt pha l ch yu cho nn c th xem in p tip xc l th gia hai im trn ng dng in i m ngi c th chm phi.
Utx1 U=I .R 1 R Hnh 2.6: 2 Utx2=U
Trn hnh 2.6 v hai thit b in ( ng c, my sn xut...) c v my c ni vi vt ni t c in tr t l R. Gi s cch in ca mt pha ca thit b 1 b chc thng v c dng in chm t i t v thit b vo t qua vt ni t. Lc ny, vt ni t cng nh v cc thit b c ni t u mang in p i vi t l : U = I.R Trong , I l dng in chm t. Tay ngi chm vo thit b no cng u c in p l U trong lc in p ca chn ngi Uch li ph thuc ngi ng tc l ph thuc vo khong cch t ch ng n vt ni t. Kt qu l ngi b tc ng ca hiu s in p t vo tay v chn, l in p tip xc : Utx=U Uch Nh vy, in p tip xc ph thuc vo khong cch t v thit b c ni t. Trng hp chung c th biu din in p tip xc theo biu thc : Utx= . U trong l h s tip xc ( 1) Trong thc t in p tip xc thng b hn in p ging trn vt ni t. 2.8.2. in p bc Trn hnh 1.7 v s phn b th ca cc im trn mt t lc c pha chm t U=I .R (do dy dn 1 pha rt chm t hay cch in mt pha caUthit b in b chc b thng...) Ta bit in p i vi t ch trc tip chm t l : Ub= 0 + in p ca cc im trn mt t i vi t cch xa ch chm t t 20m tr ln c th xem bng khng. + Nhng vng trn ng tm (hay chnh xc hn l cc mt phng m tm im l ch chm t chnh l cc vng trn cn) ng th. + Khi ngi
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng Hnh 2.7: Phn b th ca cc im trn mt t
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ng trn mt t gn ch chm t th hai chn ngi thng hai v tr khc nhau cho nn ngi s b mt in p no tc dng ln l in p bc. in p bc l in p gia hai chn ngi ng trong vng c dng chm t. Gi Ub l in p bc ta c : Ub =Uch1 - Uch2 Trong : Uch1, Uch2 l in p t vo hai chn ngi. Hay nu chn th nht ng v tr cch im chm t l x cn chn th hai v tr (x+a) th : I . Ub=Uch1 Uch2 =Ux+Ux+a = d 2
x+ a x
dx x2
I d . 1 I d . .a 1 = 2 x x + a 2 x ( x + a )
Trong : a l di khong bc ca chn ngi, thng ly a = 0,8 m. T cng thc trn ta thy cng xa ch chm t th in p bc cng b (khc vi in p tip xc). khong cch xa ch chm t 20m tr ln c th xem in p bc bng khng. V D : Nu c s chm t vi dng chm t I =100A ni c in tr sut ca t l =104Ohm.cm th in p bc t vo ngi khi ngi ng cch ch chm t 2,2m (220cm) l :
Ub = 100.80.10 4 = 193V 2 .220.300
y ta ly a = 80cm.
+ in p bc c th bng 0 mc du ngi ng gn ch chm t, l trng hp khi hai chn ngi u t trn cng mt vng trn ng th. + in p bc c th t n tr s ln v vy mc d khng tiu chun ho in p bc nhng bo m an ton tuyt i cho ngi, quy nh l khi c xy ra chm t phi cm ngi n gn ch b chm khong cch sau : - T 45 m i vi thit b trong nh.
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- T 810 m i vi thit b ngoi tri. Ngi ta khng tiu chun ho in p bc nhng khng nn cho rng in p bc khng nguy him n tnh mng con ngi. Dng in qua hai chn ngi thng t nguy him nhng vi tr s ln ( trn 100V) th cc bp c ca ngi c th b co rt lm ngi ng xung v lc s ni in s thay i nguy him hn. 2.9. IN P CHO PHP: Tr s dng in qua ngi l yu t quan trng nht gy ra tai nn cht ngi nhng d on tr s dng in qua ngi trong nhiu trng hp khng th lm c bi v ta bit rng tr s ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t kh xc nh c. V vy, xc nh gii hn an ton cho ngi khng a ra khi nim dng in an ton, m theo khi nim in p cho php. Dng in p cho php rt thun li v vi mi mng in thng c mt in p tng i n nh bit. Cng cn nhn mnh rng in p cho php y cng c tnh cht tng i, ng ngh rng in p cho php l an ton tuyt i vi ngi v thc t xy ra nhiu tai nn in nghim trng cc cp in p rt thp. Tu theo mi bc m in p cho php qui nh khc nhau : - Ba Lan, Thy S, Tip Khc in p cho php l 50V - H Lan, Thy in in p cho php l 24V - Php qui nh l 24 V - Lin X tu theo mi trng lm vic m tr s in p cho php c th l 12V, 36V, 65 V. 2.10. PHN LOI X NGHIP THEO QUAN IM AN TON IN: Mi trng xung quanh nh bi, m , nhit , nh hng rt ln n ti nn in git v vy theo quy nh an ton in cc x nghip (hay ni t thit b in) c chia ra : a. Ni (X nghip) nguy him: l ni c mt trong cc yu t sau : - m ( m tng I ca khng kh vt qu 75% trong thI gian di. - C bI dn in (bI dn in bm vo dy dn , hay lt vo trong thit b in) - C nn,sn nh dn in (sn bng kim loi, t, b tong ct thp hoc gch) - C nhit cao (nhit vt qu 35 OC trong thI gian di hn 1 ngy m. - Nhng ni m ngi ng thi tip xc vi 1 bn l cc kt cu kim loi ca nh ca, my mc, thit b c ni t v 1 bn l v kim loI ca cc thit b in. b.Nhng ni (X nghip) c bit nguy him l ni c 1 trong cc yu t sau:
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- Rt m: m tng i ca khng kh xp x 100% (Trn, tng, sn nh v vt trong nh c ng sng) - Mi trng c hot tnh ho hc: Thng xuyn hay trong thI gian dicha hi, kh,cht lng c th dn n ph hu cch in v cc b phn mang in ca thit b in. ng thi c t hai hay nhiu hn cc yu t ca ni nguy him k trn, v d nh va m va c sn nh dn in . c. Ni it nguy him: L ni khng thuc 2 loi trn.
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CHNG 3
PHN TCH AN TON CC MNG IN

3.1. KHI NIM: Phn tch an ton trong mng in l tnh ton, xc nh gi tr dng in qua ngi trong cc iu kin khc nhau m ngi c th tip xc vi mng in trong qu trnh vn hnh li in v thit b in. Qu trnh phn tch an ton mng in cng cn phi nh gi c cc yu t khc, cng nh cc thng s ca mng in nh hng n tai nn in git. Tai nn in git c th xy ra khi ta tip xc hai pha hoc mt pha nhng y ta ch xt mt pha. Tip xc mt pha c th c xem l chm t khng an ton v lc ny dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo ch trung tnh ca mng in. Dng in qua ngi khi ngi tip xc vi vt ni t c dng chm t i qua ph thuc vo dng in chm t. Dng in chm t l dng in i qua ch chm t vo t ph thuc vo cc thng s mng in v trung tnh ca li. Trung tnh my bin p v my pht c th c ni t trc tip hoc cch in i vi t. Nu trung tnh my bin p, my pht khng ni vi cc thit b ni t hoc ni qua thit b b dng in dung trong mng, qua my bin in p ...hay qua kh c c in tr ln, c gi l trung tnh cch in i vi t. Ngc li, nu trung tnh ni trc tip vi thit b ni t hoc qua mt in tr b (my bin dng) c gi l trung tnh trc tip ni t. Theo Quy trnh thit b in ngi ta c th chia ra: 1. Thit b c in p di 1000V (h p) 2. Thit b c in p trn 1000V (cao p) a. Thit b c dng chm t ln (I>500A, trong I l dng chm t 1 pha), thng l nm trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t. b. Thit b c dng chm t b (I<500A, trong I l dng chm t 1 pha) thng l nm trong mng c trung tnh cch in. 3.2. MNG IN MT PHA + Mng in mt pha cch in vi t + Mng in mt pha c trung tnh trc tip ni t. 3.2.1. MNG IN MT PHA CCH IN I VI T
Gio trnh An Ton in
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Xt mng in mt pha cch in i vi t nh hnh v (hnh 3.1) trong mng in ny mi pha ngoi in tr cch in (tc dng) r1, r2 cn c in dung i vi t C1, C2
2 U 1 R1 C1 R2 C2 Ing U10 Ing U20 I2 Y I1 Y 2 Y 2
Yng
Yt
1
1 Hinh 3.1: Chm vo mt dy ca mng in mt pha
in dn ton phn ca mi pha i vi t Y1 = g1 + jb1 Y2 = g 2 + jb 2 in dn ca ngi Yng = in dn tng ng: Ytd = Y1 + Yng Ta c : U10 , U 20 : in p ca pha 1 v pha 2 so vi t , , : dng in qua Y , Y v qua ngi I I I
1 2 3
1 2
1 R ng
Theo s thay th tng ng ta c : 2 = U. Y2 .Ytd I Y2 + Ytd Dng in qua ngi Ing ta c th tnh c nh sau: = I ng Trong mng in ta c : Suy ra : 2 .Yng I = U.Yng Ytd Y1 + ; Y2 Y2 + Yng
1 Y1 = Y2 = Y = Z = U.Y I ng ng = I ng U
Yng=1/Rng
Y 2Y + Yng (3-1)
Hay
2Yng + Z
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T cng thc 3-1 ta xt cc trng hp sau: a) Mng in c in dung b: y l cc ng dy trn khng c in p <1000V chiu di ngn 1 = 1 1= R Z= cd Y g + jb g do lc ny dng qua ngi : = I ng b) Mng in c in dung ln: Mng in ng dy trn khng c in p >1000V c cch in tt Z= 1 1 1 = = jX C = Y g + jb c U 2Yng + R cd
T xc nh c tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ngi: = I ng
( 2R ng ) 2 + X C 2
Vi mng in dy cp di c in p b hn 1000V phi tnh n in dn ca cch in v c in dung Khi ngi chm vo dy 1 th in tr ca dy dn 1 lc ny s l: R = r1 // Rng Do vy in p ca dy dn 1 s thay i t U1 n U1, v in p ca dy dn 2 cng s thay i t U2 thnh U2. y chnh l nguyn nhn s phng v np in tch ca C1 v C2. Dng in qua ngi: I ng U = .e R ng
t R ng .( C 1 + C 2 )
Ngoi ra, cn c dng in chy qua in tr cch in qua ngi: I ng = U.r1 (r1 + r2 ).R ng + r1.r2
Vy dng in qua l tng hp hai thnh phn dng in trn. 3.2.2. MNG IN MT PHA C TRUNG TNH TRC TIP NI T
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Xt mng in 1 pha c trung tnh ni t nh hnh v trng thi lm vic bnh thng vi ti Zt - Nu ngi chm vo pha cch in i vi t mt cch gn ng c th xc nh dng qua ngi : U = I ng R 0 + R ng - Nu ngi chm vo pha ni t th dng qua ngi : = U = I bv Z d I ng R ng R ng Trong : Zd : Tng tr on dy t ngi n ch chm. U : in p ri trn on t ngun n ch ngi chm vo dy Ilv : Dng in lm vic. * Cho d ngi chm vo im b xa nht th in p trn ngi cng khng ln hn 5% U mng in.
Ilv a b c
Zt
IN a b c
U/2
(0,010,015)U
r0 Hnh 3.2
a)
r0
b)
a) Chm vo mt dy trong mng mt pha trung tnh ni t b) Chm vo mt dy ng thi xy ra ngn mch trong mng mt pha trung tnh ni t
Trng hp mng in b ngn mch nh hnh b. Gi s tit din ca 2 dy l nh nhau th ngi chm ti im C th in p t vo ngi l:U ng=U/2. Ngi chm cng gn ngun th in p cng gim Nu ngi chm ti im E th in p t vo ngi s l : l U ng = U N Z lD
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Trong : UN : in p ti im ngn mch mt cch gn ng c th xem UN=U/2 lZ : Khong cch t ngun n v tr ngi chm vo dy ld : Khong cch t ngun n im ngn mch. 3.3. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN BA PHA 3.3.1 GII THIU V CC LOI MNG IN BA PHA : 1 Mng in ba pha bn dy Trung tnh cch in i vi t Trung tnh ni t trc tip Trung tnh ni t qua cun khng nh 2Mng in ba pha ba dy Trung tnh cch in i vi t Trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang Trung tnh ni t trc tip 3.3.2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG BA PHA Ta xt mng in tng qut l mng in 3 pha 4 dy (nh hnh v) c trung tnh ni t qua in tr R0 v in khng Xl
3 2 1 4 R0 Xl R4 C4 R1 C1 R2 C2 R3 C3 a.
Hnh 3.3a: Mng in tng qut 3 pha 4 dy

