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Hnh hoc 11

CHNG I: PHEP DI HNH VA PHEP ONG DANG TRONG MAT PHANG I. Phep tnh tien Tv : M M MM ' = v Tv (M) = M, Tv (N) = N M ' N ' = MN
x ' = x + a Tv : M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = y + b II. Phep oi xng truc d: M M M 0 M ' = M0 M (M0 la hnh chieu cua M tren d)
d(M) = M d(M) = M d(M) = M, d(N) = N MN = MN x ' = x Ox: M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = y x ' = x Oy: M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = y

III. Phep oi xng tam I: M M IM ' = IM I(M) = M I(M) = M I(M) = M, I(N) = N M ' N ' = MN
x ' = 2a x Cho I(a; b). I: M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = 2b y x ' = x ac biet: O: M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = y

IV. Phep quay

IM ' = IM Q(I,): M M ( IM ; IM ') = Q(I,)(M) = M, Q(I,)(N) = N MN = MN neu 0 < 2 Q(I,)(d) = d. Khi o: ( d , d ' ) = neu < 2 x ' = y Q(O,900): M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = x x ' = y Q(O,900): M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = x

V. Phep v t V(I,k): M M IM ' = k .IM

(k 0)

V(I,k)(M) = M, V(I,k)(N) = N M ' N ' = k .MN

x ' = kx + (1 k )a Cho I(a; b). V(I,k): M(x; y) M(x; y). Khi o: y ' = ky + (1 k )b Chu y: Neu phep di hnh (phep ong dang) bien ABC thanh ABC th no cung bien trong tam, trc tam, tam cac ng tron noi tiep, ngoai tiep cua ABC tng ng thanh trong tam, trc tam, tam cac ng tron noi tiep, ngoai tiep cua ABC.

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Hnh hoc 11

www.MATHVN.com I. PHEP TNH TIEN

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Cho hai iem co nh B, C tren ng tron (O) va mot iem A thay oi tren ng tron o. Tm qu tch trc tam H cua ABC. HD: Ve ng knh BB. Xet phep tnh tien theo v = B ' C . Qu tch iem H la ng tron (O) anh cua (O) qua phep tnh tien o. Cho ng tron (O; R), ng knh AB co nh va ng knh CD thay oi. Tiep tuyen vi ng tron (O) tai B cat AC tai E, AD tai F. Tm tap hp trc tam cac tam giac CEF va DEF. HD: Goi H la trc tam CEF, K la trc tam DEF. Xet phep tnh tien theo vect v = BA . Tap hp cac iem H vaK la ng tron (O) anh cua (O) qua phep tnh tien o (tr hai iem A va A' vi AA ' = BA ).
Cho t giac loi ABCD va mot iem M c xac nh bi AB = DM va CBM = CDM . Chng minh: ACD = BCM .
HD: Xet phep tnh tien theo vect AB .

3.

4.

Cho t giac ABCD co A = 600, B = 1500, D = 900, AB = 6 3 , CD = 12. Tnh o dai cac canh AD va BC.
HD: Xet phep tnh tien theo vect BA . BC = 6, AD = 6 3 . Cho ABC. Dng hnh vuong BCDE ve pha ngoai tam giac. T D va E lan lt dng cac ng vuong goc vi AB, AC. Chng minh rang hai ng vuong goc o vi ng cao AH cua ABC ong qui. HD: Xet phep tnh tien theo vect BE , ABC AED. Tm anh cua cac iem A(0; 2), B(1; 3), C(3; 4) qua phep tnh tien Tv trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = (1; 1) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2) e) v = (0; 0) f) v = (3; 2) Cho iem A(1; 4). Tm toa o iem B sao cho A = Tv ( B) trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 2; 3) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2) e) v = (0; 0) f) v = (3; 2) Tm toa o vect v sao cho Tv ( M ) = M / trong cac trng hp sau: a) M(10; 1), M(3; 8) b) M(5; 2), M(4; 3) c) M(1; 2), M(4; 5) d) M(0; 0), M(3; 4) c) M(5; 2), M(2; 6) f) M(2; 3), M(4; 5) Trong mpOxy, cho ng thang (d) : 2x y + 5 = 0. Tm phng trnh cua ng thang (d) la anh cua (d) qua phep tnh tien theo v trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 4; 3 ) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2)
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10. Trong mpOxy, cho ng tron (C): ( x 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 4 . Tm phng trnh cua ng

tron (C) la anh cua (C) qua phep tnh tien theo v trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 4; 3 ) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2)

11. Trong mpOxy, cho Elip (E):

x 2 y2 + = 1 . Tm phng trnh cua elip (E) la anh cua (E) 9 4 qua phep tnh tien theo v trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 4; 3 ) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2)

