Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

1
Phn 1
M u
1. L do chn ti
Hnh hc phng l mn hc nhm pht trin t duy tng hp, tru tng cho hc sinh
bc PTCS v PTTH. Tch v hng ca hai vect l cng c gii cc bi ton v h
thc lng trong tam gic, xy dng cc cng thc lng gic
Trong nhiu k thi hc sinh gii quc gia, olympc quc t, olympc khu vc, bi ton
hnh hc phng gn nh l bi ton bt buc, nhm pht hin nhng hc sinh c nng
khiu ton hc.
Hin nay, chuyn v cc phng php hnh hc c trnh by dng h thng l
thuyt cng nh cc bi tp ng dng v c phn loi v khi qut mt cch chi tit
theo c trng phng php v cc c th c th.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ging dy, bi dng hc sinh gii Ton thi cc cp, ti
khai thc ba bi ton c bn ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect, trong SGK Hnh hc
lp 10 Nng cao (trang 47-49) v ti vit ti
Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng
2. Nhim v ti - gii hn ti
a. Nhim v ti
Ni dung ti gm hai chng, chng I: Tm tt mt s khi nim c bn v vect;
chng II: Nu ba ng dng ca tch v hng ca hai vect nhm gii c mt s
thi hc sinh gii quc gia ca mt s nc trn th gii, m nu gii bng cc cch khc
th rt kh v phc tp.
b. Gii hn ti
ti ch yu nu bc cc ng dng ca ba bi ton c bn trong sch gio khoa Hnh
hc 10 Nng cao
c. Hng php trin ti
Vic ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect vo gii ton hnh hc phng rt phong ph
v a dng, nh ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect xc nh gi tr ln nht hoc
gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc lng gic khng i xng trong tam gic.
3. Phng php tin hnh
Chng ti thc hin cc phng php sau:
Phng php phn tch, nh gi, d on.
H thng ha cc dng ton ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect gii
4. C s v thi gian tin hnh
Da trn thc t ging dy cc lp chuyn Ton v bi dng i tuyn hc sinh gii
Ton d thi cc cp cc nm hc va qua; trn c s tch ly trong qu trnh son ging v
tham kho kin cc ng nghip, ti c kt vit ti ny.
Trong qu trnh bin son ti nhn c s gip ca cc ng nghip trong t Ton
trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Bnh nh, ng thi cng c s gip ca
GSTSKH Nguyn Vn Mu trng HKHTN HQG H Ni. Ti xin chn thnh cm n v
mong c s gp ca cc ng nghip cho chuyn v hnh hc phng thm phong
ph, c t liu cho vic ging dy v bi dng hc sinh gii Ton ca tnh nh.

Tc gi: Trng Ngc c








Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

2

Phn 2
Ni dung ti

TCH V HNG CA HAI VECT V NG DNG

Chng I- Cc khi nim v nh ngha c bn v vect

I. Cc khi nim v nh ngha

1. Vect l mt on thng c hng, ngha l trong hai im mt ca on thng ch
r im no l im u, im no l im cui.
Vect c im u l A v im cui l B th ta k hiu: AB .
ng thng AB c gi l gi ca vect AB .
Hng hay chiu ca vect AB l hng i t A n B.
di ca vect AB l di on AB, k hiu: / AB /.
2. Vect khng, k hiu: O l vect c im u v im cui trng nhau, c gi ty , c
di bng 0.
3. Hai vect cng tuyn ( cng phng ), nu gi ca chng trng nhau hoc song song
nhau.
4. Hai vect bng nhau ( ) b a = khi v ch khi chng cng hng ( cng phng v cng
chiu ) v c di bng nhau.
5. Hai vect i nhau ( ) b a = khi v ch khi chng ngc hng ( cng phng v
ngc chiu ) v c di bng nhau.
6. Vect t do, k hiu: a , c xc nh bi phng, hng v di (c gc ty ).

II. Cc php ton vect
1. Tng ca hai vect b v a :
Quy tc hnh bnh hnh:










T im O bt k v b OB a OA = = , v dng OABC l hnh bnh hnh:
OC b a OB OA = + = +
Quy tc lin tip:
T im O bt k v b AC a OA = = , th OC b a AC OA = + = +
Ch
Cho n im
n n n n
A A A A A A A A th A A A
1 1 3 2 2 1 2 1
... ,.., , = + + +



2. Hiu ca hai vect

A
B
O
a
b
b a +
C
A
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

3
Cho hai vect b v a . Hiu hai vect b v a , k hiu: ) ( b a b a + = .
Ch
Cho hai im A v B th vi mi im O, ta c: OA OB AB = .