1 1 Y4 Yng Y3 Y1 O Y2
U1 U3
3 O
U2
Y0 2
b.
Hnh 3.3b: S thay th mng in 3 pha 4 dy
Ta c :
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- r1, r2, r3, r4 l in tr cch in ca cc dy - C1,C2,C3,C4 l in dung ca ng dy i vi t - Yi l in dn ca cc dy pha, dy trung tnh v trung tnh my bin p so vi t . 1 1 Y1 = g1 + jb1 = + j C1 Y2 = g 2 + jb 2 = + j C 2 r1 r2 1 Y3 = g 3 + jb 3 = + j C 3 r3 1 Y0 = g 0 jb 0 = j/ L r0 1 Y4 = g 4 + jb 4 = + j C 4 r4 1 R ng
in dn ngi : Yng =
khi ngi tip xc vi mt pha (v d pha 1 nh hnh v) in p tip xc t vo ngi l : U ng = U1 U 0 I v dng qua ngi : ng = U ng .Yng = ( U1 U 0 ).Yng
trong : U1 : in p pha U 0 : in p trung tnh i vi t .
Ta c: U.Y U1 (Yng + Y1 ) + U 2 .Y2 + U 3 .Y3 U0 = = Y Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng Vi mng ba pha i xng ta c :

U1 = U f
U1 = a 2 U f 1 3 + j 2 2
U1 = aU f
trong : a = e j120 =
Uf l gi tr tuyt i ca in p pha Suy ra : U0 = Uf Y1 + a 2 .Y2 + a.Y3 + Yng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng
T c th xc nh c in p tip xc ca ngi nh sau :

2 = U (1 a ).Y2 + (1 a ).Y3 + Y0 + Y4 U ng f Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng
(3-2)
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Dng qua ngi :

2 = U .Y = U .Y (1 a ).Y2 + (1 a ).Y3 + Y0 + Y4 I ng ng ng f ng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng
(3-3)
Mng in ba pha bn dy trung tnh ni t trc tip a.Ngi tip xc vi mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng:
3 2 1 4 Y0 Y4 Y1 Y2 Y3
Hnh 3.4: Ngi chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng
Trn hnh v ta c in dn trung tnh: Y0=

1 = g0 r0
(r0: l in tr ni t trung tnh)
- Trong trng hp ny in dn ca dy trung tnh nh hn nhiu so vi in dn Y0 ca im trung tnh cho nn c th xem : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4 0 cho nn in p tip xc ca ngi theo (2-2) n gin hn nhiu : Y0 U ng = U f Y + Y
0 ng
hay v dng qua ngi l :
U ng = U f
I ng = I ng =
R ng R 0 + R ng
Uf R0 + Rng
(3-4) (3-5)
Nhn xt: Trong trng hp ny dng in qua ngi gn nh khng thay i khi in tr ca h thng thay i. Hay dng in qua ngi khng ph thuc vo in tr cch in. b.Tip xc vi mt pha trong trong trng hp mng s c :
3 2 1 4 Y0 Y4 Y1 Y2 Y3 Uch Rch
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng Hnh 3.5: Chm vo mt pha trong khi pha khc chm t
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Gi thit khi ngi chm vo pha 1 v pha 3 chm t qua mt in tr nh Rch v Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 nh hn nhiu so viY0 v Ych = 1 tc : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4 0 R ch
Vy t (3-2) ta c :
(1 a )Ych + Y0 U ng = U f Y0 + Ych + Yng
thay Ych =
1 1 1 ; Y0 = ; Yng = vo biu thc trn ri bin i ta rt ra R ng R ch R0 U ng = U f .R ng

2 3R 0 + 3R 0 R ch + R ch
c tr hiu dng:
R 0 R ch + R 0 R ng + R ng R ch
n gin ta gi thit : 3RchR0=2 3 RchR0 ta c :

U ng = U f .Rng 3R0 + Rch 3R0 + Rch = U f .Rng R0 Rch + R0 Rng + Rng Rch R0 Rch + Rng ( R0 + Rch ) I ng = U f 3R0 + Rch R0 Rch + Rng ( R0 + Rch )
(3-6)
v :
(3-7)
U1
Ta xt hai trng hp t trng : * Khi in tr chm t : Rch = 0 ta c Ung= 3 Uf tc trong trng hp ny in p t vo ngi bng in p dy * Khi R0 = 0 ta tnh c:Ung =Uf trong thc t R0, Rch lun lun ln hn khng nn :Ung = U13 - Uch suy ra
3U f U ng U f
U3 Uch
Ung 0 0 U0 U2
Hinh 3.6: Gin vect
iu ny cng c minh ha trn gin vc t. Nh vy tip xc vi dy pha trong trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t khi c s c s nguy him hn trong trng hp lm vic bnh thng . V d 1: Mt ngi chm vo mt pha ca li in ba pha bn dy 380/220V c trung tnh trc tip ni t hy xc nh dng in qua ngi. Cho bit : r0=4 ; Rng=1000 ; r1=r2=r3=r4=rc1=104
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1 =32.103 c 1 1 1 Y0 = Gii: Ta c : Y = 4 + j 3 4 10 32 10 Do c th coi : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4=Y0 Uf 220 I ng = = 220mA Nn: R ng + R 0 1000 + 4 c1=c2=c3=c4=c=0,1 f , hay X C = hay nu b qua R0 th: I ng = Uf 220 = 220mA R ng 1000
V d 2 : Mt ngi chm vo mt pha ca li in ba pha 4 dy c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p 380/220V khi pha 3 chm t nh hnh (2-3). Bit : R0=4 ; Rng=1000 ; r1=r2=r3=r4=rc1=104 ; c1=c2=c3=c4=c=0,1 f Hy xc nh cc gi tr ng vi cc gi tr ca in tr chm t Rch=100 ; 50; 4; v 0,5 Gii : Vi Rch=100 Tng t ta cng xem Y1=Y2=Y3=Y40 Dng in qua ngi c xc nh theo cng thc (3-7) I ng = U f R 0 R ch 3R 0 + R ch 3.4 + 100 = 220. = 226mA + R ch R ng + R 0 R ng 4.100 + 100.1000 + 4.1000 Rch = 50 Rch = 4 Rch = 0,5

Tng t vi :
Ing = 232mA Ing = 300mA Ing = 360mA
Mng in ba pha ba dy c trung tnh cch in a. Tip xc mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng
3 2 1 R1 C1 R2 C2 R3 C3
Hnh 3.7: Chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng
Xt trng hp ngi tip xc trc tip vi mt pha trong mng 3 pha 3

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dy hnh (3-7). p dng cng thc:

2 = U Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) + Y0 + Y4 U ng f Y0 + Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Yng
y do khng ni t nn: Y4=Y0=0 . 2 = U Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) U ng f Y + Y + Y + Y

1 2 3 ng
(3-8)
Suy ra:
2 = U .Y Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) I ng f ng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Yng
(3.9)
S dng cng thc (3-8) v (3.9) nh gi mc nguy him khi tip xc vi mt pha trong ba trng hp sau : * Khi in dung ca cc pha bng nhau: C1= C2 = C3 = C v in tr cc cng pha bng nhau: R1 = R2 = R3 = Rc. y l mng in cp c in p nh hn 1000V T (3-8 ) ta c :
2 3Y = U Y(1 a + 1 a ) = U U ng f f 3Y1 + Yng 3Y + Yng
(v 1-a2+1-a=3)
Suy ra:
ng = U f .Yng I
3Y = Uf . 3Y + Yng
1 R ng + Z 3 (3-10)
Trong :
1 = 1 = Z= Y g + jb
1 1 + j c R cd
Khi chuyn qua gi tri hiu dng ta c : I ng = Uf R ng 1 R cd (R cd + 6.R ng ) 9(1 +

2 R cd 2 c 2 )R 2 ng
1+
(3-11)
* Khi : C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 v R1= R2 = R3 = Rc y l trng hp trong mng in p nh hn 1000V c chiu di b nn b qua tr s in dung. y Y1=Y2 =Y3 =Y = g =1/Rcd Theo (3-11) ta c I ng = Uf R ng + R cd 3 (3-12)
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* Khi : C1 = C2 = C3 = C v R1 = R2 = R3 = y l trng hp ca mng in p ln hn 1000V. Lc ny ta c Y1=Y2=Y3=Y=jb=jc=1/Z Uf Uf = I ng = 1 X thay vo (3-11) ta c: R ng + R ng j c j3 c 3 Hay gi tr hiu dng : I ng = U f (R ng + j R2 ng Xc ) 3
I ng = Uf X R + c 3
2 ng 2
(3-13)
X + ( c )2 3
(3-14)
V d 3: Mt ngi tip xc vi mt pha ca mng in 3 pha 3 dy c trung tnh cch in in p 380V. Bit Rng=1000 . Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi trong hai trng hp aKhi C1=C2=C3= 0 v R1=R2=R3=3.103 bKhi C1=C2=C3= C=0,03 f hay Xc=100.103 v R1=R2=R3= Gii: a) Ta p dng cng thc (3-12): I ng = 220 = 110mA 3000 1000 + 3
b) Ta p dng cng thc :(3-14) ta c

I ng = 220 100.10 1000 2 + 3
3
= 6,6mA
b. Tip xc mt pha trong ch s c:

3 2 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Rch 0 Ung 0 U2 U1
Uch
Uch U3
Hnh 3.8: Chm vo mt pha trong khi pha khc chm t
Hinh 3.9: Gin vect
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Gi thit pha 3 chm t m ngi tip xc vi pha 1, in tr chm t l Rch. y c th coi Y4 = Y0= 0 v Ych =1/Rch Ych (1 a ) I Thay cc gi tr ny vo (3-9) ta c : ng = U f Yng (3-15) Ych + Yng Thay: Ych= 1/Ych v Yng=1/Rng v bin i ta tnh c gi tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ngi.
I ng = 3U f Rng + Rch = Ud Rng + Rch
(3-16)
v in p: U ng = I ng R ng = 3U f R ng R ng + R ch (3-17)
Nu cho Rch 0 hoc coi Rch<<Rng th ta c :

U ng = 3U f = U d
Tc l in p t vo ngi bng in p dy. Nh vy chm vo mt pha trong tnh trng s c mng trung tnh cch in nguy him hn trong mng trung tnh trc tip ni t.
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CHNG 4
BO V NI T
4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Bo v ni t l mt trong nhng bin php bo v an ton c bn c p dng t lu. Bo v ni t l ni tt c cc phn kim loi ca thit b in hoc ca cc kt cu kim loi m c th xut hin in p khi cch in b h hng vi h thng ni t.
4.2. MC CH, NGHA CA BO V NI T:
4.2.1. Mc ch: Bo v ni t nhm bo v an ton cho ngi khi ngi tip xc vi thit b b chm v bng cch gim in p trn v thit b xung mt tr s an ton. Ch : y ta hiu chm v l hin tng mt pha no b hng cch in v c s tip xc in vi v thit b. 4.2.2. ngha: hiu r ngha ca bo v ni t ta xt mng in n gin sau (H 4.1a).
1 U 2 U R2 Rng R R1 Ung R1 I1 I0 R2 Ing Rng I R 1 Hnh 4.1a Hnh 4.1b 2 2
Xt 1 thit b lm vic trong li in 2 pha c in p U. Gi s thit b in A trong mng in trn c ni bo v vi in tr ni t 2 l R v xy ra s c 1 pha chm v thit b trong lc ngi R2 ang tip xc v thit b. in tr cch in hai pha tng ng l R1, R2 v xem in dung ca cc pha i vi t l b U c th b qua, ta c s thay th ca mng nh hnh 4.1b. Rt U ng - in p t vo ngi: Ung = I0 . Rt 1 Trong : I0 l dng in tng Rt l in tr tng ng: Rt = R1 // Rng // R
Gio trnh An Ton in

