Ly Thuyet Va Bai Tap Hoa Hoc 11

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh
GV: Nguyn Ph Hot Page 1

L THUYT V BI TP
HA HC 11 C BN V NNG CAO

I. L DO CHN TI
Mc tiu xuyn sut ca ngi gio vin trong ging dy Ha hc l gip hc sinh
nm vng c tnh cht, cch iu ch ca cc cht cng nh vn dng l thuyt hc
vo vic trin khai cc bi tp Ha hc. Tuy nhin lng l thuyt trong SGK qu nhiu,
bi tp cn hn ch nn hc sinh kh c th nm vng c phn l thuyt trng tm v
vn dng thnh tho gii cc bi tp kh. Mt khc, Ha hc lp 11 chim mt lng
kin thc rt ln trong cc k thi quc gia (nht l k thi tuyn sinh vo i hc - cao
ng).
Xut pht t nhng thc t v mt s kinh nghin trong ging dy b
mn ha hc, ti thy c cht lng gio dc b mn ha hc cao, ngi gio vin
ngoi pht huy tt cc phng php dy hc tch cc, bi tp SGK th gio vin cn b
sung thm cc bi tp ha hc nng cao (nht l thi i hc trong cc nm) nhm pht
huy tnh tch cc, sng to ca hc sinh, to nim tin, nim vui, hng th trong hc tp b
mn. T nhng l do ti chn ti: L THUYT V BI TP HA HC 11 C
BN V NNG BAO, p dng cho chng trnh ha hc lp 11 chng trnh SGK 11
c bn.
II. MC CH NGHIN CU
Xy dng h thng bi tp ha hc 11 t d n kh ph hp vi hc sinh
Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh.
III. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU
III.1. I TNG
Hc sinh trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh.
III.2. PHM VI
- H thng l thuyt ha hc lp 11 theo chng trnh SGK lp 11 c bn.
- H thng cc bi tp SGK lp 11, cc bi tp sch tham kho v cc cu hi
trong thi i hc t 2007 - 2011.
IV. GI THUYT KHOA HC
Nu vn dng tt h thng l thuyt v cc bi tp t c bn n nng cao s gip
hc sinh nm vng l thuyt v trin khai c cc bi tp kh trong cc sch tham kho
v cc thi i hc trong cc nm qua.
V. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Nghin cu SGK ha hc lp 11, sch tham kho v cc thi i hc trong cc
nm t 2007 - 2011.
Nghin cu thc trng dy - hc ha hc lp 11 Trng THPT Nguyn Ch
Thanh.
Lit k l thuyt trng tm, bi tp SGK lp 11, cc bi tp sch tham kho v
cc thi i hc trong nhng nm t 2007 - 2011.
VI. CU TRC TI
1. Phn l thuyt trng tm cc chng (bm st SGK)
2. Phn hng dn gii cc dng bi tp thng gp (c v d)
3. Phn bi tp t gii
a. Phn bi tp c bn
b. Phn bi tp nng cao


CHUYN I. CHNG I: S IN LI
A. PHN L THUYT TRNG TM
I. S IN LI
- S in li l qu trnh cc cht tan trong nc ra ion.
- Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ha tan u phn li ra ion.
+ Nhng cht in li mnh: Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
. . .cc baz mnh: KOH,
NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
. . .v hu ht cc mui.
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

Ba(OH)
2
Ba
2+
+ 2OH
-

- Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt s phn t ha tan phn li ra ion, phn t
cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.
+ Nhng cht in li yu: L cc axit yu: CH
3
COOH, HClO, HF, H
2
Scc baz yu:
Mg(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
. . .
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+

II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI
1. Axit
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H
+
.
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

- Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H
+
: HCl, HNO
3
, CH
3
COOH . . .
- Axit nhiu nc: phn li nhiu nc ra ion H
+
: H
3
PO
4
. . .
2. Baz
- Theo A-re-ni-ut: Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H
+
.
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

3. Hidroxit lng tnh
- Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn
li nh baz.
Th d: Zn(OH)
2
l hidroxit lng tnh
Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)
2

Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-

Phn li theo kiu axit: Zn(OH)
2

2-
2
ZnO + 2H
+

4. Mui
- Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation
+
4
NH ) v anion l
gc axit.
- Th d: NH
4
NO
3

+
4
NH +
-
3
NO
NaHCO
3
Na
+
+
-
3
HCO
III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ
- Tch s ion ca nc l
2
+ - -14
H O
K =[H ].[OH ] =1,0.10 ( 25
0
C). Mt cch gn ng, c th coi
gi tr ca tch s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau.
- Cc gi tr [H
+
] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng
Mi trng trung tnh: [H
+
] = 1,0.10
-7
M hoc pH = 7
Mi trng axit: [H
+
] > 1,0.10
-7
M hoc pH < 7
Mi trng kim: [H
+
] < 1,0.10
-7
M hoc pH > 7
IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI
1. iu kin xy ra phn ng
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp li vi
nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:
+ Cht kt ta:
BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
Ba
2+
+
2-
4
SO BaSO
4

+ Cht bay hi:
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O

2-
3
CO + 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O

+ Cht in li yu:
CH
3
COONa + HCl CH
3
COOH + NaCl
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
CH
3
COOH
2. Bn cht phn ng
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.

B. PHN HNG DN GII
I. Cc cng thc lin quan khi gii bi tp ca chng
1. Cc PT ion thu gn thng gp
- H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
-
-
-
-
- V cc PT ion thu khc lin quan. Nn khi gii ton da vo PT ion thu gn, cc em
cn a ra c PT ion thu gn vic gii bi tp ha hc c nhanh hn.
2. Cc CT thng gp khi gii bi tp chng s in li
- [H
+
] = 10
-a
(mol/l) a = pH
- pH = -lg[H
+
]
- [H
+
].[OH
-
] = 10
-14

-14
+
-
10
[H ]=
[OH ]

3. nh lut bo ton in tch

II. Bi tp vn dng
V d 1: Trn 100 ml dung dch HNO
3
0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0.05M thu c dung
dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong A.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0.1M trung ha dung dch A.

Gii

a.
3
HNO
n = 0.1*0.1 = 0.01 (mol) ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0.1*0.05 = 0.005 (mol)
+
2
2 4 3 3 2 4
4 3
H SO HNO HNO H SO
SO NO H
n = n = 0.005 (mol); n = n = 0.01 (mol); n = n + 2n = 0.02 (mol)
2
3 4
0.01 0.005 0.02
[NO ] = = 0.05(M); [SO ] = = 0.025(M); [H ] = = 0.1(M)
0.2 0.2 0.2
+

b.
1
0.02
[H ] = = 0.1(M) = 10 (M) pH = 1
0.2
+

c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau:
* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta hay lm nht t trc n nay l vit PTHH ri tnh ton
da vo PTHH.
HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
0.01 0.01
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
0.005 0.01
NaOH
NaOH
M
n 0.02
V = = = 0.2 (lit)
C 0.1

* Cch 2: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th vn dng cch gii da vo PT ion thu gn gii. y
l cch gii ch yu m ta s dng khi gii cc dng bi tp v axit - baz cng nh cc dng bi
tp khc khi s dng PT ion thu gn.
2 2
4 4
Ba + SO BaSO
+
|
4 3 2
NH + OH NH + H O
+
|
2
3 3
3 2 2
H + CO HCO
H + HCO CO + H O
+
+

n
n
M + nOH M(OH)
+
|
in tch dng in tch m =


Bn cht ca hai phn ng trn l:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
0.02 0.02
NaOH NaOH
OH
0.02
n = n = 0.02 (mol) V = = 0.2 (lit)
0.1

V d 2: Dung dch X cha NaOH 0.1M, KOH 0.1M v Ba(OH)
2
0.1M. Tnh th tch dung dch
HNO
3
0.2M trung ha 100 ml dung dch X.
Gii
Bi ny ta c th gii bng cc cch khc nhau, tuy nhin ta ang hc da vo PT ion thu gn
gii bi tp, nn TI s hng dn gii da vo PT ion thu gn.
2
NaOH KOH Ba(OH)
n = 0.1*0.1 = 0.01 (mol); n = 0.1*0.1 = 0.01 (mol); n = 0.1*0.1 = 0.01 (mol)
2
NaOH KOH Ba(OH)
OH
n = n + n + 2n = 0.04 (mol)

Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
0.04 0.04
3
3
HNO
HNO
M
n
0.04
V = = = 0.2 (lit)
C 0.2

V d 3: Cho dung dch X cha a mol Ba
2+
; b mol H
+
; c mol
-
3
NO v d mol Cl
-
. Tm mi lin h
gia a, b, c v d.
Gii
Da vo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c: 2a + b = c + d
V d 4 (CA-07): Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl
-
v y mol
2-
4
SO .
Tng khi lng mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y.
Gii
Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:
2 0, 02.2 0, 03 0, 03
35, 5 96 0, 02.64 0, 03.39 5, 435 0, 02
x y x
x y y
+ = + =

+ + + = =

C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN

Cu 1. Vit PT in li ca cc cht sau:
a. HNO
3
, Ba(OH)
2
, NaOH, H
2
SO
4
, Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, NaHCO
3
, H
2
S.
b. CuSO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, NaHPO
4
, Mg(OH)
2
, CH
3
COOH, H
3
PO
4
, HF.
Cu 2. Vit PT phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng (nu c) khi trn ln cc cht sau:
a. dd HNO
3
v CaCO
3
b. dd KOH v dd FeCl
3

c. dd H
2
SO
4
v dd NaOH d. dd Ca(NO
3
)
2
v dd Na
2
CO
3

e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)
3
f. dd Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
v dd NaOH
va
g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)
2
h. FeS v dd HCl
i. dd CuSO
4
v dd H
2
S k. dd NaOH v NaHCO
3

l. dd NaHCO
3
v HCl m. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v HCl
Cu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaCl.
b. NaOH, NaCl, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3

c. NaOH, H
2
SO
4
, BaCl
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
(ch dng thm qu tm).
Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn ng sau
a.
2+ 2-
3 3
Ba + CO BaCO | b.
+ -
4 3 2
NH + OH NH + H O |
c. S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S d. Fe
3+
+ 3OH
-
Fe(OH)
3

e. Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl f. H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dd theo s sau:
a. Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ ? PbCl
2
+ ?
b. FeCl
3
+ ? Fe(OH)
3
+ ?

c. BaCl
2
+ ? BaSO
4
+ ?
d. HCl + ? ? + CO
2
+ H
2
O
e. NH
4
NO
3
+ ? ? + NH
3
+ H
2
O
f. H
2
SO
4
+ ? ? + H
2
O
Cu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau
a. dd NaOH 0,1M b. dd BaCl
2
0,2 M c. dd Ba(OH)
2
0,1M
Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A.
Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M thu c dung dch
C.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C.
b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
C
M
. Tnh C
M
.
Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M thu c dung dch
D.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl
2
d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau
a. NaOH 0,001M b. HCl 0,001M
c. Ca(OH)
2
0,0005M d. H
2
SO
4
0,0005M
Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c dung
dch A.
Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M thu c dung dch
D.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D.
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.
c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M. Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M cn
dng.
Cu 13. Hn hp dung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung dch X vi
100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0.2M thu c dung dch A.
Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe
3+
, 0.02 mol
4
NH
+
, 0.02 mol
2
4
SO

v x mol
3
NO
.
a. Tnh x.
b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0.3 M thu c m gam kt ta v V lt kh
(ktc). Tnh m v V.
Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl
3
0.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1 M thu c dung
dch D v m gam kt ta.
a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D.
b. Tnh m.
Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A. Tnh pH ca dd A
Cu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd A.
a. Tnh pH ca dd A.
b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)
2
1M trung ha dd A
Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K
2
CO
3
0,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl
2
0,1M.
a. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
b. Tnh C
M
cc ion trong dd sau phn ng.
Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu c dung dch X
c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu?
Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)
2
thnh hai phn bng nhau:
a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.
b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.

Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp A gm H
2
SO
4
0,015M; HCl 0,03M; HNO
3
0,04M. Tnh
th tch dung dch NaOH 0,2M trung ha ht 200ml dung dch A.
Cu 22. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp X gm Ba(OH)
2
0.015M; NaOH 0.03 M; KOH 0.04M.
Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0.2M trung ha dung dch X.
Cu 23. Cho dung dch A gm 2 cht HCl v H
2
SO
4
. Trung ho 1000 ml dung dch A th cn
400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam mui.
a. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A.
Cu 24. Cho 200 ml dung dch gm MgCl
2
0,3M; AlCl
3
0,45M; v HCl 0,55M tc dng hon
ton vi V lt dung dch C gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)
2
0,01M. Hy tnh th tch V c
kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht? Tnh lng kt ta ?
Cu 25. Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 mol/l v H
2
SO
4
0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml
dung dch NaOH a mol/l, thu c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh a.
Cu 26. trung ha 500 ml dung dch X cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H
2
SO
4
0,3M cn bao
nhiu ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,3M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M?

II. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Cu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H
2
SO
4
0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dd Ba(OH)
2
c
nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH = 12. Hy tm m v x. Gi s
Ba(OH)
2
in li hon ton c hai nc.
Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH)
2
0,025 mol/l vi 200 ml dd H
2
SO
4

c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH=2. Hy tm m v x. Gi s
H
2
SO
4
in li hon ton c hai nc.
Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)
2
c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M.
Dung dch Y cha hn hp H
2
SO
4
v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Tnh th tch
dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y.
Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
, 0,1 mol Cl
-
v 0,2 mol
-
3
NO . Thm t t dung
dch K
2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln nht. Tnh th tch dung dch K
2
CO
3

cn dng.
Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na
+
; 0,02 mol
2
4
SO

v x mol OH
. Dung dch
Y c cha
4
ClO
,
3
NO
v y mol H
+
; tng s mol
4
ClO
v
3
NO
l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100

ml dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H
2
O). p n: pH = 1
Cu 6 (A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch
cha Na
2
CO
3
0,2M v NaHCO
3
0,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh V.
p n: V = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 (lt)
Cu 7 (B-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung
dch (gm H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca dung dch X.
p n: pH = 2
Cu 8 (B-08). Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO
3
vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH
nng a (mol/l) thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Xc nh gi tr ca a (bit trong mi dung
dch [H
+
][OH
-
] = 10
-14
). p n: Gi tr a: 0,12
Cu 9 (CA-07). Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl
-
v y mol
2-
4
SO .
Tng khi lng mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y.
p n: 0, 03; 0, 02 x y = =
Cu 10 (CA-08). Dung dch X cha cc ion: Fe
3+
,
2-
4
SO ,
+
4
NH , Cl
-
. Chia dung dch X thnh
hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc)
v 1,07 gam kt ta;
- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl
2
, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
Tnh tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X (qu trnh c cn ch c
nc bay hi). p n: Khi lng mui trong X: 7,46 (gam)
Cu 11 (CA-2009). Cho dung dch cha 0,1 mol (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
tc dng vi dung dch cha
34,2 gam Ba(OH)
2
. Sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh gi tr

ca V v m. p n: m = 19,7 (gam), V = 0,2*22,4 = 4,48 (lt)
Cu 12 (B-2011). Dung dch X gm 0,1 mol H
+
, z mol Al
3+
, t mol
-
3
NO v 0,02 mol
2-
4
SO . Cho
120 ml dung dch Y gm KOH 1,2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M vo X, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu
c 3,732 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca z, t. p n: z = 0,020 v t = 0,120.