3. Tch ca mt vect vi mt s
Tch ca vect a vi s thc k l mt vect, k hiu: a k. c xc nh:
Nu 0 k th vect a k. cng hng vi vect a
Nu k < 0 th vect a k. ngc hng vi vect a
di vect a k. bng a k .
c bit:

=
=
=
0
0
.
a
k
o a k
3.1 iu kin hai vect cng phng.
Vect b cng phng vi vect ) 0 ( a a khi v ch khi tn ti s thc k sao cho:

|
|
|

\
|
= =
a
b
k a k b , .
3.2 Biu th mt vect qua hai vect khng cng phng.
Cho hai vect khng cng phng b v a , khi mi vect c u c th biu th c
mt cch duy nht qua hai vect b v a , ngha l c duy nht cp s m v n sao cho
b n a m c . . + = .









III. Tch v hng ca hai vect
1. Gc gia hai vect
Cho hai vect b v a u khc vect khng. T mt im O no , ta v cc vect
b OB a OA = = , . Khi s o ca gc AOB c gi l s o ca gc gia hai vect
b v a .
K hiu: ( ) | |
0 0
180 ; 0 , = =< AOB b a
Nu ( )
0
90 , = b a th ta ni hai vect b v a vung gc nhau.
K hiu: b a .
2. nh ngha tch v hng ca hai vect
Tch v hng ca hai vect b v a l mt s, k hiu b a. , xc nh bi:
) , cos( . . . b a b a b a =
c bit:
0 . = = = b a o b o a
O
A
B
a
b
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

4
( ) b a b a b a . . 0 ,
0
= =
( ) b a b a b a . . 180 ,
0
= =
Bnh phng v hng ca mt vect bng bnh phng di ca vect
. Ta c
2 2
. : a a a a a = = .
3. Cc tnh cht ca tch v hng ca hai vect
Vi ba vect ty R l k v c b a , , , , ta c:
3.1 a b b a . . =
3.2 b a b a = 0 .
3.3 ) . .( ) . .( ). . ( b a k b k a b a k = =
3.4 ) . .( ) . .( ) . . ( c a l b a k c l b k a + = +
4. Cc mnh c bn v ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect
Ta xt ba mnh c bn vn dng tch v hng ca hai vect lm nn tng gii
cc bi ton hnh hc chng sau ( y l ba bi ton c bn trong SGK Hnh hc 10
Nng cao, trang 47 - 49).

Mnh 1 Vi bn im phn bit A, B, C, D bt k th
CD AB BD BC AD AC =
2 2 2 2


Chng minh Ta c:

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) CD AB AB DC BD BC AD AC DC
BD BC BD BC AD AC AD AC BD BC AD AC
= +
+ = + =
0 . . 2
2 2 2 2

Mnh 2 ( Cng thc chiu)
Cho hai vect OB v OA , gi B l hnh chiu ca B trn ng thng OA th
/
. . OB OA OB OA = .


B'
B
O
A

Chng minh
Nu <AOB < 90
0
th

/ 0 / /
. 0 cos . . . ) cos( . . . OB OA OB OA OB OA AOB OB OA OB OA = = = =
Nu <AOB 90
0
th

/ 0 / /
. 180 cos . . . ) cos( . . . OB OA OB OA OB OA AOB OB OA OB OA = = = =

Mnh 3 ( Phng tch ca mt im i vi ng trn )
Cho ng trn (O, R) v im M c nh. Mt ng thng bt k i qua M, ct ng
trn ti hai im A v B th tch MB MA. bng hng s ( OM
2
- R
2
).
B

O
A
B
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

5
M
O
C
B
A
A
B
T
O
M

Chng minh
V ng knh BC ca ng trn (O, R). Ta c im A l hnh chiu ca im C trn
ng thng MB. p dng mnh 2, ta c:
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2
. . R d OB MO OB MO OB MO OB MO OC MO MB MC MB MA = = + = + + = =

Vi d = MO.
Ch
Gi tr khng i
2 2
. R d MB MA = ni trong mnh 3, gi l phng tch ca
im M i vi ng trn (O, R).
K hiu: ) ( ,
2 2
) /(
MO d R d P
O M
= =
Khi im M nm ngoi ng trn (O, R), MT l tip tuyn ca ng trn (T l
tip im) th
2
2
) /(
MT MT P
O M
= = .


Chng II. ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect vo gii cc bi ton hnh hc

I.Tnh ton cc yu t hnh hc
s dng tch v hng ca hai vect vo tnh ton cc yu t hnh hc, ta thng
vn dng cc kin thc
Bnh phng v hng ca mt vect:
2
2
AB AB = .
( ) ( ) 0 . 90 ; 0 ,
0 0
> b a b a
( ) ( ) 0 . 180 ; 90 ,
0 0
< b a b a

Trong cc bi ton sau, ta s dng k hiu quen thuc: tam gic ABC c trng tm G,
trc tm H, tm ng trn ngoi tip O v bn knh R, tm ng trn ni tip I v bn
knh r, di BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. V mt s h thc c bn trong tam gic ABC:
1. MG MC MB MA M v o GC GB GA 3 : = + + = + +
2. o IC c IB b IA a = + + . . . v MI c b a MC c MB b MA a M ) ( . . . : + + = + +
3. Vi im M bt k: MA
2
+ MB
2
+ MC
2
= GA
2
+ GB
2
+ GC
2
+ 3 MG
2
.