U ng = I o R td = U. R td = U R 2 + R td 1 U = 1 R2( )+ 1 R 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 2 R td R 1 R ng R d
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V R1, R2 v Rng >> R nn c th xc nh mt cch gn ng: U Rd g U ng = = U. 2 R2 gd V dng in qua ngi l: U ng U.g 2 .g ng U.R d I ng = = = R ng R ng .R 2 gd T y ta thy v U, R2, Rng l nhng gi tr tng i n nh nn gim dng in qua ngi ta cn phi gim in tr R . V vy ngha bo v ni t l to ra gia v thit b v t mt mch in c in dn ln lm gim phn lng dng in qua ngi (ni cch khc l gim in p trn v thit b) n mt tr s an ton khi ngi chm vo v thit b b chm v. 4.3. CC HNH THC NI T : C hai hnh thc ni t 4.3.1. Ni t tp trung: L hnh thc dng mt s cc ni t tp trung trong t ti mt ch, mt vng nht nh pha ngoi vng bo v.
Hnh 4.2: Ni t tp trung a. Phn b in p b. S mt bng ni t 1. cc cc ni t 2.Dy dn ni t chnh 3.Thit b in
Utx2 2 a) R 1
Utx1
Nhc im ca ni t tp trung l trong nhiu trng hp ni t tp trung khng th gim c in p tip xc v in p n gi tr an ton cho ngi. Theo hnh 4.2a in p tip xc khi c s chm v khi tip xc vi thit b 1 l Utx1 nh hn tip xc vi thit b 2 (thit b 2 t xa vt ni t t 20m tr ln).
2 3
b)
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Utx1<Utx2=U
Vi in p bc th ngc li:
Ub1>Ub2.
Ta thy cng xa vt ni t th in p tip xc cng ln. 4.3.2. Ni t mch vng: khc phc nhc im ca ni t tp trung ngi ta s dng hnh thc ni t mch vng. l hnh thc dng nhiu cc ng theo chu vi v c th gia khu vc t thit b in (hnh 4.3).
Ub Utx Utx Ub Ub = I.R
a)
A Mt ct theo A -B
Mt bng
b)
c) Hnh 4.3: Ni t mch vng
Mt ct AB (Hnh 4.3c) ch cch xy dng ng th hiu ca mi ng ni t ring r, v sau y cng tt c tung ca cc ng cong ny li s x mng phn b in p cho h thng ni t trong vng bo v (ng lin nt). Trn hnh (4.3a) chng ta thy rt nhiu im trn mt t c th cc i (cc im nm trn trc thng ca vt ni t), cho nn th gia cc im trong vng bo v chnh lch rt t do gim c in p tip xc cng nh in p bc. Lu : Ngoi vng bo v ca mng ni t ng phn b in p cn rt dc nn in p bc nguy him. trnh iu ny ngi ta chn cc tm bng st v cc tm st ny khng ni vi h thng ni t. 4.4. LNH VC P DNG CA BO V NI T: Bo v ni t c p dng vi tt c cc thit b c in p >1000V ln thit b c in p <1000V tuy nhin trong mi trng hp l khc nhau.
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i vi cc thit b c in p > 1000V th bo v ni t phi c p dng trong mi trng hp, khng ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca trung tnh v loi nh ca. i vi cc thit b c in p < 1000V th vic c p dng bo v ni t hay khng l ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca trung tnh. Khi trung tnh cch in i vi t th phi p dng bo v ni t cn nu trung tnh ni t th thay bo v ni t bng bin php bo v ni dy trung tnh. Trong mng c trung tnh cch in i vi t in p < 1000V th ty theo in p p m chia ra cc trng hp sau: * Vi mng c trung tnh cch in v in p >150V (nh cc mng in 220, 380, 500...) u phi c thc hin ni t trong tt c cc nh sn xut v cc thit b in t ngoi tri khng ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng. * Khi mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t t 150V n 65V (nh mng 110V) th cho php ch cn thc hin ni t: - Cho cc nh nguy him c bit, nh c kh nng d chy n. - Cho cc thit b in ngoi tri. - Cho cc b phn kim loi m con ngi c th tip xc n nh: tay cm, cn iu khin, thit b in. * Khi in p <65V cho php khng cn thc hin ni t bo v tr cc trng hp t bit. 4.5. IN TR NI T, IN TR SUT CA T: 4.5.1. in tr ni t: in tr ni t hay in tr ca h thng ni t bao gm: - in tr tn ca vt ni t hay ni chnh xc hn l in tr tn ca mi trng t xung quanh in cc. chnh l in tr ca t i vi dng in i t vt ni t vo t. - in tr ca bn thn cc ni t (in cc ni t). - in tr ca dy dn ni t t cc thit b in n cc vt ni t. Do ni t dng vt liu kim loi c tr s in dn ln hn nhiu so vi in dn ca t nn in tr bn thn ca vt ni t thng c b qua. Nh vy khi ni n in tr ni t, ch yu l ni n in tr tn ca vt ni t. in tr ca t c xc nh bng cng thc: R= U/I Trong : U l in p o c trn v thit b c ni t khi chm v c dng in i vo t l I. Qua phn tch trn ta c in tr ca t ph thuc rt nhiu vo in tr ca t i vi dng in i t vt ni t vo t m in tr ca t li ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t ti ni t ni t.
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4.5.2.in tr sut ca t: in tr tr sut ca t () thng c tnh bng n v .m hay .cm Do thnh phn phc tp ca in tr sut nn in tr sut ca t c thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng. Thc t cho thy rng in tr sut ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh sau: .Thnh phn ca t: Thnh phn ca t khc nhau th c in tr sut khc nhau. t cha nhiu mui, axt th c in tr sut nh. Cc tr s gn ng ca in tr sut ca t tnh bng .m nh sau: Ct 7.104 t ct 3.104 1.10 .cm 4 3,6 t st, st ln si 1.10 4 t en, t vn 0,5.10 3,2 2,8 t bn 0,2.104
5
. m:
2,4 2,0 1,6
m nh hng rt ln n 1,2 in tr sut ca t. trng thi 0,8 hon ton kh ro c th xem in tr 0,4 % sut ca t bng v cng. Khi t l 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 m t 15% tr ln th nh hng n in tr ca t khng ng k. Hnh 4.4: S ph thuc ca in tr sut ca t vo lng m tnh bng phn trm Tuy nhin, lc m ln hn 70-80% in tr t c th tng ln. m cng tng th cng gim. . Nhit : Khi nhit h xung qu thp s lm cho t nh b ng kt li v do tng ln rt nhanh. Khi nhit < 1000C th gim xung v cc cht mui trong t c ha tan d. Khi nhit > 1000C nc b bc hi v ca nc tng ln. . nn ca t: Tc l t c c nn cht hay khng, t c nn cht tc l mt ln nn ca t gim. in tr sut ca t khng phi l mt tr s nht nh trong nm m thay i theo ma do nh hng ca m v nhit ca t. Do lm cho ca h thng ni t cng thay i. V vy trong tnh ton ni t ngi ta phi dng khi nim in tr sut tnh ton ca t, l tr s ln nht trong nm. tt = Km. Trong : : Tr s in tr sut o trc tip c. Km : H s tng cao hay h s ma c th tham kho bng 4.1 sau:
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Bng 4-1
HNH THC NI T - Thanh dt chn nm ngang cch mt t 0,5m - Thanh dt chn nm ngang cch mt t 0,8 m - Cc thp, ng thp, thp gc ng su cch mt t 0,5-0,8m 4.6. CC QUY NH V IN TR NI T TIU CHUN: K1 6,5 3,0 2,0 K2 5 2,0 1,5 K3 4,5 1,6 1,4
(Ch thch: K1; K2; K3 l do khi t m, khi t m trung bnh, khi t kh) in tr ni t an ton ca h thng khng c ln hn cc tr s ni t tiu chun c quy nh trong cc quy phm c th: . i vi cc thit b in p > 1000V c dng chm t ln (>500A) nh cc thit b in mng in c in p t 110kV tr ln th in tr ni t tiu chun: R 0,5 Vi cc mng c dng chm t ln ny, khi c s chm t (chm v) th in p trn v thit b so vi t ( tho mn iu kin R 0,5) vn c th t tr s ln (hng trm thm ch hng ngn vn) nhng khi c cn bng th in p tip xc khng vt qu 250-300V. R rng in p ny vn nguy him cho ngi nhng vi cp in p ny th khi c s chm t, chm v th rle bo v s tc ng ct nhanh phn s c. Mt khc, vi cp in p ny khng cho php con ngi tip xc trc tip (khi khng c thit b bo v) vi thit b khi cha ct in nn xc sut ngi b in git rt b. Trong mng in c dng chm t ln, bt buc phi c ni t nhn to trong mi trng hp khng ph thuc vo in tr ni t t nhin. Ngay c khi in tr ni t t nhin tho mn yu cu (R 0,5) vn phi thc hin ni t nhn to tr s in tr nhn to khng c ln hn 1 (Rnt 1 ). . i vi cc thit b in c in p >1000V c dng chm t b (<500 A) nh cc thit b mng in 3-35kV th quy nh in tr ni t tiu chun ti thi im bt k trong nm nh sau: * Khi h thng ni t ch dng cho cc thit b c in p >1000V:
Rd 250V Id 125V Id
( nhng phi tho mn :R 10 )
* Khi h thng ni t dng cho c thit b c in p <1000V:

Rd
(R 10)
Trong mng c dng chm t b (mng c trung tnh cch in) khi c 1 pha chm t, cc thit b rle bo v thng khng ct phn s c. V vy chm t 1 pha c th b ko di lm tng xc sut ngi tip xc vi in p nguy him. Do d ngi ta mi qui nh in p ln nht cho php trn h thng ni t l 250V (khi in p > 1000V) v 125V (khi in p <1000V) vi dng chm t l I.
Gio trnh An Ton in
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i vi cc thit b in trong cc mng c in p < 1000V c trung tnh cch in th in tr ni t ti mi thi im trong nm khng qu 4. Ring vi cc thit b nh m cng sut tng ca my pht in hoc my bin p c cng sut khng qu 100KVA th cho php: R 10 i vi cc thit b c in p > 1000V c dng chm t b v cc thit b c in p < 1000V c trung tnh cch in nn s dng ni t t nhin c sn. Nu tr s ca in tr ni t t nhin nh hn tr s ca in tr ni t tiu chun m qui phm qui nh th cho php khng cn phi thc hin ni t nhn to. Ch trong cc trng hp c nhiu thit b in c in p khc nhau nn thc hin ni t chung. Tr s in tr ni t chung cn phi tha mn yu cu ca h thng ni t no i hi in tr ni t c gi tr nh nht. i vi ng dy ti in trn khng: Vi cc ng dy ti in trn khng ta phn bit cc trng hp sau: * Khi in p ca mng in U 110KV. Trong trng hp ny th ni t cc ct in ch chng st v qui phm khng yu cu ni t bo v cc ct in cc mng c dng chm t ln ny v: - Trong cc mng in ny (c U110KV) khi c s chm t th rle bo v tc ng ct nhanh s c vi thi gian t 0.12-0,8 sec nn xc sut ngi b in git do in p tip xc l rt b. - V dng in chm t trong mng ny rt ln nn in p xut hin trn h thng ct ni t cng rt ln, do vy vic thc hin ni t cho cc ct in rt phc tp v tn km V d: Vi dng in chm t t 1,5-2KA v gi s in tr ni t an ton ca ct l 10 th in p trn h thng ni t ca ct s c tr s l: U = I .R = 15-20KV. * Vi cc mng in c dng chm t b (mng 3-35KV c trung tnh cch in). Trong mng ny v dng chm t c tr s b (thng t 10-30A) nn in p trn h thng ni t ct s c tr s b do c th bo m an ton cho ngi bng cch ni t cc ct in (v d: nu in tr ni t ca ct in l 10 . th in p xut hin trn h thng ni t l khong 100-300V ). Nh vy ni t ct in mng c dng chm t b c th va chng st, va bo v an ton v qui nh nh sau: Phi thc hin ni t cc ct ca ng dy 35KV. Vi cc ng dy t 3-22KV cho php ch ni t cc ct trong vng c dn c v ni t cc ct cc thit b chng st hay thit b thao tc o lng. in tr ni t ca cc ct in qui nh bng 4-2 * Trong cc mng in, in p < 1000V c trung tnh cch in, cc ct thp v b tng ct thp phi c in tr ni t khng qu 50 ..
Gio trnh An Ton in Bng 4-2. in tr ni t ca ct ng dy cao p.
Trang 43
in tr sut ca t .cm Di 104 T 104 - 5.104 T 5.104-10.104 Trn 10.104 4.7. TNH TON H THNG NI T: 4.7.1. Cch thc hin ni t:
Tr s cc i ca in tr ni t 10 15 20 30
Trc ht cn phi phn bit ni t t nhin v ni t nhn to. Ni t t nhin l s dng cc ng dn nc, cc cc st, cc sn st c sn trong t. Hay s dng cc kt cu nh ca, cc cng trnh c ni t, cc v cp trong t ... lm in cc ni t. Khi xy dng vt ni t cn phi s dng, tn dng cc vt ni t t nhin c sn. in tr ni t ca cc vt ni t t nhin c xc nh bng cch o ti ch hay c th ly theo cc sch tham kho. Ni t nhn to thng c thc hin bng cc cc thp trn, thp gc, thp ng, thp dt ... di 2 -5m chn su xung t sao cho u trn cng ca chng cch mt t 0,5 - 0,8m. Kinh nghim cng nh tnh ton cho thy rng in tr ni t gim xung khi tng di chn su ca vt ni t (v gim nh hng ca thi tit) nhng lc chiu di cc cc vt qu 5m th in tr ni t gim xung khng r rt. ng knh hay b dy ca vt ni t nh hng rt t n tr s in tr ca vt ni t. V vy cc ng thp t trong t phi c b dy khng c nh hn 3,5mm, cc thanh thp dt khng c nh hn 4mm v tit din nh nht khng c b hn 48mm 2 m bo bn c hc. Cc cc thp chn thng ng c ni vi nhau bng thanh thp nm ngang (thng bng thp dt). Dy ni t (hay ni t trung tnh) phi c tit din tha mn bn c kh v n nh nhit, chu c dng in cho php lu di. Khi thc hin bo v ni t th tt c cc phn kim loi ca cc thit b in, ca cc kt cu kim loi (v thit b, khung, b ca cc thit b phn phi in ... ) m c th xut hin in p khi cch in b h hng phi c ni mt cch chc chn vi h thng ni t. Cc mi ni ca h thng ni t tt nht nn thc hin bng cch hn (c th cho php ni bng bulng), mi thit b in phi c mt dy ni t ring, khng cho php dng mt dy ni t chung cho nhiu thit b. Khi thc hin ni t m c s dng ni t t nhin nu tr s in tr ni t t nhin (Rtn) ln hn tr s in tr ni t tiu chun (R ) th tr s in tr ni t nhn to l:
Gio trnh An Ton in
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R nt =
R d .R tn R tn R d
Mt khc in tr ni t nhn to l gm h thng cc in cc (cc) chn thng ng c in tr l RC v thanh ni ngang ni gia cc cc c in tr Rn R nt = R c .R n Rc + R n
Trong thc t ngi ta s dng nhiu loi vt ni t c hnh dng v cch lp t khc nhau vi nhng cng thc ni t tnh in tr khc nhau. Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp thng dng nht. Vt ni t l thp trn, thp ng chn st mt t nh hnh 4-5 th in tr ni t ca mt ct l: 4l d l R1c = tt . ln 2.l. d l>>d Trong : tt = (.m) l in tr sut tnh ton ca t Hnh 4.5 d: l ng knh ngoi ca cc ni t, nu dng thp gc th ng knh ng tr l: d = 0,95.b (b: l chiu rng ca thp gc ) Vt ni t cng l thp trn, thp ng nhng c ng su xung sao cho u trn cng ca chng cch mt t 1 khong no (Hnh 4.6). Lc ny in tr ni t ca cc l: R1C tt 2l 1 4t + = ln + ln 2 l d 2 4t 1 1
t d l
Trong : t: khong cch t mt t n im gia ca cc. tt 2l 2 = ln 2 l b t
Hnh 4.6
Vt ni t l thp dt, thp trn chn nm ngang trong t (hnh 4.7) th in tr ni t l: R tt

t
Trong : l b: l chiu rng ca thanh thp, nu dng thp trn th thay b=2d Hnh 4.7 d: l ng knh Mt iu cn ch khi xc nh in tr ni t cn phi xt n nh hng ca nhau gia cc in cc khi tn dng in vo t. Qu trnh tn dng in trong t in cc no s b hn ch bi qu trnh tn dng in cc t cc in cc ln cn, do lm tng ch s in tr ni t nh hng ny c tnh bng vic a vo cng thc xc nh in tr ni t mt h s gi l h s s dng. V vy in tr ni t ca n cc (ng thng ng) c xt n h s s dng:
Gio trnh An Ton in
Trang 45
Rc = Trong :
R 1c n c
R1c : l tr s in tr ni t ca mt cc. c : l h s s dng ca cc cc. H s c ny ph thuc vo s cc n v t s a/l. Trong : a : l khong cch gia cc cc chn thng ng l: l chiu di gia cc cc. Thng thng a/l =1,2,3 Tng t in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang khi c tnh n h s s dng:
, Rn Rn = n
Trong : Rn : l in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang khi cha tnh n h s s dng ca cc thanh ngang n n cng ph thuc vo n v a/l. H s n cng nh c thng cho trong cc s tay. R rng n hay c lun lun nh hn 1. 4.7.2. Cc bc tnh ton ni t: Mc ch tnh ton ni t l xc nh hnh thc ni t thch hp (ni t tp trung hay mch vng), xc nh cc thng s ch yu ca h thng ni t (nh s lng, hnh dng cc, cc thanh) xut pht t tr s in tr ni t tiu chun v cc iu kin c th ni cn lp t. Trong cc iu kin cho php cn thc hin ni t theo ni t mch vng. Tuy vy trong cc mng c dng chm t b nu iu kin lp t mt bng b hn ch th c th cho php ni t tp trung. Vi cc mng c dng chm t ln bt buc phi thc hin ni t mch vng. Ngoi ra phi thc hin cn bng th ( gim in p tip xc v in p bc) trong cc mng in c dng chm t l a ln ny ngi ta thng t thm cc thanh ni ngang ngay pha di cc thit b c su t 0,5-0,7m di dng mt li (hnh 4.8) Sau khi c cc s liu cn thit ban u (nh mt bng, hnh dng, kch thc vt ni t, ch lm vic ca im trung tnh, in tr ni t t nhin, Hnh 4.8
Gio trnh An Ton in
Trang 46
in tr sut ca t... ) Cc bc tnh ton h thng ni t c tnh nh sau: Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu R. Xc nh in tr ni t nhn to. Nu c s dng in tr ni t t nhin vi tr s l Rtn th in tr ni t nhn to cn thit l: R R R nt = d tn R tn R d Xc nh in tr sut tnh ton ca t: y cn ch l v cc cc chn thng ng v cc thanh ni ngang c chn su khc nhau nn chng c in tr sut tnh khc nhau. C th: + Vi cc cc ttc = Kmc. + Vi cc thanh ni ngang: ttn = Kmn. Trong : - Kmc: l h s ma ca cc cc. - Kmn: l h s ma cc thanh ngang. Theo a hnh thc t m b tr h thng ni t m t xc nh gn ng s lng cc ban u v chiu di tng ca cc thanh ni ngang (nb v ln). y cn lu l khong cch gia cc cc khng c b hn chiu di cc cc (
a 1 ). l
Cng theo iu kin v yu cu thc t m chn cch lp t, kch thc, hnh dng ca vt ni t... ri t xc nh c in tr ni t ca mt cc (R 1c) theo cng thc bit. Xc nh s lng cc cn dng: n sb = R 1c R nt
c
Trong : c: l h s s dng ca cc cc ph thuc vo s lng cc ban u (nb) v t s a/l. Rnt: l in tr sut nhn to yu cu khi tnh n in tr ni t t nhin (nu c). Nu khng c s dng ni t t nhin th Rnt bng tr s ni t tiu chun yu cu: Rnt = R . Xc nh in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang ni t gia cc cc theo cng thc bit c tnh n h s s dng ca cc thanh ngang:
Gio trnh An Ton in
Trang 47
R nt =
ttn 2 ln2 2 n l n b t
Trong : n: l h s s dng ca cc thanh ngang ph thuc vo nb v a/l. ln: tng chiu di ca cc thanh ngang ni gia cc cc y ta coi l mt thanh ngang duy nht. Xc nh tr s in tr ni t yu cu ca cc khi c xt n in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang: R n R nt Rc = Ch c bt ng thc: R d R nt < R c R n R nt Xc nh chnh xc s cc cn dng: R1c nc = R c c, Trong : c: h s s dng ca cc cc khi bit s cc s b nsb. Lu l s cc dng trong ni t khng c nh hn 2. Phng php tnh ton h thng ni t trn l phng php tnh ton da theo in tr ni t tiu chun (R) vi gi thit l t thun nht c in tr sut khng i l nn c sai s nht nh v trong thc t in tr sut ca t thay i theo s thay i su. V vy ngoi phng php coi in tr sut ca t l mt s khng i cn c nhng phng php tnh ton ni t chnh xc hn, trong c tnh n s thay i in tr sut ca t ph thuc vo su ca t. Mt khc, nhm mc ch tit kim v gim bt phc tp tn km khi xy dng h thng ni t cho cc thit b c dng chm t ln. Hin nay, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th tnh ton h thng ni t theo tr s in p tip xc cho php m khng phi theo tr s in tr ni t tiu chun nh trnh by trn. V d tnh ton h thng ni t: Hy tnh ton h thng ni t ca trm bin p 35/6KV. Li 35 v 6KV c trung tnh cch in i vi t. Pha 35KV c dng chm t 1 pha l: I = 8A, pha 6KV l: I = 25A t dng ca trm c cung cp bng my bin p 6/0,4KV c trung tnh ni t trc tip pha h p. in tr sut ca t o c l 86.m . Thit b ca trm chim din tch (18 x 8)m2. Bit khng c s dng in tr ni t t nhin v cho h s ma ca cc cc Kmc = 2, ca cc thanh ngang Kmn = 3. Gii: Ta tnh theo cc bc sau: 1.Xc nh in tr ni t tiu chun theo yu cu ca h thng ni t: Gi s y ta dng h thng ni t chung cho cc thit b cao p v thit b
Gio trnh An Ton in
Trang 48
h p. - in tr ni t cn thit ca cc thit b cao p 35KV l: 250 250 R d1 = = 31,4 Id 8 - in tr ni t cn thit pha 6KV l: 250 250 R d2 = = 10 Id 25 - Khi dng cho c thit b cao p v h p : 250 125 R d3 = = 5 Id 25 in tr ni t ca trung tnh my bin p t dng 6/0,4KV qui nh l 4. Nh vy in tr ni t chung cho ton trm ly theo tr s b nht l 4 . Rin = 4 2. Xc nh in tr ni t nhn to: y v khng c s dng ni t t nhin nn ta c in tr ni t nhn to bng tr s in tr ni t tiu chun0: Rnt = R = 4 3.Xc nh in tr sut tnh ton ca t: Vi cc cc : ttc = Kmc. = 2.86 = 172 .m Vi cc thanh ngang: ttn = Kmn. = 3.86 = 258 .m 4. D nh: H thng ni t, trm dng cho cc cc thp trn ng knh 3 12mm, di 5m ng cch nhau 5m v cc thanh ni ngang ni cc cc t 1 su 0,7m. D kin mch vng ni t l: 2 2.(20+10) = 60m Nh vy chiu di ca thanh Hnh 4.9: Mt bng h thng ni t ni ngang l: 1. Din tch t thit b (18x8m2) Ln = 60m, t s a/l = 1 v s 2. mch vng ni t 3. Hng ro lng cc ban u l: nb = 60/5 = 12. in tr ni t ca 1 cc ni t thng ng theo cch lp t trn l:
Gio trnh An Ton in
Trang 49
R 1c = ttc
ttc 2 l 1 4t + ln + ln 2 l d 2 4t = 172 m
l l
t = 0,7 + R 1c
5 = 3,2 m 2 172 2 5 1 4 3,2 + 5 = + ln ln = 38,8 3 2 5 12 10 2 4 3,2 5 n sb = R 1c R nt
5. Xc nh s lng cc:
c
Rnt = R = 4 ; c tra bng theo nsb = 12 v a/l = 1. 38,8 n bd = = 17,1 cc 4 0,57 6. Xc nh in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang: Trong : ttn ln2 2 Rn = . 2 n l n b t Ta c: n = 60m; b = 40.10-3m; trung tnh = 0,7m. n = 0,326 tra bng theo n = 17 v a/l = 1. 258 2 60 2 Rn = ln = 25,8 2 60 0,326 40 10 3 0,7 7. Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu ca cc cc sau khi xt ti in tr ni t ca cc thanh ni ngang: Rc = Rn Rt 26,8 4 = = 4,7 R n R t 26,8 4
D dng ta thy: R = Rtn = 4< Rc = 4,7 8. Xc nh s lng cc cn thit: nc = R1c Rc