CHUYN II. NIT - PHOTPHO
I. NIT
1. V tr - cu hnh electron nguyn t
- V t: Nit th 7, chu k 2, nhm VA ca bng tun hon.
- Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
- Cng thc cu to ca phn t: NN.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- nhit thng, nit tr v mt ha hc, nhng nhit cao nit tr nn hot ng.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc nit va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. Tuy nhin
tnh oxi ha vn l ch yu.
a. Tnh oxi ha (tc dng vi kim loi, H
2
,)

0
0 -3
t
2 3 2
3Mg+N Mg N (magie nitrua)

0 0 -3
t ,p
2 2 3
xt
N +3H 2NH

b. Tnh kh

0 0 +2
t
2 2
N + O 2NO

Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O
2
khng kh to ra NO
2

+2 +4
2 2
2NO + O 2NO
2. iu ch
a. Trong cng nghip
- Nit c iu ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng.
b. Trong phng th nghim
- un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit
NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Hoc NH
4
Cl + NaNO
2

0
t
N
2
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O
II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI
1. Amoniac
a. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l
- Cu to phn t

- Tnh cht vt l: NH
3
l mt cht kh, tan nhiu trong nc cho mi trng kim yu.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
* Tnh baz yu
- Tc dng vi nc
+ -
3 2 4
NH + H O NH + OH

Trong dung dch amoniac l baz yu. C th lm qu tm ha xanh. Dng nhn bit NH
3
.
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui
AlCl
3
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
Cl
- Tc dng vi axit
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl (khi trng)

* Tnh kh
2 +
0
0
-3 0
t
3 2 2 2
-3
t
3 2 2
4NH +3O 2N +6H O
4NH +5O 4NO+6H O

0
-3 0
t
3 2 2
2NH + 3Cl N + 6HCl
ng thi NH
3
kt hp ngay vi HCl to thnh khi trng.
c. iu ch
* Trong phng th nghim
2NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2

0
t
CaCl
2
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
* Trong cng nghip

0
t ,xt,p
2 2 3
N (k) + 3H (k) 2NH (k)
H<0
- Cc iu kin p dng sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip l
+ Nhit : 450 - 500
0
C
+ p sut cao: 200 - 300atm
+ Cht xc tc: st kim loi trn thm Al
2
O
3
, K
2
O
2. Mui amoni
a. nh ngha - Tnh cht vt l
- L cht tinh th ion, gm cation amoni
+
4
NH v anion gc axit
- Tt c u tan trong nc v in li hon ton thnh ion.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
* Tc dng vi dung dch kim
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH
0
t
2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O + Na
2
SO
4

NH
4
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
- Phn ng ny nhn bit ion amoni v iu ch amoniac.
* Phn ng nhit phn
NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3
(k) + HCl (k)
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0
t
NH
3
(k) + NH
4
HCO
3
(r)

NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
NH
3
(k) + CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (k)
NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
III. AXIT NITRIC
1. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l
a. Cu to phn t

- Trong hp cht HNO
3
, nguyn t nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5.
b. Tnh cht vt l
- Axit nitric tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, bc khi mnh trong khng kh m. Axit nitric
khng bn lm: khi un nng b phn hu mt phn theo phng trnh:
4HNO
3
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Axit nitric tan trong nc theo bt k t l no. Trn thc t thng dng loi axit c c nng
68%, D = 1,40 g/cm
3
.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit
- Axit nitric l mt axit mnh. C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2HNO
3
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
CaCO
3
+ 2HNO
3
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

b. Tnh oxi ho
- Axit nitric l mt trong nhng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh. Tu thuc vo nng ca axit v
bn cht ca cht kh m HNO
3
c th b kh n mt s sn phm khc nhau ca nit.
* Vi kim loi
- Khi tc dng vi kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Pb, Ag,... HNO
3
c b kh n NO
2
, cn
HNO
3
long b kh n NO. Th d:

0 +5 +2 +4
3 3 2 2 2
Cu+4HNO (c) Cu(NO ) +2NO +2H O

0 +5 +2 +2
3 3 2 2
3Cu+8HNO (long) 3Cu(NO ) +2NO+4H O
- Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Mg, Zn, Al,... HNO
3
long c th b
kh n
+1
2
N O,
o
2
N hoc
-3
4 3
NH NO .
- Fe, Al b th ng ho trong dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui.
* Vi phi kim

+ + +
+ + +
0 5 6 4
3 2 4 2 2
S 6HNO (c) H SO 6NO 2H O
* Vi hp cht
+ + +
2 5 6 4
2 3 2 4 2 2
H S + 6HNO (c) H S O + 6 NO + 3H O
3. iu ch
a. Trong phng th nghim
NaNO
3
(r) + H
2
SO
4
(c) HNO
3
+ NaHSO
4

b. Trong cng nghip
- HNO
3
c sn xut t amoniac. Qu trnh sn xut gm ba giai on :
+ Giai on 1: Oxi ha NH
3
bng oxi khng kh to thnh NO
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
0
t
4NO + 6H
2
O
+ Giai on 2: Oxi ho NO thnh NO
2
.
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

+ Giai on 3: Chuyn ho NO
2
thnh HNO
3
.
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3
.
IV. MUI NITRAT
- Mui nitrat l mui ca axit nitric. Th d, natri nitrat (NaNO
3
), ng (II) nitrat (Cu(NO
3
)
2
),...
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan nhiu trong nc v l cht in li mnh.

+ -
3 3
NaNO Na + NO

2. Tnh cht ho hc
- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng mnh (kali, natri, canxi, ...) b phn hu thnh mui
nitrit v oxi:
Th d: 2KNO
3

o
t
2KNO
2
+ O
2

- Mui nitrat ca km, st, ch, ng,... b phn hu thnh oxit kim loi tng ng, NO
2
v O
2
:
Th d: 2Cu(NO
3
)
2

o
t
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
- Mui nitrat ca bc, vng, thu ngn,... b phn hu thnh kim loi tng ng, kh NO
2
v O
2
.
Th d: 2AgNO
3

o
t
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2

3. Nhn bit ion nitrat
- nhn ra ion
3
NO , ngi ta un nng nh dung dch cha
3
NO vi Cu v H
2
SO
4
long:
3Cu + 8H
+
+
3
2NO 3Cu
2+
+ 2NO| + 4H
2
O
(xanh) (khng mu)
2NO + O
2

2
NO (nu )
Phn ng to dung dch mu xanh v kh mu nu thot ra.


V. PHOTPHO
1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a. V tr: th 15, nhm VA, chu k 3 trong bng tun hon.
b. Cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
.
2. Tnh cht vt l
- Photpho c hai dng th hnh: Photpho trng v photpho . Ty vo iu kin m P(t) c th
chuyn thnh P () v ngc li.
- P (t) km bn hn photpho . Do vy bo qun P (t) ngi ta ngm vo nc.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
- Trong cc hp cht, photpho c cc s oxi ha -3, +3, +5.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc photpho th hin tnh oxi ha hoc tnh kh.
a. Tnh oxi ha

0
0 -3
t
3 2
2P + 3Ca Ca P (canxi photphua)
b. Tnh kh
* Tc dng vi oxi
- Thiu oxi:
0
0 +3
t
2 2 3
4P + 3O 2P O
- D oxi:
0
0 +5
t
2 2 5
4P+5O 2P O
* Tc dng vi Clo
- Thiu clo:
0
0 +3
t
2 3
2P+3Cl 2PCl
- D clo:
0
0 +5
t
2 5
2P+5Cl 2PCl
4. Trng thi t nhin
- Trong t nhin photpho khng tn ti di dng t do. Hai khong vt quan trng ca photpho
l: photphorit Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
v apatit 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.CaF
2
.
VI. AXIT PHOTPHORIC - MUI PHOTPHAT
1. Axit photphoric
a. Tnh cht ha hc
- L mt axit ba nc, c mnh trung bnh. C y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit.

+ -
3 4 2 4
H PO H +H PO

- + 2-
2 4 4
H PO H +HPO

2- + 3-
4 4
HPO H +PO

- Khi tc dng vi dung dch kim, ty theo lng cht m to ra cc mui khc nhau.
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
b. iu ch
* Trong phng th nghim
P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O
* Trong cng nghip
- Cho axit sunfuric c tc dng vi qung apatit hoc photphoric
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
(c)
0
t
2H
3
PO
4
+ 3CaSO
4

- sn xut axit photphoric vi tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta iu ch t P
4P + 5O
2

0
t
2P
2
O
5

P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

2. Mui photphat
a. nh ngha
- Mui photphat l mui ca axit photphoric.
- Mui photphat c chia thnh 3 loi
Mui ihirophotphat : NaH
2
PO
4
, NH
4
H
2
PO
4
, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

Mui hirophotphat : Na
2
HPO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
, CaHPO
4


Mui photphat : Na
3
PO
4
, (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

b. Nhn bit ion photphat
- Thuc th: dung dch AgNO
3

- Hin tng: Xut hin kt ta mu vng

+ 3-
4 3 4
3Ag + PO Ag PO |(mu vng)
VII. PHN BN HA HC
- Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho cy
nhm nng cao nng sut ma mng.
1. Phn m
- Phn m cung cp nit ha hp cho cy di dng ion nitrat
-
3
NO v ion amoni
+
4
NH .
- dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi theo t l % v khi lng nguyn t nit.
a. Phn m amoni
- l cc mui amoni: NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

- c iu ch bng cch cho NH
3
tc dng vi axit tng ng.
2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

b. Phn m nitrat
- l cc mui nitrat: NaNO
3
, Ca(NO
3
)
2

- c iu ch bng phn ng gia axit HNO
3
v mui cacbonat tng ng.
CaCO
3
+ 2HNO
3
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
c. Phn m ur
- (NH
2
)
2
CO (cha khong 46%N) l loi phn m tt nht hin nay.
- c iu ch bng cch cho NH
3
tc dng vi CO nhit v p sut cao.
2NH
3
+ CO
0
t , p
(NH
2
)
2
CO + H
2
O
- Trong t ur dn chuyn thnh mui cacbonat
(NH
2
)
2
CO + 2H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
.
2. Phn ln
- Phn ln cung cp nguyn t P cho cy di dng ion photphat (
3-
4
PO ).
- dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi theo t l % khi lng P
2
O
5
tng ng vi lng P
c trong thnh phn ca n.
a. Supephotphat
- C hai loi: supephotphat n v supephotphat kp.
* Supephotphat n: Gm hai mui: Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v CaSO
4
. c iu ch bng cch cho qung
photphorit hoc apatit tc dng vi axit H
2
SO
4
c.
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
(c) Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+ CaSO
4

* Supephotphat kp: l mui Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
. c iu ch qua hai giai on
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2H
3
PO
4
+ 3CaSO
4

Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ H
3
PO
4
3Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

3. Phn kali
- Phn kali cung cp nguyn t K di dng ion K
+
.
- dinh dng ca phn K c nh gi theo t l % khi lng K
2
O tng ng vi lng K
c trong thnh phn ca n.
4. Phn hn hp - Phn phc hp
a. Phn hn hp: cha N, P, K c gi chung l phn NPK.
- Th d: (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
v KNO
3
.
b. Phn phc hp: Th d: Phn amophot l hn hp cc mui NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
.
5. Phn vi lng
- Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy cc nguyn t nh bo, km, mangan, ng dng hp cht.

B. PHN HNG DN GII
I. Bi tp v axit HNO
3

* Khi gii bi tp v axit HNO
3
ta ch yu da vo phng php bo ton s mol
electron gii bi tp. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l
- s mol electron nhng = s mol electron nhn

.
- Xc nh ng trng thi s oxi ha u v cui.

* Cc h qu ch yu khi s dng phng php bo ton s mol electron:
- Khi lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho kim loi tc dng vi axit HNO
3
(khng c
mui NH
4
NO
3
) l

- -
3 3
Mui kim loi
NO NO
m = m + m ; m = 62* s mol electron nhng hoc nhn
.
- S mol HNO
3
cn dng ha tan ht hn hp cc kim loi

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
n = 4n + 2n + 12n + 10n + 10n
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng 500 ml dung dch HNO
3
C
M
(va ) thu c 0.01
mol NO, 0.03 mol NO
2
v dung dch A cha x gam mui (khng c mui NH
4
NO
3
).
a. Tnh gi tr m.
b. Tnh C
M
(HNO
3
) dung ban u.
c. Tnh gi tr x.

Gii

* Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta thng dng khi gii cc bi tp ha hc thng thng
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01

Al + 6HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03
a. m
Al
= 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam).
b.
3
3
HNO
M(HNO )
n
0.1
C = = = 0.2 (M)
V 0.5

c.
3 3
Al(NO )
m = 0.02*213 = 4.26 (gam)

* Cch 2: Ta da vo phng php bo ton s mol electron v cc h qu ca n gii bi tp
3
Al Al + 3e
0.02 0.06
+

4
5
2
2
5
N + 1e NO
0.03 0.03
N + 3e NO
0.03 0.01
+
+
+
+

a. m
Al
= 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam)
b.
3
3 3
HNO
HNO M(HNO )
n
0.1
n = 4*0.01 + 2*0.03 = 0.1 (mol) C = = = 0.2 (M)
V 0.5

c.
3 3
3
Al(NO ) Al
NO
m = m + m = 0.54 + 62*0.06 = 4.26 (gam)

V d 2: Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c, d un nng sinh
ra 11.2 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
Gii
Bi ny ta c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin y trong phm vi chng
ny ta c th p dng phng php bo ton s mol electron gii bi tp ny.
*
2
NO
V 11.2
n = = = 0.5 (mol)
22.4 22.4

t n
Cu
= x; n
Al
= y.
0 2
0 3
Cu Cu + 2e
x 2x
Al Al + 3e
y 3y
+
+

;
4
5
2
N + 1e NO
0.5 0.5
+
+

T ta c h PT nh sau

2x + 3y = 0.5 x = 0.1

64x + 27y = 9.1 y = 0.1

a.
Al
hh
m 0.1*27
%Al = *100 = *100 = 29.67%
m 9.1
; %Cu = 100 - %Al = 100 - 29.67 = 70.33%.
b.
-
3
Mui kim loi
NO
m = m + m = 9.1 + 62*0.5 = 40.1 (gam)
II. Bi tp v P
2
O
5
, H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi dung dch kim
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
t
3 4
OH
H PO
n
T =
n
. Nu T 1 to mui duy nht NaH

2
PO
4

1 < T < 2 to hn hp hai mui NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4

T = 2 to mui duy nht Na
2
HPO
4

2 < T < 3 to hn hp hai mui Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4

T 3 to mui duy nht Na
3
PO
4
.
Ch :
- Khi gii ton dng ny th u tin ta phi xc nh xem mui no c to thnh bng
cc tnh gi tr T. Nu trng hp to hai mui th thng ta s lp h PT gii BT.
- Nu ra khng cho H
3
PO
4
m cho P
2
O
5
th ta gii hon ton tng t nhng m
3 4 2 5
H PO P O
n = 2n
V d 3: Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1.5M vi 100 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M thu c dung
dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.
Gii
* n
NaOH
= 1.5*0.1 = 0.15 (mol);
3 4
H PO
n = 0.1*1 = 0.1 (mol)
*
3 4
OH
H PO
n
0.15
T = = = 1.5
n 0.1
to hn hp hai mui NaH

2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4
. t s mol mi mui
ln lt l x v y.
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
x x x
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
y 2y y
Ta c h PT:
2 4
2 4
NaH PO
Na HPO
m = 0.05*120 = 6 (gam)
x + y = 0.1 x = 0.05
x + 2y = 0.15 y = 0.05 m = 0.05*142 = 7.1 (gam)

C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN

Cu 1. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. NH
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NH
4
Cl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
b. NH
4
NO
3
, NaNO
3
, FeCl
3
, Na
2
SO
4
.
c. NH
4
NO
3
, NaCl, FeCl
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
d. NH
4
NO
3
, NH
4
Cl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
.
Cu 2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng electron.
a. Al + HNO
3
? + N
2
O + ?
b. FeO + HNO
3
? + NO + ?
c. Fe(OH)
2
+ HNO
3
? + NO + ?
d. Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
? + NO
2
+ ?
e. Cu + HNO
3
? + NO
2
+ ?
f. Mg + HNO
3
? + N
2
+ ?
g
*
. Al + HNO
3
? + NH
4
NO
3
+ ?

h
*
. R + HNO
3
? + N
2
O + ?
i
*
. Fe
x
O
y
+ HNO
3
? + NO + ?
k
*
. Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
? + N
x
O
y
+ ?
Cu 3. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau.
a. Kh A
2
+H O
(1)
dung dch A
+HCl
(2)
B
+NaOH
(3)
Kh A
3
+HNO
(4)
C
0
t
(5)
D +
H
2
O
b. NO
2

(1)
HNO
3

( 2)
Cu(NO
3
)
2

(3)
Cu(OH)
2

(4)
Cu(NO
3
)
2

(5)
CuO
(6)

Cu
c.

Cu 4. Cn ly bao nhiu lt kh N
2
v H
2
iu ch c 67,2 lt kh NH
3
(ktc). Bit hiu sut
ca phn ng l 25%.
Cu 5. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1M, un nng nh.
a. Vit phng trnh phn t, phng trnh ion thu gn.
b. Tnh th tch kh thu c iu kin tiu chun.
Cu 6. Ha tan 3 gam hn hp Cu v CuO trong 1,5 lt dung dch axit HNO
3
1M (long) thy
thot ra 6,72 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh nng mol ca ng (II) nitrat v dung dch axit nitric sau phn ng. Bit th tch
dung dch sau phn ng khng thay i.
Cu 7. iu ch 5 tn axit nitric nng 60% cn dng bao nhiu tn NH
3
. Bit s hao ht
NH
3
trong qu trnh sn xut l 3,8%.
Cu 8. t chy hon ton 6,2 gam P trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc dng va vi
dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na
2
HPO
4
.
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng.
b. Tnh nng % ca mui trong dung dch thu c sau phn ng.
Cu 9. thu c mui trung ha, cn ly bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 1M cho tc dng vi
50 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,5M.
Cu 10. Ha tan hon ton 3.2 gam Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
0.5M (va ) thu c V lt kh
NO ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht).
a. Tnh gi tr V.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
0.5M cn dng.
Cu 11. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 6.72 lit kh N
2
( ktc, l sn
phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha x gam mui.
Tnh m v x.
Cu 12. Ha tan m gam Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
0.5M (va ) thu c 0.03 mol NO v 0.02
mol NO
2
v dung dch cha x gam mui.
a. Tnh m v x.
3
0.5M cn dng.
Cu 13. Ha tan 12 gam hn hp Cu v Fe bng dung dch HNO
3
c ngui, d thu c 4,48 lt
kh NO
2
( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Cu 14. Ha tan 8,3 gam hn hp Al v Fe bng dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt kh NO
2

(ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha m gam mui.
a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh m.
Cu 15. Cho 60 gam hn hp Cu v CuO bng dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 6,72 lt kh NO
(ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.
Cu 16. Cho m gam hn hp Fe v Al tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 6,72 lt kh NO
(ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 67,7 gam hn
hp cc mui khan. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
(8)
(4)