Bi ton 1
Cho tam gic ABC. Tnh khong cch t trng tm G ca tam gic n O l tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic theo di cc cnh ca tam gic v bn knh R ca ng trn
ngoi tip.



Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

6
Nhn xt
tnh c OG theo a, b, c v R ta ch cn xc nh c h thc vect OG lin h
vi cc vect OC OB OA , , .

Li gii
T h thc MG MC MB MA M 3 : = + + , chn M trng O, ta c
OC OB OA OG + + = . 3
Bnh phng v hng hai v ca ng thc vect trn, ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
9
3
. . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . 9
CA BC AB R
OA OC OA OC OC OB OC OB OB OA OB OA R
OA OC OC OB OB OA OC OB OA OG
+ + =

+ +

+ +

+ + =
+ + + + + =
Vy ( )
2 2 2 2 2
. 9 . 9 c b a R OG + + = (1)

Nhn xt
V
2 2 2 2 2
9 ) 1 ( , 0 R c b a OG + + , du ng thc xy ra khi tam gic ABC u.
Hon ton tng t, s dng cc ng thc vect trong tam gic v bnh phng
v hng ca vect, ta cng tnh c di OI, IH theo di cnh ca tam
gic v bn knh R ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic:

c b a
c b a
R IH
c b a
c b a
R OI
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
=
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
4 ,
. .

Bi ton 2
Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC vi cc cnh BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
Chng minh rng: 1
2 2 2
= + +
ab
IC
ca
IB
bc
IA
.
Li gii
Trong tam gic ABC vi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic, ta c ng thc vect:
o IC c IB b IA a = + + . . . .
Bnh phng v hng hai v ca ng thc, ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) c b a c b a IC c IB b IA a c b a
IA IC IA IC a c IC IB IC IB c b IB IA IB IA b a
IC c IB b IA a IA IC a c IC IB c b IB IA b a IC c IB b IA a
+ + + + + + =

+ +

+ +

+ +
+ + + = + + + + + =
. . . . .
. . .
. . . . . . 2 . . . 2 . . . 2 . . . 0
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

T chia hai v cho a.b.c(a+b+c), ta c: 1
2 2 2
= + +
ab
IC
ca
IB
bc
IA
.
Nhn xt
Hon ton tng t, da vo cc ng thc vect trong tam gic, ta cng c cc ng
thc v di cc yu t trong tam gic.

Bi ton 3
Hy xc nh gc gia hai ng cho ca t gic ABCD, bit di cc cnh v hai
ng cho.
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

7
A
D
C
B


Li gii
p dng nh ngha tch v hng ca hai vect, ta c:
( )
DB AC
DB AC
DB AC
.
.
, cos = (1)
Ly im O bt k, ta c:

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ) 2 (
. . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 2 . . 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
AD BC CD AB OD OC OD OC
OB OA OB OA OD OA OD OA OC OB OC OB
OB OA OD OC OD OA OC OB OD OB OA OC DB AC
+ =

+ +

+ =
+ = =

T (1) v (2) suy ra: ( )
DB AC
AD BC CD AB
DB AC
.
, cos
2 2 2 2
+
=

Bi ton 4
Chng minh rng tam gic ABC c hai ng trung tuyn ng vi cnh AB v BC vung
gc nhau th .
5
4
cos B

C
1
A
1
B
A
C

Li gii
Gi A
1
v C
1
ln lt l trung im cnh BC v BA.
t a c CC v c a A c BA a BC = = = =
2
1
2
1
,
1 1
.
Theo gi thit AA
1
vung gc CC
1
, nn ta c:

|

\
|
+ = = |

\
|
|

\
|

2 2
5
2
. 0
2
1
2
1
c a c a a c c a
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

8
M
5
4
.
.
.
5
4
.
.
5
2
.
.
cos
2 2
=
+
= =
c a
c a
c a
c a
c a
c a
B .
Du ng thc xy ra khi tam gic ABC cn ti B.

Bi ton 5
Cho hnh vung ABCD ni tip ng trn (O, R). MN l mt ng knh bt k ca
ng trn (O, R).
1. Chng minh rng: MA
4
+ MB
4
+ MC
4
+ MD
4
= NA
4
+ NB
4
+ NC
4
+ ND
4
.
2. Chng minh rng khi im M chy trn ng trn (O, R) th tng
S = MA
4
+ MB
4
+ MC
4
+ MD
4
khng i.