c ,
y c = 0,52 tra bng theo n = 17 v a/l = 1. 38,8 nc = = 15,8 Vy 4,7 0,52 Kt qu ta ly n = 16 cc. Nh vy so vi d kin ban u ta phi ng thm 4 cc na.
50
CHNG 5
BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG: Trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000V c trung tnh trc tip ni t ngi ta khng p dng hnh thc bo v ni t m thay n bng hnh thc bo v ni dy trung tnh. Trong bo v ni dy trung tnh ngi ta ni cc phn kim loi ca thit b in hoc cc kt cu kim loi m nhng b phn c th xut hin in p khi cch in b h hng vi dy trung tnh. 5.2. MC CH V NGHA CA BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: 5.2.1. Mc ch: Bo v ni dy trung tnh nhm bo m an ton cho ngi khi c s chm v ca 1 pha no bng cch nhanh chng ct phn in c s chm v . 5.2.2. ngha: Bo v ni dy trung tnh dng thay th cho bo v ni t trong cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t nh mng in 380/ 220 V, 220/ 127 V... ngha ca vic thay th ny xut pht t thc t l trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t m vn p dng hnh thc bo v ni t th khng th bo m an ton cho ngi. iu ny c th gii thch bng v d sau: * Gi s ta c mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p nh hn 1000 V nh hnh 4-1 v gi thit ta vn bo v an ton cho ngi l bo v ni t tc l ni v thit b vi h thng ni t c in tr ni t l R. Khi c s chm v ca 1 pha 3 2 do cch in b h hng (pha 1 trong h 5-1) s c dng in qua v 0 thit b i vo t vi tr s: Uf I = R0 + Rd
Trong : - Uf l in p pha ca mng in. R0 R - R0 ,R l in tr ni t ca trung tnh v ca thit b cn bo v. Tr s dng in I ny lc Hnh 5.1: Thit b b chm v trong mng in c in p nh hn 1000 V khng phi trung tnh ni t c in p di 1000V lc no cng ln lm cho cc thit b bo v (nh cu ch, p t mt ...) tc
51
ng 1 cch chc chn v nhanh ct phn b chm v ra, v vy trn v thit b s c mt in p nguy him tn ti lu di l: U = I . R V d: Mng 380/220 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t vi R0 = R = 4 th. I =
220 = 27,5 A 4+ 4
Dng in 27,5 A ch c th lm cho cu ch c dng nh mc ca dy chy c tr s khong 10A tc ng.Thc t dng nh mc ca dy chy c th ln hn tr s 10 A trn nhiu ( tr s ph thuc ch yu vo cng sut v ch lm vic ca cc thit b in). Lc ny cc thit b bo s khng tc ng, v trn v thit s c in p nguy him l: U = I.R = 27,5 . 4 = 110 V in p ny c th tn ti lu di. y R = R0 nn:U = Uf / 2. Nu R > R0 th U s ln hn. * c th gim U: - Gim R so vi R0 nhng nh vy s khng kinh t. - Trong trng hp trn nu chng ta bng cch no c th tng dng chm v I n mt gi tr ln no cc thit b bo v c th ct nhanh ch b s c chm v th mi c th bo v an ton c cho ngi. Bin php n gin nht l dng dy dn ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh . Nh vy ngha ca bo v ni dy trung tnh l bin s chm v ca thit b thnh ngn mch mt pha cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn phn b chm v bo m an ton cho ngi. Cn lu rng bo v ni dy trung tnh ch tc ng tt khi c s chm v thit b cn khi c s chm t th bo v ni dy trung tnh s khng tc dng bo v v lc dng chm t b nn c th cc thit b bo v khng tc ng v vy s c chm t ny s tn ti lu di nguy him (trong mng trung tnh trc tip ni t in p nh hn 1000 V cn phn bit hai khi nim chm t v chm v. 5.3. PHM VI NG DNG CA BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH : Ni chung, khng ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh trong cc c s sn xut vi cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy in p nh hn 1000 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t phi lun lun thc hin bin php bo v ni dy trung tnh. Tuy vy cn lu mt s im sau: .Vi cc mng in 3 pha 4 dy trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p 220/127 V cho php ch thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh trong cc trng hp sau: a. Xng c bit nguy him v mt an ton . b. Cc thit b t ngoi tri.
52
c. Cc b phn bng kim loi ca cc thit b in m ngi thng tip xc nh tay cm, cn iu khin... . Vi cc phng lm vic, nh c nn cao ro th vi in p 380/220 V v 220/127 V (trong mng c trung tnh ni t) cho php khng cn bo v ni dy trung tnh. . Trn cc ng dy 3 pha 4 dy in p 380/ 220 V c trung tnh trc tip ni t cc ct thp, x thp phi c ni vi dy trung tnh. 5.4. NI T LM VIC V NI T LP LI TRONG BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Khi thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh, dy trung tnh s c ni t u ngun (gi l ni t lm vic) v c th c ni t lp li trong tng on ca mng in gi l ni t lp li dy trung tnh. Nhim v ca ni t lm vic l to ra cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng cho cc thit b in , v d ca ni t lm vic l ni t trung tnh MBA, my pht, cun dp h quang. Quy phm quy nh in tr ni t lm vic u ngun ca mng in c trung tnh trc tip ni t khng c qu 4 v 8 tng ng vi mng 380/220 V v 220/127 V (ch vi cc ngun cng sut b 100 KVA mng 380/220 V th cho php n 10). S d c s quy nh nh trn l hn ch in p ca dy trung tnh i vi t lc c s xm nhp in p cao sang pha in p thp cng nh lc xy ra chm t ca 1 pha no pha h p. Nhim v ca ni t lp li dy trung tnh l gim in p trn v thit b so vi t khi c s chm v, nht l trong trng hp dy trung tnh b t. Ta hy phn tch nhim v khi so snh vi trng hp khi khng c ni t lp li. A. Trng hp khng c ni t lp li : 1. Khi dy trung tnh khng b t (hnh 5.2a): Khi chm v th trn v thit b c in p: U1 = I R . Z K < Uf IN: Dng ngn mch 1 pha (dng chm v). ZK: Tng tr ngn mch ca dy trung tnh tnh t ngun n im ngn mch.
3 2 1 0
Hnh 5.2a
2. Khi t dy trung tnh m li c s chm v sau ch b t (hnh 5.2b):

1 2 3
3 2 1 0
Hnh 5.2b
53
in p trn v thit b trc ch t: U1 = 0 in p trn v thit b sau ch b t: U2 = U 3 = U f B. Trng hp c ni t lp li dy trung tnh: 1. Khi dy trung tnh khng b t (hnh 5.3a): Khi c s chm v th trn thit b s c in p: I N .Z K .R 2 U2 = I . R 2 = R0 + R U2 < U1 U1 : in p trn v thit b khi khng ni t lp li R0 : in tr ni t trung tnh. R2 : in tr ni t lp li.
3 2 1 0
R0
Rl
Hnh 5.3a
3 2 1 0
2. Khi t dy trung tnh m c s chm v sau ch b t (hnh 5.3b): in p trn v thit b trc ch b t: Uf R 0 < Uf U4 = I.R0 = R0 + R2 in p trn v thit b sau ch b t: Uf R 2 < Uf U5 = I.R2 = R0 + R2
R0
Rl
U4 + U5 = Uf ; Uf - in p pha. Ta thy khi c ni t lp li dy trung tnh th s phn b in p trc v sau ch b t c u hn ( nu R0 = R2 th in p s bng Uf / 2). Qua phn tch so snh trn, r rng ta thy ni t lp li dy trung tnh s gim rt nhiu mc nguy him cho ngi nht l khi dy trung tnh b t. Quy phm quy nh in tr ni t lp li dy trung tnh trong mng 380/220 V khng c vt qu 10 Cng cn lu rng ni t lp li dy trung tnh ch c tc dng lm gim mc nguy him cho ngi nht l khi dy trung tnh b t m c s chm v pha sau ch b t (v lc s c c th tn ti lu di) n khng th m bo an ton
Hnh 5.3b
54
tuyt i cho ngi c v vy trong mi trng hp cn trnh xa dy t trung tnh v bt c l do no. Cc quy nh lin quan n vic ni t lp li dy trung tnh : . Khng c ni t lp li: Quy phm cho php khng dng ni t lp li cho cc mng in dng dy cp. Vi cc mng cp ny thng dng mt li ring (cp 4 li) hay dng ngay v kim loi ca cp lm dy trung tnh v vy xc sut t rt nh. . Ni t lp li b tr tp trung: Quy nh dng cho cc mng ng dy trn khng phng trng hp dy trung tnh b t. Quy phm quy nh phi ni t lp li dy trung tnh ti u cui ca ng dy trn khng c chiu di ln hn 200m v c ti im gia ca ca ng dy c chiu di khong 500 m. . Ni t lp li b tr theo chu vi mch vng: Khng ph thuc vo kt cu ca mng in (ng dy trn khng hay dy cp) i vi cc thit b c nh (trong cc phn xng, nh my sn xut c nh...) phi dng ni t lp li dy trung tnh b tr theo chu vi mch vng. 5.5. CCH THC HIN BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Khi thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh th tt c cc phn kim loi ca cc thit b in, ca cc kt cu kim loi (nh v thit b, khung b ca thit b phn phi in, v kim loi ca cp...) m c th xut hin in p khi c s c chm v u phi c ni mt cch chc chn vi dy trung tnh. Trn hnh 4.4 cho ta mt cch thc hin bo v ni dy trung tnh:
1
5 3 1
6 4
Hnh 5-4: V d v ni dy trung tnh cc thit b 1 - im ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh. 2 - Thit b ng ct bo v (cu dao, p t mt...) 3 - n chiu sng. 4 - Thit b 2 pha. 5 - Thit b 3 pha. 6 - Ni t lp li dy trung * Khi thc hin tnh. v ni dy trung tnh cn lu mt s im sau: bo
3 2 1 0
. trnh lm h mch dy trung

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng Hnh 5-5: S nguy him khi h mch dy trung tnh
55
tnh ngi ta quy nh rng dy trung tnh khng c t cu ch, cu dao hoc cc thit b ng ct khc (tr trng hp c bit khi ct ng thi cc dy pha v dy trung tnh). V d nh hnh 5.5 nu t cu dao K mch dy trung tnh, th lc h mch (cu dao K h) m ngi chm vo v thit b c ni dy trung tnh s c dng in nguy him qua ngi ngay c khi cch in tt. . Quy nh rng dy ni trung tnh bo v phi dng mt dy ring, dy ny khng c ng thi dng lm dy dn in, nh hnh 5.6: .Trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, nu v mt nguyn nhn no m b mt trung tnh, ngi ta khng cho php dng t nh mt dy dn (hnh 5.7).
1 0 Ni ng Ni sai 3 2 1
Hnh 5.6
Ch d b t gy nguy him cho ngi
. Khi xy dng ng dy h p phi ch b tr dy trung tnh nm di dy pha, v nu b tr trn dy pha c th gy nguy him. Hnh 5.8: . Cc dy ni bo v (ni t dy trung tnh n v thit b) theo bn c hc v chng n mn phi c kch thc ti thiu Bng 5.1
2
Hnh 5.7
0 3 2 1
Hnh 5.8:
Tit din ti thiu (mm ) ca dy ni bo v bng ng v nhm trong cc thit b c in p nh hn 1000 V. Loi dy ni bo v 1. Dy trn khi t h 2. Dy bc cch in 3. Li cp hoc dy dn nhiu si trong cng mt v chung ng 4 1,5 1 Nhm 6 2,5 1,5
. Trong vic s dng v kim loi ca cp vo mc ch bo v ni t v bo v ni dy trung tnh cn ch :