Cu 17. Cho 68,7 gam hn hp kim loi Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui,
d. Sau phn ng thu c 26,88 lt kh NO
2
(ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v m gam cht
rn B khng tan. Tnh m.
Cu 10. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c, d un nng sinh
ra 11.2 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn
hp ban u.
Cu 11. Cho 19,5 gam mt kim loi M ha tr n tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 4,48 lt
kh NO ( ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M.
Cu 13. Chia hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Al thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO
3
c, ngui thu c 8,96 lt kh NO
2
(gi
s ch to ra kh NO
2
).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HCl thu c 6,72 lt kh.
a. Vit cc pthh.
b. Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp trn. Cc th tch kh c o
kc.
Cu 14. Ha tan hon ton 24,8g hn hp kim loi gm ng v st trong dung dch HNO
3
0,5M
thu c 6,72 lt (kc) mt cht kh duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh.
a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
3
0,5 M cn dng ho tan ht hn hp trn.
c. Nu cho 1/2 lng hn hp trn vo dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui th th tch kh mu nu
thu c ( kc) l bao nhiu?
Cu 15. Cho 21,8g hn hp kim loi gm bc v st tc dng va vi 1,2 lt dung dch HNO
3

0,5M thu c mt cht kh (X) duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh.
a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh th tch kh (X) thu c kc.
Cu 16. Chia hn hp Cu v Al lm hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho vo dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui th c 8,96 lt kh mu nu bay ra.
Phn 2: Cho vo dung dch HCl th c 6,72 lt kh H
2
bay ra.
Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Cc th tch kh c
o kc.
Cu 17. Cho 11,0 gam hn hp Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
long, d th c 6,72 lt kh NO
bay ra (kc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Cu 18. Cho hn hp gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c ngui thu c 0,896 lt
mu nu kc. Mt khc, nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl 10% thu c 0,672
lt kh kc.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl cn dng.
Cu 19. Ha tan ht 1,92 gam mt kim loi trong 1,5 lt dd HNO
3
0,15M thu c 0,448 lt kh
NO ( ktc) v dd A. Bit khi phn ng th tch dd khng thay i.
a. Xc nh kim loi R.
b. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dd A.
Cu 20. Chia 34,8 gam hn hp kim loi gm Al, Fe v Cu thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn I: Cho vo dung dch HNO
3
c ngui, d thu c 4,48 lt kh NO
2
( ktc).
- Phn II: Cho vo dung dch HCl d thu c 8,96 lt H
2
( ktc).
Hy xc nh khi lng ca Al v Fe trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch X cha Al(NO
3
)
3
0,2M, Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,1M v AgNO
3
0,2M tc
dng vi dung dch NH
3
d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton 0,9 gam kim loi M bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,28 lt kh N
2
O

(ktc). Xc nh kim loi M.
Cu 23. Cho m gam Al tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 44,8 lt hn hp 3 kh gm
NO, N
2
O v N
2
( ktc) c t l mol mol:
2 2
: : 1: 2: 3
NO N N O
n n n . Xc nh gi tr m.
Cu 24. Cho 6,4 g kim loi ha tr II tc dng vi dd HNO
3
c, d thu c 4,48 lt NO
2
(kc,
l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh kim loi .
Cu 25. Cho 15 g hh Cu v Al tc dng vi dd HNO
3
long (ly d) thu c 6,72 lt NO (ktc,
l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh khi lng ca Cu v Al trong hn hp u.

Cu 26. Ha tan mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 240 ml dd HNO
3
cho 4,928 lt (
ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
thot ra.
a. Tnh s mol ca mi kh trong hn hp kh thu c.
b. Tnh nng dung dch HNO
3
dng.
Cu 27. Cho dung dch cha 11,76 gam H
3
PO
4
vo dung dch cha 16,8 gam KOH thu c
dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 28 (B-09). Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 1,5M vo 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,5M, thu
c dung dch X. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gm cc cht. Xc nh cc
cht v khi lng chng bng bao nhiu?
Cu 29 (B-09). Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 1,5M vo 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,5M, thu
c dung dch X. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gm cc cht. Xc nh cc
cht v khi lng chng bng bao nhiu?
Cu 30 (B-08). Cho 0,1 mol P
2
O
5
vo dung dch cha 0,35 mol KOH. Dung dch thu c c
cc cht no? Khi lng bng bao nhiu?
Cu 31. Cho 14,2 gam P
2
O
5
v 100 ml dung dch cha NaOH 1M v KOH 2M thu c dung
dch X. Xc nh cc anion c mt trong dung dch X.
Cu 32. Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M.
a. Tm khi lng mui thu c?
b. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch to thnh?


Cu 1 (A-2010). Hn hp kh X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt
thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He
bng 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH
3
.
Cu 2. Mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 140 ml dung dch HNO
3
cho 4,928 lt kc
hn hp gm hai kh NO v NO
2
bay ra.
a. Tnh s mol mi kh to ra.
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit ban u.
Cu 3. Ho tan Fe trong HNO
3
d thy sinh ra hn hp kh cha 0,03 mol NO
2
v 0,02 mol NO.
Khi lng st b ho tan l bao nhiu gam?
Cu 4. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Al vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu
c hn hp kh X gm NO v NO
2
c t l mol tng ng l 2:1. Tnh th tch ca hn hp kh
X (ktc).
Cu 5. Ha tan hon ton 11 gam hh gm Fe v Al trong dd HNO
3
d thu c 11,2 lt hh kh X
(ktc) gm NO v NO
2
c khi lng 19,8 gam. Bit phn ng khng to NH
4
NH
3
.
a. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hh X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 5,94g kim loi R trong dung dch HNO
3
long thu c 2,688lt (ktc)
hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
l 18,5. Xc nh kim loi R.
Cu 7. Nung nng 39 gam hh mui gm v KNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
n khi lng khng i thu
c rn A v 7,84 lt hn hp kh X ( ktc). Tnh % khi lng ca mi mui trong hh ban
u.
Cu 8 (A-09). Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2

trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi
gian thu c 4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c
300 ml dung dch Y. Tnh pH ca dung dch Y. p n: pH = 1.
Cu 9. Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c 104,8g hn hp A gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lt hn
hp kh C gm NO v NO
2
(ktc) c t khi so vi He l 10,167. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 10. t chy 5,6g bt Fe nung trong bnh O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
, FeO v Fe. Ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt hn hp
kh B (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
l 19. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
Cu 11. Thu phn hon ton 8,25 gam mt photpho trihalogenua thu c dung dch X.
trung ho X cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 3M. Xc nh cng thc ca photpho trihalogenua.
Cu 12. Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,5M. C cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui. Tnh m.

Cu 13 (B-08). T nh th tch dung dch HNO
3
1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon
ton mt hn hp gm 0,15 mol Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l bao nhiu (bit phn ng to cht kh duy
nht l NO)? p n: V = 0,8 lt
Cu 14 (A-09). Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
long, thu c
940,8 ml kh N
x
O
y
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) c t khi i vi H
2
bng 22. Xc nh kh
N
x
O
y
v kim loi M. p n: N
2
O v Al.
Cu 15 (B-08). Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
(d). Sau khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton thu c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu
c khi lm bay hi dung dch X. p n: 13,92 gam.
Cu 16 (A-07). Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng HNO
3
, thu c
V lt (ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha 2 mui v axit d). T
khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 19. Xc nh gi tr ca V. p n: V = 5,6 lt
Cu 17 (B-07). Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht
hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) kh NO (l sn phm kh duy
nht). Xc nh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 2,52 gam.
Cu 18 (CA-08). Nhit phn hon ton 34,65 gam hn hp gm KNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, thu
c hn hp kh X (t khi ca X so vi kh hiro bng 18,8). Tnh khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong
hn hp ban u. p n: 9,4 gam
Cu 20. Hn hp A gm N
2
v H
2
vi t l mol 1: 3. To phn ng gia N
2
v H
2
cho ra NH
3
vi
hiu sut H% thu c hn hp kh B. T khi ca A so vi B l 0,6. Tnh gi tr ca H.
Cu 21 (B-2010). Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat,
cn li gm cc cht khng cha photpho. Xc nh dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny.
p n: 42,25%.
Cu 22 (A-2011). Cho 7,68 gam Cu vo 200 ml dung dch gm HNO
3
0,6M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton (s n phm kh duy nht l NO), c cn cn thn ton b
dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu? p n: 22,56 gam.
Cu 23 (B-2011). Cho 1,82 gam hn hp bt X gm Cu v Ag (t l s mol tng ng 4 : 1)
vo 30 ml dung dch gm H
2
SO4 0,5M v HNO
3
2M, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
thu c a mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ca N
+5
). Trn a mol NO trn vi 0,1 mol O
2
thu
c hn hp kh Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi H
2
O, thu c 150 ml dung dch c pH = z.
Tnh gi tr ca z. p n: z = 1.
Cu 24 (A-2011). Cho 0,87 gam hn hp gm Fe, Cu v Al vo bnh ng 300 ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
0,1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,32 gam cht rn v c 448 ml
kh (ktc) thot ra. Thm tip vo bnh 0,425 gam NaNO
3
, khi cc phn ng kt thc th thu
c V lt NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v m gam mui trong dung dch. Tnh m v V.
p n: V = 0,112 lt v m = 3,865 gam.

CHUYN III. CACBON - SILIC

I. CACBON
1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a. V tr
- Cacbon th 6, chu k 2, nhm IVA ca bng tun hon.
b. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
. C c 4 electron lp ngoi cng
- Cc s oxi ha ca C l: -4, 0, +2, +4
2. Tnh cht vt l
- C c ba dng th hnh chnh: Kim cng, than ch v fuleren
3. Tnh cht ha hc
- Trong cc dng tn ti ca C, C v nh hnh hot ng hn c v mt ha hc.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc C th hin hai tnh cht: Tnh oxi ha v tnh kh. Tuy nhin tnh
kh vn l ch yu ca C.

a. Tnh kh
* Tc dng vi oxi

0
0 +4
t
2 2
C + O CO . nhit cao C li kh CO
2
theo phn ng

0
0 +4 +2
t
2
C + CO 2CO
* Tc dng vi hp cht

0
0 +4
t
3 2 2 2
C + 4HNO CO + 4NO +2H O
b. Tnh oxi ha
* Tc dng vi hidro

0
0 -4
t , xt
2 4
C+2H CH
* Tc dng vi kim loi

0
0 -4
t
4 3
3C+4Al Al C (nhm cacbua)
II. CACBON MONOXIT
1. Tnh cht ha hc
- Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca CO l tnh kh

0
+2 +4
t
2 2
2CO+O 2CO

0
+2 +4
t
2 3 2
3CO+Fe O 3CO +2Fe
2. iu ch
HCOOH
0
2 4
H SO (c), t
CO + H
2
O
b. Trong cng nghip: Kh CO c iu ch theo hai phng php
* Kh than t
C + H
2
O
0
1050 C
CO + H
2

* Kh l gas
C + O
2

0
t
CO
2

CO
2
+ C
0
t
2CO

III. CACBON IOXIT
1. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l
- L cht kh khng mu, nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh.
- CO
2
(rn) l mt khi mu trng, gi l nc kh. Nc kh khng nng chy m
thng hoa, c dng to mi trng lnh khng c hi m.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
- Kh CO
2
khng chy, khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht.
- CO
2
l oxit axit, khi tan trong nc cho axit cacbonic
CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (l)
H
2
CO
3
(dd)
- Tc dng vi dung dch kim
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Ty vo t l phn ng m c th cho ra cc sn phm mui khc nhau.
2. iu ch
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
b. Trong cng nghip
- Kh CO
2
c thu hi t qu trnh t chy hon ton than.
IV. AXIT CACBONIC - MUI CACBONAT
1. Axit cacbonic
- L axit km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy thnh CO
2
v H
2
O.

- L axit hai nc, trong dung dch phn li hai nc.

+ -
2 3 3
H CO H + HCO

- + 2-
3 3
HCO H +CO

2. Mui cacbonat
- Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim, amoni v a s mui hirocacbonat u tan. Mui
cacbonat ca kim loi khc th khng tan.
- Tc dng vi dd axit
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O

-
3
HCO + H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O

2-
3
CO + 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
- Tc dng vi dd kim
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

-
3
HCO + OH
-

2-
3
CO + H
2
O
- Phn ng nhit phn
MgCO
3
(r)
0
t
MgO(r) + CO
2
(k)
2NaHCO
3
(r)
0
t
Na
2
CO
3
(r) + CO
2
(k) + H
2
O(k)
V. SILIC
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Silic c hai dng th hnh: silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Silic c cc s oxi ha: -4, 0, +2 v +4 (s oxi ha +2 t c trng hn).
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc, silic va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh.
a. Tnh kh

0 +4
2 4
Si+2F Si F

0
0 +4
t
2 2
Si+O Si O

0 +4
2 2 3 2
Si+2NaOH+H O Na Si O +2H |
b. Tnh oxi ha

0
0 -4
t
2
2Mg +Si Mg Si
3. iu ch
- Kh SiO
2
nhit cao
SiO
2
+ 2Mg
0
t
Si + MgO
VI. HP CHT CA SILIC
1. Silic ioxit
- SiO
2
l cht dng tinh th.
- Tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy.
SiO
2
+ 2NaOH
0
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
- Tan c trong axit HF
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
- Da vo tnh cht ny, ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch ln thy tinh.
2. Axit silixic
- H
2
SiO
3
l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc. Khi mt mt phn nc to thnh vt liu
xp l silicagen. Dng ht hi m trong cc thng ng hng ha.
- Axit silixic l axit yu, yu hn c axit cacbinic nn b axit ny y ra khi dung dch mui.
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SiO
3

3. Mui silicat
- Dung dch m c ca Na
2
SiO
3
v K
2
SiO
3
c gi l thy tinh lng.
- Vi tm thy tinh lng s kh chy, ngoi ra thy tinh lng cn c dng ch to keo dn
thy tinh v s.

B. PHN HNG DN GII
I. DNG BI TP KH OXIT KIM LOI BNG KH CO
Oxit Kl + CO Kl + CO
2

2
oxit Kl CO Kl CO
m + m = m + m

2
O (oxit ) CO CO
n = n n =
v
OxitKl Kl O
m = m + m

II. DNG BI TP CO
2
TC DNG VI DUNG DCH KIM
1. Dng 1: CO
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH)
Cc PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Khi gp dng bi tp ny th u tin ta phi xc nh xem mui thu c l mui no bng cch
t
-
2
OH
CO
n
T =
n
Nu T 1 to mui duy nht NaHCO
3

Nu 1 < T < 2 to hn hp hai mui NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3

Nu T 2 to mui duy nht Na
2
CO
3

2. Dng 2: CO
2
tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(hoc Ba(OH)
2
)
Cc PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
(d) + H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(tan)
Do vy, i vi dng bi tp ny khi cng to ra mt lng kt ta c th tng ng vi 2 gi tr
ca CO
2
(v s mol hoc th tch CO
2
).

2
2
3 2
2
2 2
3
CO
CO CO
CO CO
CO OH OH
(1) n = n = n
(1) n = n

(2) n = n = n - n (2) n = n - n

|
|
| |

3. Dng 3: CO
2
tc dng vi hn hp dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2

(hoc Ba(OH)
2
)
Cch 1: Vit PTHH
2 3
2
3 3 2
2 2
3 3
CO + OH HCO
HCO + OH CO + H O
Ca + CO CaCO

+
|

t so snh s mol cc cht v tnh khi lng kt ta.
Cch 2: Trc ht tnh
2-
3
CO
n ri so snh vi
2+ 2+
Ca Ba
n hoc n sau tnh khi lng kt ta thu
c.
V d 1: Sc 2.24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch A.
Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.
Gii
2
CO NaOH
2.24
n = = 0.1 (mol); n = 0.15*1 = 0.15 (mol)
22.4

2
OH
CO
n
0.15
T = = = 1.5
n 0.1
to hn hp hai mui
t
3 2 3
NaHCO Na CO
n = x; n = y
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

x x x
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
y 2y y
Ta c h PT:
3
2 3
NaHCO
Na CO
m = 0.05*84 = 4.2 (gam)
x + y = 0.1 x = 0.05

x + 2y = 0.15 y = 0.05 m = 0.05*106 = 5.3 (gam)


V d 2: Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe
3
O
4
v CuO nung nng n khi phn ng
hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c dn qua dung dch nc
vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u.
Gii
* Cch 1:
3
CaCO
5
n = 0.05 (mol)
100
=
2 3
O (oxit ) CO CaCO
n = n = n = 0.05 (mol)
oxit Kl O
m = m + m = 2.32 + 16*0.05 = 3.12 (gam)
* Cch 2:
3
CaCO
5
n = 0.05 (mol)
100
=
2 3
O (oxit ) CO CO CaCO
n = n = n = n = 0.05 (mol)
2
oxit Kl CO CO
m = m + m - m = 2.32 + 44*0.05 - 28*0.05 = 3.12 (gam)

V d 3 (A-2011): Hp th hon ton 0,672 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch gm NaOH
0,025M v Ca(OH)
2
0,0125M, thu c x gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca x.
Gii
= =
= + = =
2 2
CO NaOH Ca(OH)
OH
0.672
n = = 0.03 (mol); n = 0.025*1 = 0.025 (mol); n 1*0.0125 0.0125(mol)
22.4
0.5
n 0.025 0.0125*2 0.05 (mol). T= 1.33
0.3

= = =
2
2
3
CO
CO OH
n n - n 0.05 0.03 0.02(mol)

+
|
= =
3
2 2
3 3
CaCO
Ca + CO CaCO
0.0125 0.02 0.0125
n 0.0125*100 1.25(gam).