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Hnh hoc 11

12. Trong mpOxy, cho Hypebol (H):

x2 y2 = 1 . Tm phng trnh cua Hypebol (H) la anh 16 9 cua (H) qua phep tnh tien theo v trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 4; 3 ) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2)

13. Trong mpOxy, cho Parabol (P): y2 = 16x. Tm phng trnh cua Parabol (P) la anh cua (P) qua phep tnh tien theo v trong cac trng hp sau: a) v = ( 4; 3 ) b) v = (2; 1) c) v = (2; 1) d) v = (3; 2) 14. Cho ng thang d: x + 2y 1 = 0 va vect v = (2; m). Tm m e phep tnh tien Tv bien
d thanh chnh no.

II. PHEP OI XNG TRUC 1.

Cho hai iem B, C co nh tren ng tron (O) va mot iem A thay oi tren ng tron o. Tm qu tch trc tam H cua ABC. HD: Goi H la giao iem th hai cua ng thang AH vi (O). Xet phep oi xng truc BC. Qu tch iem H la ng tron (O) anh cua (O) qua phep BC. Cho ng thang d va hai iem A, B nam ve mot pha cua d. Tm tren d mot iem M sao cho tong AM + MB co gia tr nho nhat. HD: Goi A = d(A). M la giao iem cua AB va d. Cho ABC vi trc tam H. a) Chng minh rang cac ng tron ngoai tiep cac tam giac HAB, HBC, HCA co ban knh bang nhau. b) Goi O1, O2, O3 la tam cua cac ng tron noi tren. Chng minh rang ng tron i qua 3 iem O1, O2, O3 co ban knh bang ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep ABC. Cho goc nhon xOy va mot iem A thuoc mien trong goc nay. Tm iem B Ox, C Oy sao cho chu vi ABC la be nhat. HD: Xet cac phep oi xng truc: Ox(A) = A1; Oy(A) = A2. B, C la cac giao iem cua A1A2 vi cac canh Ox, Oy. Cho ABC co cac goc eu nhon va iem M chay tren canh BC. Gia s AB(M) = M1, AC(M) = M2. Tm v tr cua M tren canh BC e oan thang M1M2 co o dai ngan nhat. HD: M la chan ng cao ve t A cua ABC. Cho ABC can nh A. iem M chay tren BC. Ke MD AB, ME AC. Goi D = BC(D). Tnh BD ' M va chng to MD + ME khong phu thuoc vao v tr iem M.
HD: BD ' M = 1v; MD + ME = BH. 7. Tm anh cua cac iem sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox: A(2; 3), B(2; 3), C(0; 6), D(4; 3). 8. Tm anh cua cac iem sau qua phep oi xng truc Oy: A(2; 3), B(2; 3), C(0; 6), D(4; 3). 9. Tm anh cua iem A(3; 2) qua phep oi xng truc d vi d: x y = 0. 10. Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox: a) x 2 = 0 b) y 3 = 0 c) 2x + y 4 = 0 d) x + y 1 = 0 11. Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep oi xng truc Oy: a) x 2 = 0 b) y 3 = 0 c) 2x + y 4 = 0 d) x + y 1 = 0 12. Tm anh cua cac ng tron sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox: www.MATHVN.com 3

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13.

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16. 17.

a) (x + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 9 b) x2 + (y 2)2 = 4 c) x2 + y2 4x 2y 4 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 11 = 0 Tm anh cua cac ng tron sau qua phep oi xng truc Oy: a) (x + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 9 b) x2 + (y 2)2 = 4 c) x2 + y2 4x 2y 4 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 11 = 0 Tm anh cua cac elip sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox (Oy): 2 2 x y + =1 b) x2 + 4y2 = 1 c) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 a) 16 9 Tm anh cua cac hypebol sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox (Oy): 2 2 x y a) =1 b) x2 4y2 = 1 c) 9x2 25y2 = 225 16 9 Tm anh cua cac parabol sau qua phep oi xng truc Ox: b) x2 = 2y c) y = x2 a) y2 = 2x Tm anh cua cac parabol sau qua phep oi xng truc Oy: a) y2 = 2x b) x2 = 2y c) y = x2

