CNG NGH NANO

Hinh 1: Cu trc ca ng nan ccbon c chiu ngang bng 1,4 nm - mt dng th hnh ca cc-bon, th hin rt nhiu tnh cht khc thng Cng ngh nano, c l cng ngh nan, (ting Anh: nanotechnology) l ngnh cng ngh lin quan n vic thit k, phn tch, ch to v ng dng cc cu trc, thit b v h thng bng vic iu khin hnh dng, kch thc trn quy m nanmt (nm, 1 nm = 10-9 m). Ranh gii gia cng ngh nano v khoa hc nano i khi khng r rng, tuy nhin chng u c chung i tng l vt liu nano. Cng ngh nano bao gm cc vn chnh sau y: C s khoa hc nano Phng php quan st v can thip qui m nm Ch to vt liu nano ng dng vt liu nano

Hinh 2: Cu trc C60 Phn loi vt liu nano Vt liu nano l vt liu trong t nht mt chiu c kch thc nano mt. V trng thi ca vt liu, ngi ta phn chia thnh ba trng thi,rn, lng v kh. Vt liu nano c tp trung nghin cu hin nay, ch yu l vt liu rn, sau mi n cht lng v kh. V hnh dng vt liu, ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi sau: Vt liu nano khng chiu (c ba chiu u c kch thc nano, khng cn chiu t do no cho in t), v d, m nano, ht nano... Vt liu nano mt chiu l vt liu trong hai chiu c kch thc nano, in t c t do trn mt chiu (hai chiu cm t), v d, dy nano, ng nano,... 1

Vt liu nano hai chiu l vt liu trong mt chiu c kch thc nano, hai chiu t do, v d, mng mng,... Ngoi ra cn c vt liu c cu trc nano hay nanocomposite trong ch c mt phn ca vt liu c kch thc nm, hoc cu trc ca n c nano khng chiu, mt chiu, hai chiu an xen ln nhau. C s khoa hc ca cng ngh nano C ba c s khoa hc nghin cu cng ngh nano. Chuyn tip t tnh cht c in n tnh cht lng t i vi vt liu v m gm rt nhiu nguyn t, cc hiu ng lng t c trung bnh ha vi rt nhiu nguyn t (1 m3 c khong 1012 nguyn t) v c th b qua cc thng ging ngu nhin. Nhng cc cu trc nano c t nguyn t hn th cc tnh cht lng t th hin r rng hn. V d mt chm lng t c th c coi nh mt i nguyn t, n c cc mc nng lng ging nh mt nguyn t. Hiu ng b mt Khi vt liu c kch thc nm, cc s nguyn t nm trn b mt s chim t l ng k so vi tng s nguyn t. Chnh v vy cc hiu ng c lin quan n b mt, gi tt l hiu ng b mt s tr nn quan trng lm cho tnh cht ca vt liu c kch thc nanomet khc bit so vi vt liu dng khi. Kch thc ti hn Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca cc vt liu u c mt gii hn v kch thc. Nu vt liu m nh hn kch thc ny th tnh cht ca n hon ton b thay i. Ngi ta gi lkch thc ti hn. Vt liu nano c tnh cht c bit l do kch thc ca n c th so snh c vi kch thc ti hn ca cc tnh cht ca vt liu. V d in tr ca mt kim loi tun theo nh lut Ohm kch thc v m m ta thy hng ngy. Nu ta gim kch thc ca vt liu xung nh hn qung ng t do trung bnh ca in t trong kim loi, m thng c gi tr t vi n vi trm nm, th nh lut Ohm khng cn ng na. Lc in tr ca vt c kch thc nano s tun theo cc quy tc lng t. Khng phi bt c vt liu no c kch thc nano u c tnh cht khc bit m n ph thuc vo tnh cht m n c nghin cu. Cc tnh cht khc nh tnh cht in, tnh cht t, tnh cht quang v cc tnh cht ha hc khc u c di ti hn trong khong nm. Chnh v th m ngi ta gi ngnh khoa hc v cng ngh lin quan l khoa hc nano v cng ngh nano. Bang 1 di ti hn ca mt s tnh cht ca vt liu.

