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Giao trnh:
VI SINH THC
PHAM
(Lu hanh noi bo)
LI M AU
Vi sinh thc pham la mot trong cac mon hoc
thuoc ve c s nganh trong chng trnh khung ao
tao nganh Cong nghe Thc pham. Tat ca cac sinh
vien hoc chuyen nganh Cong nghe Thc pham eu
bat buoc phai hoc mon nay trc khi hoc cac mon
chuyen nganh.
Vi sinh thc pham cung cap cho sinh vien nhng
kien thc c ban ve cac vi sinh vat thng gap
trong thc pham: cac vi sinh vat gay benh thng
gap trong thc pham, cac vi sinh vat gay h hong
thc pham va cac vi sinh vat lam tang them hng
vi cua thc pham.
Bao gom cac chng sau:
- Chng 0
- Chng mot
: Mot so loai vi sinh vat gay benh
thng gap
- Chng hai : Vi sinh vat trong che bien va bao
quan tht
- Chng ba
- Chng bon
: Vi sinh vat trong tom, mc va cac
ong vat nhuyen the
- Chng nam: Vi sinh vat trong che bien va bao
quan sa
- Chng sau: Vi sinh vat trong bot va tinh bot.
- Chng bay: Vi sinh vat trong cac san pham
ng, banh, keo
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2
CHNG 0:
0,1%
- Laurylsulphate
0,1%
- Methyl blue
0,01%
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5
5
1ml
1ml
1ml
1ml
1ml ma
u
o
pha
loa
ng
9
ml
9
ml
9
ml
9
ml
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
9
ml
10-5
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7
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9
1.
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10
CHNG 1:
VA
COLIFORM
PHAN
(FECAL
.........................................................................................................
12
.........................................................................................................
13
diet
trien
Staphylococcus:
cua
clorit,
Staphylococcus aureus:
ac trng nhat cua loai nay la gay viem ruot
dan en benh chay mau ruot.
Mang tnh chat ac trng cua loai Staphylococcus,
ket lai vi nhau thanh dang chum nho hoac thanh
tng chuoi ngan. Phat trien tren moi trng ran
thng tao thanh cac khuan lac co mau vang hoac
chuyen dan sang mau cam, mac dau vay, trong mot
vai trng hp cung ton tai dang mau trang.
Phan ln cac Staphylococcus aureus gay ong
mau. Song trong ieu kien yem kh tuy tien, tuy
.........................................................................................................
14
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15
1.3. SHIGELLA:
Shigella thuoc ho Enterobacteriaceae, la vi khuan
gay benh l. Di ay la mot so ac tnh chung
tieu bieu cua Shigella:
-
.........................................................................................................
16
V. vulnificus
- V. alginolyticus
V. cholerae
- V. parahaemolyticus
.........................................................................................................
18
1.7. CLOSTRIDIUM:
Hien nay phat hien ra hai chung gay ngo oc
thc pham:
-
Nhiet o (0C)
1
2
3
4
5
100
105
110
115
120
Thi gian
(phut)
360
120
36
12
4
s dung.
-
chu.
.........................................................................................................
21
82 C trong 30 phut.
-
.........................................................................................................
22
CHNG 2:
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25
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26
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28
MYOGLOBIN
(hi ota) Fe2+
NO
NITRIC OXID
MY OGLOBIN*
(o
) Fe2+
Soxy ho
a
Skh
Qu
atr
nh
oxy
Qu
atr
ho
nh
a
k h
Soxy ho
a
NO +Skh
OXYMY OGLOBIN
(oti) Fe2+
Soxy ho
a
Soxy ho
a
+
(nitrit)
Skh
METMY OGLOBIN
(na
u) Fe3+
Bie
n tnh
protein
(nhie
t)
Bie
n tnh
protein
(nhie
t)
NITROSY L
HEMOCHROME
(ho
ng) Fe5+
Soxy ho
a
NO +Skh
DENATURED
METMY OGLOBIN
(na
u) Fe3+
2.3.7. S moc:
Qua trnh nay thng xay ra do Mucor, Penicillium,
Aspergillus, phat trien tren be mat cua tht. Trc
tien moc moc tren be mat, sau an sau dan vao
trong ti 2 5 mm.
2.3.8. S hnh thanh vet mau:
Tuy vao loai vi khuan hieu kh khac nhau ma
tren be mat tht se xuat hien cac vet mau khac
nhau:
-
Pseudomonas pyocyanes
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Chromobacterium
nhat, nau en
tao
vet
xam
Micrococcus
vang
tao
vet
mau
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33
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34
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35
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36
CHNG 3:
.........................................................................................................
37
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38
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39
Mat
Mieng
Ca ti
Co cng
Ca kem
ti
Ca n
Co
dau
hieu phan
giai, than
oan
de
dang
Len
men
thoi, than
ca oan de
dang
Loi,
trong, Khong loi, Lom, kho,
giac
mac nhan nheo nhan hoac
an hoi
va hi uc rach
Ngam cng
Hi m
M han
Mang
Bam
chat Dan
hoa
khe, khong
khong nht chat, mau
va hoi
xam,
co
nht
va
mui hoi
H
hoa
nau
xam,
ban,
thoi
khoi
khe,
en
nht
mui
Vay
Ong
anh, Khong
dnh
chat ong anh,
than, khong con
dnh,
hoac t nien niem dch
M,
long
leo,
co
niem dch
ban va co
.........................................................................................................
42
Bo phan
Bung va
hau mon
Tht ca
Th giay
quy
Th
nghiem
H2S
Ham
lng
Ca ti
Ca kem
ti
Ca n
dch
trong, uc
khong mui
mui
hoi
Khong phnh,
hau
mon
thut
vao,
trang nhat
Hi
phnh,
hau mon
loi va hi
hong
Bung phnh,
hau
mon
loi va o
bam
Ran
chac,
an
hoi,
dnh
chat
vao xng
Mem, an
hoi cham,
con
dnh
vao xng
Mem nhun,
khong dai
hoi,
tach
khoi xng
de dang
Axit
Axit
Kiem
Am tnh
<22
<35
>40
NH3 / 100 g
3.4. VI SINH VAT TRONG MOT SO SAN PHAM
T CA:
3.4.1.San pham che bien co them gia
v:
Nhng san pham trong qua trnh che bien co
them gia v thng thay co nhng vi khuan ma ac
biet la Salmonella, Staphylococus, va ca Coliforms gay
tac hai en sc khoe ngi tieu dung. Nhng vi
sinh vat nay chu yeu nhiem vao san pham t
nhng gia v cho them vao.
Ca muoi:
.........................................................................................................
43
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44
boric
(0,1
chat
ham
.........................................................................................................
45
CHNG 4:
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48
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49
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50
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CHNG 5:
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52
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53
pham
dang
Sa ( My)
138oC / 2 giay
Sa ( Anh)
Sa co hng lieu
( Anh)
Nhiet o (
C)/ Thi
gian
Sa ( My)
630C/30 phut ;
Sa ( Anh)
630C/30 phut
giay
770C/15giay
; 720C/ 15
850C/15 giay
Trng
dang
long
600C/3,5 phut
Trng
dang
long
64,40C/2,5 phut
(My)
(Anh)
Bia
650C/20 phut
4.2.2. Sa ac co ng:
Da vao nguyen tac trong nong o ng cao
(60%) tat ca cac vi sinh vat eu khong the phat
trien c. Sa ac co ng la mot san pham
che bien cua sa ngoai ra con mang muc ch bao
quan.
.........................................................................................................
56
4.2.3. Sa bot:
Vi cong nghe say phun ngi ta tao ra san
pham sa bot ay la san pham co thi gian bao
quan lau nhat cua sa.
4.2.4. Bao quan bang nhiet o thap:
Dung nhiet o thap e lam giam hoat ong
cua vi sinh vat. Tuy nhien, phng phap nay gia
thanh cao va thi gian bao quan khong lau. Ch
nen ap dung phng phap nay khi ket hp vi thanh
trung hoac dung trong qua trnh van chuyen en c
s che bien.
4.3. CAC DANG H HONG SA:
Sa ch co mot dang h hong ang ke nhat
la len men lac tic chuyen glucose thanh axit lactic lam
sa b chua. Chnh v the chung ta can co bien phap
bao quan sa ngay sau khi thu hoach xong nham duy
tr trang thai nguyen lieu tot cho nhng qua trnh
che bien tiep theo.
Ngoai ra vi thanh phan dinh dng cao, khi b
nhiem vi sinh vat khac vao sa va s phat trien
cua chung gay nen mot so bien oi ca chat va
lng sa. Co nhng vi sinh vat trong qua trnh phat
trien sinh ra san pham phu la nhng oc to gay
anh hng en ngi s dung.
4.4. VI SINH VAT TRONG MOT SO SAN PHAM
SA:
Vi khuan len men chua:
-
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59
4.4.1.Sa chua:
San pham sa chua che bien t sa ti sau khi
thanh trung c len men bang vi khuan Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus ket hp vi nam men Saccharomyces
kefir. Hoac bang he vi sinh vat Streptococcus
therophylus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Cac sinh vat nay
con song trong san pham cho en luc s dung.
Trong san pham nay khong c co cac loai vi sinh
vat khac. Khi sa chua b h hong ngha la no a
b nhiem vi sinh vat khac.
4.4.2.Sa ti tiet trung:
Bang cach s dung nhiet o nham tieu diet
vi sinh vat co trong nguyen lieu. Tuy nhien, do tnh
chat cua sa nen ch c tiet trung bang phng
phap Pasteur( s dung nhiet o khong cao). Hien nay
cong nghe phat trien a tao ra cong nghe tiet
trung UHT( nhiet o cao, thi gian tiep xuc thap).
Sa tiet trung UHT co thi gian bao quan tot hn.
Tuy nhien, neu dung cu cha khong am bao ve
sinh sa co the b nhiem nhng vi sinh vat do vat
cha mang theo.
4.4.3. Sa ac co ng:
nong o ng cao la moi trng khong
thuan li cho vi sinh vat phat trien. Tuy nhien, sa
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CHNG 6:
6.2.1.Bot b moc:
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63
san
hap
the
gay
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66
CHNG 7:
the keo dai them thi gian bao quan cua san
pham.
7.2.2.2.Cac san pham khong x ly
nhiet:
Nhng san pham dang nay (banh deo)
thng c che bien cho muc ch s dung ngay
hoac bao quan trong ieu kien nhiet o thap( 5oC
8oC) vithi gian rat ngan( vai ngay). Khi co bo
sung chat bao quan san phan co the keo dai thi
gian bao quan( banh au xanh).
7.3. CAC DANG H HONG CUA NG VA
BANH KEO:
7.3.1. Moc:
ng, va cac san pham cua no neu khong
c bao quan tot co the b nhiem nam moc gay
bien mau
san pham va lam giam ga tr san pham hoac h
hong hoan toan san pham. oi khi trong qua trnh
phat trien chung con tao ra oc to gay ngo oc
cho ngi s dung.
7.3.2. Ngam nc va von cuc:
ng co kha nang hut am rat cao. V the,
trong qua trnh bao quan neu khong tot se xay ra
hien tng hut am. Lng am trong ng se lam
von cuc lam giam gia tr san pham. Ngoai ra ay
con la ieu kien tot cho vi sinh vat phat trien.
7.3.3. Bien oi mau sac:
Khi ng b nhiem vi sinh vat, trong mot so
loai co kha nang tao ra sac to gay bien mau san
pham. Tat ca san pham khi b nhiem vi sinh vat va
thay oi trang thai eu khong c s dung.
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CHNG 8:
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73
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Penicillium
Fusarium
khoai tay
Mucor
Rhizopus
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80
Nc qua:
Qua sau khi hai ve c ra sach, ep lay
dch, loc va pha che thanh nc qua. Trong
qua trnh thu hai, van chuyen se hnh thanh
mot lng vi sinh vat rat ln xung quanh qua.
Tuy nhien, qua qua trnh che bien, lng vi sinh
vat lai giam i rat nhieu
Neu sau khi thu hai khong san xuat nhanh qua,
th rat nhieu hien tng gay h hong qua se
hnh thanh nh: b moc do Penicillium, b chua do
vi khuan lactic va vi khuan acetic, co mui ru
do nam men.
Trong qua trnh san xuat, e giam thieu lng
vi sinh vat xam nhap can ong chai va thanh
trung nhiet o cao 90 950C sau o bao
quan 0 150C hoac dung CO2 e bao quan,
neu co ieu kien nen s dung tia t ngoai
e diet khuan se lam tang thi gian bao
quan.
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81
- Biology of
Lenh, Van c Chn - Thc tap ln sinh hoa Tu sach ai hoc khoa hoc t nhien tp. HCM,
1997
8.
.........................................................................................................
82
Nguyen
Lan
Dung,
oan
Xuan
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83
MUC LUC
LI M AU ................................................2
Chng
0:
CAC
PHNG
PHAP
NH LNG VI SINH VAT................4
1.1.
1:
Mot
so
loai
vi
sinh
vat
gay
benh
thng
gap
.........................................................11
1.2. Staphylococcus:................................................13
1.3. Shigella:...........................................................16
1.4. Salmonella.......................................................16
1.5. Yersinia:...........................................................17
1.6. Vibrio:...............................................................18
1.7. Clostridium:.......................................................19
CHNG
2:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
che bien va bao quan tht
.........................................................23
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84
3:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
che bien va bao quan CA
.........................................................37
4:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
TOM, MC VA CAC ONG VAT
NHUYEN
THE
.........................................................47
5:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
CHE BIEN VA BAO QUAN SA
.........................................................52
6:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
BOT
VA
TINH
BOT
.........................................................62
7:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
CAC SAN PHAM NG, BANH,
KEO
.........................................................67
8:
Vi
sinh
vat
trong
RAU
QUA
VA
CAC SAN PHAM T RAU QUA
.........................................................71
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87