III. PHEP OI XNG TAM 1.

Tren ng tron (O) cho hai iem B, C co nh va mot iem A thay oi. Goi H la trc tam cua ABC va H la iem sao cho HBHC la hnh bnh hanh. Chng minh rang H nam tren ng tron (O). T o suy ra qu tch cua iem H. HD: Goi I la trung iem cua BC. I(H) = H Qu tch iem H la ng tron (O) anh cua (O) qua phep I. iem M thuoc mien trong t giac loi ABCD. Goi A, B, C, D lan lt la iem oi xng cua M qua trung iem cac canh AB, BC, CD, DA. Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh. Cho ng tron (O, R) va mot day co nh AB = R 2 . iem M chay tren cung ln AB thoa man MAB co cac goc eu nhon, co H la trc tam. AH va BH cat (O) theo th t tai A va B. AB cat AB tai N. a) Chng minh AB cung la ng knh cua ng tron (O, R). b) T giac AMBN la hnh bnh hanh. c) HN co o dai khong oi khi M chay nh tren. d) HN cat AB tai I. Tm tap hp cac iem I khi M chay nh tren. HD: a) A ' BB ' = 1v b) AM //AN, BM // AN c) HN = BA = 2R

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d) Goi J la trung iem AB. J(M) = N, J(O) = O. OIO ' = 1v Tap hp cac iem I la ng tron ng knh OO. 4. Mot ng thang i qua tam O cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD cat cac canh DC, AB tai P va Q. Chng minh rang cac giao iem cua cac ng thang AP, BP, CQ, DQ vi cac ng cheo cua hnh bnh hanh la cac nh cua mot hnh bnh hanh mi. HD: Xet phep O. 5. Tm anh cua cac iem A(2; 3), B(2; 3), C(0; 6), D(4; 3) qua phep oi xng tam vi: a) Tam O(0; 0) b) Tam I(1; 2) c) Tam H(2; 3) 6. Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep oi xng tam O(0; 0): a) 2x y = 0 b) x + y + 2 = 0 c) 2x + y 4 = 0 d) y = 2 e) x = 1 www.MATHVN.com 4

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Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep oi xng tam I(2; 1): a) 2x y = 0 b) x + y + 2 = 0 c) 2x + y 4 = 0 d) y = 2 e) x = 1 8. Tm anh cua cac ng tron sau qua phep oi xng tam I(2; 1): b) x2 + (y 2)2 = 4 a) (x + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 9 2 2 c) x + y 4x 2y 4 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 11 = 0 9. Tm anh cua cac elip sau qua phep oi xng tam I(1; 2): 2 2 x y + =1 b) x2 + 4y2 = 1 c) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 a) 16 9 10. Tm anh cua cac hypebol sau qua phep oi xng tam I(1; 2): x2 y2 a) b) x2 4y2 = 1 c) 9x2 25y2 = 225 =1 16 9 11. Tm anh cua cac parabol sau qua phep oi xng tam O(0; 0): a) y2 = 2x b) x2 = 2y c) y = x2

IV. PHEP QUAY 1.

Cho ABC. Dng ve pha ngoai tam giac o cac tam giac BAE va CAF vuong can tai A. Goi I, M, J theo th t la trung iem cua EB, BC, CF. Chng minh IMJ vuong can. HD: Xet phep quay Q(A,900). Cho ABC. Dng ve pha ngoai tam giac o cac hnh vuong ABEF va ACIK. Goi M la 1 trung iem cua BC. Chng minh rang AM vuong goc vi FK va AM = FK. 2 HD: Goi D = (A)(B). Xet phep quay Q(A,900). Cho 3 iem A, B, C thang hang theo th t. Lay cac oan thang AB, BC lam canh, dng cac tam giac eu ABE va BCF nam cung ve mot pha so vi ng thang AB. Goi M, N lan lt la cac trung iem cua cac oan thang AF, CE. Chng minh BMN eu. HD: Xet phep quay Q(B,600). Cho ABC. Lay cac canh cua tam giac o lam canh, dng ra pha ngoai tam giac cac tam giac eu ABC1, CAB1, CAB1. Chng minh rang cac oan thang AA1, BB1, CC1 bang nhau. HD: Xet cac phep quay Q(A,600), Q(B,600). Cho ABC eu tam O. Tren cac canh AB, AC at cac oan thang AD, AE sao cho AD + AE = AB. Chng minh rang OD = OE va DOE = 1200. HD: Xet phep quay Q(O,1200). Cho hnh vuong ABCD va iem M tren canh AB. ng thang qua C vuong goc vi CM, cat AB va AD tai E va F. CM cat AD tai N. Chng minh rang: 1 1 1 a) CM + CN = EF b) + = CM 2 CN 2 AB 2 HD: Xet phep quay Q(C,900). Cho ABC. Dng ve pha ngoai tam giac cac hnh vuong ABDE va ACIJ sao cho C va D nam khac pha vi AB. Chng minh giao iem cua BI va CD nam tren ng cao AH cua ABC. HD: Lay tren tia oi cua AH mot oan AK = BC. Goi O la tam hnh vuong ACIJ. Xet phep quay Q(O,900) IB CK. Tng t CD BK.