Lnh vc

Tnh cht Bc sng in t Qung ng t do trung bnh khng n hi Hiu ng ng ngm dy vch men Qung ng tn x spin H lng t

di ti hn (nm) 10-100 1-100 1-10 10-100 1-100 1-100 2

Tnh cht in

Tnh cht t Tnh cht

quang Tnh siu dn

di suy gim su b mt kim loi di lin kt cp Cooper thm thu Meisner Tng tc bt nh x Bin ht

10-100 10-100 0,1-100 1-100 1-1000 1-10 1-100 0,1-10 1-10 1-10 1-100 1-10 10-1000 1-10

Tnh cht c

Bn knh khi ng t v Sai hng mm nhn b mt

Xc tc Siu phn t Min dch

Hnh hc topo b mt di Kuhn Cu trc nh cp Cu trc tam cp Nhn bit phn t

Ch to vt liu nano Vt liu nano c ch to bng hai phng php: phng php t trn xung (topdown) v phng php t di ln (bottom-up). Phng php t trn xung l phng php to ht kch thc nano t cc ht c kch thc ln hn; phng php t di ln l phng php hnh thnh ht nano t cc nguyn t. Phng php t trn xung Nguyn l: dng k thut nghin v bin dng bin vt liu th khi vi t chc ht th thnh c ht kch thc nano. y l cc phng php n gin, r tin nhng rt hiu qu, c th tin hnh cho nhiu loi vt liu vi kch thc kh ln (ng dng lm vt liu kt cu). Trong phng php nghin, vt liu dng bt c trn ln vi nhng vin bi c lm t cc vt liu rt cng v t trong mt ci ci. My nghin c th l nghin lc, nghin rung hoc nghin quay (cn gi l nghin kiu hnh tinh). Cc vin bi cng va chm vo nhau v ph v bt n kch thc nano. Kt qu thu c l vt liu nano khng chiu (cc ht nano). Phng php bin dng c s dng vi cc k thut c bit nhm to ra s bin dng c ln(c th >10) m khng lm ph hu vt liu, l cc phng php SPD in hnh. Nhit c th c iu chnh ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Nu nhit gia cng ln hn nhit kt tinh li th c gi l bin dng nng, cn ngc li th c gi l bin dng ngui. Kt qu thu c l cc vt liu nano mt chiu (dy nano) hoc hai chiu (lp c chiu dy nm). Ngoi ra, hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc phng php quang khc to ra cc cu trc nano phc tp. Phng php t di ln Nguyn l: hnh thnh vt liu nano t cc nguyn t hoc ion. Phng php t di ln c pht trin rt mnh m v tnh linh ng v cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Phn ln cc vt liu nano m chng ta dng hin nay c ch to t phng php ny.

Phng php t di ln c th l phng php vt l, ha hc hoc kt hp c hai phng php ha-l. Phng php vt l: l phng php to vt liu nano t nguyn t hoc chuyn pha. Nguyn t hnh thnh vt liu nano c to ra t phng php vt l: bc bay nhit (t,phn x, phng in h quang). Phng php chuyn pha: vt liu c nung nng ri cho ngui vi tc nhanh thu c trng thi v nh hnh, x l nhit xy ra chuyn pha v nh hnh - tinh th (kt tinh) (phng php ngui nhanh). Phng php vt l thng c dng to cc ht nano, mng nano, v d: cng my tnh. Phng php ha hc: l phng php to vt liu nano t cc ion. Phng php ha hc c c im l rt a dng v ty thuc vo vt liu c th m ngi ta phi thay i k thut ch to cho ph hp. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn c th phn loi cc phng php ha hc thnh hai loi: hnh thnh vt liu nano t pha lng (phng php kt ta, sol-gel,...) v t pha kh (nhit phn,...). Phng php ny c th to cc ht nano, dy nano, ng nano, mng nano, bt nano,... Phng php kt hp: l phng php to vt liu nano da trn cc nguyn tc vt l v ha hc nh: in phn, ngng t t pha kh,... Phng php ny c th to cc ht nano, dy nano, ng nano, mng nano, bt nano,... Hng ng dng chung Cc cu trc nano c tim nng ng dng lm thnh phn ch cht trong nhng dng c thng tin k thut c nhng chc nng m truc kia cha c. Chng c th uc lp rp trong nhng vt liu trung tm cho in t v quang. Nhng vi cu trc ny l mt trng thi c nht ca vt cht c nhng ha hn c bit cho nhng sn phm mi v rt hu dng. Nh vo kch thuc nh, nhng cu trc nano c th ng gi cht li v do lm tng t trng gi (packing density). T trng gi cao c nhiu li im: tc x l d liu v kh nng cha thng tin gia tng. T trng gi cao l nguyn nhn cho nhng tng tc in v t phc tp gia nhng vi cu trc k cn nhau. i vi nhiu vi cu trc, c bit l nhngphn t hu c ln, nhng khc bit nh v nng lng gia nhng cu hnh khc nhau c th to c cc thay i ng k t nhng tng tc . V vy m chng c nhiu tim nng cho vic iu ch nhng vt liu vi t trng cao v t s ca din tch b mt trn th tch cao, chng hn nh b nh (memory). Nhng phc tp ny hon ton cha uc khm ph v vic xy dng nhng k thut da vo nhng vi cu trc i hi s hiu bit su sc khoa hc cn bn tm n trong chng. Nhng phc tp ny cng m ung cho s tip cn vi nhng h phi tuyn phc tp m chng c th ph by ra nhng lp biu hin (behavior) trn cn bn khc vi nhng lp biu hin ca c hai cu trc phn t v cu trc quy m micrmt. Khoa hc nano l mt trong nhng bin gii ca khoa hc cha c thm him tng tn. N ha hn nhiu pht minh k thut l th nht. Vt liu nano bn hn c kim cng