M
O
A D
B
C

Li gii
1.Ta c:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
. 8
. 2 . 4
R
OD OC OB OA OM OM OD OC OB OA
OM OD OM OC OM OB OM OA MD MC MB MA
=
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + = + + +

Tng t:
2 2 2 2 2
. 8 R ND NC NB NA = + + +
T suy ra:
) 1 ( 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + ND MD NC MC NB MB NA MA
V ) 2 ( . 4 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R ND MD NC MC NB MB NA MA = + = + = + = +
Nhn (2) cho (1) th ta c
MA
4
+ MB
4
+ MC
4
+ MD
4
= NA
4
+ NB
4
+ NC
4
+ ND
4
.
2. Gi s M nm trn cung AD, gi = < AOM .
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2 4 4
2
4
2 2 4
2 2
4
2 2
2
2 2 4 4
cos . 8 8 . 8 8
. 2 2 . 2 2 2 16
2 16
. . 2
R R OM OA R
OM OA R OM OA R R
ON OA OM OA R
NA MA NA MA NA MA
+ = + =
+ =
=
+ = +

Tng t, ta cng c:
( ) ) 90 ( cos . 8 8 . 8 8
0 2 4 4
2
4 4 4
+ + = + = + R R OM OB R NB MB
( ) ) 180 ( cos . 8 8 . 8 8
0 2 4 4
2
4 4 4
+ = + = + R R OM OC R NC MC
( ) ) 90 ( cos . 8 8 . 8 8
0 2 4 4
2
4 4 4
+ = + = + R R OM OD R ND MD
V: 2 ) 90 ( cos ) 180 ( cos ) 90 ( cos cos
0 2 0 2 0 2 2
= + + + +
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

9
Vy t cc ng thc trn:
4 4 4 4 4
. 24 R MD MC MB MA = + + +
Nhn xt
T phng php gii bi ton trn ta nhn thy mi a gic u ni tip trong
ng trn th tng bnh phng hoc tng ly tha bn khong cch t mt im
M bt k trn ng trn n cc nh ca a gic khng ph thuc v tr im M.
V d. Cho tam gic ABC u ni tip trong ng trn (O, R). Chng minh rng
khi im M chy trn ng trn (O, R) th tng:
S = MA
4
+ MB
4
+ MC
4
khng i.

II. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc

Trong phn ny ch yu ta s dng kin thc:
b a b a = 0 . .
Vi bn im A, B, C, D bt k: CD AB BD BC AD AC =
2 2 2 2


Bi ton 1
Cho tam gic ABC khng cn. ng trn tm I ni tip tam gic ABC, tip xc cc cnh
BC, CA, AB tng ng ti A
1
, B
1
v C
1
. Gi P l giao im ca BC vi B
1
C
1
. Chng minh
rng IP vung gc AA
1
.

C
1
B
1
A
1
P
I
C B
A

Li gii
Gi H l giao im ca AI vi B
1
C
1
. Xt tch v hng ca hai vect:

( ) ( ) ( )
0 . . . .
. . . .
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
= = = + + =
+ + + = + =
IA IB IA AI HI IA IA PA AI HI AI PH
IA I A PA AI HI PH IA AI PI AA PI

Vy IP vung gc vi AA
1
.

Bi ton 2(2005-USSR)
Cho tam gic ABC nhn; AA
1
, BB
1
l hai ng cao, A l trung im BC, B l trung
im CA, C l giao im ca AB v A
1
B
1
; O l tm ng trn ngoi tip v H l trc
tm ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng: OH vung gc vi CC.

Nhn xt
chng minh c: ' CC OH , ta phi chng minh:
1 1
B A OC v Tam gic CA
1
B
1

ng dng tam gic CBA.

Li gii
Gi CD l ng knh ca ng trn (O) ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Ta c: <BAC = <BDC = <CA
1
B
1
( T gic ABA
1
B
1
ni tip)
V <BDC + <DCB = 90
0

Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

10
H
C'
B'
B
A
1
B
1
O
A'
A
C
Suy ra:
1 1
B A OC
Mt khc Tam gic CA
1
B
1
ng dng tam gic CBA(g-g)
Suy ra: CB
1
.CB = CA
1
.CA (1)
Xt tch v hng ca hai vect:
( ) ( ) ( )
(*) . . ' . ' . ' '
. ' . ' ' ' . ' ' .
1 1
1 1
CO C A CO A C HC C B HC B C
CO C A A C HC C B B C CO HC C C C C HO
+ + + =
+ + + = + =

D
O
B
1
A
1
A
C
B


Theo gi thit: 0 ' . 0 ' ' . ' '
1 1 1
= = A C CO B A OC v C B HC B A HC
Vy t (*), ta c CO C A HC C B C C HO . . ' ' .
1
+ = (**)
p dng mnh 2, t (**) v (1), ta c:
0 . ' ' . . ' . ' .
1 1 1
= = = CA CA CB CB CA CO CB CH C C HO
Vy ' CC OH .