C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN

Cu 1. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. NaHCO
3
+ NaOH
b. NaHCO
3
+ HCl
c. SiO
2
+ HF
d. CO
2
+ NaOH
1 mol 1 mol
e. CO
2
+ NaOH
1 mol 2 mol
f. CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

1 mol 1 mol
g. CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

2 mol 1 mol
h. CO (d) + Fe
2
O
3

i. CO (d) + Fe
3
O
4

Cu 2. t mt mu than (cha tp cht khng chy) c khi lng 0,6 gam trong oxi d thu
c 1,06 m
3
(ktc) kh cacbonic. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca cacbon trong mu than
trn.
Cu 3. Cho 224 ml kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht trong 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,2M. Tnh khi
lng ca nhng cht trong dung dch to thnh.
Cu 4. Cho 5,6 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) sc vo dung dch NaOH d thu c dung dch A. C cn
dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 5. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch D. Tnh
khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
2
(ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch D. Tnh
nng mol/lt ca cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
2
(ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch NaOH C
M
thu c dung dch A. C
cn dung dch A thu c 19 gam hn hp hai mui.

a. Tnh khi lng mi mui.
b. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH em dng.
Cu 8. Nung 52,65 gam CaCO
3
1000
0
C v cho ton b kh thot ra hp th ht vo 500 ml
dung dch NaOH 1,8M. Hi thu c mui no? Khi lng l bao nhiu. Bit hiu sut ca
phn ng nhit phn CaCO
3
l 85%.
Cu 9. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Cu 10. Kh hon ton 23,2 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
Cu 11. Kh hon ton m gam Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2

d thu c 30 gam kt ta. Tnh m.
Cu 12. Kh hon ton 2,32 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng kh CO d thu c m gam cht rn. Ha tan hon
ton cht rn thu c bng dung dch axit HNO
3
thu c V lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy
nht. Tnh m v V.
Cu 13. Kh hon ton m gam gam Fe
3
O
4
bng V lt kh CO (va ) thu c cht rn C. Ha
tan hon ton cht rn C thu c bng dung dch axit HNO
3
thu c 6,72 lt NO (ktc) l sn
phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V.
Cu 14 (CA-09). Kh hon ton mt oxit st X nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO (
ktc), sau phn ng thu c 0,84 gam Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO
2
. Cng thc ca X v gi tr V ln
lt l


Cu 1. Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe
3
O
4
v CuO nung nng n khi phn ng
hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c dn qua dung dch
nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u.
Cu 2. Cho kh CO qua ng cha 15,2g hn hp gm CuO v FeO nung nng. Sau mt thi gian
thu c hn hp kh B v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu
c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 3. Dn mt lung kh CO qua ng s ng m gam hn hp CuO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v Al
2
O
3
ri
cho kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 15 gam kt ta. Cht rn
cn li trong ng s c khi lng 215,0 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 4. Cho V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,02 M th thu c
0,5 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca V.
Cu 5. Cho 1,344 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht vo 2 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,04M v
Ca(OH)
2
0,02M thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo H
2
O thu c dung dch A. Sc V lt kh CO
2

(ktc) vo dung dch A thu c 15 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
Cu 7 (C-2010). Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 125 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M,
thu c dung dch X. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i. Xc nh nng mol ca cht tan
trong dung dch X. p n: Cht tan y l Ba(HCO
3
)
2
: 0,6M.
Cu 8 (A-09). Cho 0,448 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch cha hn
hp NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)
2
0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca m.
p n: 1,97 gam.
Cu 9 (A-08). Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch hn hp gm
NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M, sinh ra m gam kt ta.Tnh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 9,85 gam.
2
(ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng
a mol/l, thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca a. p n: a = 0,04 mol.
Cu 11 (CA-08). Dn t t V lt kh CO ( ktc) i qua mt ng s ng lng d hn hp rn
gm CuO, Fe
2
O
3
( nhit cao). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh X. Dn
ton b kh X trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th to thnh 4 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr
ca V. p n: V = 0,896 lt.
Cu 12 (A-09). Cho lung kh CO (d) i qua 9,1 gam hn hp gm CuO v Al
2
O
3
nung nng
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 8,3 gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng CuO c trong hn hp
ban u. p n: m
CuO
= 4 gam.
Cu 13 (A-08). Cho V lt hn hp kh ( ktc) gm CO v H
2
phn ng vi mt lng d hn
hp rn gm CuO v Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng hn

hp rn gim 0,32 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca V. p n: V = 0,448 lt.
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch gm NaOH
0,025M v Ca(OH)
2
0,0125M, thu c x gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca x. p n: x = 1,25 gam.
Cu 15 (B-2011). Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch gm K
2
CO
3
0,2M
v KOH x mol/lt, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Cho ton b Y
tc dng vi dung dch BaCl
2
(d), thu c 11,82 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca x.
p n: x = 1,4 M.

CHUYN IV. I CNG V HA HU C

I. M U V HA HC HU C
1. Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ha hc hu c
- Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, CO
2
, mui cacbonat).
- Ha hc hu c l nghnh ha hc nghin cu cc hp cht hu c.
2. Phn loi hp cht hu c
- Thng chia thnh hai loi
+ Hirocacbon
+ Dn xut hirocacbon
3. c im chung ca hp cht hu c
- c im cu to: Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha tr.
- Tnh cht vt l:
+ Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp.
+ Phn ln khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c.
- Tnh cht ha hc:
+ Cc hp cht hu c thng km bn vi nhit v d chy.
+ Phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm v theo nhiu hng khc
nhau, nn to ra hn hp nhiu sn phm.
4. S lc v phn tch nguyn t
a. Phn tch nh tnh
* Mc ch: Xc nh nguyn t no c trong hp cht hu c.
* Nguyn tc: Chuyn cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin ri
nhn bit chng bng cc phn ng c trng.
b. Phn tch nh lng
* Mc ch: Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t c trong phn t hp cht hu
c.
* Nguyn tc: Cn chnh xc khi lng hp cht hu c, sau chuyn nguyn t C CO
2
, H
H
2
O, N N
2
, sau xc nh chnh xc khi lng hoc th tch ca cc cht to thnh, t
tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t.
* Biu thc tnh ton:
2
CO
C
m .12
m = (g)
44
;
2
H O
H
m .2
m = (g)
18
;
2
N
N
V .28
m = (g)
22, 4

- Tnh c:
C
m .100
%C =
a
;
H
m .100
%H =
a
;
N
m .100
%N =
a
; %O = 100-%C-%H-%N
II. CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C
1. Cng thc n gin nht
a. nh ngha
- Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
trong phn t.
b. Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht
- Thit lp cng thc n gin nht ca hp cht hu c C
x
H
y
O
z
l thit lp t l

C O H
C H O
m m m
x : y: z = n : n : n = : :
12 1 16
;
%C %H %O
x : y: z = : :
12 1 16


2. Cng thc phn t
a. nh ngha
- Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t.
b. Cch thit lp cng thc phn t
- C ba cch thit lp cng thc phn t
* Da vo thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t (t dng)
- Cho CTPT C
x
H
y
O
z
: ta c t l

M 12.x 1.y 16.z
= = =
100 %C %H %O

T ta c:
M.%C
x =
12.100
;
M.%H
y =
1.100
;
M.%O
z =
16.100

* Da vo cng thc n gin nht (thng dng)
* Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm chy (t dng)
B. PHN HNG DN GII
Phn bi tp chng ny ch yu l lp CT n gin nht v CTPT. Mt s cng thc sau
yu cu chng ta phi nm vn dng trong vic gii bi tp chng ny.
Cho hp cht X c CT: C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
.
*
2 2 2
C CO H H O N N
n = n ; n = 2n ; n = 2n ; m
O
= m
X
- (m
C
+ m
H
+ m
N
)
O
O
m
n =
16

x : y : z : t = n
C
: n
H
: n
O
: n
N
.
*
A
A/ B A A/ B B
B
M
d = M = d *M
M

V d: t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO
2
, 0,9 gam H
2
O v
224ml N
2
(o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng thc phn t
ca (A).
Gii
t CT n gin nht ca A l C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
2
C CO
5.28
n = n = = 0.12 (mol)
44
;
2
H H O
0.9
n = 2*n = 2* = 0.1 (mol)
18
;
2
N N
0.224
n = 2n = 2* = 0.02 (mol)
22.4

m
O
= m
A
- (m
C
+ m
H
+ m
N
) = 2.46 (0.12*12+0.1*1+0.02*14) = 0.64 (gam)

O
O
m 0.64
n = = = 0.04 (mol)
16 16

x : y : z : t = n
C
: n
H
: n
O
: n
N
= 0.12 : 0.1 : 0.04 : 0.02 = 6 : 5 : 2 : 1
CT n gin nht ca A l: C
6
H
5
O
2
N
A
A/ kk A A/B
M
d = M = d *29 = 123
29
t ta suy ra: CT n gin nht chnh l CTPT.
CTPT ca A l: C
6
H
5
O
2
N

C. PHN BI TP T GII

Cu 1. Oxi ha hon ton 0,6 gam hp cht hu c A thu c 0,672 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 0,72 gam
H
2
O. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t cht A.
Cu 2. Oxi ha hon ton 0,67 gam -caroten ri dn sn phm oxi ha qua bnh 1 ng dd
H
2
SO
4
c, sau qua bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)
2
d. Kt qu cho thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 0,63
gam; bnh 2 c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t -caroten.
Cu 3. Tnh khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht sau:
a. Cht A c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 2,07.
b. Th tch hi ca 3,3 gam cht X bng th tch ca 1,76 gam kh oxi (o cng iu
kin).

Cu 4. Kt qu phn tch nguyn t cho thy limonen c cu to t hai nguyn t C v H,
trong C chim 88,235% v khi lng. T khi hi ca limonen so vi khng kh gn bng
4,69. Lp cng thc phn t ca limonen.
Cu 5. t chy hon ton 0,3 gam cht A (phn t ch cha C, H, O) thu c 0,44 gam kh
CO
2
v 0,18 gam nc. Th tch hi ca 0,3 gam cht A bng th tch ca 0,16 gam kh oxi (o
cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca cht A.
Cu 6. Anetol c khi lng mol phn t bng 148 g/mol. Phn tch nguyn t cho thy anetol
c %C=81,08%; %H=8,1%, cn li l oxi. Lp cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t
ca anetol.
Cu 7. Hp cht X c % khi lng C, H v O ln lt l 54,54%, 8,1% v 36,36%. Khi lng
phn t ca X l 88g/mol. Lp cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 8. Hp cht Z c cng thc n gin nht l CH
3
O v c t khi hi so vi hidro l 31. Xc
nh cng thc phn t ca Z.
Cu 9. t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO
2
, 0,9 gam H
2
O v
224ml N
2
(o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng thc phn t
ca (A).
Cu 10. t chy hon ton 5,6 lt cht kh hu c, th thu c 16,8lt CO
2
v 13,5 gam H
2
O.
Cc cht kh (o ktc). Lp cng thc phn t, bit rng 1 lt kh cht hu c ktc nng 1,875
gam.
Cu 11. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hp cht hu c (D) cn va 14,4 gam oxi, thy sinh ra
13,2 gam CO
2
v 7,2 gam nc.
a. Tm phn t khi cu (D).
b. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (D).
Cu 12. t a gam cht (X) cn 0,3 mol O
2
thu c 0,2 mol CO
2
, 0,3 mol H
2
O. Hy xc nh a
gam, cng thc n gin ca (X)?
Cu 13. t chy hon ton 9,9 gam cht hu c (A) gm 3 nguyn t C, H v Cl. Sn phm to
thnh cho qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
m c v Ca(OH)
2
th thy khi lng cc bnh ny tng ln
lt l 3,6 gam v 8,8 gam.
a. Tm cng thc nguyn (A).
b. Xc nh CTPT, bit (A) ch cha 2 nguyn t Clo.
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 112 cm
3
mt hydrocacbon (A) l cht kh (ktc) ri dn sn phm
ln lt qua bnh (I) ng H
2
SO
4
m c v bnh (II) cha KOH d ngi ta thy khi lng
bnh (I) tng 0,18 gam v khi lng bnh (II) tng 0,44 gam.
Xc nh CTPT (A).
Cu 15. t chy hon ton hp cht hu c gm C, H, Cl, sinh ra 112 cm
3
CO
2
(o ktc) v
0,09 gam H
2
O. Cng t hp cht h c cho tc dng AgNO
3
th thu c 1,435 AgCl. Lp
CTPT cht hu c. Bit rng t khi hi cht so vi He l 21,25.
Cu 16. Mt cht hu c c t l khi lng m
C
: m
H
: m
O
= 12 : 2,5 : 4. Bit rng c 0,1 mol
cht hu c c khi lng 7,4 gam.
a. Lp CTPT cht hu c.
b. Vit CTCT cc ng phn.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 1,608 gam Cht (A), thu c 1,272 gam Na
2
CO
3
, 0,528gam CO
2
.
Lp CTPT (A). Bit rng trong phn t ch cha 2 nguyn t Na.

CHUYN V: HIDROCACBON NO
A. PHN L THUYT

I. ANKAN
1. Khi nim - ng ng - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- Ankan l hidrocacbon no mch h c CTTQ C
n
H
2n+2
(n1). Hay cn gi l Parafin
- Cc cht CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
. C
n
H
2n+2
hp thnh dy ng ng ca ankan.
b. ng phn
- T C
4
H
10
tr i c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C).

- Th d: C
5
H
10
c ba ng phn:
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
CH
3
; CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
; CH
3
-C(CH
3
)
2
-CH
3

c. Danh php
- Nm tn cc ankan mch khng nhnh t C
1
C
10
- Danh php thng.
- n - tn ankan tng ng (n- ng vi mch C khng phn nhnh)
- iso - tn ankan tng ng (iso- C th hai c nhnh -CH
3
).
- neo - tn ankan tng ng (neo- C th hai c hai nhnh -CH
3
).
- Danh php quc t: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + an
Th d:
1 2 3 4
3 3 2 3
CH - CH(CH ) - CH - CH (2-metylbutan)
- Bcca nguyn t C trong hirocacbon no c tnh bng s lin kt ca n vi cc nguyn t
C khc.
Th d:
I IV III II I
3 3 2 3 2 3
CH - C(CH ) - CH(CH ) - CH - CH
2. Tnh cht vt l
- T CH
4
C
4
H
10
l cht kh.
- T C
5
H
12
C
17
H
36
l cht lng.
- T C
18
H
38
tr i l cht rn.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th bi halogen (c trng cho hidrocacbon no)
- Clo c th th ln lt tng nguyn t H trong phn t metan
CH
4
+ Cl
2

askt
CH
3
Cl + HCl
CH
3
Cl + Cl
2

askt
CH
2
Cl
2
+ HCl
CH
2
Cl
2
+ Cl
2

askt
CHCl
3
+ HCl
CHCl
3
+ Cl
2

askt
CCl
4
+ HCl
- Cc ng ng ca metan cng tham gia phn ng th tng t metan
Th d

- Nhn xt: Nguyn t H lin kt vi nguyn t C bc cao hn d b th hn nguyn t H lin
kt vi nguyn t C bc thp hn.
b. Phn ng tch.

0
t , xt
n 2n+2 n 2n 2
C H C H +H

0
t , xt
n 2n+2 n' 2n' m 2m+2
C H C H +C H (n = n' +m)
- Th d
CH
3
-CH
3

0
500 C, xt
CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2

- Phn ng oxi ha.
C
n
H
2n+2
+
3n +1
2
O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (
2
H O
n >
2
CO
n )
4. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim:
- CH
3
COONa + NaOH
0
CaO, t
CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3

- Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 3CH
4
+ 4Al(OH)
3

b. Trong cng nghip: i t kh thin nhin, kh m du v t du m.

CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3

CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
Cl
1-clopropan (43%)
CH
3
-CHCl-CH
3

2-clopropan (57%)
as

25
0
C
C
4
H
10

CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

C
2
H
4
+ C
2
H
6

C
4
H
8
+ H
2

t
0
C, xt

II. XICLOANKAN
1. Khi nim - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- Xicloankan l mt loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt vng
khp kn. C CTTQ l C
n
H
2n
(n3).

- Th d:

(xiclopropan) (xiclobutan)
b. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + xicol + tn mch C chnh (vng) + an

- Th d: (metylxiclopropan).

2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th
b. Phn ng cng m vng
- Cng H
2
: Ch c xiclopropan v xiclobutan
- Cng Br
2
v HX (X: Cl, Br): Ch c xicolpropan
c. Phn ng tch
- Thng ch c xiclohexan v metylxiclohexan.
d. Phn ng oxi ha:
C
n
H
2n
+
3n
2
O
2

0
t
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII

Phn bi tp ankan l phn bi tp c bn, lm nn tng ta gii cc bi tp ha hc sau
ny. Do vy yu cu chng ta cn phi nm chc vn dng khi ta gp cc dy ng ng khc.
chng ny ch yu ta gii quyt dng bi tp lp cng thc phn t ca ankan.
CTPT ca ankan l: C
n
H
2n+2
. lp CTPT ca ankan ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau
(ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp):
* Cch 1: M = 14n + 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2:
2
CO
ankan
n
n =
n
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta s
gp sau ny. V
2 2
ankan H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
2 2
CO CO
ankan H O CO
n n
n = =
n n n

* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh
gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankan ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ankan c CT
l
n 2n 2
C H
+
. T tnh gi tr n .
V d 1: t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g H
2
O v
17,6g CO
2
. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.