Hinh 3: Kim cng Mt vt liu nano bn hn c kim cng c cc nh khoa hc c ch to trong phng th nghim v cho thy c mt tim nng ng dng rt ln trong ngnh cng nghip. Vt liu mi ny, c bit nh l s kt hp ca cc que nano ca nguyn t carbon (ACNR), c to ra bng cch nn v nung nng cc phn t carbon siu bn c gi l cc buckyball haycarbon-60. Cc phn t ny bao gm 60 nguyn t kt hp cht ch thnh cc hnh 5 cnh hay 6 cnh v tng t nh cc qu bng b xu. Vt liu ACNR siu bn ny c to ra bng cch nn carbon-60 n 200 ln p sut bnh thng, ng thi c nung nhit 2.226C. Cc php o sau cho thy n cn bn hn c kim cng: lin kt ca n hn kim cng thng thng 0,3%, v kh nng chu p sut ca n hn hn bt k vt liu no c bit t trc n nay. Vt liu mi ca chng ti thm ch cn tt hn c kim cng thng thng, Natalia Dubrovinskaia, thuc Trng H Bayreuth (c), trng nhm nghin cu cho bit. Theo cc nh nghin cu, vt liu mi ny c mt tim nng rt ln trong ng dng cng nghip. N bn nhit rt cao, c th khoan su hn v mi mn cc vt liu khc tinh vi hn c kim cng. Dubrovinskaia tin rng ngi ta s d dng sn xut i tr vt liu siu bn ny. Cch mng nano trong ng dng y sinh hc

Hinh 4: Vin n nano sinh hc gn vo t bo Cng ngh nano ang pht trin vi tc chng mt v lm thay i din mo ca cc ngnh khoa hc. c bit, ngnh cng ngh mi ny ang to ra mt cuc cch mng trong nhng ng dng y sinh hc nh vo nhng kh nng gip con ngi can thip ti kch thc nanomet (1nanomet bng 1/triu mm) bng nhng vt liu nano c s dng trong chn on v iu tr bnh. Bin c m thnh hin thc

Trong b phim khoa hc vin tng ca M c tiu The fantastic voyage, tm dch l Chuyn du hnh k diu, cc nh in nh M tng tng ra chuyn mt on y bc s dng phng tin thu nh hin i thc hin mt chuyn du hnh trn mt con tu cc nh. H chu du trong cc mch mu, n tng ngc ngch trong c th con ngi sa cha nhng t bo hng hc. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng, chnh cng ngh nano ang bin gi tng thnh hin thc. Trong mt tng lai khng xa, con ngi s ch to ra nhng chic my nano thng minh c kh nng m phng thin nhin, lp ghp cc nguyn t, phn t v lp trnh chng thc hin theo nhng chc nng cn thit, to ra nhng th c ch hoc tiu dit nhng cht c hi. My nano sinh hc c th hon tt nhng th nghim trong vng vi pht thay v vi ngy nh hin nay, thay th cng vic ca c phng bnh l. Khi kch thc ca h sinh vt sng t micromet gim xung ti nanomet, s c kh nng kt hp cc n v sinh hc nh enzym vi cc cu trc nano nhn to. Bng cch kt hp cc enzym v chip sillic, ngi ta c th ch to cc cm bin sinh hc. Cm bin ny c th truyn vo ngi hoc ng vt gim st, theo di sc khe v phng thch liu lng thuc chnh xc. Hin nay, con ngi ch to ra ht nano c c tnh sinh hc v c tc ng ln con ngi y ht nh khng th, tc l chng c th lp trnh truy dit t bo ung th. Cc cht liu t cng ngh nano c th h tr vic chn on bnh tt hay kho st c th, bng cch gn nhng chui DNA vo nhng ht nano c kh nng cm th c tnh sinh hc ca t bo v gi tn hiu ra bn ngoi. Vt liu siu nhun t v ng dng y sinh hc Khi kch thc cc ht ca vt liu t tnh gim n gi tr no (khong vi chc nanomet) s tr thnh vt liu siu nhun t, s c nhng tnh cht c bit cho cc ng dng y sinh hc. Trong t nhin, st l vt liu thng c dng nghin cu lm ht nano t tnh. Cc ht nano t tnh dng trong y sinh hc thng c dng cht lng t, cn gi l nc t, gm 3 phn: ht nano t tnh, cht hot ha b mt v dung mi. Trong ht nano t tnh l thnh phn duy nht quyt nh tnh cht t ca cht lng t. Cc cht hot ha b mt lm ht nano phn tn trong dung mi, trnh kt t v c tc dng che ph ht nano khi s pht hin ca h thng bo v c th, to cc lin kt ha hc. Ht nano t tnh c cc ng dng c ngoi c th v trong c th. Phn tch v chn lc t bo bng vic s dng ht nano t tnh l mt phng php tin tin. Cc thc th sinh hc cn nghin cu s c nh du thng qua cc ht nano t tnh. Cc ht t tnh

