B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.

H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

BI BO CO
TI:

MNG SINH HC BIOFILM

Gio vin: Ts. V Th Lm An SVTH: Nguyn Th Duyn 10156009 L Th Bch Hin 10156020 H Th Kim Ngn 19156047 Phm Th Thy Vn 091156111

Tp H Ch Minh ngy 21-10-2012 MC LC

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Li m u..................................................................................................2 S hnh thnh v pht trin ca mng Biofilm........................................3 Biofilm....................................................................................................3 S hnh thnh Biofilm..........................................................................6
P.aeruginosa v Biofilm...........................................................................9

nh hng ca mng biofilm..................................................................10 Y hc....................................................................................................12 Chn nui...........................................................................................13 Cng nghip........................................................................................14 Thc phm..........................................................................................14 Cch x l v ng dng ca mng biofilm.............................................16 Ti liu tham kho....................................................................................16

LI M U
Mng sinh hc biofilm l m hnh pht trin t bo v ca vi khun. Biofilm c
quan tm nhiu trong mi trng, cng nghip, y hc v v sinh thc phm do cc mng ny cha cc vi khun gy h hng v gy bnh, lm tng nguy c cho sc khe cng ng. ngoi ra, cc t bo vi sinh trong biofilm khng hn vi vic lm v sinh v kh trng. S hnh thnh mng biofilm l mt qu trnh phc tp, trong lin quan n cc c ch di truyn v nhiu yu t khc nh cc c tnh ca b mt bm v b mt t bo vi khun. Cc b mt t nhin hay nhn to khi tip xc vi vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt u to qun th trn b mt . S to qun th trn b mt c th tha tht gm cc khun lc khng th nhn thy bng mt thng hoc nhiu n mc c th nhn thy nh nhng ni nc ng trong nh v sinh.

I.

S hnh thnh v pht trin ca biofilm:

1. Biofilm:

Khi cc t bo vi khun pht trin trn b mt chng thng to Biofilm_tp hp cc t bo vi khun gn vo b mt, chn trong cc mng li kt dnh do t bo tit ra . Mng li l hn hp ca cc polysaccharide, ngoi ra cn c protein thm ch cn c acid nucleic. Cc Biofilm c th ch cha mt, hai hoc ph bin hn cha nhiu loi vi khun.

V d nh Biofilm to trn b mt rng cha vi trm ging loi khc nhau gm cc loi ca hai loi Bacteria v Archaea. Do vy, Biofilm l cng ng vi sinh vt pht trin v c chc nng, ch khng ch l cc t bo b by li trong li kt dnh.

C s khc bit gia s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong Biofilm vi t bo l lng trong mi trng :
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Trong mi trng t nhin, s pht trin ca Biofilm dng nh lun mnh m v a dng hn so vi s pht trin ca t bo l lng trong mi trng xung quanh b mt. Chng hn nh, nu s tiu th oxi ca qun th gn b mt vt qu s khuch tn oxi vo vng su hn ca Biofilm th vng ny tr nn k kh, to iu kin hnh thnh qun th vi khun k kh v k kh ty .

Hnh 1: Biofilm vi sinh vt

(a) Mt ct ngang ca mt Biofilm thc nghim to bi P.aerugiosa. (b) Knh hin vi qut lase cng tiu im ca mt biofilm t nhin.

(c) Biofilm ca vi khun oxi ha st.

Mt trong nhng c tnh c quan tm i vi cng ng Biofilm l c kh nng dung np khng sinh v cc cht khng khun khc. Chng hn nh c kh nng khng li cht khng khun gp 1000 ln so vi cc t bo t do l lng cng loi khc. L do v kh nng dung np ny l do tc pht trin chm hn trong Biofilm v s gim khuch tn cc cht khng khun qua mng li ngoi bo, dng biu hin gen khc vi bnh thng. kh nng dung np cc cht khng khun c th gii thch ti sao Biofilm chu trch nhim v cc trng hp nhim trng mn tnh kh iu tr hay

khng th iu tr c v cng kh dit tr s pht trin b mt gy nghn trong cc h thng cng nghip. 2. S hnh thnh Biofilm:

S gn dnh
Gn vi t bo vo b mt rn thch hp

To qun th Thng tin gia cc t bo, pht trin v hnh thnh polysaccharide

Pht trin S pht trin v hnh thnh polysaccharide nhiu hn

Mt khi hnh thnh Biofilm, t bo t do mt tin mao v tr thnh khng di ng.

(a)

(b) Hnh 3: S hnh thnh Biofilm

(a) Biofilm bt u vi vic gn dnh ca vi t bo ri pht trin v thng tin vi cc

t bo khc, mng li hnh thnh v tr nn dy c hn khi Biofilm pht trin.

(b) nh vi th ca Biofilm nhum DAPI m pht trin trn ng thp khng g, ch

trn cc knh nc.

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Mc d c ch cha c pht hin, nhng vi khun cm nhn c mt b mt thch hp v s vic hp tc ny dn n kiu pht trin Biofilm. Vic chuyn t t bo t do sang pht trin Biofilm l do sn xut cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) to ra t hai phn t nucleotide guanosine triphosphate.

Hnh 4:

hu ht cc vi khun s dng c-di-GMP l cht truyn thng tin th hai. Cht truyn thng tin th hai ny l phn t iu ha ni bo chuyn thng tin t mi trng bn ngoi (thng tin th nht) n cc b my t bo to p ng thch hp, gm di chuyn,c tnh v hnh thnh biofilm. Trong khi chuyn t t bo t do sang trng thi pht trin khng c tin mao, C-di-GMP gn vo protein, protein ny iu chnh hot tnh ca motor ca tin mao v gn vo enzyme to mng li ni bo ca biofilm. Nghin cu v s hnh thnh biofilm pht hin thy qu trnh chuyn tn hiu c-di-GMP c kim sot theo c ch riboswitches, iu ha ARN thng tin, tng tc trc tip vi c-diGMP v kim sot qu trnh sao m hay dch m ca cc gen c hiu.
3.

P.aeruginosa v Biofilms

Bn cnh cc hot ng ni bo c kch hot bi c-di-GMP, thng tin gia cc t bo cn thit pht trin v duy tr Biofilm vi khun.

Vi d: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mt Biofilm nguy him trc y, cc phn t tn hiu gia cc t bo l acyl homoserine lactone. Khi cc lactose ny tch ly, chng truyn tn hiu n cc t bo P.aeruginosa k cn rng qun th t bo ln. K cc lactose tn hiu ny kim sot biu hin gen gp phn vo vic hnh thnh Biofilm.

Mt trong cc gen c tng hp lc ny m ha cho s tng hp cht thng tin th hai c-di-GMP. c 2 P.aeruginosa v P.fluorescens (mt sinh vt to Biofilm lin quan), gia tng c-di-GMP kch thch to Biofilm. Tuy nhin, b my Biofilm c thay i do c-di-GMP l rt khc nhau c hai sinh vt. P.fluorescens, thay i c-di-GMP nh hng n s bi tit v khu tr b mt t bo mt loi protein gi l cht kt dnh gn t bo vo b mt. Ngc li mc c-di-GMP cao trong P.aeruginosa lm gia tng vic sn xut cc polysaccharide ngoi bo v lm gim chc nng ca tin mao.

Lu ngy,cc t bo P.aeruginosa hp li vi s lng ln hnh nm, c th cao trn 0,1mm cha hng t t bo, chn trong mng li polysaccharide kt dnh. Cu trc cui cng ca Biofilm c xc nh bi cc phn t tn hiu, cc yu t dinh dng v mi trng khu tr.

Hnh 5: Biofilm ca Pseudomonas aeruginosa pht trin trn cc phin knh thy tinh

 Ti sao vi khun to biofilm:

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y l cch t khng gia tng kh nng sng st. Biofilm khng li cc tc ng vt l m c th loi b cc vi khun cc vi khun yu gn vo b mt. Biofilm cng khng li thc bo ca h thng min dch v s xm nhp ca cc phn t gy c cho vi khun nh khng sinh. Biofilm cho php t bo duy tr mt ni thch hp. Biofilm gn vo b mt giu cht dinh dng nh m ng vt hay cc b mt dng chy c nh cc t bo vi khun, nh v ni giu cht dinh dng hay c b sung lin tc. Biofilm cho php cc t bo vi khun sng gn nhau hn, thng tin gia t bo tt hn, tng c hi sng st. Hn na khi cc t bo gn nhau c nhiu c hi hn trong vic trao i dinh dng v di truyn. Cui cng, biofilm dng nh l cch t bo vi khun pht trin trong t nhin. Biofilm l kiu pht trin ng nhin ca cc t bo nhn nguyn thy trong mi trng t nhin, mi trng ny khc bit rt nhiu v cht dinh dng so vi mi trng nhiu cht dinh dng trong phng th nghim. s pht trin dng t bo t do thng ch thy cc vi khun thch nghi vi mi trng c nng d cht dinh dng cc thp.

II.

nh hng ca Biofilm i vi cc lnh vc trong cuc sng:

Biofilm c khp ni, trn b mt ca cc vin nm di y sng sui, trn b mt nc ca cc ao t, v tu thuyn, trong lng cc ng dn nc, trong lng cc ng dn

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du hay dn kh t, trn sn cc quy hng thc phm,... Biofilm ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh y hc,mi trng, chn nui, thc phm, 1. Y hc: i vi y hc, mt trong nhng c tnh c quan tm i vi biofilm l kh nng dung np khng sinh v cc cht khng khun khc. Chng hn nh c th khng li cht khng khun gp 1000 ln so vi cc t bo t do l lng cng loi khc. L do v kh nng dung np ny l do tc pht trin chm hn trong biofilm v s gim khuch tn cc cht khng khun qua mng li ngoi bo, dng biu hin gen khc vi bnh thng. iu ny gii thch ti sao biofilm chu trch nhim v cc trng hp nhim trng mn tnh kh iu tr hay khng th iu tr c. Trong c th ng vt, biofilm c th hnh thnh trn b mt lp t bo biu m nh biu m ng dn niu, xoang mi, xoang ming, trn rng, thm ch trn b mt ca nhng dng c y t t trong c th nh van tim, niu qun nhn to... gy nhim khun.

Hnh 6: Mng bm rng V d: cc biofilm P. aeruginosa to trong phi ngi mc bnh x ha nang di truyn. dng Biofilm, P.aeruginosa kh diu tr bng khng sinh v biofilm lm thun li cho vi khun tn ti dai dng trong c th bnh nhn. Ging nh hu ht cc Biofilm, cc Biofilm bnh x nng ha cha nhiu hn mt loi vi khun. Do vy, ngoi tn hiu trong loi cn c tn hiu vi cc loi khc.

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Hnh7: Biofilm P. aeruginosa

Hnh 8:

Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm trong ng thng y t

2. Chn nui : Trong chung nui gia sc, gia cm, biofilm c mt trn cc thit b v dng c chung nui, trong bn nc v cc ng dn nc, trn b mt cc thit b lm lnh, ht bi... Vi khun truyn bnh sng trong cc lp biofilm l th phm gy bnh cho ng vt nui. Chung s dng cng lu, c hi tn ti ca cc lp biofilm cng ln, dch bnh cng
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nhiu. Do , chung nui v cc thit b chn nui cng cn nh k ty ra cc lp biofilm.

Hnh 9:Mng sinh hc trong ng dn nc g Hnh 10: H thng ung nc ca

3. Cng nghip:

Tuy l mt trong nhng tc nhn c hi, gy nhim ngun nc, ngy nay li ch ca biofilm c cc nh khoa hc nghin cu thnh cng. Cng ngh MBBR x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh bi biofilm. y l qu trnh x l bng biofilm vi sinh khi pht trin trn gi th l lng, m nhng gi th l lng ny c th di chuyn t do trong b phn ng v c gi li bn trong b phn ng. Nhn t quan trng ca qu trnh x l ny l cc gi th ng c lp mng biofilm dnh bm trn b mt. Nhng gi th ny c thit k sao cho din tch b mt t hiu dng ln nht, lp mng biofilm dnh bm trn b mt gi th v to iu kin ti u cho hot ng vi sinh vt khi nhng gi th ny l lng trong nc v tip xc vi cht dinh dng.
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Quy lut chung trong s pht trin ca mng vi sinh vt bi qu trnh tiu th c cht c trong nc thi v lm sch nc thi nh sau: qu trnh vi sinh vt pht trin dnh bm trn b mt gi th c chia thnh 3 giai on:
o

Giai on th nht: khi mng vi sinh vt cn mng v cha bao ph ht b mt rn. Trong iu kin ny, tt c vi sinh vt pht trin nh nhau, cng iu kin, s pht trin ging nh qu trnh vi sinh vt l lng. Giai on th hai: dy mng tr nn ln hn b dy hiu qu. Trong giai on th hai, tc pht trin l hng s, bi v b dy lp mng hiu qu khng thay i bt chp s thay i ca ton b lp mng, v tng lng vi sinh ang pht trin cng khng thay i trong sut qu trnh ny. Lng c cht tiu th ch dng duy tr s trao i cht ca vi sinh vt v khng c s gia tng sinh khi. Lng c cht a vo phi cho qu trnh trao i cht, nu khng s c s suy gim sinh khi v lp mng s b mng dn i nhm t ti cn bng mi gia c cht v sinh khi.