Bi ton 3(1997-USA)
Cho tam gic ABC v dng cc tam gic cn BCD, CAE v ABF nm bn ngoi tam gic
ABC vi BC, CA v AB l cc cnh y. Chng minh rng cc ng thng qua A, B, C
tng ng vung gc vi EF, FD, DE th ng qui.

Nhn xt
chng minh FE, FD, ED ng qui, ta gi P l giao im ca ng thng qua B
vung gc vi FD vi ng thng qua C vung gc vi DE, ta cn chng minh PA
vung gc vi FE.



A
B
C
D
E
F
P

Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

11
Li gii
Gi P l giao im ca ng thng qua B vung gc vi FD vi ng thng qua C
vung gc vi DE.
p dng mnh 1v s dng tch cht cc tam gic cn, ta c:
) 1 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
CD AF BD BF PD PF FD PB = =
) 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
AE CD CE CD PE PD DE PC = =
T (1) v (2) suy ra: FE PA AE AF PE PF =
2 2 2 2
(pcm).

Bi ton 4 (1995-USSR)
Cho t gic li ABCD tha iu kin AB = AD v <ABC = <CDA = 90
0
. im F v E nm
trn ng thng BC v CD tng ng sao cho DF vung gc vi AE. Chng minh rng
AF vung gc vi BE.
A
B
D
C
E F


Li gii
p dng mnh 1 v t gi thit, ta c:
) 1 (
2 2 2 2
EF ED AF AD DF AE =
) 2 (
2 2 2
BF AF AB BF AB =
) 3 (
2 2 2
DE AE AD DE AD =
Ly (1) - (2) + (3) ta c ( vi ch AD = AB )
BE AF FE FB AE AB =
2 2 2 2
(pcm)


Bi ton 5
Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, im P nm trn tia BC; im X, Y nm trn tia BA v AC
sao cho PX // AC v PY // AB. AT l ng knh ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Chng minh rng PT vung gc vi XY.
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

12

T
O
C
Y
P
X
A
B

Li gii
Theo tnh cht gc ni tip na ng trn, ta c:
) 1 (
2 2 2
BT BX TX BT AB + =
) 2 (
2 2 2 2 2
CY BT CY TC TY CT AC + = + =
T (1) v (2) suy ra: ) 3 (
2 2 2 2
CY BX TY TX =
Mt khc: PX // AC, suy ra: BX = PX (4)
V PY // AB, suy ra: CY = PY (5)
Th (4), (5) vo (3), ta c: XY TP PY PX TY TX =
2 2 2 2
(pcm).

Bi ton 6
Cho tam gic ABC, im M thuc tia AB, N thuc tia CB sao cho AM = CN = p
( vi p l na chu vi ca tam gic ABC ). im I l tm ng trn ni tip v BK l
ng knh ca ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng IK vung gc
MN.

Li gii
Gi E, F l im tip xc ca ng trn (I) vi cnh AB v BC tng ng. BK l ng
knh ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC, ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 1 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB BC KC KB KB KA
KC KA CN KC AM KA KN KM CN CK v AM AK
= + =
= + + =

Hon ton tng t, ta cng c
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 2 (
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CF CN AE AM
FN EM FN IF EM IE IN IM FN IF v EM IE
=
= + + =


Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

13

N
O
K
I
M
A C
B
F
E

Mt khc, theo gi thit ta cn c:

) 3 (
2 2
2 2
AB
BC AB CA CA BC AB
CF CN
BC
CA BC AB CA BC AB
AE AM
=
+

+ +
=
=
+

+ +
=

T (1), (2) v (3), ta c: MN IK IN IM KN KM =
2 2 2 2
(pcm).

Bi ton 7 (2007-England)
Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC, P l im nm trong mt phng tam gic ABC khc A, B,
C. Cc im L, M, N ln lt l chn ng vung gc h t H n ng thng PA, PB,
PC. Gi X, Y, Z ln lt l giao im ca LH, MH, NH vi BC, CA v AB. Chng minh
rng ba im X, Y, Z thng hng.

Nhn xt
chng minh X, Y, Z thng hng, ta chng minh XZ HP v XY HP

Li gii
p dng mnh 1 v t gi thit ta c:
) 1 (
2 2 2 2
HA HP XA XP PA HL XH =
) 2 (
2 2 2 2
HB HX AB AX AH CB XB =
) 3 (
2 2 2 2
HY HA BY BA AY AC BH =
) 4 (
2 2 2 2
HP HB YP YB BP MH YH =
Cng (1), (2), (3) v (4), ta c:
(*)
2 2 2 2
XY HP HY HX YP XP =
Hon ton tng t, ta cng c: (**) XZ HP
T (*) v (**) suy ra ba im X, Y, Z thng hng.

Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

14

P
Z
Y
X
H
A
B C



Bi ton 8
Cho tam gic ABC v ba ng cao AA, BB, CCng quy ti H; ng BC ct BC ti
K, M l trung im BC.
Chng minh rng: AM KH

Nhn xt
Ta nhn thy cc im A, M, B, C nm trn ng trn ler ca tam gic ABC, nn vn
dng mnh 3, ta s gii c bi ton.

M
H
C
B A'
A
B'
C'
K

Li gii
Gi O
1
, O
2
ln lt l trung im HM, HA.
Xt hai ng trn ng knh HM v HA ( p dng mnh 3), ta c:

2
1
2
1
. ' HO KO KM KA = (1)

2
2
2
2
' . ' HO KO KC KB = (2)
Mt khc A, M, B, C nm trn ng trn ler, ta c:
' . ' . ' KC KB KM KA = (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra:
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
O O KH HO KO HO KO =
M O
1
O
2
// AM, do AM KH .


Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

15
Bi ton 9 (2001-China)
Cho tam gic ABC nhn, O l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic v ba ng cao AD,
BE, CF gp nhau ti H. Gi M, N ln lt l giao im ca ED vi AB v FD vi AC.
Chng minh rng: MN OH v DE OC DF OB , .

Nhn xt
T cc t gic AFDC v ABDE s dng cc gc ni tip ta s chng minh c
DE OC DF OB , . Nhng chng minh c MN OH ta phi bit s dng k thut
ca mnh 1.

H
O
N
M
F
A
B C
D
E


Li gii
Theo gi thit ta c t gic ACDF ni tip:
<BAC = <BDF v <OBC = 90
0
- <BAC = 90
0
- <BDF
Suy ra: <OBC + <BDF = 90
0
.
Vy DF OB
Chng minh hon ton tng t, ta cng c: DE OC
Ta cn chng minh: MN OH
p dng mnh 1, ta c:
) 1 (
2 2 2 2
AH AC MH MC CH MA =
) 2 (
2 2 2 2
AH AB NH NB BH NA =
) 3 (
2 2 2 2
AC AB DC DB BC DA =
) 4 (
2 2 2 2
OD ON BD BN ND DF BO =
) 5 (
2 2 2 2
OD OM CD CM MD DE CO =
Ly (1) - (2) + (3) +(4) - (5) v theo v, ta c:
MN OH OM ON HM HN =
2 2 2 2
(pcm)

Bi ton 10 (2007-USA)
Cho tam gic ABC. Dng hai tam gic PAB v QAC nm bn ngoi tam gic ABC tha
mn: PA = AB, QA = AC v <BAP = <CAQ. Gi R l giao im ca BQ v CP, O l tm
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BCR.
Chng minh rng: PQ OA .
Nhn xt
y l mt bi ton c rt nhiu cch gii khc nhau, nhng s dng phng tch v p
dng mnh 1 ta s c li gii ngn gn, bng cch chng minh hai t gic (APBR),
(AQCR) ni tip

Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

16

Li gii
Ta c hai tam gic APC v ABQ ng dng (g-g)
Suy ra <APR = <APC = <ABQ = <ABR
Vy APBR ni tip.
A
B
C
P
Q
F
E
R
O


Tng t AQCR cng ni tip.
Gi F l giao im ca PA vi ng trn (ARCQ) v E l giao im ca QA vi ng
trn (ARBP); v r l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BCR. p dng mnh 3, ta
c:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 1 ( . .
. . . .
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
AE QA AF PA QA PA AE QA QA AF PA PA
QE QA PF PA QB QR PC PR
r OQ r OP OQ OP
+ = + + =
= =
=

Mt khc hai tam gic APE v AQF ng dng (g-g), ta c:PA.AF = QA.AE (2)
T (1) v (2), ta suy ra:
PQ OA AQ AP OQ OP =
2 2 2 2
(pcm).
Nhn xt
Nh vy t bi ton 3 n bi ton 10, ta ch yu s dung mnh 1 chng minh
vung gc hoc thng hng.

III. Cc bi ton cc tr hnh hc
gii mt s bi ton v cc tr hnh hc ngoi cc phng php i s, ta cn c th
s dng phng php vect, ch yu ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect rt hiu qu.
C s l thuyt vn dng gii cc bi ton cc tr hnh hc bng phng php vect:
0 :
2 2
= a a a , du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi o a = .
b a b a b a . . : , , du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b a .
b a b a b a . . : , , du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi b a v b a b a . . .


Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

17
Bi ton 1
Chng minh rng vi mi t gic li ABCD, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
BD AC DA BC CD AB + + + +

A
D
C
B

Li gii
t: f BD e AC d DA c CD b BC a AB = = = = = = , , , , , ; trong :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) 1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
d b c a d c b a f e
a d c b d c b a f e
f a d
f c b
e d c
e b a
+ + + + + + = +
+ + + + + + + =
|

\
|
+

= +
= +
= +
= +

Mt khc ( ) ( ) 2 d b c a o d c b a + = + = + + +
Thay (2) vo (1), ta c:

( )
) 3 ( . . 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
d b c a
d b d c b a f e
+ =
+ + + + = +

V
( )
) 4 ( . . 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c a d b
c a d c b a f e
+ =
+ + + + = +

t (3) v (4), suy ra:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
. . 2 . . 2
. . 2 . 2 ) ( 2
d b c a d b c a d c b a
c a d b d c b a f e
+ + + = + + + + +
+ + + = +
(pcm)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABCD l hnh ch nht.

Bi ton 2
Cho ng trn (O, R). Xt tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R). Xc nh gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc: S = AB
2
+ BC
2
CA
2
.

Nhn Xt
Tam gic ABC c ba nh chy trn ng trn c nh (O, R), im O c nh. Do ta
biu din cc vect c gc l O v tnh gi tr nh nht S theo bn knh R.


Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

18
Li gii
Ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) (*) . . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
R OC OB OA R OA OC OC OB OB OA R
OC OA OB OC OA OB CA BC AB S
+ + = + =
+ = + =

Vy min(S) = -R
2
khi + = OC OA OB Tam gic ABC cn ti B v <B = 120
0
.

Nhn xt
S dng nh l hm s sin cho tam gic ABC th bt ng thc (*) tr thnh bt ng
thc lng gic trong tam gic:
4
1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ C B A .
Bi ton 3
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R) v G l trng tm ca tam gic.
Chng minh rng:
R
c b a
GC GB GA
3
2 2 2
+ +
+ + . Trong a = BC, b = CA, c = AB.
Nhn xt
Ta s dng ng thc c bn trong tam gic:
Vi mi im M nm trong mt phng tam gic ABC, ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 3 GM GC GB GA MC MB MA + + + = + +
Khi ( ) ( ) (*)
3
1
9
1
:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a GC GB GA c b a R OG O M + + = + + + + = .
Li gii.
Ta c: ( ) ) 1 ( . . . . .
2
GO GA GA GO GA GA OA GA OA GA R GA = = =
Tng t (1): ) 2 ( . .
2
GO GB GB R GB
) 3 ( . .
2
GO GC GC R GC
Cng (1), (2) v (3): ( ) ) (
3
1
.
2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a GC GB GA R GC GB GA + + = + + + +
T suy ra:
R
c b a
GC GB GA
3
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.

Bi ton 4 (1993-VMO)
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R), G l trng tm tam gic ABC. ng AG,
BG, CG ct ng trn (O, R) ln lt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
.
Chng minh rng:
R GC GB GA
3 1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + .
Li gii
p dng mnh 3, phng tch ca mt im i vi ng trn, ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3
1
. . . GC GB GA OG R GC GC GB GB GA GA + + = = = = (1)
p dng (1) vo biu thc sau:

R GC GB GA
GC GB GA
OG R
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
3
3
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1

+ +
+ +
=

+ +
= + + ( theo bi ton 3)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.

Nhn xt
C th m rng cho bi ton: Cho t din ABCD ni tip mt cu (O, R) vi G l
trng tm t din. ng AG, BG, CG, DG ln lt ct mt cu ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
v
D
1
. Chng minh rng:
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

19

R GD GC GB GA
4 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ + +
Vi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC v A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt l giao im
ca AI, BI, CI vi ng trn (O, R) ngoi tip tam gic ABC th ta cng c bt
ng thc:
R
c b a
IC
c
IB
b
IA
a + +
+ +
1 1 1
.
Trong : a = BC, b = CA, c = AB.

Bi ton 5
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R), G l trng tm tam gic ABC. ng AG,
BG, CG ct ng trn (O, R) ln lt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
.
Chng minh rng:
1.
1 1 1
. . . . GC GB GA GC GB GA
2.
GC GB GA GC GB GA
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + + +
3.
1 1 1
GC GB GA GC GB GA + + + +

Li gii
1. p dng mnh 3, phng tch ca mt im i vi ng trn, ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3
1
. . . GC GB GA OG R GC GC GB GB GA GA + + = = = =
Suy ra: ( )
3
2 2 2 3 2 2
1 1 1
27
1
) ( . . . . . GC GB GA OG R GC GC GB GB GA GA + + = = (1)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
) 2 ( . .
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
GC GB GA
GC GB GA

|
|

\
| + +

T (1) v (2), suy ra: GC GB GA GC GB GA . . . .
1 1 1

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.

2. Ta c: ( )
2 2 2 2 2
) ( 3 GC GB GA OG R + + =
Do :
( ) ( )
( ) ) 3 (
9
.
9
1
1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
OG R
+ + =
+ +
+ +
|

\
|
+ + + + =
|

\
|
+ +


1 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
GC GB GA OG R
GC GB GA
GC GB GA
+ + =

+ +
+ + (pcm).
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
3. p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxiki, ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
) 4 ( . . . 3
9 3
1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
GC GC GB GB GA GA OG R GC GB GA
OG R GC GB GA GC GB GA
+ + = + +
= + + + +

p dng Cauchy, ta li c:
) 5 (
2 2 2
. . .
1 1 1
1 1 1
GC GC GB GB GA GA
GC GC GB GB GA GA
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
T (4) v (5), suy ra:
1 1 1
GC GB GA GC GB GA + + + + .
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

20

Nhn xt
Vi cch gii hon ton tng t nh trn cho bi ton: Cho t din ABCD ni tip
mt cu (O, R) vi G l trng tm t din. ng AG, BG, CG, DG ln lt ct
mt cu ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
v D
1
. Chng minh rng:
1.
1 1 1 1
. . . . . . GD GC GB GA GD GC GB GA
2.
GD GC GB GA GD GC GB GA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ + + + + +
3.
1 1 1 1
GD GC GB GA GD GC GB GA + + + + + +
Nu s dng cc bt ng thc i s, t cc bi ton trn ta s c v s bi ton
cc tr hnh hc kh. Chng hn:Vi gi thit bi ton trn, ta cn chng minh
c:

GD GC GB GA GD GC GB GA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ + + + + +
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

21
Phn 3
Kt lun

1. Mt s kt lun thc tin
Trong qu trnh ging dy cc lp chuyn Ton v bi dng i tuyn hc sinh gii
tham gia thi hc sinh gii cc cp, ti son ging theo tng chuyn nh chuyn
Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng , to iu kin cho hc sinh d tip thu, t
to nim say m yu thch v khm ph mn Ton cho cc em c nng khiu Ton.
T nhng khi nim v nh l c bn v vect c trong chng trnh SGK THPT,
chng ta vn dng kho lo gii quyt c mt s bi: tnh ton cc yu t hnh hc;
chng minh hai ng thng vung gc, ba ng thng ng qui, ba im thng hng
v chng minh c mt s bt ng thc hnh hc. T cho chng ta thy c nu
bit s dng, khai thc cc kin thc c trong SGK THPT lm nn tng ging dy th s
pht trin tr tu ca hc sinh s tt hn.
Kt qu ging dy, bi dng hc sinh gii thi cp tnh v cp quc gia cc dng ton
trn, cc em trong i Ton u lm t kt qu. Trong nm hc 2009-2010, lp 12 Ton
do ti phc trch ging dy c 3 em t gii hc sinh gii cp tnh mn Ton lp 12 (2
gii ba v 1 gii khuyn khch ), mt em t gii khuyn khch cp quc gia; cn lp 10
Ton ti cng tham gia ging dy c 6 em t gii cp tnh lp 11 v 2 em t huy
chng vng Olympic 30/04.
2. Li ch v kh nng vn dng
Theo ti ngh nhng hc sinh c hc cc lp chuyn Ton, nu cc em c
hng dn v say m tip tc theo hc ngnh Ton bc i hc th cc em s c iu
kin pht huy v lnh hi c nhng kin thc Ton hin i.
Qua vic vit chuyn ny, ti mun gp mt phn nh vo t liu v ng dng vect
gii Ton hnh hc cho hc sinh hc cc lp chuyn Ton hoc hc sinh yu Ton
tham kho. V cc bn c th tm thy cc cch gii mt s bi ton trn nhng iu
th v, to cho mnh thch th mun khm ph v cc bi ton gii bng phng php
vect.
3. xut, kin ngh
Trn y ch l mt s kinh nghim ca bn thn ti, trong qu trnh tham kho tm ti
dng ging dy cho hc sinh cc lp chuyn Ton. ti ch cp n vic vn
dng ba bi ton c bn trong bi hc Tch v hng ca hai vect trong SGK Hnh hc
10 Nng cao.
Trong ti cha nu ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect trong vic chng minh cc
bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic, nht l cc bt ng thc lng gic khng i
xng trong tam gic.

Cho nn, ti ny chc chn cn c b sung hon thin trong qu trnh bi dng
hc sinh gii Ton. Ti rt mong c nhn nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc ng
nghip.
Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

22
TI LIU THAM KHO
1/ Tp ch: Mathematical Excalibur - October - 2007
2/ Cc chuyn bi dng h cho gio vin ca trng HKHTN - H Ni.
3/ Tp ch Ton hc & tui tr
4/ thi Olympic ca cc nc.

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Trng Ngc c Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng

23

Nhn xt ca HKH trng THPT chuyn L Qu n
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Xp loi: .

Quy Nhn, ngy ..thng..nm 2010.
Ch tch HKH







Nhn xt ca HKH S Gio dc- o to Bnh nh
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Xp loi: .

Quy Nhn, ngy ..thng..nm 2010.
Ch tch HKH