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Tm anh cua cac iem A(2; 3), B(2; 3), C(0; 6), D(4; 3) qua phep quay tam O goc vi: a) = 900 b) = 900 c) = 1800 9. Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep quay tam O goc 900: a) 2x y = 0 b) x + y + 2 = 0 c) 2x + y 4 = 0 d) y = 2 e) x = 1 0 10. Tm anh cua cac ng tron sau qua phep quay tam O goc 90 : b) x2 + (y 2)2 = 4 a) (x + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 9 c) x2 + y2 4x 2y 4 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 11 = 0

V. PHEP V T 1. Cho ABC vi trong tam G, trc tam H va tam ng tron ngoai tiep O. Chng minh ba iem G, H, O thang hang va GH = 2GO . HD: Xet phep v t V(G,2)(O) = H. Tam giac ABC co hai nh B, C co nh, con nh A chay tren mot ng tron (O). Tm qu tch trong tam G cua ABC. HD: Goi I la trung iem cua BC. Xet phep v t V 1 (A) = G.
(I , ) 3

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Cho ng tron (O) co ng knh AB. Goi C la iem oi xng cua A qua B, PQ la mot ng knh thay oi cua (O). ng thang CQ cat PA va PB lan lt tai M va N. a) Chng minh rang Q la trung iem cua CM, N la trung iem cua CQ. b) Tm qu tch cua M va N khi ng knh PQ thay oi. HD: a) S dung tnh chat ng trung bnh. b) Xet cac phep v t V(C,2)(Q) = M; V 1 (Q) = N.
(C , ) 2

4.

Cho ng tron (O, R) va ng thang d khong co iem chung vi ng tron. T mot iem M bat k tren d, ke cac tiep tuyen MP, MQ vi ng tron (O). a) Chng minh PQ luon i qua mot iem co nh. b) Tm tap hp trung iem K cua PQ, tam O cua ng tron ngoai tiep MPQ, trc tam H cua MPQ.
HD: a) Ke OI d, OI cat PQ tai N. OI .ON = r 2 N co nh. b) Tap hp cac iem K la ng tron (O1) ng knh NO. Tap hp cac iem O ng trung trc oan OI. Tap hp cac iem H la ng tron (O2) = V(O,2). Cho iem A ngoai ng tron (O, R) va ng knh MN quay xung quanh tam O. AM va AN cat ng tron (O) tai B va C. a) Chng minh ng tron (AMN) luon i qua mot iem co nh khac A. b) Chng minh BC luon i qua mot iem co nh. c) Tm tap hp trung iem I cua BC va trong tam G cua ABC.

5.

HD: a) AO cat (AMN) tai D. OA.OD = OM .ON = R2 D co nh. b) AO cat BC tai E. AE.AD = AO 2 R 2 E co nh. c) Tap hp cac iem I la ng tron (O1) ng knh EO. Tap hp cac iem G la ng tron (O2) = V 2 (O1).
( A, ) 3

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Hnh hoc 11

Cho ng tron (O, R), ng knh AB. Mot ng thang d vuong goc vi AB tai mot iem C ngoai ng tron. Mot iem M chay tren ng tron. AM cat d tai D, CM cat (O) tai N, BD cat (O) tai E. a) Chng minh AM.AD khong phu thuoc vao v tr cua iem M. b) T giac CDNE la hnh g? c) Tm tap hp trong tam G cua MAC. HD: a) AM.AD = AB.AC (khong oi) b) NE // CD CDNE la hnh thang. R c) Goi I la trung iem AC. Ke GK // MO. Tap hp cac iem G la ng tron (K, ) anh 3 cua ng tron (O, R) qua phep V 1 .
(I , ) 3