56
Qua tnh ton ngi ta nhn thy rng v nhm ca cp c th s dng lm dy trung tnh v dy ni bo v v n c dn in cn thit cn v ch ca cp thng c dn in km hn nn khng c s dng lm dy trung tnh hoc dy ni bo v. Ngc li v nhm ca cp li khng c s dng nh mt in cc ni t (khi n t trong t) v bn ngoi v nhm ca cp thng c lp ph cch in bn ngoi ( bo v nhm chng s n mn) cn v ch ca cp li c th s dng c nh mt in cc ni t khi c cp t trong t khng nh hn 2. 5.6. TNH TON BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH: Trong bo v ni dy trung tnh, cc thit b bo v (nh cu ch, p t mt..) c th ct nhanh v chc chn phn b chm v nguy him cho ngi th tr s dng ngn mch (dng chm v) phi ln, cng nh dng in nh mc ca cc thit b bo v phi chn thch hp. Nu do dng chm v b hay dng nh mc ca cc thit b bo v chn khng ng (qu ln) th cc thit b bo v c th khng tc ng hoc tc ng chm gy nguy him cho ngi v lc trn v thit b s c in p : U = IN.ZK IN : Dng in chm v (ngn mch) . ZK: Tng tr ca dy trung tnh t ngun n im ngn mch. Mun tng dng in chm v IN ln n mt gi tr ln cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn th phi tm cch gim hp l tng tr ca mch ngn mch pha- trung tnh. Tng tr ca mch pha trung tnh ny bao gm tng tr ca dy pha, dy trung tnh, v c tng tr ca my bin p ngun. Trong , tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha ny l gm c tng tr mch t ca n ch khng phi ch l tng tr ca cun dy. Tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha c nh hng ln n tr s ca dng ngn mch, m tng tr ca my bin p li ph thuc vo t ni dy ca my bin p. Nhn thy rng tng tr ca my bin p 3 pha i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha s ln nht khi cc cun dy ca n ni Y/, cn s nh hn nhiu khi ni /Y v vy mun tng dng IN th nn dng s /Y0. V d my bin p Lin X c cng sut nh mc 400 KVA nn ni Y/Y 0 th tng tr i vi dng ngn mch mt pha l: ZB = 0,065 , cn cng vi my bin p nu ni /Y th ZB ch bng 0,022 Ngoi ra cng c th tng dng ngn mch bng cch tng hp l dn in ca dy trung tnh (tc l gim in tr ca dy trung tnh) v vy ngi ta quy nh rng : trong bo v ni dy trung tnh th dn in ca dy trung tnh khng c nh hn 50% dn in ca dy pha. Xc nh dng in ngn mch 1 pha: Trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh trc tip ni t c in p nh hn 1000 V th dng in ngn mch 1 pha c
57
th xc nh gn ng nh sau: IN = Trong : Uf Zd + ZB 3
Uf : L in p pha ( V ). ZB : L tng tr ca my bin p i vi dng ngn mch 1 pha. Zd : L tng tr ca mch pha trung tnh. i vi cc my bin p c cng sut ln hn 630 KVA c th ly ZB = 0.
Zd = R 2d + X 2d
Tng tr Zd ca mng c th xc nh nh sau: Rd: in tr tc dng ca mch pha - trung tnh (gm dy pha v dy trung tnh). Rd = Rf + Rtt Rf : in tr dy pha. Rtt: in tr dy trung tnh. Xd: Cm khng ca mch pha - trung tnh. Trong nhiu s tay v in ngi ta thng cho chung mt tr s Z d ng vi tng loi mng c th. cc thit b bo v ct nhanh v chc chn khi c s chm v bo m an ton cho ngi th dng ngn mch 1 pha phi tha mn bt ng thc sau: IN KBV . Im KBV: H s bo v, l t s yu cu gia dng ngn mch so vi dng nh mc ca thit b bo v . Im: Dng nh mc ca thit b bo v ( cu ch, p t mt ) c th l : a. Dng in nh mc ca dy chy cu ch nu bo v bng cu ch. b. Dng in nh mc ca b phn ct ca bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp (qu ti v ngn mch) hay p t mt ch c b phn ct qu ti (ct nhit). c. Dng in tc ng tc thi ca p t mt ch c b phn ct in t (ct ngn mch). Quy nh: - KBV 3 nu bo v bng cu ch hoc p t mt c b phn ct qu ti. - KBV = 1,4 nu bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct in t khi dng in nh mc ca ptmt 100A v KBV =1.25 khi dng nh mc ca p t mt >100A. Trong cc xng c nguy c chy n th : - KBV 4 nu bo v bng cu ch . - KBV 6 nu bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct qu ti. Cc trng hp cn li khng thay i.
58
V d: Mt ng dy cp nhm 4 rut t trong ng thp nhn in t t phn phi in p 380/220 V, vi my bin p cng sut 1000 KVA c trung tnh trc tip ni t. Hy kim tra li s lm vic ca cc thit b bo v khi c ngn mch mt pha (c chm v) ti im xa nht ca mng im C nu: 1. Mng c bo v bng cu ch vi dng in nh mc ca dy chy bng 100 A : Io = 100 A. 2. Mng in c bo v bng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp vi dng nh mc ca b phn ct bng 80 A. 3. Mng c bo v bng p t mt ch c b phn ct in t ( ngn mch ) vi dng in tc ng tc thi bng 200 A. Cho bit cc loi p t mt trn u c dng nh mc ln hn 100 A. S mng: A 3 x 95 + 1 x 35
0,08 Km
3 x 70 + 1 x 35
0,38 Km
GII: Ta c iu kin kim tra l : IN KBV.Im Trc ht ta xc nh dng ngn mch IN khi c ngn mch ti im xa nht, im C l: Vi cp : 3 x 95 + 1 x 35 c Zo1 = 1,45 /Km. Vi cp : 3 x 70 + 1 x 35 c Zo2 = 1,59 /Km. V y cng sut nh mc ca my bin p Sm = 1000 KVA nn mt cch gn ng ta c th ly ZB = 0. Tng tr ca mch pha - trung tnh tnh t ngun ( my bin p) n im xa nht C l: Zd = 1,45 . 0,08 + 1,59 . 0,38 = 0,72 Vy: IN = Uf 229 = = 306 A. Z d + Z B / 3 0,72
By gi ta tin hnh kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b bo v trong 3 trng hp cho. * Trng hp 1: Khi dng cu ch bo v ta c : KBV = 3; Im = Io = 100 A. Im . KBV = 3.100 = 300 A < IN = 306 A. Vy nu dng cu ch bo v vi Io = 100 A th bo m ct chc chn khi c
59
s ngn mch (chm v) bo v an ton cho ngi . * Trng hp 2: Khi dng p t mt c b phn ct hn hp ( c b phn ct nhit ) ta c : KBV = 3 , Im = I0 = 80 A. Vy: KBV . Im = 3 . 80 = 240 A < IN = 306 A . Do bo v cng s tc ng tt. * Trng hp 3: Khi dng p t mt ch c b phn ct in t, ta c: Im = 200 A , KBV = 1,25 Vy : Im .KBV = 200 . 1,25 = 250 A < IN = 306 A. Do bo v cng s tc ng tt. Tm li: Dng 1 trong 3 phng n trn bo v s bo m tc ng tt khi xy ra ngn mch (chm v) mt pha, v vy bo v an ton cho ngi
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CHNG 6
BO V CHNG S XM NHP IN P CAO SANG IN P THP

6.1. S nguy him khi c s xm nhp t in p cao sang in p thp Khi cch in ca my bin p b h hng th khng nhng c th xy ra hin tng chm v m cn c th c s xm nhp t in p pha cao (s cp) sang pha thp (th cp). Lc ny pha th cp c in p cao rt nguy him khng nhng cho ngi m cn cho cc thit b. Ta ln lt xt cc trng hp sau: 6.1.1. Mng in pha s cp v th cp u c trung tnh cch in:
a b c Ubsc Uasc UA UC UB
UO Cc Cb
Uasc Uo U Ucsc
c
Ua Ub Ubsc
Ucsc
Ca
Yc TB2
a.
Hnh 6.1: Xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp a. S nguyn l b. th vec t
b. Gi s my bin p c cp bin i in p l 6000/380V v pha s v th cp u trung tnh cch in i vi t. Cng gi thit rng in tr cch in v in dung ca cc pha trong mng in l nh nhau th: UA = UB = UC = 6000 = 3460V 3
Khi c s xm nhp in p cao t pha s cp sang pha th cp th trung tnh pha in p 380 s ni in vi pha in p cao do n cng c in p bng 3460V. Nu t ni dy ca my bin p l Y/Y0 thi trung tnh h p s c in p trng vi in p pha A ca pha cao p Do vy t th vect ta c: in p pha a pha s cp so vi t: Uasc = 3460 + 220 = 3680 V in p pha b,c so vi t:
2 Ubsc = Ucsc = 3460 + a .220 = 3460 + a.220 = 3350V
61
Nh vy khi c s xm nhp in p t pha cao sang pha thp th in p cc pha pha th cp s tng ln rt cao. V cch in ca thit b in v li in pha h p khng c tnh ton vi gi tr in p cao (khi c s xm nhp in p) nn s xm nhp in p ny rt nguy him v n s ph hng cch in ca cc thit b in h p, kt qu l s xut hin dng chm t t mng h p qua in tr nI t ca cc thit b h p (thng c tr s khng qu 4 ) v ngun cao p, y chnh l dng chm t trong mng c trung tnh cch in c tr s khng ln (530A). Lc ny in p trn v thit b h p s l U=I.R vn c th gy nguy him cho ngi. (v d nu I= 20A, R=10 th U=20.10=200V- nguy him). Tm lI khi c s xm nhp in p cao t mng s cp (c trung tnh cch in) sang mng th cp (h p- cng c trung tnh cch in) th s nguy him khng nhng cho ngi m c cho cc thit b in h p. 6.1.2. Mng in s cp c trung tnh cch in cn phia h p c trung tnh trc tip ni t: Lc ny nu c s xm a Uasc Ua nhp in p cao sang in p b c thp th s c s chm t Uc Ub 0 mt pha ca mng cao p v Uo dng in ny (dng in TBD Ucsc Ubsc dung) c th xc nh theo R0 cng thc: U.(35.l c + l d ) Hnh 6.2 Id = (A) 350 Trong : U: in p dy ca mng cao p. lc, ld: chiu di ca cc mng in cp v mng ng dy trn khng c s lin h v in vi nhau (km). T th vect ta c in p cc dy pha so vi t s bng: Pha a: Uasc = Id.Ro + 220 = U0 + 220 R0: in tr ni t ca trung tnh ngun. Gi s R0 = 4 v Id = 30A: Pha a: Uasc = 4.30 + 220 =340V Pha b,c:
2 Ubsc = Ucsc = 120 + a.220 = 120 + a .220 = 190V
Trong trng hp ny in p ln nht trn dy trung tnh (cng chnh l in p trn v cc thit b in h p) cng c th c gi tr tng i cao v bng : Uo = Id.Ro Vi tr s dng chm t trong mng ny (cao p c trung tnh cch in) thng khng ln (khong 5-30A) th nu Ro ln th Uo c th s nguy him cho ngi. Tr
62
s in p ny ph thuc vo in tr ni t ca trung tnh R0, nu R0 ln th in p s ln v ngc li. Tuy nhin vi cc thit b h p, khi c xm nhp in p cao sang thp th in p ca cc pha so vi v thit b ( c ni vi dy trung tnh) vn khng thay i v bng in p pha nn khng nguy him cho thit b h p. 6.2. Cc bin php bo v chng xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp: 6.2.1. Mng in c trung tnh cch in pha s cp (cao p) v c trung tnh trc tip ni t pha h p: Cc bin php bo v chnh l: - Ch to, s dng cc MBA c cht lng tt, lc cn thit c th phi s dng loi MBA c thm mn che gia cun s v th cp. - Chn gi tr ni t cun h p ca MBA R 0 thch hp.Qua phn tch trn ta thy trong trng hp ny khi c s xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp ta c th gim in p ca cc pha pha h p so vi t bng cch chn gi tr in tr ni t trung tnh R0 mt cch thch hp. Quy phm quy trnh chn R0 4 (vI mng 380/220 V) l tho mn - Thc hin ni t lp li dy trung tnh nhiu ln. V lc ny : U = I d .Rtd = I d .
R0 .Rl < I d .R0 R0 + Rl
Trong : - Rt: in tr tng ng ca cc in tr ni t lp li . 6.2.2. Mng in c trung tnh cch in pha s cp (cao p) v c trung tnh cch in pha h p: Trong trng hp ny, ngoi cc bin php bo v nh mng c trung tnh cch in pha cao p (mc 5.2.1 trn), th cn phi tnh ton, chnh nh bo v r le c th ct nhanh li cao p (pha s cp MBA) khi c xm nhp in p cao sang thp. 6.2.3. Bo v chng s xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp khi in p cun s cp b hn 1000V.
220/24V
220/24V
a.
b.
Hnh 6.3. Cch ni my bin p c in p pha s cp nh hn 1000V a. Mng in c trung tnh cch in b. Mng in c trung tnh ni t
Trong
63
cc trng hp khi in p cun s cp b hn 1000V, chng s xm nhp in p t pha cun s cp sang pha th cp ngi ta phi ni u dy ca cun th cp vi t (trong mng c trung tnh cch in) hoc vi dy trung tnh (trong mng c trung tnh ni t).
Ngoi cc bin php ni t v ni dy trung tnh nh xt cn c thm bin php ni t ph hoc ni t trung tnh ph tc l t thm mt cun chn gia cun s v cun th cp ca my bin p v cun ph ny li c ni t hoc ni dy trung tnh (ph thuc vo ch trung tnh ca mng).
64
CHNG 7
NH HNG CA TRNG IN T V PHNG TNH IN