c bao ph bi cc cht hot ha, tng t cc phn t trong h min dch, c th to ra cc lin kt vi cc t bo hng cu, t bo ung th, vi khun... Mt t trng bn ngoi s to lc ht cc ht t tnh c mang cc t bo c nh du v gi chng li, cc t bo khng c nh du s thot ra ngoi. Dn truyn thuc bng cc ht t tnh pht trin t nhng nm 1970. l vic s dng ht t tnh nh cc ht mang thuc n v tr cn thit trong c th, gip thu hp phm vi phn b ca cc thuc trong c th lm gim tc dng ph ca thuc v gim lng thuc iu tr. H thuc/ht t tnh to ra cht lng mang t tnh a vo c th thng qua h tun hon. Khi cc ht ny i vo mch mu, ngi ta dng mt t tnh mnh tp trung cc ht vo mt v tr no trn c th. Phng php ny rt thun li trong iu tr u no v vic dn truyn thuc vo u no rt kh khn. Nh s tr gip ca ht nano, vic dn truyn thuc hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Nhng ht nano pht quang khi i vo c th v khu tr, tp trung ti cc vng bnh, kt hp vi k thut thu nhn tn hiu phn x quang hc gip con ngi c th pht hin cc mm bnh v c bin php iu tr kp thi. Mt vi ngnh ng dng mi da trn cng ngh nano Trong phu thut thm m, ang hnh thnh ngnh Cosmetic Nano Surgery (tm dch Nano phu thut thm m). Cc ng dng cng ngh nano ang pht trin trong vi phu thut thm m bc m tha, cng da, xa np nhn, i mu tc... Cc loi kem bi da cha ht nano gip thay i mu da hay ngn chn tia t ngoi d gy ung th da. Ngnh cng ngh mi c tn Nano-bio (tm dch l Sinh hc nano) ang hnh thnh, s to ra nhng vt liu mi to m xng, cc b phn thay th y sinh hc dng cho con ngi nh da, bng thng minh... Ngnh phng sinh hc nano hng n vic ch to nhng vt liu m phng cc kh nng c bit ca cc loi ng thc vt trong t nhin. V d hin tng l sen lun sch s v khng bao gi t l do cu trc b mt c cc ct nh c nanomet, cch nhau khong vi micromet to nn b mt khng thm nc. T cc nh khoa hc sn xut ra vt liu polyme m phng cu trc ca l sen, c kh nng khng thm nc, mang li nhiu ng dng trong y t v i sng. Pht trin nh v bo