Gii

t CTPT ca 2 ankan l
n 2n 2
C H
+
.
2 2
CO H O
17.6 11.7
n = = 0.4 (mol); n = 0.65 (mol)
44 18
=
2 2
2 2
CO CO
ankan H O CO
n n
0.4
n = = = = 1.6
n n n 0.65 0.4

. T suy ra CTPT ca hai ankan l: CH
4
v C
2
H
6
.
V d 2: t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
Gii
2
hh CO
3.36 4.48
n = = 0.15 (mol); n = = 0.2 (mol)
22.4 22.4


t
4 2 6
CH C H
n = a, n = b
CH
4
CO
2

a a
C
2
H
6
2CO
2

b 2b
Ta c h PT:
a + b = 0.15 a = 0.1

a + 2b = 0.2 b = 0.05

4
2 6
0.1
%CH = *100 = 66.67 (%)
0.15
%C H = 100 - 66.67 = 33.33 (%)

C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ankan ng vi cng thc phn t C
4
H
10
, C
5
H
12
v
C
6
H
14
. Gi tn theo danh php thng v tn thay th.
Cu 2. Vit CTCT ca cc ankan c tn sau:
a. pentan, 2-metylbutan, isobutan v 2,2-imetylbutan.
b. iso-pentan, neo-pentan, 3-etylpentan, 2,3-imetylpentan.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thng v danh php thay th:
a. CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
3
; b. CH
3
-(CH
2
)
4
-CH
3

c. CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
; d. CH
3
-C(CH
3
)
2
-CH
3

Cu 4. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thay th.
a. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
3
b. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(C
2
H
5
)-CH
2
-CH
3

c. CH
3
-CH
2
-C(CH
3
)
2
-CH
3
d. CH
3
-CH(C
2
H
5
)-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

a. CH
4
+ Cl
2

askt

1 mol 1 mol
b. C
2
H
6
+ Cl
2
askt

1 mol 1 mol
c. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3
+ Br
2
askt

1 mol 1 mol
d. CH
4
+ O
2

0
t

e. CH
3
COONa + NaOH
0
CaO, t

f. Al
4
C
3
+ H
2
O
Cu 6. Vit PTHH iu ch cc ankan sau t cc cht tng ng.
Metan, 2-clobutan, iso-propyl clorua.
Cu 7 (A-08). Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Cl
2
(askt) theo t l s mol 1 : 1.
a. Xc nh s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c.
b. Vit PTHH to cc sn phm mono clo tng ng .
Cu 8. Khi clo ha C
5
H
12
vi t l mol 1:1 thu c mt sn phm th monoclo duy nht.
a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca phn ng xy ra.
Cu 9. Khi clo ha mt ankan c cng thc phn t C
6
H
14
, ngi ta ch thu c 2 sn phm th
monoclo.
a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan .
b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 10. Ankan Y mch khng nhnh c cng thc n gin nht l C
2
H
5
.
a. Tm cng thc phn t, vit CTCT v gi tn Y.
b. Vit PTHH phn ng ca Y vi Clo khi chiu sng (t l 1:1), ch r sn phm chnh.
Cu 11. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C
3
H
8
(ktc) thu c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v m gam nc. Tnh
m v V.
Cu 12. t chy hon ton V lt kh C
4
H
10
(ktc). Ton b sn phm chy sc vo dung dch
nc vi trong d thu c 40 gam kt ta.
a. Tnh V.

Cu 13. t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon X thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 9 gam nc.
Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc) thu c 6,72 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v m gam
nc.
a. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
b. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 15. Khi t chy hon ton mt ankan A th th tch Oxi phn ng bng 5/3 ln th tch ca
kh CO
2
sinh ra trong cng iu kin. Xc nh cng thc ca ankan A.
Cu 16. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan B (ktc) cn 11,2 lt O
2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca B.
b. Tnh khi lng CO
2
v nc sinh ra.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A.
Cu 18. Xicloankan n vng X c t khi hi so vi nit bng 2. Lp cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 19. Khi t chy hon ton 3.6 gam ankan X thu c 5.6 lt CO
2
(ktc). Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca X.
Cu 20. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp gm C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i
qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong c d thy khi
lng bnh 1 tng m g, bnh 2 tng 22 g.
a. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
b. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
Cu 21. t chy hon ton m g hn hp gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 3,3g CO
2
v 4,5 g
H
2
O. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 22. Mt hn hp 2 ankan k tip c khi lng 24,8 gam c th tch tng ng l 11,2 lt (
ktc). Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ankan.
Cu 23. t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g H
2
O v
17,6g CO
2
. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn.
Cu 24. Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
(ktc) thu c 16,8
lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v x gam H
2
O. Xc nh gi tr ca X.
Cu 25. t chy hon ton 11,2 lt hn hp propan v butan (ktc) ri cho tt c sn phm chy
thu c vo dung dch NaOH th thu c 95,4 gam Na
2
CO
3
v 84 gam NaHCO
3
.
a. Tnh thnh phn % v s mol ca hn hp.
b. Tm th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn thit dng trong trng hp trn.
Cu 26. t chy hon ton 0,01 mol ankan (A). Dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh Ca(OH)
2

d ngi ta thu c 4 gam kt ta.
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca Ankan (A).
b. B l ng ng lin tip ca A. B tc dng vi clo (askt) theo t l mol 1:1. Ngi ta thu c
4 sn phm. Hy xc nh CTCT ng ca (B).
Cu 27. Mt hn hp gm 2 ankan X v Y l ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng 10,2 gam.
t chy hon ton hn hp cn 36,8 gam O
2
.
a. Tnh khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O to thnh.
b. Tm CTPT ca 2 ankan.
Cu 28. Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C
4
H
10
(ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
,
C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
, H
2
v C
4
H
10
d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO
2
v y gam H
2
O.
Xc nh gi tr ca x v y.
Cu 29. Hn hp (X) gm 2 ankan A, B lin tip nhau trong dy ng ng c
X/He
d =16, 6. Xc
nh CTPT ca A, B v tnh % V ca hn hp.
Cu 30. Mt ankan c thnh phn % cc nguyn t: %C = 84,21; %H = 15,79. T khi hi ca
ankan i vi khng kh l 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ankan.
Cu 31. t chy hon ton 3,6 g mt ankan A thu c 11g CO
2
v 5,4g nc. Khi clo ha A
theo t l mol 1:1 to thnh dn xut monoclo duy nht. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT ca A.

Cu 1. Hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi 64 gam
O
2
(d) ri dn sn phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 100 gam kt ta. Kh ra
khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0
O
C v 0,4 atm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A v B.

Cu 2 (A-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy
vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
(d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng
gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ban u. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
p n: C
3
H
8
.
Cu 3. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO
2
v 0,132 mol H
2
O. Khi X
tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1:1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Xc nh tn
gi ca X.
Cu 4 (B-08). Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t
cacbon bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO
2
( cng
iu kin nhit , p sut). Cho X tc dng vi Cl
2
(theo t l s mol 1:1).
a. Xc nh s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra.
p n: CTCT ca X: 2 dn xut monoclo.
b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 5 (A-08). Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc
th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 12. Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca X. p n: C
5
H
12
.
Cu 6 (A-07). Khi brom ho mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t
khi hi so vi hiro l 75,5. Xc nh tn ca ankan . p n: 2,2-imetylpropan.
Cu 7. Khi t chy hon ton hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2

(ktc) v 9,0 gam H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan.
Cu 8. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng
cn dng 6.16 lt O
2
(kc) v thu c 3.36 lt CO
2
(kc). Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 9 (B-2011). Cho butan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c hn hp X gm C
4
H
10
, C
4
H
8
,
C
4
H
6
v H
2
. T khi ca X so vi butan l 0,4. Nu cho 0,6 mol X vo dung dch brom (d) th
s mol brom ti a phn ng l bao nhiu? p n: 0.36 mol.

CHUYN VI
HIDROCACBON KHNG NO - HIDROCACBON THM
A. PHN L THUYT

I. ANKEN
1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim:
- Anken l hidrocacbon khng no mch h c mt ni i trong phn t. C CTTQ l C
n
H
2n
(n
2 > )
- Cc cht C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
. . . C
n
H
2n
(n2) hp thnh dy ng ng ca anken.
b. ng phn: C hai loi ng phn
- ng phn cu to: (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt i)
Th d: C
4
H
8
c ba ng phn cu to.
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
; CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
3
; CH
2
=C(CH
3
)-CH
3

- ng phn hnh hc (cis - trans): Cho anken c CTCT: abC=Ccd. iu kin xut hin ng
phn hnh hc l: a b v c d.
Th d: CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
3
c hai ng phn hnh hc

cis - but-2-en trans - but-2-en
c. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn ankan nhng thay ui an = ilen.
+ V d: C
2
H
4
(Etilen), C
3
H
6
(propilen)

- Danh php quc t (tn thay th):
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + en
+ V d:
4 3 2 1
3 3
CH - CH= CH- CH (C
4
H
8
) But-2-en

1 2 3
2 3 3
CH = C(CH ) - CH (C
4
H
8
) 2 - Metylprop-1-en
2. Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng th
- T C
2
H
4
C
4
H
8
l cht kh.
- T C
5
H
10
tr i l cht lng hoc cht rn.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng cng (c trng)
* Cng H
2
: C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

0
Ni, t
C
n
H
2n+2
CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+ H
2

0
Ni, t
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3

* Cng Halogen: C
n
H
2n
+ X
2
C
n
H
2n
X
2

CH
2
=CH
2
+ Br
2
CH
2
Br-CH
2
Br
Phn ng anken tc dng vi Br
2
dng nhn bit anken (dd Br
2
mt mu)
* Cng HX (X: Cl, Br, OH . . .)
Th d: CH
2
=CH
2
+ HOH
+
H
CH
3
-CH
2
OH
CH
2
=CH
2
+ HBr CH
3
-CH
2
Br
- Cc anken c cu to phn t khng i xng khi cng HX c th cho hn hp hai sn phm

- Quy tc Maccopnhicop: Trong phn ng cng HX vo lin kt i, nguyn t H (phn mang
in dng) ch yu cng vo nguyn t C bc thp hn (c nhiu H hn), cn nguyn hay
nhm nguyn t X (phn mang in m) cng vo nguyn t C bc cao hn (t H hn).
b. Phn ng trng hp:
iu kin: Phn t phi c lin kt i C=C.
- V d:
0
TH (t , xt)
2 2
nCH =CH (
2 2
CH -CH )
n

Etilen Polietilen (P.E)

c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton: C
n
H
2n
+
3n
2
O
2

0
t
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (
2
H O
n =
2
CO
n )
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Anken c th lm mt mu dung dch B
2
v dung dch thuc tm.
Phn ng ny dng nhn bit anken v hp cht cha lin kt t .
4. iu ch
a. Phng th nghim: C
n
H
2n+1
OH
0
2 4
H SO , 170 C
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O
b. iu ch t ankan: C
n
H
2n+2

0
t , p, xt
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

II. ANKADIEN
1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php
a. nh ngha: L hidrocacbon khng no mch h, trong phn t cha hai lin kt C=C, c
CTTQ C
n
H
2n-2
(n 3 > )
- V d: CH
2
=C=CH
2
, CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
. . .
b. Phn loi: C ba loi:
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i lin tip.
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau bi mt lin kt n (ankadien lin hp).
- Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau t hai lin kt n tr ln.
c. Danh php:
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn anka mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + ien.
CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
(buta-1,3-ien)
CH
3
-CH=CH
2
+ HBr
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
Br (spp)
1-brompropan
CH
3
-CHBr-CH
3
(spc)
2-brompropan

2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng cng (H
2
, X
2
, HX)
* Cng H
2
: CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ 2H
2

0
Ni, t
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

* Cng brom:
Cng 1:2 CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ Br
2
(dd)
0
-80 C
CH
2
=CH-CHBr-CH
2
Br (spc)
Cng 1:4 CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ Br
2
(dd)
0
40 C
CH
2
Br-CH=CH-CH
2
Br (spc)
Cng ng thi vo hai lin kt i
CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ 2Br
2
(dd) CH
2
Br-CHBr-CHBr-CH
2
Br
* Cng HX
Cng 1:2 CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ HBr
0
-80 C
CH
2
=CH-CHBr-CH
3
(spc)
Cng 1:4 CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ HBr
0
40 C
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
2
Br (spc)
b. Phn ng trng hp:
- VD:
0
p, xt, t
2 2
nCH =CH-CH=CH (
2 2
CH -CH CH-CH ) =
n

Cao su buna
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton
2C
4
H
6
+ 11O
2

0
t
8CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken th ankadien c th lm mt mu dung dch
thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankadien.
3. iu ch
- c iu ch t ankan tng ng bng phn ng tch H
2
.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

0
xt, t
CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2
+ 2H
2

CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3

0
xt, t
CH
2
=C(CH
3
)-CH=CH
2
+ 2H
2

III. ANKIN
1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php
a. Khi nim
- L hidrocacbon khng no mch h trong phn t c mt lin kt C C , c CTTQ l C
n
H
2n-2
(n
>2).
- Cc cht C
2
H
2
, C
3
H
4
, C
4
H
6
. . .C
n
H
2n-2
(n>2) hp thnh mt dy ng ng ca axetilen.
b. ng phn
- Ch c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt C C ). Ankin khng
c ng phn hnh hc.
- Th d: C
4
H
6
c hai ng phn
CHC-CH
2
-CH
3
; CH
3
-CC-CH
3
.
c. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Tn gc ankyl + axetilen
+ VD: C
2
H
2
(axetilen), CHC-CH
3
(metylaxetilen)
- Danh php thay th:
S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr ni 3 + in
4 3 2 1
3 2
CH - CH - C CH But-1-in

4 3 2 1
3 3
CH - C C- CH But-2-in
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng cng (H
2
, X
2
, HX, phn ng ime ha v trime ha).
- Th d
+ Cng H
2

CHCH + H
2

0
Ni, t
CH
2
=CH
2

CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2

0
Ni, t
CH
3
-CH
3

Nu dng xc tc Pd/PbCO
3
hoc Pd/BaSO
4
, ankin ch cng mt phn t H
2
to anken
CHCH + H
2

0
3
Pd/PbCO , t
CH
2
=CH
2


+ Cng X
2

CHCH + Br
2
CHBr

=CHBr
CHBr=CHBr + Br
2
CHBr
2
-CHBr
2

+ Cng HX
CHCH + HCl
2
0
HgCl
150-200 C
CH
2
=CHCl
+ Phn ng ime ha - trime ha
2CHCH
0
xt, t
CH
2
=CH-CCH (vinyl axetilen)
3CHCH
0
600 C
xt
C
6
H
6

b. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi:
- iu kin: Phi c lin kt 3 u mch.
R-CCH + AgNO
3
+ NH
3
R-CCAg + NH
4
NO
3

Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Ank-1-in
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha hon ton:
C
n
H
2n-2
+
3n -1
2
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O (
2 2
CO H O
n > n )
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken v ankadien, ankin cng c kh nng lm mt
mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankin.
3. iu ch:
a. Phng th nghim: CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

b. Trong cng nghip: 2CH
4

0
1500 C
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

IV. BENZEN V DY NG NG:
1. ng ng - ng phn - Danh php:
a. ng ng: Dy ng ng ca benzen c CTTQ l C
n
H
2n-6
.
b. ng phn: ng phn v v tr tng i ca cc nhm ankyl xung quanh vng benzen (o, m,
p).
- V d: C
8
H
10

c. Danh php: Gi tn theo danh php h thng.
S ch v tr nhm ankyl + tn ankyl + benzen.
- VD: C
6
H
5
CH
3
(metylbenzen).
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th:
* Th nguyn t H vng benzen
- Tc dng vi halogen

Cho ankyl benzen phn ng vi brom c bt st th thu c hn hp sn phm th brom ch
yu vo v tr ortho v para.
- VD:

+ HBr

+ Br
2

+ Br
2

+ HBr

+ HBr

- Phn ng gia benzen v ng ng vi axit HNO
3
xy ra tng t nh phn ng vi halogen.
- Quy tc th H vng benzen: Cc ankyl benzen d tham gia phn ng th nguyn t H ca
vng benzen hn benzen v s th u tin v tr ortho v para so vi nhm ankyl.
* Th nguyn t H mch chnh
- C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ Br
2

0
t
C
6
H
5
CH
2
Br + HBr
b. Phn ng cng:
- Cng H
2
v cng Cl
2
.
c. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha khng hon ton: Toluen c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm cn benzen th
khng. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Toluen.
- Phn ng oxi ha hon ton:
C
n
H
2n-6
+
3n - 3
2
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-3)H
2
O
V. STIREN:
1. Cu to: CTPT: C
8
H
8
; CTCT:
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng vi dung dch Br
2
. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit stiren.
b. Phn ng vi H
2
.
c. Tham gia phn ng trng hp lin kt i C=C.
VI. NAPTTALEN:
1. Cu to phn t:
- CTPT: C
10
H
8
. CTCT:
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
- Tham gia phn ng th v tham gia phn ng cng.

B. PHN HNG DN GII

I. Cng thc tng qut ca cc dy ng ng
- Cng thc tng qut ca hidrocacbon: C
n
H
2n+2-2k
(trong : k l s lin kt hoc s
vng).
- Cng thc tng qut ca ankan: C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1).
- Cng thc tng qut ca anken v xiclo ankan: C
n
H
2n
(s lin kt hoc vng: 1)
- Cng thc tng qut ca ankadien v ankin C
n
H
2n-2
(s lin kt : 2).
- Cng thc tng qut ca benzen: C
n
H
2n-6
(n 6).
II. Lp CTPT ca hidrocacbon
1. Cc PTHH t chy thng gp ca cc hidrocacbon
a. t chy ankan
-
+
+

n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H + O nCO + (n +1)H O
2

-
2 2 2 2
H O CO ankan H O CO
n > n ; n = n - n v cng thc ny p dng cho cc hp cht no sau
ny(v d nh ancol no).
b. t chy anken
-
n 2n 2 2 2
3n
C H + O nCO + nH O
2

-
2 2
H O CO
n = n v cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho cc hp cht ch cha 1 lin kt
sau ny (v d: anehit no n chc, axit no n chc). T ta c th suy ra rng:
Bt k hp cht no khi t chy nu ta thy
2 2
H O CO
n = n th ta c th kt lun rng
hp cht c cha 1 lin kt .
c. t chy ankin (hoc ankadien)
-

n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H + O nCO + (n-1)H O
2

-
2 2 2 2
H O CO ankin (hoc ankadien) CO H O
n < n ; n = n - n
d. t chy hn hp ankan v anken


-
+
+

n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H + O nCO + (n +1)H O
2

-
m 2m 2 2 2
3m
C H + O mCO + mH O
2

- i vi hn hp ankan v anken ta lun c:
2 2 2 2
H O CO ankan H O CO
n > n ; n = n - n
e. t chy hn hp anken v ankin (hoc ankadien)
-
m 2m 2 2 2
3m
C H + O mCO + mH O
2

-

n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H + O nCO + (n-1)H O
2

- i vi hn hp anken v ankin (hoc ankadien) ta lun c:
2 2 2 2
H O CO ankin (hoc ankadien) CO H O
n < n ; n = n - n
f. t chy hn hp ankan v ankin (hoc ankadien)
-
+
+

n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H + O nCO + (n +1)H O
2

-

m 2m 2 2 2 2
3m 1
C H + O mCO + (m-1)H O
2

- i vi hn hp ankan v ankin (hoc ankadien), nu
2 2
H O CO
n = n th ta suy ra
ankan ankin
n = n
2. Cc cch lp cng thc phn t ca hidrocacbon
* Cch 1: Da vo M. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra. V d:

= M = d *M
A
A/ B A A/ B B
B
M
d
M

* Cch 2:
2
CO
hidrocacbon
n
n =
n
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta
s gp sau ny.
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l da trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T
tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt
hidrocacbon v gii nh l mt hidrocacbon.
III. Phn bi tp hidrocacbon khng no tc dng vi dung dch brom
PTHH ca phn ng xy ra
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
+ kBr
2
C
n
H
2n+2

- k y l s lin kt k =
2
Br
hidrocacbon
n
n

IV. Phn bi tp hidrocacbon khng no tc dng vi H
2

1. Dng 1
0
n 2n
n 2n 2
n 2n 2 Ni, t
2
n 2n 2
2
C H
(Z)
C H (d)
C H
Hn hp X hn hp Y
H
C H
(T)
H (d)

T ta lun c:
X Y
m = m hay
X Z T
Y
m
m = m + m
2. Dng 2
0
n 2n+2-2k Ni, t
2
C H
Hn hp X hn hp Y
H

i vi dng bi tp ny ta lun lun c
-
X Y
m = m .

-
2
2
X/H
Y
Y/H X
d
n
=
d n
. T suy ra
2
H (phn ng) X Y
n =n - n
V d 1: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO
2
(cc th tch kh
c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X.
Gii
Do X tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y t ta c th suy ra X l Ankin. t
CTPT ca X l: C
n
H
2n-2
.
2
X CO
2.24 6.72
n = = 0.1 (mol); n = = 0.3 (mol)
22.4 22.4

2
CO
ankin
n
0.3
n = = = 3
n 0.1
CTPT ca X l C
3
H
4
. CTCT ca X l: CHC-CH
3

V d 2: t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau cn
26.88 lt kh oxi. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
Gii
t CTPT ca 2 anken l
n 2n
C H .
2
anken O
6.72 26.88
n = = 0.3 (mol); n = = 1.2 (mol)
22.4 22.4

n 2n
C H +
3n
2
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O
0.3 1.2
1.2 = 0.3*
3n
2
n = 2.67. Vy CT ca hai anken l: C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
.
V d 3 (A-2011): Hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
v H
2
c cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho
qua cht xc tc nung nng, thu c hn hp Y gm C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
v H
2
. Sc Y vo dung
dch brom (d) th khi lng bnh brom tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc)
c t khi so vi H
2
l 8. Tnh th tch O
2
(ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y.
Gii
- Vn dng bo ton nguyn t th ta thy rng t chy hn hp Y th hon ton ging t chy
hn hp X. V vy ta ch cn tnh thnh phn hn hp X v t chy X th hon ton ging t
chy Y.
Z Z Z
4, 48
n = = 0,2 (mol); M = 8*2=16 m 16*0, 2 3, 2(gam)
22, 4
= =
Trong hn hp X t
2 2 2
C H H
n = n = x(mol) ;
X Y
m m 10,8 3, 2 14(gam) = = + =
T ta c: 2.x + 26.x = 14 x = 0,5 (mol).
C
2
H
2
+ 5/2O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,5 1,25
H
2
+ 1/2O
2
H
2
O
0,5 0,25
Vy th tch O
2
cn t chy hn hp X cng nh hn hp Y l:
2
O
V = (1,25+0,25)*22,4= 33,6 (lit)
C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn (cu to) anken ng vi CTPT l C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
v gi tn
theo tn thay th.
Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc anken c tn gi sau:
a. Butilen, 2-metylbut-2-en, pent-1-en, 2,3-imetylpent-2-en.
b. Propilen, hex-1-en, etilen, 2-metylpent-1-en, iso-butilen.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
, CH
2
=C(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
, CH
3
-C(CH
3
)=C(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
.
b. CH
3
-CH=CH-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
, CH
2
=CH-CH
3
, CH
2
=CH
2
.

a. CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
3
+ H
2

0
Ni, t

b. CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+ Br
2

c. CH
2
=C(CH
3
)-CH
3
+ HBr
d. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
+ H
2
O
+
H

e. CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
3
+ HBr
f. C
2
H
4
+ O
2

0
t

g. nCH
2
=CH
2

0
p, xt, t

h. nCH
2
=CH-CH
3

0
p, xt, t

i. nCH
2
=CHCl
0
p, xt, t

Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau i t cc cht hu c tng ng.
PE, PVC, etilen, propilen, 2-clopropan, ancol etylic.
Cu 6 (A-08). Cho cc cht sau: CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH=CH
2
, CH
2
=CH-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
,
CH
3
-C(CH
3
)=CH-CH
3
, CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH
2
. Cht no c ng phn hnh hc. Vit CTCT
cc ng phn cis-trans ca n.
Cu 7. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ankin ng vi CTPT l C
4
H
6
v C
5
H
8
v gi tn theo tn thay
th.
Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc ankin c tn gi sau:
a. Metyl axetilen, etyl metyl axetilen, imetyl axetilen, 3-metylbut-1-in, pent-1-in.
b. Hex-2-in, axetilen, 3,4-imetylpent-1-in.
Cu 9. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th
a. CHCH-CH
2
-CH
3
, CHC-CH(CH
3
)-CH
3
, CH
3
-C(CH
3
)=C(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
.
b. CH
3
-CC-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
3
, CHCH-CH
3
, CHCH.
a. CHC-CH
3
+ H
2

0
Ni, t

b. CHC-CH
3
+ H
2

0
3
Pd, PbCO , t

c. CHC-CH
3
+ Br
2

d. CHCH + HCl
1 mol 1 mol
e. CHCH + H
2
O
+
2
Hg

f. 2CHCH
xt (ime ha)

g. 3CHCH
0
600 C, xt (trime ha)

Cu 11. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc mono me tng ng.
Axetilen, vinyl clorua, benzen, vinyl axetilen.
Cu 12. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau:
a. CH
4
C
2
H
2
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
5
Cl C
2
H
4
.
b. CH
4
C
2
H
2
C
4
H
4
C
4
H
6
polibutadien
c. CH
4
C
2
H
2
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
Br
d. C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
PE
e. CH
4
C
2
H
2
Vinyl clorua PVC

Cu 13. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc.
a. CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
v CO
2
. b. But-1-in v but-2-in
c. Benzen, hex-1-en v toluen d. Benzen, stiren v toluen
Cu 14. T CH
4
v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc, hy vit cc PTHH iu ch:
Cao su buna, benzen, PE v PVC.
Cu 15. Vit CTCT cc ng phn benzen ng vi CTPT C
8
H
10
v gi tn cc ng phn .
a. C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ Br
2

0
t

b. C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ Br
2

0
Fe, t

c. C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ HNO
3
(c)
0
2 4
H SO (c), t

d. C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ Br
2

e. C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ HBr

e. nC
6
H
5
CH=CH
2

0
p, xt, t

Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3.36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen thu c 8.96 lt kh CO
2
v
m gam nc (cc kh u c o ktc).
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 18. t chy hon ton hn hp kh C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
. Ton b sn phm chy thu c dn
qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
(c), bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d. Thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 9 gam, bnh 2 tng m gam. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 19. t chy hon ton 2.24 lt hn hp kh propilen v butilen. Ton b sn phm chy thu
c sc qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta v thy khi
lng bnh tng ln m gam.
a. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 20. Dn t t 3,36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom thy dung
dch b nht mu v khng c kh thot ra. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 4,9 gam.
a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn.
b. Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 21. Dn t t 4,48 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom d thy c
80 gam brom phn ng.
a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn.
b. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 22. t chy hon ton 0.672 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen cn 2.688 lt kh oxi. Ton
b sn phm chy thu c sc vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c m gam kt ta.
a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 23. t chy hon ton 4.48 lt hn hp hai anken X (ktc) l ng ng k tip ca nhau
thu c 11.2 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Tnh % th tch mi anken trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau cn
26.88 lt kh oxi.
a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken.
b. Cho hn hp X qua dung dch brom d, tnh khi lng brom tham gia phn ng.
Cu 25. Oxi ha hon ton 0,68 gam ankadien X thu c 1,12 lt CO
2
(ktc).
a. Tm cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Vit CTCT c th c ca X.
Cu 26. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp kh gm metan v etilen i qua dung dch brom d, thy dung dch
b nht mu v c 1,12 lt kh thot ra. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Tnh % theo
th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 27. Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3

trong NH
3
thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh c o iu
kin tiu chun.
a. Tnh % theo th tch etilen trong A.
b. Tnh m.
Cu 28. Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom d, thy
cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X trn qua dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3

thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun.
a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh % theo th tch v theo khi lng mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 29. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO
2
(cc th tch kh
c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X.
Cu 30. Hidrocacbon X l cht lng c t khi hi so vi khng kh l 3,17. t chy hon ton
X thu c CO
2
c khi lng bng 4,28 ln khi lng H
2
O. nhit thng X khng lm
mt mu dung dch brom. Khi un nng X lm mt mu dung dch KMnO
4
. Tm CTPT v vit
CTCT ca X.

Cu 31. Cho benzen tc dng vi lng d HNO
3
c c xc tc H
2
SO
4
c iu ch
nitrobenzen. Tnh khi lng nitrobenzen thu c khi dng 1 tn benzen vi hiu sut 78%.
Cu 32. Trng hp 5,6 lt C
2
H
4
(ktc) nu hiu sut phn ng t 90% th khi lng polime thu
c l bao nhiu?
Cu 33. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C
3
H
6
( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh ng dung
dch nc vi trong c d thy khi lng bnh tng m(g). Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 34. Hn hp X gm C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
. Dn 1,12 lt hn hp X i qua bnh ng dung dch
AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 2,4 g kt ta vng. Xc nh th tch ca C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
o c iu
kin chun?
Cu 35. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp kh C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
(ktc) thu c 11,2 lt kh CO
2

(ktc).
a. Xc nh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh khi lng nc sinh ra.
Cu 36. Mt hn hp gm hai anken c th tch 11,2 lt (ktc) k tip nhau trong dy ng ng.
Khi cho hn hp i qua dung dch brom th thy khi lng bnh brom tng ln 15,4 g.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anken.
b. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 37. Cho (A) v (B) l 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau. Cho 13,44 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 anken
(A) v (B) qua bnh ng dung dch Br
2
thy bnh Br
2
tng ln 28 gam.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B.
b. Cho hn hp 2 anken + HCl thu c 3 sn phm. Hy cho bit CTCT ca (A) v (B).
Cu 38. Dn 4,48 lt hn hp gm C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
4
(ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch Br
2
d thy
khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. Tnh phn trm th tch ca C
3
H
4
trong hn hp.
Cu 39. Cho 12,60 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip tc dng va vi dung dch Br
2

thu c 44,60 gam hn hp sn phm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anken.
Cu 40. Chia 16,4 gam hn hp gm C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
4
thnh

2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 tc dng va
vi dung dch cha 56,0 gam Br
2
. Phn 2 cho tc dng ht vi H
2
(Ni, t
0
), ri ly 2 ankan to
thnh em t chy hon ton th thu c x gam CO
2
. Tnh gi tr ca x.
Cu 41. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp 2 ankin l ng ng k tip thu c 9,0 gam
nc. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankin.
Cu 42. t chy hon ton hn hp 2 anken thu c 11,2 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh th tch kh
O
2
(ktc) tham gia phn ng chy.
Cu 43. t chy hon ton hn hp 3 anken ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh 1 tng
m gam v khi lng bnh 2 tng (m + 5,2) gam. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 44. Khi cho 0,2 mol mt ankin tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong dung dch NH
3
(d) thu c 29,4
gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankin.


Cu 1 (A-07). Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng
phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh hp th hon
ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m. p n: m = 30 gam.
Cu 2 (B-2008). t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C
2
H
2
v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt
kh CO
2
v 2 lt hi H
2
O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Xc nh
2
H
6
.
Cu 3 (B-2010). Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng
11,25. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
(cc th tch kh o ktc). Xc nh
cng thc ca ankan v anken. p n: CH
4
v C
3
H
6
.
Cu 4 (A-07). Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha
1,4 lt dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v
khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon.
p n: C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
.
Cu 5 (B-08). Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom
(d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu

t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai
hirocacbon (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc). p n: CH
4
v C
3
H
6
Cu 6 (A-2010). un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,03 mol H
2
trong mt bnh
kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt
thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T
khi ca Z so vi H
2
l 10,08. Tnh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 0,328 gam.
Cu 7 (B-09). Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm hu c
duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng
13. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anken. p n: CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
.
Cu 8 (C-09). Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v C
2
H
4
c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung
nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho.
p n: HS: 50%.
Cu 9 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H
2
(xc tc Pd/PbCO
3
, t
0
), thu
c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. p n: C
2
H
2
.
Cu 10. Hn hp X gm mt olefin M v H
2
c khi lng phn t trung bnh 10.67 i qua Ni
un nng thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H
2
l 18. Bit M phn ng ht. Xc nh
CTPT ca M.
Cu 11 (A-2011). Hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
v H
2
c cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho
qua cht xc tc nung nng, thu c hn hp Y gm C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
v H
2
. Sc Y vo dung
dch brom (d) th khi lng bnh brom tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c
t khi so vi H
2
l 8. Tnh th tch O
2
(ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y.
p n: 3,36 lt.
Cu 12 (A-2011). t chy hon ton hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
, C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
4
(s mol mi cht
bng nhau) thu c 0,09 mol CO
2
. N u ly cng mt lng hn hp X nh trn tc dng vi
mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, th khi lng kt ta thu c ln hn 4 gam. Xc
nh cng thc cu to ca C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
4
trong X. p n: CHC-CH
3
, CH
2
=CH-CCH.
Cu 13 (A-2011). Cho buta-1,3- ien phn ng cng vi Br
2
theo t l mol 1:1. Vit CTCT s
dn xut ibrom (ng phn cu to v ng phn hnh hc) thu c trong phn ng trn.
Cu 14 (B-2011). Hn h p kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinylaxetilen c t khi so vi H
2

l 17. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol hn hp X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
(d) th khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Tnh gi tr ca m? p n: 7.3 gam.