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Tm anh cua cac iem sau qua phep v t tam I(2; 3), t so k = 2: A(2; 3), B(3; 4), C(0; 5), D(3; 0), O(0; 0). 1 Tm anh cua cac iem sau qua phep v t tam I(2; 3), t so k = : A(2; 3), B(3; 4), C(0; 2 5), D(3; 0), O(0; 0). 1 Phep vi t tam I t so k = bien iem M thanh M. Tm toa o cua iem I trong cac 2 trng hp sau: a) M(4; 6) va M(3; 5). b) M(2; 3) va M(6; 1) c) M(1; 4) va M(3; 6) Phep v t tam I t so k bien iem M thanh M. Tm k trong cac trng hp sau: a) I(2; 1), M(1; 1), M(1; 1). b) I(1; 2), M(0; 4) va M(2; 0) c) I(2; 1), M(1; 2), M(2; 3) Tm anh cua cac ng thang sau qua phep v t tam O(0; 0) t so k = 2: a) x + 2y 1 = 0 b) x 2y + 3 = 0 c) y 3 = 0 d) x + 4 = 0 Tm anh cua ng thang d: x 2y + 1 = 0 qua phep v t tam I(2; 1) t so k trong cac trng hp sau: 1 1 a) k = 1 b) k = 2 c) k = 1 d) k = 2 e) k = f) k = 2 2 Trong mat phang Oxy, cho hai ng thang 1: x 2y + 1 = 0 va 2: x 2y + 4 = 0 va iem I(2; 1). Tm t so k e phep v t V(I,k) bien 1 thanh 2. Tm anh cua cac ng tron sau qua phep v t tam O(0; 0) t so k = 2: b) ( x + 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 9 c) x2 + y2 = 4 a) ( x 1)2 + ( y 5)2 = 4

15. Tm anh cua ng tron (C): (x + 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 9 qua phep v t tam I(2; 1) t so k trong cac trng hp sau: 1 1 a) k = 1 b) k = 2 c) k = 1 d) k = 2 e) k = f) k = 2 2 16. Xet phep v t tam I(1; 0) t so k = 3 bien ng tron (C) thanh (C). Tm phng trnh cua ng tron (C) neu biet phng trnh ng tron (C) la: a) ( x 1)2 + ( y 5)2 = 4 b) ( x + 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 9 c) x 2 + y 2 = 1

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ON TAP CHNG I 1. 2. Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co CD co nh, ng cheo AC = a khong oi. Chng minh rang khi A di ong th iem B di ong tren mot ng tron xac nh. Cho 2 iem A, B co nh thuoc ng tron (C) cho trc. M la mot iem di ong tren (C) nhng khong trung vi A va B. Dng hnh bnh hanh AMBN. Chng minh rang tap hp cac iem N la mot ng tron. Cho na ng tron tam O ng knh AB. Mot iem C chay tren na ng tron o. Dng ve pha ngoai tam giac ABC hnh vuong CBEF. Chng minh iem E chay tren mot na ng tron co nh. Cho hnh vuong ABCD co tam I. Tren tia BC lay iem E sao cho BE = AI. a) Xac nh mot phep di hnh bien A thanh B, I thanh E. b) Dng anh cua hnh vuong ABCD qua phep di hnh ay. Cho hai ng tron (O; R) va (O; R). Xac nh cac tam v t cua hai ng tron neu R 3 = 2R va OO = R. 2 Cho v = (2; 1), cac ng thang d: 2x 3y + 3 = 0, d1: 2x 3y 5 = 0. a) Viet phng trnh ng thang d = Tv (d).
b) Tm toa o vect u vuong goc vi phng cua d sao cho d1 = Tu (d). Cho ng tron (C): x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0. Tm (C) = Tv (C) vi v = (2; 5).

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Cho M(3; 5), ng thang d: 3x + 2y 6 = 0 va ng tron (C): x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0. a) Tm anh cua M, d, (C) qua phep oi xng truc Ox. b) Tm anh cua d va (C) qua phep oi xng tam M. 9. Tm iem M tren ng thang d: x y + 1 = 0 sao cho MA + MB la ngan nhat vi A(0; 2), B(1; 1). 10. Viet phng trnh ng tron la anh cua ng tron tam A(2; 3) ban knh 4 qua phep oi xng tam, biet: a) Tam oi xng la goc toa o O b) Tam oi xng la iem I(4; 2) 11. Cho ng thang d: x + y 2 = 0. Viet phng trnh cua ng thang d la anh cua ng thang d qua phep quay tam O goc quay , vi: a) = 900 b) = 400. 12. Cho v = (3; 1) va ng thang d: y = 2x. Tm anh cua d qua phep di hnh co c bang cach thc hien lien tiep phep quay tam O goc 900 va phep tnh tien theo vect v .

13. Cho ng thang d: y = 2 2 . Viet phng trnh ng thang d la anh cua d qua phep 1 ong dang co c bang cach thc hien lien tiep phep v t tam O t so k = va phep 2 quay tam O goc 450. 14. Cho ng tron (C): (x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 4. Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) la anh cua (C) qua phep ong dang co c bang cach thc hien lien tiep phep v t tam O t so k = 2 va phep oi xng qua truc Oy. 15. Xet phep bien hnh F bien moi iem M(x; y) thanh iem M(2x + 3; 2y 1). Chng minh F la mot phep ong dang. www.MATHVN.com 8

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