Trong vng 20 nm qua, cng ngh nano lun l ngnh khoa hc mi nhn. Mi nm c hng ngn pht minh c cng nhn da trn cng ngh ny. Trn th gii, nhiu chnh ph nhn ra k thut nano sinh hc s l ng c chnh pht trin cng ngh y hc. Ti M, nm 2005, Chnh ph chi 3,5 t USD cho chng trnh c tn Sng kin nano, trong gn 1 t USD c dnh cho sinh hc nano. Vit Nam, hin nay cc nh khoa hc ch to c ht nano t tnh bng cc phng php ha, c hc... v tp trung vo nh hng y sinh hc trong vic phn tch t bo, dn thuc, nung nng cc b... Cc nguyn l v hiu ng dng Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cu trc nano l s ph thuc vo kch thuc. Vt cht khi dng vi th (nano-size) c th c nhng tnh cht m vt cht khi dang nguyn th (bulk) khng th thy uc. Khi kch thuc ca vt cht tr nn nh ti kch thuc nanmt, cc in t khng cn di chuyn trong cht dn in nh mt dng sng, m c tnh c lng t ca cc in t biu hin ra dng sng. Kch thuc nh dn n nhng hin tng lng t mi v to cho vt cht c thm nhng c tnh k th mi. Mt vi h qu ca hiu ng lng t bao gm, chng hn nh: Hiu ng ng hm: in t c th tc thi chuyn ng xuyn qua mt lp cch in. Li im ca hiu ng ny l cc vt liu in t xy dng kch c nano khng nhng c th c ng gi dy c hn trn mt chp m cn c th hot ng nhanh hn, vi t in t hn v mt t nng lng hn nhng transistor thng thng. S thay i ca nhng tnh cht ca vt cht chng hn nh tnh cht in v tnh cht quang phi tuyn (non-linear optical). Bng cch iu chnh kch thuc, vt cht dng vi m c th tr nn khc xa vi vt cht dng nguyn th. Th d: Chm lng t, uc vit tt l QD (quantum dots). Mt QD l mt ht vt cht c kich thuc nh ti mc vic b thm hay ly i mt in t s lm thay i tnh cht ca n theo mt cch hu ch no . Do s hn ch v khng gian (hoc s giam hm) ca nhng in t v l trng trong vt cht (mt l trng hnh thnh do s vng mt ca mt n t; mt l trng hot ng nh l mt in tch dng), hiu ng lng t xut pht v lm cho tnh cht ca vt cht thay i hn i. Khi ta kch thch mt QD, QD cng nh th nng lng v cng pht sng ca n cng tng. V vy m QD l ca ng cho hng lot nhng p dng k thut mi. Hin nay lin h gia tnh cht ca vt cht v kch thc l chng tun theo "nh lut t l" (scaling law). Nhng tnh cht cn bn ca vt cht, chng hn nh nhit nng chy ca mt kim loi, t tnh ca mt cht rn (chng hn nh tnh st t v hin tng t tr), v band gap ca cht bn dn (semiconductor) ph thuc rt nhiu vo kch thc ca tinh th thnh phn, min l chng nm trong gii hn ca kch thc nanmt. Hu ht bt c mt thuc tnh no trong vt rn u kt hp vi mt kch thc c bit, v dui kch thc ny cc tnh cht ca vt cht s thay i. Mi quan h ny m ng cho s sng to ra nhng th h vt cht vi nhng tnh cht mong mun, khng ch bi thay i thnh phn ha hc ca cc cu t, m cn bi s iu chnh kch thuc v hnh dng. Cc thit b dng trong vic nghin cu v quan st cc cu trc nano Mt trong nhng thit b c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh nano l knh hin vi qut s dng hiu ng ng ngm (Scanning Tunneling Microscope - STM). N ch yu bao

gm mt u d cc nh c th qut trn b mt. Tuy nhin, do u d ny ch cch b mt ca vt cn quan st vo khong vi nguyn t v u d c cu trc tinh vi (kch thuc c chng khong vi phn t hoc nguyn t), cho hiu ng c lng t xy ra. Khi u d uc qut trn b mt, do hiu ng ng ngm, cc in t c th vut qua khong khng gian gia b mt ca vt liu v u d. K thut ny lm cho mt my tnh c th xy dng v phng i nhng hnh nh ca phn t v nguyn t ca vt cht. Nhng phng tin dng c khc bao gm: Molecular beam epitaxy Molecular self-assembly Electron beam lithography Focused ion beam Electron microsopy X-ray crystallography NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy AFM (Atomic Force Microsopy) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) iu ch vt liu Nhng k thut lp rp cc vi cu trc thnh nhng kiu mu cu trc c thy nhiu nht trong lnh vc vi in t. Nhng k thut ph bin bao gm quang khc (photolithography),quang khc tia X (X-ray lithography), quang khc chm in t (electron beam lithography), soft lithography, chm ion hi t (focused ion beam), solgel. Cc phng php tnh ton Bn cnh thc nghim, vic nghin cu cc vi cu trc c th c thc hin bng cch s dng php tnh lng t (chng hn nh ho lng t) v m phng (simulation). Phng php ab initio l phng php ph bin nht hin nay. Nhng th d bao gm ab initio molecular dynamics, quantum Monte Carlo, quantum mechanics, vv... Nhng phng php ny c bit hu hiu trong vic tm hiu tnh cht ca vt cht dng vi m bi v nhng vi cu trc ch cha vi nguyn t.