CHUYN VII
DN XUT HALOGEN - ANCOl - PHENOl
A. PHN L THUYT

I. DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIDROCACBON
1. Khi nim
- Khi thay th nguyn t hidro ca phn t hidrocacbon bng nguyn t halogen ta c dn
xut halogen c CTTQ: RCl
+ V d: CH
3
Cl, C
6
H
5
Cl
- Bc ca dn xut halogen: Chnh l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi C.
+ V d: Bc I: CH
3
CH
2
Cl (etyl clorua)
Bc II: CH
3
CHClCH
3
(isopropyl clorua)
Bc III: (CH
3
)C-Br (tert - butyl bromua)
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH:
RX + NaOH
0
t
ROH + NaX
CH
3
CH
2
Br + NaOH
0
t
CH
3
CH
2
OH + NaBr
b. Phn ng tch hidro halogenua:
- CH
3
-CH
2
Cl + KOH
2 5
0
C H OH
t
CH
2
=CH
2
+ KCl + H
2
O
- PTTQ: (i vi dn xut halogen no, n chc, mch h)

C
n
H
2n+1
X + KOH
2 5
0
C H OH
t
C
n
H
2n
+ KX + H
2
O
- Quy tc Zaixep: Nguyn t X tch vi nguyn t H C bc cao hn.
II. ANCOL
1. nh ngha - Phn loi
a. nh ngha
- Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C
no. V d: C
2
H
5
OH
- Bc ancol l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi nhm OH.
Th d
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH: ancol bc I
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-OH: ancol bc II
CH
3
-C(CH
3
)
2
-OH: ancol bc III
b. Phn loi
- Ancol no, n chc, mch h (C
n
H
2n+1
OH): V d: CH
3
OH . . .
- Ancol khng no, n chc mch h: CH
2
=CH-CH
2
OH
- Ancol thm n chc: C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH

- Ancol vng no, n chc: xiclohexanol

- Ancol a chc: CH
2
OH-CH
2
OH (etilen glicol), CH
2
OH-CHOH-CH
2
OH (glixerol)
2. ng phn - Danh php
a. ng phn: Ch c ng phn cu to (gm ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr nhm OH).
- Th d C
4
H
10
O c 4 ng phn ancol
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH; CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
OH
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-OH; CH
3
-C(CH
3
)
2
-OH
b. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ic
+ V d: C
2
H
5
OH (ancol etylic)
- Danh php thay th: Tn hidrocacbon tng ng vi mch chnh + s ch v tr nhm OH +
ol
+ V d:
4 3 2 1
3 3 2 2
CH CH(CH ) CH CH OH (3-metylbutan-1-ol)
3. Tnh cht vt l
- Tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc. tan trong nc gim dn khi s
nguyn t C tng ln.
4. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th H ca nhm OH
* Tnh cht cung ca ancol
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2

* Tnh cht c trng ca ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k
- Ha tan c Cu(OH)
2
iu kin thng to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. Phn ng ny
dng nhn bit ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k.
2C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ Cu(OH)
2
[C
3
H
5
(OH)
2
O]
2
Cu + 2H
2
O
b. Phn ng th nhm OH
* Phn ng vi axit v c
C
2
H
5
- OH + H - Br
0
t
C
2
H
5
Br + H
2
O
* Phn ng vi ancol
2C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
H SO , 140 C
C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
ietyl ete
- PTTQ: 2ROH
0
2 4
H SO , 140 C
R-O-R + H
2
O
c. Phn ng tch nc
C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
H SO , 170 C
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
- PTTQ: C
n
H
2n+1
OH
0
2 4
H SO , 170 C
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O
d. Phn ng oxi ha:


- Oxi ha khng hon ton:
+ Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO/t
o
cho ra sn phm l andehit
RCH
2
OH + CuO
0
t
RCHO + Cu + H
2
O
+ Ancol bc hai khi b oxi ha bi CuO/t
o
cho ra sn phm l xeton.
R-CH(OH)-R + CuO
0
t
R-CO-R + Cu + H
2
O
+ Ancol bc III kh b oxi ha.
- Oxi ha hon ton:
C
n
H
2n+1
OH +
3n
2
O
2

0
t
nCO
2
+ (n+1)H
2
O
5. iu ch:
a. Phng php tng hp:
- iu ch t anken tng ng: C
n
H
2n

+ H
2
O
0
2 4
H SO , t
C
n
H
2n+1
OH
- iu ch Glixerol i t anken tng ng l CH
2
=CH-CH
3
.
b. Phng php sinh ha: iu ch C
2
H
5
OH t tinh bt.
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n

2
0
+H O
t , xt
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
6
H
12
O
6

enzim
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2

II. PHENOL
1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php
a. nh ngha: Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm -OH lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t C vng benzen.
- V d: C
6
H
5
OH (phenol) . . .
b. Phn loi:
- Phenol n chc: Phn t c mt nhm -OH phenol.
- Phenol a chc: Phn t cha hai hay nhiu nhm -OH phenol.
c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhm th + phenol
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a. Phn ng th nguyn t H ca nhm OH
- Tc dng vi kim loi kim
2C
6
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2

- Tc dng vi dung dch baz
C
6
H
5
OH + NaOH C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
b. Phn ng th H ca vng benzen: Tc dng vi dung dch Brom (Phn ng ny dng nhn
bit phenol).
C
6
H
5
OH + 3Br
2
C
6
H
2
Br
3
OH + 3HBr
3. iu ch: iu ch phenol ta c s sau:
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
Br C
6
H
5
ONa C
6
H
5
OH

B. PHN HNG DN GII

I. Lp cng thc phn t ca ancol
1. Cc cng thc tng qut thng gp ca ancol
- Ancol no, n chc, mch h: C
n
H
2n+1
OH
- Ancol no, a chc, mch h: C
n
H
2n+2-a
(OH)
a
hoc C
n
H
2n+2
O
a
(thng dng khi lm
bi tp).
- Cng thc ca ancol n chc: ROH.
2. Phn ng t chy ca ancol
a. Ancol no, n chc, mch h
-
+

n 2n 1 2 2 2
3n
C H OH + O nCO + (n +1)H O
2

-
2 2 2 2
H O CO ancol H O CO
n > n ; n = n - n
- i vi ancol no, n chc, mch h ta lun c cng thc sau gii nhanh bi tp
2
2
CO
ancol H O
m
m = m -
11


b. Ancol no, n chc, mch h
-
+
+

n 2n 2 a 2 2 2
3n 1 a
C H O + O nCO + (n +1)H O
2

-
2 2 2 2
H O CO ancol H O CO
n > n ; n = n - n . T ta c th suy ra: i vi ancol no ta lun c
2 2 2 2
H O CO ancol no H O CO
n > n ; n = n - n
3. Lp cng thc phn t ca ancol
* Cch 1: M = 14n + 18 (n chc) hoc M = 14n + 2 + 16a. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch
khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
* Cch 2:
2
CO
ancol
n
n =
n
. M ta c
2 2
ancol no H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
2 2
CO CO
ancol H O CO
n n
n = =
n n n

* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht. T tnh gii tr n.
* Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ancol v gii
hon ton tng t nh 1 ancol.
II. Bi tp v phn ng tch nc ca ancol
1. Tch nc to anken
0
2 4
H SO (c), 170 C
n 2n+1 n 2n 2
X Y
C H OH C H + H O
X
X/Y
Y
M
d = > 1
M

2. Tch nc to ete
0
2 4
H SO (c), 140 C
2
X Y
2ROH ROR + H O
-
X
X/Y
Y
M
d = < 1
M

-
2
ancol ete H O
m = m + m v
2
ancol H O
n = 2n
- i vi phn bi tp tch nc to ete, ch yu ta p dng nh lut bo ton khi
lng gii.
III. Oxi ha ancol bc I v II bi CuO
- Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO to ra andehit
- Ancol bc 2 khi b oxi ha bi CuO to ra xeton
Ta ch xt ancol no, n chc, mch h.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH + CuO
0
t
C
n
H
2n
O + Cu + H
2
O
-
cht rn gim CuO Cu O (CuO)
m = m - m = m
-
O(CuO) ancol andehit xeton Cu
n = n = n = n
hoc

-
2
ancol O (CuO) andehit hoc xeton H O
m + m = m + m
- Ch : Phn bi tp ny lin quan n rt nhiu phn bi tp andehit. Do vy ta cn
ch vn dng phn bi tp andehit tham gia phn ng trng gng gii bi tp
ny.
V d 1: t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Xc
nh cng thc phn t ca X.

Gii

t CTPT ca X l C
n
H
2n+1
OH.
2 2
CO H O
4.4 3.6
n = = 0.1 (mol); n = 0.2 (mol)
44 18
=
2 2
2 2
CO CO
ancol H O CO
n n
0.1
n = = = = 1
n n n 0.2 0.1

. T suy ra CTPT ca ancol l: CH
3
OH.

V d 2: un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng k tip
trong H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%). Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca hai ancol.

Gii
t CT ca hai ancol l 2ROH.
2 2
H O ancol ete H O
2.25
m = m - m = 12.9 - 10.65 = 2.25 (gam) n = = 0.125 (mol)
18

2
ancol H O ROH
m 12.9
n = 2n = 0.25 (mol) M = = = 51.6
n 0.25

R + 17 = 51.6 R = 34.6 . Vy cng thc phn t hai ancol l: C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
V d 3 (B-07): Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu
c c t khi so vi hiro l 15,5. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Gii
- Nh vy khi lng cht rn gim chnh l khi lng O (CuO) phn ng:
= =
O (CuO) CuO
0,32
n = 0,02(mol) n
16

2
ancol O (CuO) andehit hoc xeton H O
Hn hp hi (X)
m + m = m + m
C
n
H
2n+1
OH + CuO
0
t
C
n
H
2n
O + Cu + H
2
O
0,02 0,02 0,02
X x
M = 15,5.2 = 31 m = 31.0,04 = 1,24(gam)
= =
ancol x O (CuO)
m = m m 1, 24 0,32 0, 92(gam)
C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ancol ng vi CTPT C
3
H
8
O, C
4
H
10
O, C
5
H
12
O v gi tn theo
danh php thay th.
Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc ancol c tn gi sau:
a. Ancol iso-propylic, ancol etylic, ancol n-propylic, etanol, propan-1-ol.
b. 3-metylbutan-1-ol, 2-metylbutan-2-ol, pentan-1-ol, 2-metylpropan-2-ol.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc ancol sau theo danh php thay th.
a. CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
2
-CH
3
; CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH; CH
3
-C(CH
3
)
2
-CH
2
-CH(OH)-CH
3
.
b. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-OH; CH
3
OH, CH
3
-CH=CH-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
OH
a. CH
3
Cl + NaOH
0
t

b. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
Cl + KOH
0
t

c. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
Cl + KOH
0
2 5
C H OH, t

d. CH
3
-CHCl-CH
2
CH
3
+ NaOH
0
2 5
C H OH, t

a. CH
3
OH + Na
b. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ Na
c. ROH + HCl
d. C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
C H SO , 140

e. C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
C H SO , 170

f. CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
2
-CH
3

0
2 4
C H SO , 170

g. C
2
H
5
OH + CuO
0
t

h. iso-C
3
H
7
OH + CuO
0
t

i. n-C
3
H
7
OH + CuO
0
t


k. C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

0
t

l. C
n
H
2n+1
OH + O
2

0
t

a. C
6
H
5
OH + Na
b. C
6
H
5
OH + KOH
c. C
6
H
5
OH + Br
2

d. C
6
H
5
OH + HNO
3 (c)

0
2 4
H SO (c), t

Cu 7. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Etanol, etilen, propan-2-ol, propilen
Cu 8. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau:
a. Metan axetilen etilen etanol axit axetic
b. Benzen brombenzen natri phenolat phenol 2,4,6-tribromphenol
Cu 9. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Etanol, glixerol, nc v benzen.
b. Phenol, etanol, glixerol, nc.
c. Propan-1,2-iol; propan-1,3-iol.
d. Propan-1,2,3-triol; propan-1,3-iol; 2-metylpropan-2-ol.
Cu 10. T axetilen, vit PTHH ca cc phn ng iu ch: etyl bromua (1); 1,2-ibrometan (2);
vinyl clorua (3).
Cu 11. T propen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht sau:
propan-2-ol (1); propan-1,2-iol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 12. T benzen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht sau: 2,4,6-
tribromphenol (1); 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 13. Cho 12,2 gam hn hp X gm etanol v propan-1-ol tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,8 lt
kh (ktc).
a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u.
b. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 5,5 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH thu c
4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v m gam nc.
a. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. un nng hn hp X vi xc tc H
2
SO
4
c nhit 140
0
C thu c hn hp 3 ete. Vit
PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 15. t chy hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol C
2
H
5
OH v n-C
3
H
7
OH. Ton b
sn phm chy thu c sc vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 50 gam kt ta
v khi lng bnh tng ln m gam.
a. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 16. Cu . Cho 11 gam hn hp hai ancol no n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc
dng ht vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 0.1 mol mt ancol no, n chc X cn V lt O
2
(ktc) thu c 6.72
lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v gam nc.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
b. Tnh gi tr m.
c. Tnh V bng cc phng php khc nhau.
Cu 18. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Xc
nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 19. un nng 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol no n chc, l ng ng k tip vi H
2
SO
4
c
140
O
C, thu c 12,5 gam hn hp 3 ete (h = 100%).
a. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 ancol.
b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u.

Cu 20. Cho 3,7 gam mt ancol no, n chc, mch h tc dng vi Na d thy c 0,56 lt kh
thot ra ( ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 21. Cho 14 gam hn hp A gm phenol v etanol tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh
H
2
(ktc).
b. Tnh % mi cht trong hn hp A.
c. Cho 14 gam hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
() th thu c bao nhiu gam axit
picric (2,4,6-trinitrophenol).
Cu 22. Cho hn hp A gm etanol v phenol tc dng vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi nc brom va thu c 19,86 gam kt ta trng.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht c trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 23. Cho natri tc dng hon ton vi 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k
tip trong dy ng ng sinh ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol trn.
b. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 24. Chia hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thnh hai phn bng nhau. t
chy ht phn (1) thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Phn (2) tc dng ht vi natri th
thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh V.
Cu 25. t chy ht hn hp gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol.
Cu26. Cho 0,1 mol ru X phn ng ht vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). S nhm
chc -OH ca ru X l bao nhiu?
Cu 27. Chia m gam hn hp hai ancol thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: t chy hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Phn 2: ehirat ha hon ton thu c hn hp 2 anken. Nu t chy ht 2 anken th thu
c bao nhiu gam nc?
Cu 28. Oxi ho 4,96 gam X l mt ancol (ru) n chc bc 1 (h=100%), ri ly anehit thu
c cho tc dng ht vi lng d AgNO
3
trong dung dch NH
3
, thu c 66,96 gam Ag. Xc
nh cng thc ca X .
Cu 29. Oxi ho hn hp X gm C
2
H
6
O v C
4
H
10
O thu c hn hp Y gm 2 anehit. Cho Y
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
(d) thu c m gam Ag. Cng lng X nh trn, nu
cho tc dng vi Na d th thu c 1,12 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca m.
2
v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Nu
cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%). Tnh s gam ete thu c.
Cu 31. un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng k tip
trong H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%). Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca hai ancol.
Cu 32. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc A v B thuc cng mt dy
ng ng, ngi ta thu c 70,4 gam CO
2
v 39,6 gam H
2
O. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 33. Chia 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng
ht vi Na, thu c 3,36 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Phn 2 tch nc thu c m gam hn hp 6 ete
(h=100%). Tnh gi tr ca m.


Cu 1 (B-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc, mch
h, c cng s nhm -OH) cn va V lt kh O
2
, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO
2
v 12,6 gam H
2
O
(cc th tch kh o ktc). Tnh gi tr ca V. p n: V = 14,56 lt.
Cu 2 (C-08). t chy hon ton mt ru (ancol) a chc, mch h X, thu c H
2
O v
CO
2
vi t l s mol tng ng l 3:2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. p n: C
2
H
6
O
2
.
Cu 3 (B-2007). X l ancol (ru) no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi,
thu c hi nc v 6,6 gam CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc ca X. p n: C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
.
Cu 4 (B-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc cng dy
ng ng), thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 11,7 gam H
2
O. Mt khc, nu un nng m gam
X vi H
2
SO
4
c th thu c x gam hn hp cc ete. Tnh gi tr ca x. p n: 7,85 gam.

Cu 5 (B-08). un nng mt ru (ancol) n chc X vi dung dch H
2
SO
4

c trong iu
kin nhit thch hp sinh ra cht hu c Y, t khi hi ca X so vi Y l 1,6428. Xc nh
2
H
6
O.
Cu 6 (A-2010). Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va 4,8
gam CuO. Cho ton b lng anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
,
thu c 23,76 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol.
p n: CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH.
Cu 7 (C-08). Oxi ho ancol n chc X bng CuO (un nng), sinh ra mt sn phm hu c
duy nht l xeton Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi kh hiro bng 29). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca
X. p n: CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
3
.
Cu 8 (B-07). Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu
c c t khi so vi hiro l 15,5. Tnh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 0,92 gam.
2
v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Nu
cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao nhiu?
Cu 10. Cho 15,6 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Nu cho 15,6 gam X tch nc
to ete (h = 100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao nhiu?
Cu 11 (A-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng
ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. Tnh gi tr ca m. p n: 4,72 gam.
Cu 12 (C-2010). Cho 10 ml dung dch ancol etylic 46
0
phn ng ht vi kim li Na (d), thu
c V lt kh H
2
(ktc). Bit khi lng ring ca ancol etylic nguyn cht bng 0,8 g/ml. Tnh
gi tr ca V. p n: V = 0,896 lt.
Cu 13 (A-2011). Hp cht hu c X cha vng benzen c cng thc phn t trng vi cng
thc n gin nht. Trong X, t l khi lng cc nguyn t l m
C
: m
H
: m
O
= 21 : 2 : 8. Bit khi
X phn ng hon ton v i Na th thu c s mol kh hiro bng s mol ca X phn ng. X
c bao nhiu ng phn (cha vng benzen) tha mn cc tnh cht trn? p n: Cng thc
phn t ca X: C
7
H
8
O
2
: 9 ng phn tha mn.
Cu 14 (B-2011). Chia hn hp gm hai ancol n chc X v Y (phn t khi ca X nh hn
ca Y) l ng ng k tip thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 6,3 gam H
2
O.
- un nng phn 2 vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C to thnh 1,25 gam hn hp ba ete. Ho hi hon
ton hn hp ba ete trn, thu c th tch hi bng th tch ca 0,42 gam N
2
(trong cng iu
kin nhit , p sut). Tnh hiu sut phn ng to ete ca X, Y. p n: 40% v 20%.
Cu 15 (A-2009). Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu
c V lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v a gam H
2
O. Tm biu thc lin h gia m, a v V?
p n:
V
m = a -
5,6

Cu 16 (A-2009). un nng hn hp hai ancol n chc, mch h vi H
2
SO
4
c, thu c hn
hp gm cc ete. Ly 7,2 gam mt trong cc ete em t chy hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh
CO
2
( ktc) v 7,2 gam H
2
O. Xc nh CTCT ca hai ancol.
p n: CH
3
OH v CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-OH.
Cu 17 (B-2009). Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng. Oxi ho hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X c khi lng m gam bng CuO nhit thch
hp, thu c hn hp sn phm hu c Y. Cho Y tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3

trong NH
3
, thu c 54 gam Ag. Xc nh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 8,5 gam.


CHUYN VIII
ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

I. ANDEHIT
1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha: Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt trc tip
vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d: HCHO, CH
3
CHO...
b. Danh php:
- Tn thay th ca cc andehit no n chc mch h nh sau:
Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + al
V d:
4 3 2 1
3 3 2
CH CH(CH ) CH CHO (3-metylbutanal)
- Tn thng ca mt s anehit: Andehit + tn axit tng ng
V d: HCHO (andehit fomic), CH
3
CHO (andehit axetic) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh
a. Tnh oxi ha: Phn ng cng H
2
(to thnh ancol bc I):
RCHO + H
2

0
Ni, t
RCH
2
OH
b. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha
R-CHO + 2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O + 3NH
3

0
t
R-COONH
4
+ 2Ag + 2NH
4
NO
3

R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)
2
+ NaOH
0
t
RCOONa + Cu
2
O + 3H
2
O
( gch)
Cc phn ng trn dng nhn bit andehit.
3. iu ch
- iu ch andehit ta i t ancol bng phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton.
CH
3
CH
2
OH + CuO
0
t
CH
3
CHO + Cu + H
2
O
- i t hidrocacbon.
2CH
2
=CH
2
+ O
2

0
xt, t
2CH
3
CHO
II. XETON
1. nh ngha
- L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t
C.

-V d: CH
3
-CO-CH
3
(imetyl xeton), CH
3
-CO-C
6
H
5
(metyl phenyl xeton) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Cng H
2
to thnh ancol bc II.
R-CO-R + H
2
0
Ni, t
RCH(OH)R
CH
3
-CO-CH
3
+ H
2

0
Ni, t
CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3

- Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.
3. iu ch
- Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II.
CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
+ CuO
0
t
CH
3
-CO-CH
3
+ Cu + H
2
O
- i t hidrocacbon.
III. AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha
- L nhng phn t hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -COOH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t
C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d: HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, . . .
b. Danh php
- Tn thay th ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h nh sau:


Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic
- V d:
5 4 3 2 1
3 3 2 2
CH CH(CH ) CH CH COOH (Axit-4-metylpentanoic)
2. Tnh cht vt l
- Axit tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc v tan gim dn khi s nguyn t
C tng ln.
- Nhit si cao hn ancol tng ng do lin kt H gia cc nguyn t bn hn lin kt H gia
cc phn t ancol.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit: C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
2CH
3
COOH + ZnO (CH
3
COO)
2
Zn + H
2
O
2CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2CH
3
COOH + Zn (CH
3
COO)
2
Zn + H
2

b. Phn ng th nhm -OH (phn ng este ha):
RCOOH + ROH
+ 0
H , t
RCOOR + H
2
O
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
+ 0
H , t
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
etyl axetat
4. iu ch axit axetic
a. Ln men gim
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

men gim
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
b. Oxi ha andehit axetic
2CH
3
CHO + O
2

xt
2CH
3
COOH
c. Oxi ha ankan
d. T metanol
CH
3
OH + CO
0
t , xt
CH
3
COOH
y l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic.

B. PHN HNG DN GII

I. Cng thc tng qut ca andehit (xeton)
1. Cng thc PT tng qut
a. Andehit (xeton) no n chc mch h: C
n
H
2n
O
b. Andehit (xeton) khng no c 1 lin kt C=C, n chc: C
n
H
2n-2
O
2. CTCT tng qut
a. Andehit n chc: RCHO
b. Xeton n chc: RCOR
II. Cc PTHH lin quan n vic gii bi tp phn ny
1. PTHH t chy andehit (xeton) no, n chc, mch h
nCO + nH O
+
n 2n 2 2 2
3n 1
C H O O
2

- y ta thy rng:
2 2
H O CO
n = n v trong phn t andehit (xeton) c 1 lin kt C=O.
- Do vy, vic lp CTPT ca andehit tng t nh vic lp CTPT ca hidrocacbon.
2. PTHH andehit (xeton) tc dng vi hidro
- Trong hu ht cc i hc cc nm gn y ch yu ra v andehit. Do vy, ta ch xt
andehit. Tuy nhin, nu ra c xeton th cch gii hon ton tng t.
0
Ni, t
2 2
X Y
RCHO + H RCH OH
Ta lun c cc cng thc sau chng ta cn nm gii bi tp:

-
2
H (phn ng) X Y
n = n - n
-
2 2
andehit H ancol H ancol andehit
m + m = m m = m - m
3. PTHH andehit gia phn ng trng gng
RCHO 2Ag
R(CHO)
2
4Ag
Ring: HCHO 4Ag
Do vy nu cho hn hp hai andehit n chc tham gia phn ng trng gng m t l
andehit Ag
n : n 1:2 = th ta suy ra mt trong hai andehit l HCHO.
III. Bi tp axit cacboxylic
1. Cng thc tng qut
a. Cng thc phn t tng qut
- Axit no n chc mch h: C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n2)
- Axit khng no c 1 C=C: C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
(n3)
b. Cng thc cu to tng qut
- Axit n chc: RCOOH.
- Axit hai chc: R(COOH)
2
...
2. Cc dng bi tp lin quan
a. Axit tc dng vi baz
- y ta ch xt axit n chc tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH...). Nu ra vi axit
hai chc... ta lm tng t.
- dng ny ch yu vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng lm bi tp.
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H
2
O
x mol x
Nh vy khi lng tng ln l 22x (gam). Trng hp vi KOH th tng t.
b. Lp cng thc phn t
- lp cng thc phn t ca axit cacboxylic th ta vn dng cc cch lp cng thc phn t m
ta hc cc chng trc trnh by.
V d 1 (C-08): Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d
Ag
2
O (hoc AgNO
3
) trong dung dch NH
3
, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu?
Gii
HCHO 4Ag
0.1 0.4
HCOOH 2Ag
0.1 0.2
m
Ag
= 0.6*108 = 64.8 (gam)
V d 2: Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
Gii
n
NaOH
= 0.2*1 = 0.2 (mol)
t
3
HCOOH CH COOH
n = x; n = y
HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H
2
O
x x
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
y y
Ta c h PT:
3
HCOOH
CH COOH
m = 46*0.1 = 4.6 (gam)
x + y = 0.2 x = 0.1

m = 60*0.1 = 6 (gam) 46x + 60y = 10.6 y = 0.1


V d 3 (A-08): Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng
600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cht
rn khan. Tnh gi tr m.
Gii
Do bi ny ch yu cu tnh khi lng mui thu c v 3 cht trn u tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH, v vy ta c th t 3 cht trn c cng thc ROH.
n
NaOH
= 0.6*0.1 = 0.06 (mol)
ROH + NaOH RONa + H
2
O
0.06 0.06
Vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng ta c:
= 5,48 + 0,06.22=6,8 (gam) m

C. PHN BI TP T GII

I. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT ca cc andehit c CTPT l C
4
H
8
O v gi tn chng theo tn thay th.
Cu 2. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thng:
HCHO, CH
3
CHO, CH
3
CH
2
CHO, CH
2
=CHCHO.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thay th:
HCHO, CH
3
CHO, CH
3
CH
2
CHO, CH
3
CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CHO, CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH(CH
3
)-CHO.
Cu 4. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Andehit acrylic, andehit propionic, andehit axetic, 2-metylbutanal.
b. 2,2-imetylbutanal, andehit fomic, 3,4-imetylpentanal, andehit oxalic.
a. CH
3
CHO + AgNO
3
+ NH
3

b. RCHO + AgNO
3
+ NH
3

c. CH
3
CHO + H
2

0
Ni, t

d. RCHO + H
2

0
Ni, t

e. CHCH + H
2
O
2
Hg
+

f. CH
2
=CH
2
+ O
2

xt

Ancol etylic, ancol iso-propylic, ancol n-propylic, andehit axetic, andehit fomic.
Cu 6. Vit CTCT, gi tn cc axit (theo danh php thay th) c CTPT C
4
H
8
O
2
.
Cu 7. Gi tn cc axit sau theo danh php thng:
HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, CH
3
CH
2
COOH, CH
2
=CHCOOH, CH
2
=C(CH
3
) COOH, HOOC-COOH.
Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Axit acrylic, axit propionic, axit axetic, axit -2-metylbutanoic.
b. Axit - 2,2-imetylbutanoic, axit fomic, axit - 3,4-imetylpentanoic, axit oxalic.
a. CH
3
COOH + Na
b. HCOOH + KOH
c. CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
0
3 4
H SO (c), t C

d. RCOOH + R
OH
0
3 4
H SO (c), t C

e. C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

men gim

Etyl axetat, axit axetic, axit fomic.
Cu 11. Hon thnh chui phn ng sau:
a. Metan
(1)
metyl clorua
(2)
metanol
(3)
metanal
(4)
axit fomic.
b. Etanol
(1)
andehit axetic
(2)
axit axetic
(3)
etyl axetat.
c. Propen
(1)
propan-2-ol
(2)
axeton.
d. Etilen
(1)
andehit axetic
(2)
axit axetic
(3)
etyl axetat.
Cu 12. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Andehit axetic, axit axetic, glixerol v etanol.

b. Axit fomic, andehit axetic, axit axetic, ancol etylic
c. Propan-1-ol, propan-1,2-iol, andehit axetic, axit axetic.
Cu 13. T metan v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c axit fomic v axit
axetic. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 14. Trung ha 16,6 gam hn hp axit axetic v axit fomic bng dung dch natri hiroxit thu
c 23,2 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh thnh phn % khi lng mi axit trong hn hp
u.
Cu 15 (CA-09). Cho 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, un nng thu c
32,4 gam Ag. Xc nh CTPT ca anehit trong X.
Cu 16. Cho 0,94 g hn hp hai anehit n chc, no, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thu c 3,24 gam Ag.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anehit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi andehit trong hn hp u.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mt andehit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam
nc. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Cu 18. Cho hn hp X gm 2 anehit ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H
2
(Ni, t
0
), thu c
hn hp Y. t chy hon ton Y thu c 6,6 gam CO
2
v 4,5 gam H
2
O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit trong X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi andehit trong hn hp X.
Cu 19. Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200 ml dung
dch NaOH 1M.
a. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
Cu 20. trung ho 8,8 gam mt axit cacboxylic mch khng nhnh thuc dy ng ng ca
axit fomic cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Xc nh cng thc cu to v tn gi ca axit .
Cu 21. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c
3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mi axit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
Cu 22 (CA-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH
3
COOH vi 6,0 gam C
2
H
5
OH (c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc,
hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh.
Cu 23. Hn hp A gm X, Y l 2 axit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng. Cho 10,6 gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
b. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp A.
Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6 gam mt axit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam H
2
O.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 25. t chy hon ton 0,88 gam 2 axit l ng phn ca nhau thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
v
0,72 gam H
2
O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 axit.
b. Vit CTCT ca 2 axit .
Cu 26. t chy hon ton 8,8 gam mt axit no, n chc X cn 11,2 lt kh O
2
(ktc). Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca axit.
Cu 27. Cho 90 gam axit axetic tc dng vi 69 gam ru etylic (H
2
SO
4
xc tc). Khi phn ng
t ti cn bng th 66% lng axit chuyn thnh ete, khi lng este sinh ra l bao nhiu
gam?
Cu 28. Trung ha hon ton 3 gam mt axit cacboxilic no n chc X cn dng va 100ml
dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tn gi ca X l g?
Cu 29. Cho 1,74gam mt anehit no, n chc phn ng hon ton vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
sinh ra
6,48 gam bc kim loi. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anehit.
Cu 30. Cho 0,92 gam hn hp gm axetilen v anehit axetic phn ng hon ton vi dung dch
AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thu c 5,64gam hn hp rn. Xc nh thnh phn % cc cht trong hn
hp u.

Cu 31. Cho 10,9 g hn hp gm axit acrylic v axit propionic phn ng hon ton vi Na thot
ra 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tham gia phn ng cng H
2
hon ton th khi lng
sn phm cui cng l bao nhiu?
Cu 32. Hn hp X c khi lng 10g gm axit axetic v anehit axetic. Cho X tc dng vi
lng d dd AgNO
3
trong amoniac thy c 21,6g Ag kt ta. trung ha X cn Vml dd NaOH
0,2M. Gi tr ca V bng bao nhiu?

Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d
Ag
2
O (hoc AgNO
3
) trong dung dch NH
3
, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu? p n: 64.8 gam.
Cu 2 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d Ag
2
O
(hoc AgNO
3
) trong dung dch NH
3
un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam
Ag bng dung dch HNO
3
c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc nh
cng thc ca X. p n: C
3
H
7
CHO.
Cu 3 (B-07). Khi oxi ho 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Xc
nh cng thc ca anehit. p n: CH
3
CHO.
Cu 4 (B-08). Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung
dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht
rn khan. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. p n: CH
3
COOH.
Cu 5 (C-2010). Cho 45 gam axit axetic phn ng vi 69 gam ancol etylic (xc tc H
2
SO
4

c), un nng, thu c 41,25 gam etyl axetat. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng este ho.
p n: 62,5%.
Cu 6 (C-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH
3
COOH vi 6,0 gam C
2
H
5
OH (c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc,
hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh. p n: 4,4 gam.
Cu 7 (A-2010). Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung
dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca
hai axit hu c. Tnh gi tr ca m. p n: m = 10,9 gam.
Cu 8 (C-09). Hiro ho hon ton hn hp M gm hai anehit X v Y no, n chc, mch
h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng (M
X

< M
Y
), thu c hn hp hai ancol c khi lng ln
hn khi lng M l 1 gam. t chy hon ton M thu c 30,8 gam CO
2
. Xc nh cng
thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp M. p n: CH
3
CHO v 67,16%.
Cu 9 (A-08). Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng
600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cht
rn khan. Tnh gi tr m. p n: 6,8 gam.
Cu 10 (B-07). trung ho 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200 gam
dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Xc nh cng thc ca Y. p n: CH
3
COOH.
Cu 11 (B-07). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O
2

(ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,2 mol H
2
O. Tnh gi tr ca V. p n: V = 6,72 lt.
Cu 12 (A-2011). Hn hp X gm axit axetic, axit fomic v axit oxalic. Khi cho m gam X tc
dng vi NaHCO
3
(d) th thu c 15,68 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). M t khc, t chy hon ton m
gam X cn 8,96 lt kh O
2
(ktc), thu c 35,2 gam CO
2
v y mol H
2
O. Tnh gi tr ca y.
p n: y = 0,6 mol.
Cu 13 (A-2011). Trung ho 3,88 gam hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch
h bng dung dch NaOH, c cn ton b dung dch sau phn ng thu c 5,2 gam mui khan.
Nu t chy hon ton 3,88 gam X th th tch oxi (ktc) cn dng l bao nhiu?
p n: 2,24 lt.
Cu 14 (A-2011). t chy hon ton x gam hn hp gm hai axit cacboxylic hai chc, mch h
v u c mt lin kt i C=C trong phn t, thu c V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v y mol H
2
O. Vit
biu thc lin h gia cc gi tr x, y v V? p n:
28
V = (x + 30y)
55

Cu 15 (B-2011). hiro ho hon ton 0,025 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit c khi lng
1,64 gam, cn 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Mt khc, khi cho cng lng X trn phn ng vi mt lng
d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
th thu c 8,64 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca hai
anehit trong X. p n: CH
2
=CH-CHO v OHC-CH
2
-CHO.

Cu 16 (B-2011). Hn hp X gm hai anehit n chc Y v Z (bit phn t khi ca Y nh
hn ca Z). Cho 1,89 gam X tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, sau khi
cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 18,36 gam Ag v dung dch E. Cho ton b E tc dng vi
dung dch HCl (d), thu c 0,784 lt CO
2
(ktc). Xc nh tn ca Z.
p n: Andehit acrylic (CH
2
=CH-CHO).
Cu 17 (B-2011). X l hn hp gm H
2
v hi ca hai anehit (no, n chc, mch h, phn t
u c s nguyn t C nh hn 4), c t khi so vi heli l 4,7. un nng 2 mol X (xc tc Ni),
c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi heli l 9,4. Thu ly ton b cc ancol trong Y ri cho tc
dng vi Na (d), c V lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh gi tr ln nht ca V. p n: V = 11,2 lt.
Cu 18 (B-2009). Hn hp X gm axit Y n chc v axit Z hai chc (Y, Z c cng s nguyn
t cacbon). Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho phn mt tc dng ht vi Na, sinh ra 4,48 lt
kh H
2
( ktc). t chy hon ton phn hai, sinh ra 26,4 gam CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc cu to
thu gn v phn trm v khi lng ca Z trong hn hp X? p n: HOOC-COOH v 42,86%.

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Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

GV: Nguyn Ph Hot Page 1

l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100

. Nu T 1 to mui duy nht NaH

to hn hp hai mui NaH

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