Giai on th ba: b dy lp mng khng thay i nhiu v tr nn n nh. S trao i cht din ra phn hy cht hu c thnh CO2 v nc. Lng vi sinh vt khng thay i do chiu dy lp mng hiu qu khng thay i v khng c s gia tng sinh khi trong giai on ny. Lng c cht phi cho qu trnh trao i cht, nu khng vi sinh s thiu dinh dng v bt u phn hy ni bo cn bng vi c cht v sinh khi. Trn thc t, qu trnh phn hy ni bo v qu trnh trao i cht s din ra ng thi vi nhau. Khi tc pht trin mng cn bng vi tc suy gim bi s phn hu ni bo, phn hu theo dy chuyn thc phm, hoc b ra tri bi lc ct ca dng chy. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt thay i c v chng loi v s lng. Lc u, hu ht sinh khi l vi khun, sau protozoas v tip n l metazoas pht trin hnh thnh nn mt h sinh thi. Protozoas v metazoa n mng vi sinh vt lm gim lng bn d. Mng sinh hc c th bao gm bt k loi vi sinh vt, bao gm to, nm, vi khun, Achaea v ng vt nguyn sinh metazoa v trong hu ht
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cc mng sinh hc t nhin, bao gm cc cc cng ng vi khun phc tp vi nhiu loi. Hu ht cc loi vi sinh vt trn mng biofilm thuc loi d dng (chng s dng carbon hu c to ra sinh khi mi) vi vi sinh vt ty tin chim u th.

4. Thc phm:
Trong sn xut thc phm, khi thit b ch bin thc phm khng c thit k c lm sch mt cch d dng, hoc qu trnh kh trng c thc hin khng trit , cc ht thc phm cn bm li trn b mt thit b to c hi cho biofilm hnh thnh v pht trin, lm nhim thc phm. Mt s loi vi khun thng c tm thy trong biofilm thc phm c kh nng gy ng c cao nh : Listeria, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella,.... Chng t bo v bn thn khi nhit, nh sng, sy, ha cht v lm sch. Cc yu t mi trng c nh hng n vic to ra biofilm trong ch bin thc phm l: cht dinh dng, axit, nhit , m, oxy, thi gian.
III. 1.

Cch x l v ng dng ca mng biofilm: Chn nui : Ngy nay mt s nc chn nui tin tin ngi ta s dng
"cng ngh Nanocoating" gi v sinh chung nui. Cc thit b nh sn chung, khung chung, bn cha nc, ng dn nc, my ht bi, my thng gi ... c ph mt lp nano bc. Lp nano bc b mt c tc dng dit khun, khng cho hnh thnh biofilm.

2.

Thc phm: V sinh cc thit b l cha kha hn ch khu vc biofilm c th

tch ly. Vic loi b biofilm c thc hin bi s kt hp ca bn yu t : cng thc v nng cc cht lm sch v kh trng, thi gian tip xc, nhit , hot ng c hc. S dng li khun probiotic kt hp cc enzyme ph v mng sinh hc, thm nhp vo bn trong, tiu dit, c lp cc tc nhn gy bnh do m bo mang li hiu qu cao, n nh v gii quyt vn lm sch mi trng.

3.

ng dng: Biofilm cn c ng dng trong qu trnh x l kh thi cng ngh

biofiter. H thng lc sinh hc cung cp mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin v phn hy cc cht kh c mi hi v cc cht hu c gy nhim trong kh thi.
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Trong h thng ny, cc vi sinh vt s to thnh mt mng sinh hc (biofilm), y l mt mng mng v m bao quanh cc v da. Trong qu trnh lc, kh thi c bm chm xuyn qua h thng lc, cc cht nhim trong kh thi s b cc nguyn liu lc hp th c ch ca qu trnh lc sinh hc bao gm qu trnh hp ph, hp th v phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt. Cc vi sinh vt trong mng sinh hc lin tc hp th v bin dng cc cht nhim. Cc cht kh gy nhim s b hp ph bi mng sinh hc, ti y, cc vi sinh vt s phn hy chng to nn nng lng v cc sn phm ph l CO2 v H2O cc loi mui theo phng trnh sau: Khng kh nhim + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + nhit + sinh khi. Vic s dng h thng x l kh thi bng cng ngh biofiter cc cht hu c bay hi c p dng trong cc ngnh sau: cng ngh ha du v ha cht, sn xut sn, nha tng hp, x l cht v nc thi, x l cht v nc thi l m, sn xut gelatin, ch bin tht v nng sn, ca cao, ng, gia v, mi nhn to,

Hnh 12: mng MBBR

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VI. Ti liu tham kho: 1. Maichael T.Madigan etal.,2009. Biology of microorganisms. Pearson Education.
2. Xianming Shi, Xinna Zhua, 2009. Biofilm formation and food safery in food

industries. Trends in Food Scinece & Technology.

3. http://www.vcn.vnn.vn/ (B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn vin chn nui) 4. http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/foodsafety/processor/ 5. Allison, D. G. (2000). Community structure and co-operation in biofilms. Cambridge,

UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79302-5.

6. Lynch, James F.; Lappin-Scott, Hilary M.; Costerton, J. W. (2003). Microbial biofilms.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54212-X.

7. "Biofilm Basics". Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University.

http://www.biofilm.montana.edu/biofilm-basics.html.
8. Fratamico, M. (2009). Biofilms in the food and beverage industries. Woodhead

Publishing Limited
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