7.1. TRNG IN T TN S CAO V NH HNG N CON NGI Hin nay trong nhiu ngnh kinh t, quc phng , trong cc phng nghin cu chng ta s dng nhiu thit b my mc lin quan n in trng tn s cao nh raa trong quc phng v cc sn bay.... nhiu ngnh cng nghip nng lng ca dng in tn s cao c dng t nng kim loi nh khi c, rn nhit luyn, tn ni v cn dng sy, dn thiu kt cc cht phi kim loi. Trng in t tn s cao thng l trng in t ca cc thit b cng nghip c tn s trong khong t 3.104 n 3.106 Hz. Ta nhn thy rng xung quanh dng in xut hin ng thi in trng v t trng. Khi dng in l dng xoay chiu th in trng v t trng lin h vi nhau coi chung thnh mt trng in t thng nht. Trng in t tn s cao c kh nng lan truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng, v khi lan truyn n mang theo nng lng Trng in t c tc dng bt li n c th con ngi v ng ngi l c th con ngi khng c cm gic g khi c tc dng ca trng in t. Tc hi ca trng in t n c th con ngi: Gn ngun cao tn hnh thnh hai vng cm ng v bc x Cch ngun vi khong cch bng 1/6 bc sng l vng cm ng chim u th. Ngoi vng ny l vng bc x. Nu trong vng cm ng con ngi s chu tc dng ca trng t v trng in theo chu k, cn vng bc x th con ngi chu tc dng mt in t trng vi cc thnh phn in, t bng nhau ng thi thay i. Cng in t trng ni lm vic c th thay i ph thuc vo cng sut my pht sng, khong cch ti ngun v s phn x cc b mt bao quanh. Mc tc dng ca in t trng ln c th con ngi ph thuc vo di bc sng, ch lm vic ca ngun (xung hay lin tc), cng bc x, thi gian tc dng, khong cch t ngun n c th v s cm th ring ca tng ngi. Tn s cng cao (ngha l bc sng cng ngn), nng lng in t m c th hp th cng tng: - Tn s cao 20% - Tn s siu cao 25% - Tn s cc cao 50%
65
Song tc hi ca sng in t khng ch ph thuc vo nng lng bc x b hp th, m cn ph thuc vo thm su ca sng bc x vo c th. thm su cng cao th tc hi cng nhiu. thm su cho trong bng di y v nng lng hp th nu trn c th lm r cc c tnh sau y ca sng in t: sng cimet gy bin i ln nht i vi c th so vi sng centimet v sng met. Sng milimet gy tc dng bnh l rt t so vi sng centimet v cimet. Bc sng Loi milimet Loi centimet Loi cimet Loi met thm su B mt lp da Da v cc t chc di da Vo su trong cc t chc khong 10-15cm Vo su hn 15cm
Di tc dng ca trng in t tn s cao, cc ion ca cc t chc c th s chuyn ng, trong cc t chc ny s xut hin mt dng in cao tn do mt phn nng lng ca trng b thm ht. Tr s truyn dn ca t chc c th t l vi thnh phn cht lng c trong t chc. truyn dn mnh nht l mu v cc bp tht, cn yu nht l trong cc m m. Chiu dy lp m ni b bc x c nh hng n mc phn x sng bc x ra ngoi c th. i no, tu xng sng c lp m mng, cn mt th hon ton khng c nn cc b phn ny chu tc dng nhiu hn c. Chu tc dng ca trng in t c tn s khc nhau v cng ln hn cng gii hn cho php mt cch c h thng v ko di s dn n s thay i mt s chc nng ca c th, trc ht l h thng thn kinh trung ng, m ch yu l lm ri lon h thn kinh thc vt v ri lon h thng tim mch. S thay i c th lm nhc u, d mt mi, kh ng hoc bun ng nhiu, suy yu ton thn, sinh ra nng ny v hng lot triu chng khc. Ngoi ra n c th lm chm mch, gim p lc mu, au tim, kh th, lm bin i gan v l lch. Tc dng ca nng lng in t trng tn s siu cao c th lm bin i mu, gim s thnh mi, bin i nhn mt. Sng v tuyn cn c th gy ri lon kinh nguyt ca ph n. Ni chung ph n chu tc hi ca sng in t nhiu hn nam gii. Cn c nh gi tc hi ca trng in t c th l cng tc dng ca trng biu th bng vn/met. Tr s gii hn cho php ch lm vic l 5V/m cn i vi cc l cm ng ti, c kim loi cho php n 10V/m do iu kin khng bao che c thit b. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng mt dng cng sut c xc nh bng nng lng truyn qua din tch 1cm2 vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy. n v tnh l W/cm2, mW/cm2, W/cm2. Tr s cng bc x gii hn cho php ca trng in t tn s cao ti ch lm vic c xc nh nh sau: Khi chu tc dng c ngy lm vic th cng bc
66
x khng ln hn 10W/cm2, khi chu tc dng khng qu 2h trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 100W/cm2, khi chu tc dng khng qu 15-20pht trong mt ngy th khng ln hn 1mW/cm2 v khi nht thit phi eo knh bo v mt. 7.2. Cc bin php phng chng Cc cun cm ng l ngun in t trng cao (cao tn). Trng bn trong ng nguy him hn trng bn ngoi ng dy cm ng. i vi t in to ngun cao tn, nung nng cc cht cch in th trng gia hai tm ca t in ln hn trng pha ngoi. Ngun trng cn c th l cc phn t ring ca my pht cc cun dy, t in cc dy dn.... tu iu kin cng ngh c th t trong gian nh sn xut chung nhng cn che ph kn lung cng ngh ca n; tt nht l t chng trong cc phng ring bit. Trong khi s dng cc thit b cao tn cn ch phng in git, tun th cc quy tc an ton. Phn kim loi ca thit b phi c ni t. Cc dy ni t phi ngn v khng cun trn thnh ngun cm ng. Cc thit b cao tn cn c ro chn, bao bc trnh tip xc phi nhng phn c in th, cn c cc panen v cc bng iu khin, khi cn phi iu khin t xa. Nc lm ngui thit b cng c in p cn phi tm cch ni t. bao vy vng c in t trng, ngi ta dng cc mn chn bng nhng kim loi c dn in cao, v my cng cn ni t. Din tch lm vic cho mi cng nhn lm vic phi rng. Trong phng t cc thit b cao tn khng nn c nhng dng c bng kim loi nu khng cn thit, v s to ra ngun bc x in t th cp. Vn thng gi cn c t ra theo yu cu v thng gi, ch l chp ht t trn ming l khng c lm bng kim loi v s b cm ng. 7.3. nh hng trng in t tn s cng nghip in trng ca ng dy v trm in cao th (tn s 50Hz) c bit l cc ng dy v trm 220kV n 500kV thng c tr s kh cao. Khi lm vic, sng rt gn cc ng dy, thit b ca trm th cng in trng rt ln v gy nguy him cho ngi Khi thit k, xy lp ngi ta tnh n mc an ton cho dn c nhng nu vi phm quy nh v khong cch an ton th s b nh hng nguy him. Tiu chun hin hnh ca ngnh in lc quy nh: - Khu dn c, khu vc c ngi lm vic thng xuyn cng in trng phi di 5kV/m (di 5kV/m l gii hn an ton). - Cm ngi i vo trong vng in trng c cng trn 20kV/m - Khi cng nhn lm vic trong vng c cng in trng ln hn 5kV/m
67
th phi c bin php bo v hay phi gim thi gian lm vic trong trng. hn ch tc hi ca in trng ngi ta phi p dng cc bin php: mc qun o chn c bit, dng cc li chn, lng chn ... gim cng in trng tc dng ln ngi. Ngoi ra cc cng trnh khc gn cc ng dy cao th 220kV-500kV th cc b phn kim loi ca cng trnh cn c ni t. 7.4. phng tnh in 7.4.1. Hin tng tnh in Trong qu trnh sn xut, mt s dy chuyn cng ngh chng ta thng gp hin tng tch v phng in tnh in nh: dt vi, len, cun si vi, giy, si PVC, cn cao su, ph sn trn vi hay giy, rt v vn chuyn du... l hin tng tch in mt s loi nguyn vt liu c tnh cch in, mt s cht lng khi chng chuyn ng v c xt. Khi tch in n in th cao, in tch ln th s xy ra hin tng phng in. in th tnh in c tr s thay i ph thuc vo loi vt liu, iu kin mi trng, ma st, vn tc chuyn ng v c th t vi KV n vi chc KV hoc cao hn. Khi ngi cng nhn chm vo si, vo bng cao su, giy, vi ang cun thng b in git, c th nguy him cho ngi hoc gy cm gic kh chu. Trong mt s mi trng n cn gy nn chy n (khi c xng du, kh d chy, vt liu n). 7.4.2. Cc bin php phng trnh nh hng ca tnh in phng trnh nguy him ca phng in do tnh in ngi ta p dng nhiu bin php khc nhau hoc khng xut hin s tch in, hoc trung ho in tch, hoc dn in tch xung t. C th dn ra cc bin php c bn sau: - Lm tng m ca nguyn vt liu v mi trng (thng th nu m nguyn vt liu cao tc l m trn 85% th kh nng tch in s gim c bn) - Lm tng in dn ca nguyn vt liu (phi phun hay bi mt s cht tng dn in ca nguyn vt liu) - Dn in tch xung t: nh dng lc hay bn chi bng kim loi c ni t (rng lc, bn chi chm vo si vi, len, bng cao su)
Ni t Vi Tm
a.
b.
Hnh 7.1: Kh tnh in bng chi (a), lc (b)
- Trung ho in tch dng thit b pht ra cc ion trung ho in tch trn

