Biology Objective:

Essential Questions

Notes: _______________________________ = a technique used to increase the size of a specimen (sample) _______________________________ = the size of an image
________________________________ = the clarity (clearness) of an image

#1:

#2:

Power(Magnification) of Image = power of the __________________ X power of the _______________________________ We use the unit ______ (times larger) when describing the magnification. We can see __________________________________________ with higher magnification, but we cannot see _________________________________

#3:

1) _______________________ microscope = light reflects off the surface of the object; you can see the object with the naked eye (5X 30X magnification) 2) _______________________ microscope = light shines through the object; objects are too small to see with the naked eye (100X 400X magnification) 3) _______________________ microscope = uses electrons to form an image of an object; objects are VERY small (200,000x magnification)

#4:

1. Get a clean ____________ and ____________________________ 2. Carefully place your __________________________ on the glass slide 3. Place one __________________________________ on top of your specimen 4. If your specimen is clear or hard to see, use a _______________ 5. Slowly lower the coverslip on top of the specimen at a __________________ to prevent ____________________!

Essential Questions

Notes:

#5:

Summary: Answer the questions below

ructure of a water molecule by filling in the blanks below!

1. What would you use the above materials to make? ______ ___________ ___________ 2. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope image?

3. Evan is looking at a specimen under the microscope. His eye piece had a magnification of 10x and the lens he was using had a magnification of 40x. What is the total magnification of Evans microscope? _______________

Activity 2: Practice Calculating Magnification On this compound microscope, the eyepiece has a magnification of 10X. The low-powered objective lens has a magnification of 10X. The medium-powered objective lens has a magnification of 20X. The high-powered objective lens has a magnification of 40X.

Find the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION of each objective. 1. Low-powered objective _____________ X ______________ = _____________ OBJECTIVE EYEPIECE TOTAL magnification magnification magnification 2. Medium-powered objective _____________ X ______________ = _____________ OBJECTIVE EYEPIECE TOTAL magnification magnification magnification 3. High-powered objective _____________ X ______________ = _____________ OBJECTIVE EYEPIECE TOTAL magnification magnification magnification
4. A student wants to view cells under the compound microscope at total magnification of 400X. If the eyepiece is 10X, what power lens should the student use? ________________ 5. A student views cells under a microscope at a total magnification of 1000X. If the lens has a magnification of 100X, what power magnification is the eyepiece? _________________

Directions: Label the parts of the microscope below using the words in the bank below: STAGE EYEPIECE FINE ADJUSTMENT COURSE ADJUSTMENT

LIGHT SOURCE

Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under a microscope and presented a drawing similar to the one shown. 1. What did Hooke call the small room-like structures he observed?

2.

Activity 1: Making a Wet Mount Slide

Directions: Follow the instructions to make a wet mount slide. When your table is called up to the microscope, focus your image using the instructions below. 1. Place the letter e slide on the stage so that the e looks upright to the naked eye and is positioned over the hole on the stage. Without looking through the eyepiece, draw the letter e as it appears on the slide in the circle below.

2. Be sure that the low power objective is in place. 3. Open the diaphragm to give maximum light. 4. Use the coarse adjustment knob until the object comes into view. 5. Once the object is seen, it may be necessary to adjust the amount of light by adjusting the diaphragm. 6. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus. Do not over-use the fine adjustment. 7. Practice having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly reduces eyestrain. Draw the letter e as it appears when you look through the eyepiece and low power objective.

 8. Switch to the medium power objective 9. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus. Do not use the coarse adjustment. 10. Practice having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly reduces eyestrain. Draw the letter e as it appears when you look through the eyepiece and medium power objective.

11. Switch to the high power objective 12. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus. Do not use the coarse adjustment. 13. Practice having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly reduces eyestrain. Draw the letter e as it appears when you look through the eyepiece and high power objective.

Where did the name Why was the invention of HW25: What come from? cell icroscope Cell Reading the m new discoveries were made in the 1800s? important?

Read and answer the questions below!

The History of the Cell Theory The invention of microscopes made it possible for scientists to view and study cells. Cells are the basic units of living organisms. In the 1600s, a man named Anton van Leeuwenhoek (LAY vun hook) used a single lens microscope to view bacteria. Until then, bacteria had never been seen! Later, compound light microscopes used several lenses and could magnify objects up to 1500 times their original size!

ABOVE: A picture of a microscope, an instrument used to see very small things up close.

But where did we come up with the name cell? This came about when the scientist Robert Hook looked at thin slices of cork under a compound microscope. Thinking the small shapes he saw looked like small rooms, he called them cells! Cells = the basic unit, or building block, of all living things.

By the 1800s, microscopes had been improved, allowing scientists to make important observations. First, Robert Brown, a Scottish scientist, discovered that cells had an important inner compartment, called the nucleus (NEW klee us). Later, two German biologists, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, did their own experiments and learned that all living things are made of one or more cells.

What do we call the small structures inside of cells?

What is the cell theory?

What is an advantage of electron microscopes?

What are the 3 parts of cell theory?

The experiments of Schleiden, Schwann, and other scientists led to the development of what is called the cell theory. It is one of the fundamental ideas of the Schleiden, above, and Schwann, below, made very important discoveries about cells in the 19th century. science of biology. The three main parts of the cell theory are summarized below: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life. 3. All cells are produced by existing cells

How do microscopes help scientists learn about cells? In the 1930s and 1940s, microscopes were improved. Electron microscopes allowed scientists to

magnify an object up to 200,000 times using a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light. Microscopes are continually being improved so scientists can gather more information about cells.

The Two Basic Cell Types

Using microscopes, scientists saw that all cells contain small structures called organelles. Each organelle has a specific function in the cell. Some cell organelles are held together by membranes, and others are not.

What are eukaryotes? What are prokaryotes?

Scientists group cells into two categories cells that have membrane-bound organelles and cells that do not. Cells that do not contain membrane-bound organelles are called prokaryotes (pro kar ee AWTS). Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, are prokaryotes.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

EUKARYOTIC CELL

If the cell has organelles that are held together by a membrane, the cell is called a eukaryote (yew kar ee AWT). Most cells you can think of are eukaryotic. These include most of the multi-cellular organisms that you know. Having membrane-bound organelles is an advantage for eukaryotic cells because chemical reactions in different parts of the cell can happen at the same time. Other differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells While they do have a few things in common, there are many important differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes discussed below. Eukaryotic cells have a central organelle called the nucleus that controls all of the cells activities. This nucleus also holds the DNA of the cell. Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus. Instead, they have loose strands of DNA. Prokaryotic cells are also much smaller than eukaryotic cells. In addition, prokaryotic cells have less stuff within the cell.

UNIT 3: The Cell DAYSHEET 25: Intro to Microscopy Name _____________________________________ Bellringer:
Reactants Products Fast

Biology I Date: __________

Directions: Label the graph below using the following terms:

Activation Energy Without Enzyme Slow Catalyzed

Activation Energy With Enzyme Uncatalyzed

1. Which line (1 or 2) represents a reaction with a lower activation energy? _____ 2. Which line (1 or 2) represents a reaction that happens faster? _____ 3. Which line (1 or 2) represents a reaction with an enzyme? _____ 4. Which line (1 or 2) represents a reaction that is uncatalyzed? _____ Directions: Label the picture below with the following words: Enzyme Substrate Active site