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nguyn vt liu (dng tia cc tm, tia rghen, phng x, in trng) - Ni t cc rul, trc kim loi trn dy chuyn hay cc thng, b xitc, ng, rt xng du.
Hnh 7.2: S thit b trung ho loi ion ho cao tn 1. Dy dn; 2. Np; 3. Bin p; 4. u phng in. 5. Tm ng; 6. Tm cch in.; 7. Np
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CHNG 8
DNG C, PHNG TIN CN THIT CHO AN TON IN. CP CU NGI KHI B IN GIT
8.1. CC BIN PHP BO V AN TON CHO NGI TRNH B IN GIT 8.1.1. Cc quy tc chung m bo an ton in m bo an ton in cn phi thc hin ng cc quy nh: . Phi che chn cc thit b v b phn ca mng in trnh nguy him khi tip xc bt ng vo vt dn in. . Phi chu ng in p s dng v thc hin ni t hoc ni dy trung tnh cc thit b in cng nh thp sng theo ng tiu chun. . Nghim chnh s dng cc thit b, dng c an ton v bo v khi lm vic. . T chc kim tra, vn hnh theo ng cc quy tc an ton. . Phi thng xuyn kim tra cch in ca cc thit b cng nh ca h thng in. Qua thc t cho thy, hu ht cc trng hp xy ra tai nn in git th nguyn nhn chnh khng phi l do thit b khng hon chnh, cng khng phi l do thit b khng hon chnh, cng khng phi do phng tin bo v an ton cha m bo m chnh l do vn hnh khng ng quy cch, trnh vn hnh km, sc kho khng m bo. vn hnh an ton cn phi thng xuyn kim tra sa cha thit b, chn cn b k thut, m cc lp hun luyn v chuyn mn... Cn kim tra thit b thng xuyn, tu sa thit b theo nh k, v theo ng quy trnh vn hnh. trnh tnh trng thao tc nhm khng ng gy s c v nguy him cho ngi th cn phi vn hnh thit b in theo ng quy trnh vi s ni in ca ng dy bao gm tnh trng thc t ca thit b in v nhng im c ni t. Cc thao tc phi c tin hnh theo mnh lnh, tr cc trng hp xy ra tai nn mi c quyn t ng thao tc ri mi bo co sau. 8.1.2. Cc bin php k thut an ton in phng nga, hn ch tc hi do tai nn in, cn p dng cc bin php k thut an ton in sau: * Cc bin php ch ng phng xut hin tnh trng nguy him c th gy tai nn - m bo cch in ca thit b in. - m bo khong cch an ton, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in.
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- S dng in p thp, my bin p cch ly. - S dng tn hiu, bin bo, kho lin ng. * Cc bin php ngn nga, hn ch tai nn in khi xut hin tnh trng nguy him - Thc hin ni khng bo v. - Thc hin ni t bo v, cn bng th. - S dng my ct in an ton. - S dng cc phng tin bo v dng c phng h. 8.2. Phng tin bo v v dng c kim tra in cho ngi khi lm vic bo v con ngi khi lm vic vi cc thit b in khi b tc dng ca dng in, h quang cn phi s dng cc phng tin bo v cn thit.Cc phng tin bo v chia thnh nhm: . Phng tin cch in, trnh in p (bc, tip xc, lm vic) gm: so cch in, km cch in, dng c c tay cm cch in, gng tay cao su, giy cao su, ng cao su, m cch in cao su. . Thit b th in di ng, km o dng in. . Bo v ni t di chuyn tm thi, hng ro, bng bo hiu. . Phng tin bo v trnh tc dng ca h quang, mnh kim loi bi nung nng, cc h hng c hc: knh bo v, gng tay bng vi bt, dng c chng kh c. 8.2.1. Cu to mt s phng tin bo v cch in:
Hnh 8.1: Phng tin bo v v dng c a. So cch in; b. Km cch in; c. Gng tay in mi d. Giy ng; . ng in mi; e. m v thm cao su; g. b cch in h. Nhng dng c sa cha c tay cm cch in; k. Ci ch in p di ng B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
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Phng tin bo v cch in chia lm hai loi chnh v ph. Phng tin bo v chnh c cch in m bo khng b in p ca thit b chc thng, c th dng chng s trc tip nhng phn mng in. Phng tin bo v ph ch lm phng tin ph vo phng tin chnh bn thn chng khng th bo v. Loi bo v Chnh in p cao hn 1000V So, km in p thp hn 1000V So, km, gng tay cch in, dng c ca th in c cn cch in (10cm) Giy, m, b cch in
Ph
Gng tay cch in, m, b, giy ng ngn v di
a. So cch in So cch in dng trc tip iu khin dao cch li, t ni t di ng, th nghim cao p. Gm 3 phn: phn cch in, phn lm vic v phn cm tay. di ca so ph thuc vo in p. Khi dng so cn ng trn b cch in, tay eo gng cao su, chn mang giy cao su.
in th nh mc ca thit b (KV) Di 1kV Trn 1kV di 10kV Trn 10kV di 35kV Trn 35kV di 110kV Trn 110kV di 220kV di ca phn cch in (m) Khng c tiu chun 1,0 1,5 1,8 3,0 di tay cm (m) Tu theo s lin h 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0
b. Km cch in Km cch in dng t v ly cu ch, y cc np cch in bng cao su. Km l phng tin chnh dng vi in p di 35kV. Gm 3 phn: phn lm vic phn cch in, phn cm tay.
in th nh mc ca thit b (KV) 10 35 di ca phn cch in (m) 0,45 0,75 di tay cm (m) 0,15 0,2
c. Gng tay in mi, giy ng, m lt Dng vi thit b in, cc dng c ny c sn xut ring vi cu to ph hp vi quy trnh. d. B cch in: B cch in c kch thc khong 75 x 75 nhng khng qu 150 x 150cm, lm bng g tm ghp. Khong cch gia cc tm g khng qu 2,5cm. Chiu cao b
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t sn g n nn nh khng nh hn 10cm. 8.2.2. Thit b th in di ng Thit b th in di ng dng kim tra c in p hay khng v nh pha. Dng c c bng n neon, n sng khi c dng in dung i qua. Kch thc thit b ph thuc vo in p, kch thc ti thiu nh sau:
in th nh mc ca thit b (kV) 10 10 35 di gi (mm) 320 510 di tay cm (mm) 110 120 di chung (mm) 680 1060
Khi dng thit b th in ch a vo thit b th n mc cn thit c th thy sng. Chm vo thit b ch cn khi vt c th khng c in p. 8.2.3. Thit b bo v ni t tm thi di ng Bo v ni t tm thi di ng l phng tin bo v khi lm vic nhng ch ngt mch in nhng d c kh nng a in p nhm vo hoc d b xut hin in p bt ng trn chng. Cu to gm nhng dy dn ngn mch pha, cn ni t vi cc cht ni vo phn mang in. Cht phi chu c lc in ng khi c dng ngn mch. Cc dy dn lm bng ng tit din khng b hn 25mm 2. Cht phi c ch tho dy ngn mch bng n. Ni t ch c thc hin khi kim tra, khng ng in vo b phn c ni t. u tin ni u cui ca ci ni t vo t sau th c in p hay khng ri ni dy vo vt mang in. Khi tho ni t th lm ngc li. 8.2.4. Nhng ci chn tm thi di ng, np y bng cao su Ci chn tm thi di ng bo v cho ngi th sa cha khi b chm vo in p. Nhng vt ny lm bnh phong ngn cch, chiu cao chng 1,8m. Vt lt cch in t che vt mang in phi lm bng vt mm, khng chy (cao su, tectolit, bakelit...). C th dng chng nhng thit b di 10 kV trong trng hp khng tin dng bnh phong. Bao y bng cao su cch in dao cch ly phi ch to sao cho d y v tho d dng bng km. 8.2.5. Bng bo hiu Cn c cc bng bo hiu bo trc s nguy him cho ngi n gn vt mang in, cm thao tc nhng thit b gy ra tai nn cht ngi, nhc nh... Cc loi bng bo hiu sau: . Bng bo trc:
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in th cao - nguy him ng li - in th cao Khng tro - nguy him cht ngi Khng s vo - nguy him cht ngi . Bng cm: Khng ng in - c ngi ang lm vic Khng ng in - ang lm vic trn ng dy . Bng cho php: Lm vic ti ch ny . Bng nhc nh: Ni t. 8.3. Cp cu ngi b in git Nguyn nhn chnh lm cht ngi v in git l do hin tng kch thch ch khng do b chn thng. Khi c ngi b tan nn in, vic tin hnh s cu nhanh chng, kp thi v ng phng php l cc yu t quyt nh cu sng nn nhn. Cc th nghim v thc t cho thy rng t lc b in git n mt pht sau c cu cha th 90% trng hp cu sng, 6 pht sau mi cu ch c th cu sng 10%, nu t 10 pht mi cp cu th rt t trng hp cu sng c. Vic s cu phi thc hin ng phng php mi c hiu qu v tc dng cao. Khi s cu ngi b tai nn cn thc hin hai bc c bn sau: - Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in. - Lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc. . Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in * Nu nn nhn chm vo in h p cn: Nhanh chng ct ngun in (cu dao, aptomat, cu ch...); nu khng th ct nhanh ngun in th phi dng cc vt cch in kh nh so, gy tre, g kh gt dy in ra khi nn nhn, nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in cn phi ng trn cc vt cch in kh (b g) ko nn nhn ra hoc i ng hay dng gng tay cch in g nn nhn ra; cng c th dng dao ru vi cn g kh, km cch in cht hoc ct t dy in. * Nu nn nhn b chm hoc b phng in t thit b c in p cao Khng th n cu ngay trc tip m cn phi i ng, dng gy, so cch in tch nn nhn ra khi phm vi c in. ng thi bo cho ngi qun l n ct in trn ng dy. Nu ngi b nn ang lm vic ng dy trn cao dng dy ni t lm ngn mch ng dy. Khi lm ngn mch v ni t cn phi tin hnh ni t trc, sau nm dy ln lm ngn mch ng dy. Dng cc bin php chng ri, ng nu ngi b nn trn cao.
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. Lm h hp nhn to Thc hin ngay sau khi tch ngi b nn ra khi b phn mang in. t nn nhn ch thong kh, ci cc phn qun o b thn (cc c, tht lng ...), lau sch mu, nc bt v cc cht bn. Thao tc theo trnh t: - t nn nhn nm nga, k gy bng vt mm u nga v pha sau. Kim tra kh qun c thng sut khng v ly cc di vt ra. Nu hm b co cng phi m ming bnh cch tay v pha di ca gc hm di, t ngn tay ci vo mp hm y hm di ra. - Ko nga mt nn nhn v pha sau sao cho cm v c trn mt ng thng m bo cho khng kh vo d dng. y hm di v pha trc phng li ri xung ng thanh qun. - M ming v bt mi nn nhn. Ngi cp cu ht hi v th mnh vo ming nn nhn (t khu trang hoc khn sch ln ming nn nhn). Nu khng th thi vo ming c th c th bt kt ming nn nhn v thi vo mi. - Lp li cc thao tc trn nhiu ln. Vic thi kh cn lm nhp nhng v lin tc 10-12 ln trong 1 pht vi ngi ln, 20 ln trong 1 pht vi tr em. . Xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc Nu c hai ngi cp cu th mt ngi thi ngt cn mt ngi xoa bp tim. Ngi xoa bp tim t hai tay chng ln nhau v t 1/3 phn di xng c ca nn nhn, n khong 4-6 ln th dng li 2 giy ngi th nht thi khng kh vo phi nn nhn. Khi p mnh lng ngc xung khong 4-6cm, sau gi tay li khong 1/3s ri mi ri tay khi lng ngc cho tr v v tr c. Nu c mt ngi cp cu th c sau hai ba ln thi ngt n vo lng ngc nn nhn nh trn t 4-6 ln.
Hnh 7.2: Cp cu phng php h hi thi ngt
Hnh 8.3: Cp cu theo phng php n tim vo lng ngc B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
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Cc thao tc phi c lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn xut hin du hiu sng tr li, h h hp c th t hot ng n nh. kim tra nhip tim nn ngng xoa bp khong 2-3s. Sau khi thy kh sc mt tr li hng ho, ng t co dn, tim phi bt u hot ng nh... cn tip tc cp cu khong 5-10 pht na tip sc thm cho nn nhn. Sau kp thi chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vn phi tip tc tin hnh cng vic cp cu lin tc.

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Gio trnh An Ton in

NHP MN V KHOA HC BO H LAO NG V V SINH LAO NG

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

1.4 Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng v bin php phng nga.

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

Phn loi cc thit b che chn :

Tn hiu an ton c th dung : -

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

CC KHI NIM V AN TON IN

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

Hnh 2.1: S ph thuc ca in tr ngi vo p lc tip xc

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 V

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

2.6. NH HNG CA TN S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

Nu dch chuyn im A n gn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p cao nht i vi t U : U Ud = Umax I d . Ud = 2 .X d

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

in th t (in th ti b mt in cc) t R d = : gi l in tr 2 .r0

Hnh 2.5: ng cong ch s phn b in p ca cc im trn mt t lc c chm t.

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in Trang

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

PHN TCH AN TON CC MNG IN

Gio trnh An Ton in

1 Hinh 3.1: Chm vo mt dy ca mng in mt pha

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

T xc nh c tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ngi: = I ng

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Gio trnh An Ton in

Gio trnh An Ton in

Hnh 3.3a: Mng in tng qut 3 pha 4 dy

Hnh 3.3b: S thay th mng in 3 pha 4 dy

Gio trnh An Ton in

Ta c: U.Y U1 (Yng + Y1 ) + U 2 .Y2 + U 3 .Y3 U0 = = Y Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng Vi mng ba pha i xng ta c :

Uf l gi tr tuyt i ca in p pha Suy ra : U0 = Uf Y1 + a 2 .Y2 + a.Y3 + Yng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng

T c th xc nh c in p tip xc ca ngi nh sau :

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng